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THE 


Congregational  ^narterlg. 


VOLUME  XL -NEW  SERIES,  VOL.  L 


EDITORS  AND   PROPRIETORS: 
ALONZO  II.  QUINT,  CHRISTOPHKR  GUSHING, 

ISAAC  P.  LANGWORTHY,  SAMUEL  BUKNIIAM. 


J  ■  *  •  * 

■  -  -  .   ■  ■  ••  ; 


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—  r.*':  -,  /-• :-, 


«4 


BOSTON: 
CONGREGATIONAL  ROOMS, 

40    WINTER    STREET. 
1869. 


>   .  >    -      .;•..*• 


.....K 


Univbrsity  Frbss  :  Welch,  Bicblow,  ft  Co., 
Cambkidcb. 


•  •  •       • 

.   •  •   '   :        • •  •• 

••;  •     •  •    \  ..  •    ••  •.• ' 


•  •    •  - 


•   . :     •    • 


•   •  • 


.  -  :  ..•  ••• 


• .  • 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


PAOB 

Aduof,  Samuel,  by  S&maelBamhAm  1 

AUen,  Ker.  Thomw,  by  Samuel  Bnmham  .  475 
Amencaa  Choreh  Register  ....  00 
American  Congregational  Association        176, 823, 

American  Congrei^ational  Union  177,  826, 460,  694 
Ancient  ConAMiions  of  Faith  and  Family  Cove- 

nantJi,  by  Rer.  £.  W.  Oilman    .  .616 

AndoTer  Catalogue,  l>ec.  6, 1818,  by  Rot.  A.  H. 

Quint,  D.  D 876 

Are  Rerirals  of  Religion  natural?  by  ReT.  A. 

n.  Quint,  D.  D 84 

Benerliction,  The,  by  Ber.  0.  E.  DaggeU,  d.  d.  888 
Bible  and  it«  Critics,  by  ReT.  S.  L.  Bluke  .  628 
Biddefonl,  Me.,  Second  Church    ...       241 

BlOGRlPHICAL  SKETCBBS: 

I  Adams,  Samuel  (with  steol  portrait)  1 

i'^  Allen,  thoman  (with  steel  portrait)  .  475 

Ir  Dwight,  William  Theodore  (with  steel  por- 

trait) 181 

w   Parsons,  Jonathan  (with  steel  portrait)        .  827 

Book  Nonces: 

A<lTentur«s  in  the  Wilderness,  Murray  .  436 
Alphabetical  Index  to  the  New  Tcntament  .  682 
American  Annual  Cyclopaedia,  Appleton  .  434 
American  Year-book  and  National  Roister, 

Camp 484 

Annual  of  Scientific  DlscoTcry  .8)8 

A  Year  in  Sunday  School  ....      682 

Atlantic  Monthly 314 

Bible  Dictionary,  Smith  .  .  76,306,678 
Brooke's  Life  of  Robertson    .  .686 

Banyan's  Pilgrim's  Progress  in  Verse,  Dyer    804 

Catholic  World 687 

CooTersations  on  the  Truth   of  Religion, 

Fenelon 441 

Gowiln  Deborah's  Story  ....  682 
Changing  Base,  ETerett  ....  314 
Children  of  Many  Lands,  Strong  678 

Chips  from  a  German  Workshop,  MUller  .  671 
Companion  to  the  Bible,  Barrows  308 

ConTeraations  of  Jeeus  Christ  with  Reprc- 

aentatiTe  Men,  Adams    ....       809 

Cradle  Lands,  Herbert 680 

Credo 444 

Cross  and  the  Crown,  The,  Fiske  .  .3^)3 

Cniden's  Concordance,  New  Edition  681 

C>-clops»iia   of  Biblical,   Theological,   and 

Eccleriastical  literature,  McOlintock  and 

Strong 77 

Bay  Dawn  and  the  Rain,  Kor    .  679 

Derotional  Thoughts  of  Eminent  DiTini«, 

Uanha 809 

Dfjgmatic  Faith,  The,  Garbett  .674 

£ccc  Cesium 684 

Ecclesiastical  Law  in  the  State  of  New  York, 

Uoflman 441 

EMay  on  DiTorce,  Woolsey  ....  681 
£Mez,  Mass.,  History  of,  Crowell  76 

Sridences  of  Christianity,  Dodgo  .  .  309 

Folsom's  Tnuuriation  of  the  Four  Gofrpels  686 
Foreign  Missions :  their  Relations  and  Claims, 

AndCTson -  ■  668 

Freemasons.  The,  Segur    ....      43({ 

Oatea  Alar,  Phelps 73 

Oatas  Wide  Open,  Wood  .  .  .  .  43S 
fl«BenJ,  The ;  or,  TwdTe  Nights  in  the  Hunt- 

cr^a  Gamp 811 

QmwoMA'Mm 684 


PAOB 

Glimpses  of  Christ  in  Holy  Scripture,  Laurie  78 
Gospel  Treasury,  MimpriM  ....  680 
Qranmiar  of  the  Idiom  of  the  New  Testa^ 

ment,  Winer 807 

Great  Christians  of  France,  Saint  Louis  and 

CalTin,  Guizot 489 

Hades  and  Heaven,  Birkersteth  578 

Homo  Life  Series,  Leslie  .      '  .  812 

Hospital  Sketches,  Alcott  ...       584 

Human  Intellect,  The,  Porter  .  808 

Illustrated  Bible  Biography  ...  74 
Illustrated  Library  of  Wonders  .  444 

In  HoaTen  we  Know  our  Own,  Blot  .  579 

Instruments  of  the  Passion  of  our  Lord  Jesus 

Christ,  Veith 441 

Invasion  of  the  Crimea,  Kinglako  .  442 

Irish  Widow's  Son,  O'Leary  ...  679 
Isaiah,  Notes  on,  Cowles  ....  72 
Jeremiah  and  Lamentations,  Commentary 

on,  Henderson 812 

J(»us  of  Nazereth,  Abbott     ....    79 

Jubilant  Voices 586 

liOdy  Lury'g  Secret 682 

Lamps,  Pitcrhers,  and  Trumpets  583 

Law  of  Love  and  LoTe  as  a  Law,  Hopkins  802 
Lectures  on  Reason  and  Revelation,  Preston  575 
Letters  of  Lady  Mary  Wortlcy  Montague, 

Hale .442 

lietters  of  Madame  de  S^ign^,  Hale  442 

Lifeof  John  Carter,  Mills  .568 

Life  of  Father  Do  Ravignan ,  Do  Ponlevoy  576 
Life'H Morning ;  Lifu'^  tlvcuing ;  Lifu's  Quiet 

Ilonrs 74 

Littcll '8  Living  Age 77 

Little  Efflc'ii  Home 677 

Little  Jook'n  Four  liCMons  677 

Lowell,  Masd.,  Uistorj'  of,  Cowley  .  304 

Mabel 682 

Margaret :  A  Story  of  Life  in  a  Prairie  Home  808 

May  Btll 682 

Memori.il8  of  a  Centura',  Jennings     .  569 

Miris  Lily's  Voyage  Round  the  World   .        .  814 

Molly's  Bible 682 

Mup.s.1,  the  Fairj',  Ingelow  ....  578 
Jloral  Phlloaophy,  Fuirchild  ...  672 
My  (^ntpaigufl  in  America,  Deux-Ponts  .  75 
National  i^umionN,  llnven  588 

New  England  Iligtoric  Genealogical  Register  814 
Now  Eugland  Tragedies,  in  Prone,  Allen  .  806 
New  TcKtanient :  Tranfllated  from  the  Greek 

Text  of  TiHchcndorf,  Noyos    ...       311 
Offlce  and  Work  of  the  Christian  Ministry, 

Hoppin 488 

Oliver  Optic'H  Magazine  for  Boys  and  GirU  .  814 
Onene.<w  of  the  Cbrifltian  Church,  Clarke  310 
Our  Life  in  China,  Nevius  .  ...  810 
Our  New  Way  Round  the  World,  Coffin        .  487 

Our  Young  Folks 814 

Palace  and  Cottage,  Oliver  Optic  .  .814 

Perverse  PuHsy 582 

I*etor  Clinton 682 

Philosophy  and  Domestic  Life,  Byford  814 

PictureH  from  Prison  Life,  Havnefl  .  818 

Pittaficlfl.M-vss.,  History  of,  Smith  .  806 

Plain    Talk    about    the    Protestantism    of 

To-day 441 

Planchette.  Sargent 814 

Plymouth  Pulpit 814 

Poems,  Lucy  Larcom  ....  78 
Prince  Library,  Catalogue  of        .        .        .76 

Proverb  Series 814 

Recollections  ofa  Busy  Lift,  Orooley   ■        •     79 


IV 


Contents. 


Rein!niitcenc<M<  nf  Kiiropean  TrftTcl,  PociboJy  d07 
ReTcUtion  of  Law  in  Soripturo,  Fiiir1)iUni       310 

Robertnou-n  Sennoiw r»S»J 

Robertflon,  nrooke*»  Life  of  .  .  .  58(> 
RobinHOD'n  (IIeni7  Crabb)  Diary  .  .688 

Sabbftth  SfiDfCi^  for  CbUdrpn't  Worohfp  .  448 
8acramvnt8  of  tho  Churcb,  CrittHiiden  .  312 

8e«dri  and  ShoiYOO,  ThoiiipMQ  ...  72 
Semiuii!<,  Boochcr  .     7S,  48rt 

Sermon:*,  .Shopiinl 7H 

Bermnn.o,  U'nds worth 440 

Shining  Li^ht 577 

Short  and  RuniliAT  AoMwcrti  to  tho  Most 

Coniinon  Objections  ur^jCPd  againi«t  Religion , 

Do  SeRur 570 

SonofMiin.Thi*,  WickeB  .  ...  80 
Studlofi  in  FhiloHophy  and  ThooloRT,  Iluvca  440 
Stiidtoufi  U'omon,  Dupanloup  .  570 

Subjection  of  Woiuau,  Mill  577 

Tennf!«KccAii  in  Foniiaand  Koonliatan,  &Iar8h  iHA 
Third  Book  of  One  Ilumlred  Pieturerf  .  .  5^2 
This  and  That,  Mc Arthur  ...  80 
Upward  from  Sin,  through  Orace,  to  Glory, 

Hotchkiffl 5(^ 

Yoyafi;pof  the  White  Falcon.  .        .  5-<^3 

Waitin;;  nt  tho  Crou 581 

Wandiirint;  Rocollectloniiof  a  Somewhat  Busy 

Life,  Xml 443 

Watchwonlii  for  the  Warfare  of  Lifo  .  f>S4 

Waynidc  llymns 73 

Wine hendon,  Masfl.,  History  of,  Marvin  .  7i> 
Women's  SuflTraiorn,  Biuhuoll  577 

WomcnofthcBilile 585 

Wonis  of  III ip«'.  Means  ....  HO 
Yeetorday,  To-day, and  VorcTcr,  Bickersteth  30G 

Church  Architecture  and  Worship,  by  Rev. 

Jonatiian  Bilwards 511 

Charch  and  it«  New  Mcmlwrs,  by  llev.  J.  B. 

Miles 222   j 

CoUngOrf  of  Special  Interest  to  Conprepation-  } 

allHts,  by  Kev.  C.  OuohinK  .  .410 

GoUcii^iate  and  Theol(vpr]cal  Education  at  the  I 

WcjJt.  by  Rev.  A.  B.  Rich  .  .         .  543   ] 

Coming  Church  Congregational?  by  Rev.  A.      ^   | 

II.  Rosii 17   : 

Composition  of  Council,  by  Rev.  J.  Guernsey  241* 
Congrcgationiil  Chai>ol,  Sprin^eld.  III.  .  .  558 
CongregntioniU  l-hurch  in  Wei'tmin-jter,  Vt., 

by  Iter.  P.  II.  White 42 

Congregational    Ohurches,   Stitiritica    of,   for 

1868,  by  Rev.  A.  II.  Quint,  n.  D.        .        .    81 
Congregational  Ministers,  Lidt  of,  for  18>38   .      15<) 

OoaiaREO.vTioAL  Necroloot  : 

Aiken,  Rev.  SiUu*,  d.  d 423 

Bailey,  Mrs.  R(>gena  A 5K5 

Blake,  Rev.  D.  Iloyt 564 

BUncnanI,  Rot.  Amos      ....      299 

Brown,  Rct.  Thaddeua  II 291 

Butler,  Dea.  Ebenoxer  ....  422 
Calhoun,  Rev.  GoorKB  A.,  n.  D.      .  .    (i3 

Camplitill,  Rev.  Geor/o  W.  .  .  .  301 
GhunlHiirfi,  Dea.  Matthew  ....  42«^ 
Chapman,  Mrs.  Marv         ....       427 

Cha-Je,  Rer.  Benj  imin  C 290 

Clapp.  Rev.  Sumner  G 800 

Colman,  Mm.  Abby  P 603 

Corscr,  Rev.  Enoch 285 

Ca«hing,  Christopher  C 432 

Denison,  Mrs.  Laura  A 287 

Dunn,  Rev.  Richard  C IV> 

foster,  R(!v.  Bei^raiin  F.  .        .        .      2M 

Vrowein,  Rov.  Abram 427 

Olilett,  Rev.  TlmoUiy  P 02 

Iladley,  Mrs.  Louisa  C 422 

Uatch,  Rev.  Roger  C 71 

\    Ho«mer,  7<eloteii 295 

Kimball,  Dea.  John 505 

LUM,  Charlei  B 600 

iMch,  Mrs.  Bliubeth  T 285 

Mu«h,  Rev.  John,  D.  D 66 

Moore,  BoT.  JaiOM  D 424 


^rrneer,  Rev.  Sendol  B 287 

North,  Rev.  Altml 502 

Oliphant,  Mrs.  Mary 288 

Parker,  Rev.  Lucius 2S9 

Phelps,  Dea.  WUlinra 08 

Salter,  Rev.  John  W 506 

Smith,  Rev.  lit. race 2l»8 

Spear,  Rev.  David 2l*«) 

Talcott.  Mn«.  C 421 

Talcott,  Rev.  Ilervev  ....  421 
Thacher,  Dei.  Matthews  ....  lii»3 
Thoin])Kon,  Dea.  John  21»2 

Tolman,  Dea.  John 299 

Tyler,  Dea.  Joab 429 

WatkinH,  Rev.  Ralden  A 03 

White,  Rev.  Pliny  II 430 

rongregational  Quarterly  Reconi  170,  320,  445, 589 
Conprepitional     Theological     Seminaries    in 

1808 -tW,  by  Rev.  A.  II.  Quint,  d.  d.  .  279 
Conncils,  Compo-sitlon  of  ...  .  249 
Councils.  Judicial  Power  of  ...  .  491 
Crecli*,  Relation  of,  to  Christian  Lifo   .  28 

Doctrine  of  the  IIolv  Spirit,  bv  Rev.  G.  R. 

I/eavitt    .  .       392 

Dwight,   Rov.    Willi-ini  T.,  by    Prof.   E.   C. 

Smyth 181 

E-irlieKt  Ordination  of  a  Minister  of  the  Dutch 

Church  in  this  Country,  by  Pn's.  T.  I). 

Woolscy 203 

Editor's  Table  ....  173,315,587 
Extract  from  Wanl's  "  Slm]ile  Coblcr "'  .  248 
(icueral  Asttoclations  and  Conferences  .178 

Great  Question,  Papal  Answer  to  229 

Hilly  Spirit,  Doctrine  of OXl 

Index  of  Names 51M 

Influence  of  the  Masses  on  Literary  Men,  by 

Rev.  Hiram  Mead  .350 

Judicial  Power  of  Councils,  ]>y  Ilon.  Emory 

Washburn 491 

Ust  of  (%>ninx?gMtionaI  Ministers  for  IS^^.S  .  IW 
Literary  Review  72,  (ift2,  431,  5«J8 

M-vs>?achn?«ett«  General  Avsoclatlon  24<) 

Mai«.-»es,  Influence  of  the,  on  Literary  Men       .  SO) 

New  England  Hymn 3fS7 

Old  Epitaph 258 

PuiKiI    Answer   to    the    Great    Question,  by 

Rov.  Thomas  lAurie,  d.  d.  .  220 

P;usons,    Rev.    Jonath:iu,    by    Rev.    John 

Vinton 327 

Pa«tnml  Kaithrnlneiis,  by  R4^v.  J.  T.  llyile  379 

Prcsulent   Elwards  slh  a  Reformer,  by  Pre*. 

(i.  V.  Magonn,  n.  n 2'iO 

PrwHidential  Elections,  by  Rev.  C.  Cushing  275 
Puritan   Catechism  and  its  Author,  by  Rev. 

D.  P.  Noyes 301 

Qdarterlt  Record  : 

Churchos  Formed  170,820,445,589 

Mini.sU'rs  l)*?ce!ise<l  .  .  172,322,447,591 
Ministers  Inatiili'd    .  171,320,445.590 

MinUters  Married  .  .    172,  322,  4 17,  5;H) 

Ministers  OrdainM  .  .  170,  32«\  44.'),  r>!*9 
MinisfaM-s' Wives  Deceased  .  172,322.447.501 
Pastors  Dismlpse«l  .         172, 321, 44»3.  r.90 

Rare  Tract  ou  Witchcraft  .  40i> 

B4>lation  of  Creeds  to  Christian  Life,  by  Rev. 

J.  M.  Whlton 28 

Revivals  of  Religion,  Are  thev  Natural?  .  S-t 
Scriptural  Diticouate,  by  Rev.  G.  B.  Safford  2i.Ki 
Secoud   Church,  Biddeford,  Mo.,  by  Rev. 

J.  D.  EmenK>n 241 

SMTlct*  of  Song,  bv  Rev.  M.  K.  <^ros8  210 

Springfield,  III.,  C-ongregntional  Chapel  .  558 
Statistii^fl  of  Congregational  Churches  for 

1808 81 

Tongue,  The 542 

Use  of  liymnR 2(V5 

Wanl's,  **  Simple  Cobler,-'  Extract  fh>m  .  248 
Wettinuift«r,Vt.,  Congregational  Church  in  42 
Witehcmft,  RaraTnrton  .400 

Worship  MHl  Arehitocture,  by  Rev,  R.  0. 

Qreene 602 


-  *, 


4% 


d 


THE 


(tm^tt^atimal  ^mttttl^. 


Whole  No.  XLI.  JANUARY,  1869.  Vol.  XI.,  No.  1. 


SAMUEL  ADAMS,  THE  LAST  OF  THE  PURITANS. 

Deacon  Samuel  Adams  of  Old  South  Church,  Boston,  wanted  his  son 
Samuel  to  be  a  minister ;  the  Lord  wanted  him  to  be  the  "  father  of  the 
Revolution,"  and  **  foreordi nation  "  had  the  victory  over  parental  preference. 
"What  Samuel  Adams  of  American  history  might  have  been  as  a  Congre- 
gational clergyman  is  conjectural,  although  as  he  was  born  and  educated  in 
the  faith  of  the  Puritans,  and  through  his  whole  life  was  its  consistent  ex- 
emplar and  earnest  advocate,  it  is  natural  and  pleasant  to  imagine  him  as  one 
who  would  have  been  as  bright  and  shining  a  light  as  any  of  those  *^  candles 
of  the  Lord  "  that  illumined  the  glorious  morning  of  civil  and  religious 
freedom.  What  he  was  as  an  inflexible  Christian  patriot  and  political 
leader  is  written  with  a  pen  of  fire  on  every  page  of  our  national  history. 
Without  Samuel  Adams  the  history  of  our  struggle  for  independence  is 
chaos;  with  him  there  is  a  unity  of  thought  and  action,  a  strict  sequence  of 
events,  running  like  a  line  of  light  through  the  long  yeai*3  of  preliminary 
debate,  actual  contest,  and  civil  organization. 

Until  the  publication  of  Wells's  thorough  and  candid  work,  the  life  of 
Samuel  Adams  has  been,  in  the  words  of  an  eminent  statesman,  "•  the  one 
niche  remaining  to  be  filled  in  American  biography."  "  If,"  wrote  John 
Adams  in  1819,  '^  the  American  Revolution  was  a  blessing,  and  not  a 
curse,  the  name  and  character  of  Samuel  Adams  ought  to  be  preserved. .  .  . 
Ilis  merits  and  services  and  sacrifices  and  sufferings  are  beyond  all  calcula- 
tion." At  last  he  has  his  biographer,  and  that  position  in  history  which  is 
his  alone,  and  for  which  he  has  waited  only  too  long.  No  analysis  of  the 
three  portly  volumes  which  comprise  Mr.  Wells's  elaborate  and  satisfactory 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1860,  by  Samuil  BmuruAM ,  for  the  Proprietors,  in 
the  Clerk*8  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  District  of  Massachusetts. 

HEW  SERIES.  —  YOL.  I.,  VO,  1.  1 


2  Samud  Adams,  the  Last  of  the  Puritans.  [Jan. 

work  *  is  here  attempted ;  where  all  is  vital  to  a  clear  understanding  of  facts, 
abstracts  are  vain.  But  there  are  features  in  Adams's  character  which 
deserve  mention  in  these  pages. 

That  he  was  the  first  openly  to  advocate  the  independence  of  the  Colonies 
is  DOW,  perhaps,  generally  admitted,  and  while  for  weary  but  hopeful 
months,  which  lengthened  into  years,  he  kept  for  prudential  rea8ons  this 
momentous  idea  in  abeyance,  its  realization  was  the  grand  object  con- 
stantly before  him.  As  early  as  1765,  Hutchinson  says  that  Adams  freely 
admitted  in  private  conversation  that  he  was  for  the  independence  of  the 
Colonies,  and  that  '*  from  time  to  time  he  made  advances  towards  it  in 
public  as  far  as  would  serve  to  the  great  purpose  of  attaining  to  it."  f  But 
he  had  studied  the  genius  and  character  of  the  people,  and  the  actual  and 
prospective  policy  of  the  British  government  too  thoroughly,  and  under- 
stood them  too  well  to  peril  the  sacred  cause  of  human  rights  by  injudicious 
haste.  Although  a  genuine  philosopher  in  political  economy,  and  a  fruitful 
theorist,  he  was  intensely  practical,  and  realized  the  actual  necessity  of  first 
educating  the  people  to  a  keen  knowledge  of  their  rights,  and  a  fixed  reso- 
lution to  maintain  them  in  their  integrity,  and  thus  gradually  tone  tliem  up 
to  the  true  spirit  of  martyrdom.  He  could  say  with  truth,  "  I  would  advise 
persisting  in  our  struggle  for  liberty,  were  it  revealed  that  only  one  in  a 
thousand  was  to  survive  it." 

In  the  quiet  of  his  study,  in  the  silent  hours  of  the  night,  while  the  town 
was  sleeping,  he  sat  at  his  table  thinking  and  writing,  with  one  grand  end 
in  view,  —  the  defence  and  maintenance  of  human  rights.  Industriously, 
and  wholly  self-forgetful,  he  worked  on,  enlightening  his  townsmen  and  the 
colonists  on  the  great  fundamental  principles  of  human  government,  until 
his  name  was  a  power  over  all  the  land,  and  its  echo  made  the  British 
throne  to  tremble.  Bancroft  well  calls  him  ''a  masterly  statesman,  and  the 
ablest  political  writer  in  New  England."  His  plans,  whenever  brought  be- 
fore the  people,  were  so  well  matured,  so  broad,  deep,  and  consistent,  so 
carefully  guarded  in  expression  and  interest  as,  to  use  his  own  motto,  to 
'^  keep  the  enemy  in  the  wrong  " ;  so  simple  and  just,  and  yet  so  comprehen- 
sive, that  the  people  believed  in  them  and  in  him,  and  naturally  looked 
upon  him  as  the  children  of  Israel  look:ed  upon  Moses,  as  the  one  divinely 
chosen  to  lead  them  from  the  house  of  political  bondage  to  the  political 
Canaan.  It  is  no  wonder  that  the  royalist  governor,  who,  in  his  council- 
chamber  in  the  old  State-House  in  Boston,  trembled  before  the  pointed 

*  The  Life  and  Public  Services  of  Samuel  Adams ;  being  a  Narrative  of  Iiis  Acts 
and  Opinions,  and  of  his  Agency  in  producing  and  forwarding;  the  American  Revolution, 
with  Extracts  from  his  Correspondence,  State  Papers,  and  Political  Essays.  By  Wil- 
liam V.  Wells.  3  vols.  8vo.  pp.  512,  512,  460.  Boston;  Liitle,  3rown,  &  Com- 
pany.    1865. 

t  Hutchinson,  iii.  133,  264. 


1869.]  Samud  Adams,  the  Last  of  the  Puritans.  8 

finger  and  mighty  words  of  the  pure  patriot,  wrote  to  his  master  that  ''he 
[Adams]  has  obtained  such  an  ascendency  as  to  direct  the  town  of  Boston 
and  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  consequently  the  council,  just  as  he 
pleases  " ;  and  that  he  '*  is  perhaps  as  well  qualified  to  excite  the  people  to 
any  extravagance  in  theory  or  practice  as  any  person  in  America."  It  is 
no  wonder  that  a  little  later  Govenior  Gage  honored  him  by  making  him 
(with  Hancock)  an  exception  to  the  general  pardon  vouchsafed  to  those 
who  would  yield  their  consciences  to  the  Crown.  John  Randolph  styled 
this  as  the  ''  honor  of  being  proscribed  by  a  flagitious  ministry,  whose  object 
was  to  triumph  over  the  liberties  of  their  country  by  trampling  on  those  of 
her  colonies.  It  is  the  glorious  privilege  of  minds  of  this  stamp  to  give  an 
example  to  a  people,  and  fix  the  destiny  of  nations."  Threats  of  punishment, 
actual  outlawry,  offers  of  money  and  office,  and  even  a  peerage,  were  alike 
spumed  by  him;  and  Hutchinson,  who  hated  him  most  sincerely,  at  last 
impatiently  declared,  '*  Such  is  the  obstinacy  and  inflexibility  of  the  man, 
he  never  can  be  conciliated  by  any  office  or  gift  whatever." 

Adams  was  of  and  for  the  people,  jealous  of  their  rights,  sensitive  on 
every  point  affi^cting  their  welfare.  These  sentiments  inspired  him  in  the 
years  before  the  war,  and  during  the  war;  and  when  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  was  being  framed  and  adopted,  his  anxiety  was  great  lest  in 
some  way  the  liberties  of  the  people  should  be  endangered.  He  feared 
centralization  of  power  for  the  simple  reason  that  his  creed  had  for  its 
foundation  and  superstructure  the  idea  that  government  rested  in  the 
people,  and  should  never  be  taken  from  them,  only  so  far  as  they  volun- 
tarily delegated  authority  to  an  extent  exactly  sufficient  to  promote  their 
best  interests.  Consequently  he  battled  vigorously  so  to  guard  the  Consti- 
tution by  proper  limitations  that  a  firm  government  should  be  established 
without  perilling  in  fact  or  in  future  possibility  the  rights  of  the  States  as 
such,  and,  further  back,  the  inherent  rights  of  individuals.  In  a  letter  to 
Elbridge  Gerry  he  expresses  a  wish 

"  To  see  a  line  drawn  as  clearly  as  may  be  between  the  Federal  powers  vested 
in  Congress  and  the  distinct  sovereignty  of  the  several  States,  upon  which  the 
private  and  personal  rights  of  the  citizen  depend.  Without  such  distinction, 
there  will  be  danger  of  the  Constitution  issuing  imperceptibly  and  gradually  into 
a  consolidated  government  over  all  the  States,  which,  although  it  may  be  \vished 
for  by  some,  was  reprobated  in  the  idea  by  the  highest  advocates  of  the  Constitu- 
tion, as  it  stood  without  amendments/' 

Again,  in  a  letter  to  Richard  Henry  Lee,  he  says :  — 

"  I  have  always  been  apprehensive  that,  through  the  weakness  of  the  human 
mind,  oflen  discovered  in  the  wisest  and  best  of  men,  or  the  perverseness  of  the 
interested  and  designing  in  as  well  as  out  of  government,  misconstructions  would 
be  given  to  the  Federal  Constitution  ivhich  would  disappoint  the  views  and  ex- 


4  Samuel  AdamSj  the  Lcut  of  the  Puritans.  [Jan. 

pectations  of  the  honest  among  those  who  acceded  to  it,  and  hazard  the  liberty, 
independence,  and  happiness  of  the  people." 

It  can  be  said  of  Samuel  Adams  more  appropriately  than  of  Thomas 
Jefferson,  that  he  was  ^  the  father  of  Democracy,"  using  this  now  abused 
and  degraded  word  in  its  old-time  purity  and  power.  He  was  a  firm  be- 
liever in  State  rights,  as  then  understood,  and  in  individual  rights,  but  was  as 
firm  a  believer  in  the  national  government ;  and  a  favorite  expression  with 
him,  and  one  which  he  often  gave  as  a  ^*  toast,"  was  "The  States  united  and 
the  States  separate."  In  these  days,  taught  by  the  terrible  lesson  of  the 
years  of  rebellion,  there  is  a  proper  sensitiveness  in  regard  to  the  terra  "  State 
rights " ;  the  doctrine  in  its  modem  acceptation  is  repugnant  to  those  who 
would  maintain  the  integrity  of  our  national  government.  But  in  the  early 
years  of  our  history  as  a  nation  there  were  forces  in  operation  which  ren- 
dered such  views  as  were  held  by  Adams  and  other  leading  men  judi- 
cious and  well  founded.  In  those  days,  everything  republican  was  experi- 
mental ;  a  course  of  action  was  to  be  marked  out,  a  form  of  government  insti- 
tuted, a  nation  to  be  created  sufficiently  unified  for  self-preservation  and 
position,  and  yet  leaving  to  the  individual  States  their  own  distinctive  rights 
and  powers.  And  all  this  was  in  theory ;  there  was  no  precedent  upon 
which  to  rest  an  argument  or  base  a  plan  of  operation,  while  the  recent 
oppressions  of  the  British  government,  whose  yoke  they  had  thrown  off  at 
a  great  sacrifice  of  blood  and  treasure,  were  too  fresh  in  mind  to  allow  them 
to  endanger  liberty  by  establishing  a  government  which  should  be  beyond 
control.  As  Adams*s  biographer  truly  remarks :  "  Patriot  statesmen  could 
only  reason  upon  the  great  principles  of  human  freedom,  apply  them  to  the 
circumstances  of  the  times,  and  adapt  them  to  the  genius  of  the  people"; 
and  that  they  reasoned,  applied,  and  adapted  so  wisely  for  immediate  pur- 
poses, and  with  such  prescience  for  coming  generations,  must  always  be  one 
of  the  shining  instances  of  the  Divine  guidance  in  the  affairs  of  men.  The 
sophistries  advanced  during  the  late  rebellion  on  the  great  subject  of  State 
and  national  rights  and  powers  should  not  blind  candid  persons  to  a  just 
estimate  of  the  ditficulties  under  which  the  founders  of  our  government 
labored  in  so  adjusting  the  intimate  questions  of  individual.  State,  and 
national  rights  as  successfully  to  provide  for  the  strain  that  must  inevitably 
be  put  upon  them.  Adams  desired  that  there  might  be  "  no  uncomfortable 
jarrings  among  the  several  powers ;  that  the  whole  people  may  in  every 
State  contemplate  their  own  safety  on  solid  ground:^,  and  the  union  of  the 
States  be  perpetual."  Timt  Mr.  Adams  did  not  hold  views  similar  to  those 
politicians  of  to-day  to  whom  the  word  **  Democrat "  is  only  a  misnomer,  is 
evident  from  the  fact  that  he  believed  in  the  right  of  the  national  govern- 
ment to  suspend  the  habeas  corpus  in  certain  cases,  and  pressed  its  suspen- 
sion during  Shays's  rebellion.     When  the  fate  of  the  condemned  leaders 


1869.]  Samuel  Adams^  the  Last  of  the  Puritans.  5 

in  this  same  rebellion  was  under  discussion,  Adams  was  firm  for  their 
execution.  Humane  and  merciful  in  disposition,  he  felt  that  kindness  to  the 
rebels  would  be  cruelty  to  the  government ;  and  he  therefore  advised  Gover- 
nor Hancock  ^  to  inflict  that  just,  condign  punishment  which  the  judicial 
sentence  had  awarded  on  the  detestable  leaders  of  that  banditti  who  raised 
the  rebellion."  "  In  monarchies,"  said  he,  "  the  crime  of  treason  and  rebel- 
lion may  admit  of  being  pardoned  or  lightly  punished ;  but  the  man  who 
dares  to  rebel  against  the  laws  of  a  republic  ought  to  suffer  death."  . 

It  has  been  said,  on  a  previous  page,  that  he  early  grasped  the  idea  of  a 
union  of  the  Colonies.  Such  a  union  was  the  logical  sequence  of  the  prin- 
ciples he  advocated,  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  settled  for  all  time.  But  he 
was  not  precipitate.  He  was,  on  the  contrary,  cautious,  far-seeing  in  his 
plans  for  the  defence  and  assertion  of  human  rights,  but  bold  in  action 
when  the  precise  moment  for  action  came.  Always  ready  for  every  emer- 
gency in  word  or  deed,  he  was  not,  as  was  true  of  some  of  his  ardent  but 
imprudent  copatriots,  rashly  anticipatory,  but  was  a  patient  waiter  for  re- 
sults, while  on  the  alert  to  improve  every  opportunity  for  effective  action. 
The  pen  was  his  potent  weapon,  but  there  were  several  occasions,  when 
mighty  questions  hung  in  the  balance,  that  he  left  his  study  and  his  manu- 
script, and  took  the  foremost  place  in  speech  and  action,  settled  the  issue 
at  stake,  and  then  returned  to  his  more  congenial  work.  Thus,  in  1770, 
when  the  people  of  Boston  and  vicinity,  wild  with  excitement  over  the 
"Massacre,"  assembled  in  the  Old  South  Church,  and  with  earnest  words 
sent  a  committee  to  the  Lieutenant-Governor  to  demand  that  the  royal 
troops  be  removed  from  the  city,  Samuel  Adams  was  the  man  to  face 
the  oflBcers  of  the  Crown,  and  humble  them  before  the  people.  Royalty 
quailed,  democracy  triumphed  ;  Adams  returned  to  tlie  meeting  with  the 
promise  that  the  two  regiments  should  be  sent  to  Castle  Island,  and  the 
Old  South  rung  with  victorious  shouts. 

Wrote  John  Adams  to  John  Trumbull :  — 

^*  Who  will  paint  Samuel  Adams  at  tlie  head  of  ten  thousand  freemen  and  volun- 
teers, with  his  quivering  paralytic  hands,  in  the  Council-Chamber,  shaking  the 
souls  of  Hutchinson  and  Dalrymple,  and  driving  down  to  the  Castle  the  two  of- 
fending regiments  which  Lord  North  ever  afterwards  called  *  Sam  Adams's  regi- 
ments.' "  * 

Again,  in  his  Diary,  the  second  President  writes :  — 

'*  Adams  is  zealous,  ardent,  and  keen  in  the  cause ;  is  always  for  softness, 
delicacy,  and  prudence,  when  they  will  do,  but  is  stanch,  and  stiff,  and  strict,  and 
rigid,  and  inflexible  in  the  cause." 

After  a  brief  sketch  of  Otis,  the  Diary  adds:  — 

<*  Adams,  I  believe,  has  the  most  thorough  understanding  of  Liberty  and  her  re- 

*  Fisher's  Life  of  Benjamin  Silliman,  ii.  390. 


6  Samuel  AdamSj  the  Last  of  the  Puritans.  [Jan. 

sources  in  the  temper  and  cbaracter  of  tbe  people,  though  not  in  the  law  and  con- 
stitution, as  well  as  the  most  habitual,  radical  love  of  it,  of  any  of  them ;  also  the 
most  correct,  genteel,  and  artful  pen.  He  is  a  man  of  refined  policy,  steadfast  in- 
tegrity, exquisite  humanity,  fair  erudition,  and  obliging  and  engaging  manners, 
real  as  well  as  professed  piety,  and  a  universal  good  character,  unless  it  should  be 
admitted  that  he  is  too  attentive  to  the  public,  and  not  enough  so  to  himself  and 
his  fjaunily." 

While  Otis,  in  the  words  of  BancroA,  ^  in  his  prevailing  mood  shrunk 
from  the  thought  of  independence,"  Adams  had  it  as  his  beacon-light  across 
the  stormy  ocean  on  which  he  had  launched  his  own  and  his  country's 
hopes.  Says  Bancroft,  in  a  discriminating  analysis  of  the  characteristics 
of  the  three  leaders,  Adams,  Otis,  and  Hawley :  — 

'*  The  ruling  passion  of  Samuel  Adam's,  on  the  contrary,  was  the  preservation 
of  the  distinctive  character  and  institutions  of  New  England.  He  thoroughly 
understood  the  tendency  of  the  measures  adopted  by  Parliament ;  approved  of 
making  the  appeal  to  Heaven,  since  freedom  could  not  otherwise  be  preserved ; 
and  valued  the  liberties  of  his  couutry  more  than  its  temporal  prosperity,  more 
than  his  own  life,  more  than  the  lives  of  all.  The  confidence  of  his  townsmen  sus- 
tained his  fortitude ;  his  whole  nature  was  absorbed  by  care  for  the  public ;  and  his 
strictly  logical  mind  was  led  to  choose  for  the  defence  of  the  separate  liberties 
of  America  a  position  which  offered  no  weak  point  for  attack."  * 

All  his  biographers  and  eulogists  ascribe  to  Adams  the  remarkable  pru- 
dence of  which  mention  has  been  made.  This  quality  is  very  apparent  in 
those  models  of  composition  and  of  argument  from  his  pen  which,  in  the 
form  of  addresses,  the  colonial  authorities  were  at  that  time  sending  to  the 
Ministry,  and  in  the  circular  letter  to  each  House  of  Representatives  or 
Burgesses  on  the  continent ;  indeed,  in  all  his  state  papers,  —  and  they  are 
Toluminous,  —  his  zeal  never  outruns  his  discretion.  ^This  pnidence  and 
insight  into  the  bearings  of  the  great  cause  he  espoused  was  a  perpetual 
check  upon  the  suggestion  of  colonial  independence.  The  propagation  of 
such  sentiments  at  that  time  would  have  been  deeply  injurious  to  American 
liberty."  f  On  this  same  point,  Judge  Sullivan,  in  his  sketch  of  Adams 
(1803),  after  quoting  from  confidential  friends  of  the  patriot  proof  that  he 
was  the  first  man  in  America  who  contemplated  a  separation  of  the  Colo- 
nies from  England,  intimates  th^t  his  enemies  accused  him  of  hypocrisy  in 
concealing  these  views  in  the  opening  scenes  of  the  contest  with  Great 
Britain. 

**  But  in  this,"  says  Sullivan,  **  he  was  justifiable  ;  for,  unless  he  could  believe  that 
the  whole  body  of  the  people  could  discern  and  trace  political  effects  from  their 
deep  causes,  it  would  have  been  folly  in  him  to  have  exposed  his  views.    He 

•  Bancroft's  History,  vi.  117-120. 

t  Wells's  Biography,  i.  147.  It  was  in  1769  that  he  closed  a  speech  in  Boston  with 
the  then  startling  words,  "  Independent  we  are,  and  independent  we  will  be." 


1869.]  Samuel  Adams,  the  Lait  of  the  Puritans.  7 

lived  in  a  world  where  one  man  had  been  burned  for  asserting  the  motion  of  the 
planets,  which  is  now  known  to  every  one,  and  where  the  originators  of  new 
theories  have  suffered  d^grace  for  exposing  systems  which  after  ages  have  re- 
spected and  honored." 

The  able  biographer  of  Warren,  in  his  excellent  and  critical  work,  in  a 
very  just  estimate  of  Adtms's  character  truly  says, ''  As  a  party  leader  he 
was  prudent,  and  yet,  when  it  was  necessary,  he  was  bold.  He  was  keen 
in  penetrating  the  designs  of  his  opponents,  and  was  inflexible  in  carrying 
oat  his  purposes ;  ♦  he  was  "  ever  early,  ever  watchful,  and  never  weary  of 
toil  or  fatigue,  until  be  saw  all  was  well "  ;  f  and  Jefferson  considered  him 
as  "  truly  a  great  man,  wise  in  council,  fertile  in  resources,  immovable  in . 
his  purposes,  and  had,  I  think,  a  greater  share  than  any  other  member  of 
Congress  in  advising  and  directing  our  measures  in  the  Northern  war.'' 
"  Without  the  character  of  Samuel  Adams,"  says  his  kinsman  John,  <*  the 
true  history  of  the  American  Revolution  can  never  be  written.  For  fifty 
years  his  pen,  his  tongue,  his  activity  were  constantly  exerted  for  his 
country  without  fee  or  reward.  During  this  time  he  was  an  almost  inces- 
sant writer.  A  collection  of  his  writings  would  be  as  curious  as  volumi- 
nous. In  it  would  be  found  specimens  of  a  nervous  simplicity  of  reasoning 
and  eloquence  that  has  never  been  excelled  in  America."  }  The  student 
of  history  will  acknowledge  the  justice  of  these  views. 

These  general  remarks  upon  the  political  career  of  Samuel  Adams  are 
by  intention  brief,  and  by  necessity  meagre  in  outline.  Too  much  was 
crowded  into  his  eventful  life  to  be  recorded  in  a  few  pages.  But  there 
are  features  in  his  character,  lying  at  the  foundations  of  all  his  actionS| 
which  should  be  better  understood,  especially  by  those  who  are  of  the  relig- 
ious faith  of  the  Puritans,  and  who  believe  that  our  institutions,  civil  and 
religious,  had  their  origin  in  the  fundamental  principles  of  Christianity.  If 
the  "  Father  of  the  Revolution,"  he  who  was  the  head  and  front  of  the  strug- 
gle  for  liberty,  he  who  furnished  the  brains  of  the  preliminary  movements 
and  of  the  actual  conflict,  he  who  watched  and  guarded  the  rights  of  the 
people  with  a  jealous  care  which  then  compelled  the  admiration  of  a  wonder- 
ing world,  and  now  claims  the  gratitude  of  the  country  for  which  he  gave  a 
long  life  of  unparalleled  activity,  if  he  was  a  man  of  thorough  religious  con- 
victions, and  found  the  natural  outgrowth  of  these  convictions  in  free  demo- 
cratic institutions,  it  is  a  fact  worth  knowing.  When  Frothingham  re- 
marks §  that  in  Adams  was  personified  a  peculiar  t1ieolo;;iGal  element,  that 
he  had  the  rigid  inflexibility  that  has  caused  him  to  be  regarded  as  the  last 
oPthe  Puritans,  he  utters  the  exact  truth.     As  a  consistent  exemplar  and 

♦  Frothingham 's  Life  of  Joseph  Warren,  25. 
t  Niles's  Principles  and  Acts,  477. 
t  John  Adams's  Works,  i.  673,  674. 
I  Life  of  Joseph  Warren,  26. 


8  Samuel  Adorns^  the  Last  of  the  Puritans.  [Jan. 

asserter  of  that  true  Congregationalism  in  doctrine  and  polity  which  lay  at 
the  foundation  of  our  civil  and  religious  institutions,  as  one  wbo  carried  his 
theories  into  practice,  and  demonstrated  that  they  had  their  legitimate 
growth  and  development  only  in  those  forms  of  government  which  recog- 
nized all  the  rights  of  man  hoth  in  the  individual  and  in  the  aggregate, 
Adams  stands  before  us  in  bold  relief  against  tb^  stormy  background  of 
those  times  of  peril  and  promise.  His  deep-settled  beliefs  in  religious  mat- 
ters gave  direction  and  character  to  all  his  public  life,  and  induced  an 
abiding  faith  in  an  overruling  Providehce,  a  humble,  and  yet  hopeful,  trust 
that  the  God  of  nations  was  to  establish  on  this  continent  a  free  government 
for  a  blessing  to  the  people.  His  religious  experiences  made  him  calmly 
hopeful  at  all  times :  — 

"  Of  despondency  he  knew  nothing;  trials  only  nerved  him  for  severer  strug- 
gles ;  his  sublime  and  unfaltering  hope  had  a  cast  of  solemnity,  and  was  as  much 
a  part  of  his  nature  as  if  his  confidence  sprang  from  an  insight  into  Divine  decrees, 
and  was  as  firm  as  a  sincere  Calvinist's  assurance  of  his  election.  For  himself 
and  for  others  he  held  that  all  sorrows  and  all  losses  were  to  be  encountered, 
rather  than  that  liberty  should  perish."  * 

Consciously  or  otherwise,  all  his  biographers  and  eulogists,  in  recording 
his  eminent  qualities,  pay  the  highest  tribute  to  the  purest  type  of  early 
New  England  theology;  for,  take  from  him  his  religious  faith  as  a  motive- 
power,  and  the  vitality  is  gone  from  his  whole  career.  His  kinsman,  John, 
once  said  :  ^  If  Otis  was  Martin  Luther,  Samuel  Adams  was  John  Calvin. 
If  Luther  was  rough,  hasty,  and  loved  good  cheer,  Calvin  was  cool,  abstem- 
ious, polished,  and  refined,  though  more  inflexible,  uniform,  and  consistent, 
and  he  was  destined  to  a  longer  career  than  those  before  mentioned,  and  to 
act  a  more  conspicuous,  and  perhaps  a  more  important,  part  than  any  other 
man."  The  historian  Grahame,  foreigner  though  he  was,  well  understood 
the  secret  springs  of  Adams's  life,  and  he  describes  him  as 

"  One  of  the  most  perfect  models  of  disinterested  patriotism  and  of  republican 
genius  and  character  in  all  its  severity  and  simplicity  that  any  age  or  country 
has  ever  produced.  A  sincere  and  devout  Puritan  in  religion,  grave  in  his  man- 
ners, austerely  pure  in  his  morals,  simple,  frugal,  and  unambitious  in  his  tastes, 
habits,  and  desires ;  zealously  and  incorruptibly  devoted  to  the  defence  of  Ameri- 
can liberty,  and  the  improvement  of  American  character ;  endowed  with  a  strong 
manly  understanding,  an  unrelaxing  earnestness  and  inflexible  firmness  of  will 
aftd  purpose,  a  capacity  of  patient  and  intense  application  which  no  labor  could 
exhaust,  and  a  calm  and  determined  courage  which  no  danger  could  daunt  and 
no  disaster  depress,  —  he  rendered  his  virtues  more  efiicacious  by  the  instrumen- 
tality of  great  powers  of  reasoning  and  eloquence,  and  altogether  supported  a  part 
and  exhibited  a  character  of  which  every  description,  even  the  most  frigid,  that 
has  been  preserved,  wears  the  air  of  a  panegyric."  f 

*  Bancroft,  vi.  196.  f  Colonial  History  of  the  United  States,  ii.  417. 


1869.]  Samud  Adams^  ike  Last  of  the  PurUans.  9 

No  better  pen-portrait  of  a  genuine  Puritan  could  be  desired ;  but  there  is 
another,  by  Mrs.  Mercy  Warren,  the  wife  of  James  Warren  of  Plymouth, 
one  of  Adams's  truest  friends  and  copatriots,  which  is  true  to  life :  — 

^  Early  nurtured  in  the  principles  of  civil  and  religious  liberty,  he  possessed  a 
quick  understanding,  a  cool  head,  stem  manners,  a  smooth  address,  and  a  Roman- 
like firmness,  united  with  that  sagacity  and  penetration  that  would  have  made  a 
figure  in  a  conclave.  He  was  at  the  same  time  liberal  in  opinion  and  uniformly 
devout ;  social  with  men  of  all  denominations ;  grave  in  deportment ;  placid  yet 
severe ;  sober  and  indefatigable ;  calm  in  seasons  of  difficulty ;  tranquil  and  un- 
ruffled in  the  vortex  of  political  altercation ;  too  firm  to  be  intimidated,  too  haughty 
for  condescension,  bis  mind  was  replete  with  resources  that  dissipated  fear,  and 

extricated  in  the  greatest  emergencies Through  a  long  life  he  exhibited, 

on  all  occasions,  an  example  of  patriotism,  religion,  and  virtue  honorary  to  the 
human  character."  * 

The  intimation  that  he  was  '*  stern  "  in  manners  is  scarcely  sustained  by 
the  testimony  of  his  most  intimate  friends ;  and  yet  it  is  to  be  borne  in  mind 
that  those  were  the  ^  times  that  tried  men's  souls,"  and  that  the  exigencies 
of  those  years  of  conflict  left  to  the  leaders  little  opportunity  for  the  amenities 
of  life.  In  his  family  he  was  a  delightful  and  entertaining  companion ;  his 
temper  was  cheerful,  never  desponding ;  his  whole  manner  shed  a  sunshine 
of  happiness  upon  those  about  him,  and  his  acquaintances  valued  him  no 
less  for  his  gentler  qualities  than  for  his  wise  counsel  in  affairs  of  state.f 
Bancroft  remarks :  — 

'*  He  was  a  tender  husband,  an  aifectionate  parent,  and,  relaxing  from  severer 
cares,  he  could  vividly  enjoy  the  delights  of  conversation  with  friends ;  but  the 
walls  of  his  modest  mansion  never  witnessed  dissipation,  or  levity,  or  frivolous 
amusements,  or  anything  inconsistent  with  the  discipline  of  the  man  whose  in- 
cessant prayer  was  that  Boston  might  become  a  Christian  Sparta. "  X 

His  religion,  like  that  of  his  brethren  and  of  the  early  settlers,  recognized 
the  education  of  the  people  as  indispensable  to  a  free  government.  On 
this  subject  he  was  an  enthusiast.  In  one  of  his  letters  to  John  Adams  he 
says :  "  Let  divines  and  philosophers,  statesmen  and  patriots,  unite  their 
endeavors  to  renovate  the  age  by  impressing  the  minds  of  men  with  the 
importance  of  educating  their  boys  and  girls,  of  inculcating  in  the  minds  of 
youth  the  fear  and  love  of  the  Deity  and  universal  philanthropy,  and  in 
subordination  to  these  great  principles,  the  love  of  their  country ;  of  in- 
structing them  in  the  art  of  self-government,  without  which  they  never  can 
act  a  wise  part  in  the  government  of  societies,  great  or  small ;  in  short,  of 
leading  them  in  the  study  and  practice  of  the  exalted  virtues  of  the  Chris- 
tian system,  which  will  happily  tend  to  subdue  the  turbulent  passions  of 

♦  Mrs.  Mercy  Warren's  History,  i.  211,  212.  J  Bancroft,  v.  194. 

t  Wells's  Life,  I.  53. 


r 


10  Samuel  AdatM,  (he  Last  of  the  Puritans.  [Jan. 

men,  and  introdaoe  that  golden  age,  beautifully  described  in  figurative  lan- 
guage, when  ^ .  .  .  .  none  shall  then  hurt  or  destroy,  for  the  earth  shall  be 
full  of  the  knowledge  of  the  Lord/  When  this  millennium  shall  commence, 
if  there  shall  be  any  need  of  civil  government,  indulge  me  in  the  fancy  that 
it  will  be  in  the  republican  form,  or  something  better." 

In  his  addresses  to  the  legislature,  while  he  held  the  office  of  governor, 
he  ui^ged  the  subject  of  common  schools  u{H)n  the  members  with  great 
earnestness  and  force  of  argument,  on  the  general  principle  that  ^  a  virtuous 
education  is  calculated  to  reach  and  influence  the  heart,  and  prevent  crimes." 
Mr.  Wells  says  that  he  took  the  greatest  interest  in  common  schools,  visited 
them,  listened  to  recitations,  and  was  known  and  loved  by  crowds  of  school 
children,  who  well  understood  his  desire  for  their  advancement.  Eliot  says 
that  he  was  a  constant  advocate  of  public  schools,  by  which  ^  he  meant  such 
as  there  are  in  every  town  in  Massachusetts,  which  diffuse  knowledge 
equally  among  all  classes  of  people." 

Such  was  the  Puritan  patriot.  His  riper  years  were  the  rich  fruitage  of 
his  early  life,  of  the  instructions  of  godly  parents,  the  associations  of  good 
men,  the  precepts  of  an  open  Bible.  His  theories  of  civil  government  nat- 
urally developed  from  that  ^  liberty  wherewith  Christ  has  made  us  free  " ; 
with  him,  human  law  must  be  consonant  with  Grod's  law. 

The  early  life  of  Adams  was  moulded  in  the  old-time  religious  model. 
His  father,  as  has  been  already  stated,  was  deacon  in  the  Old  South  Church 
for  several  years ;  but  in  1715  he,  with  thirteen  other  citizens,  petitioned  the 
authorities  for  leave  to  erect  a  meeting-house  on  Church  Green,  in  Summer 
Street ;  the  petition  was  granted  and  the  church  was  built,  and  dedicated  in 
January,  1717,  as  the  "New  South  Church,"  where  sermons  were  preached 
by  Benjamin  Wadsworth  of  the  First  Church,  and  Cotton  Mather  of  the 
Old  North.  Samuel  Checkley,  whose  daughter  aflerwards  became  Samuel 
Adams's  first  wife,  was  ordained  pastor  April  15,  1719.*     Here  Samuel 

*  Mrs.  Checkley  was  a  daughter  of  Rev.  BeDJamin  Rolfe,  of  llaverbill,  Mass.,  who 
was  killed  by  the  Indians  in  the  attack  on  that  town,  August  29,  1 708.  She  with  her 
•ister,  both  small  children,  were,  hj  the  presence  of  mind  of  a  servant,  concealed  under 
two  large  tubs  in  the  cellar,  and  so  escaped.  Henrj  Adams,  of  Braintree,  was  the  an- 
cestor of  the  Adams  family  in  this  country.  His  great-great-grandson,  John  Adams, 
second  President  of  the  United  States,  erected  a  granite  column  to  his  memory,  and  the 
inscription  begins  with  these  words :  "  In  memory  of  Henry  Adams,  who  took  his 
flight  from  the  Dragon  persecution  in  Devonshire  in  England,  and  alighted,  with  eight 
sons,  near  Mount  WoUaston."  Samuel,  of  Boston,  father  of  Samuel  the  Patriot,  m. 
Mary,  dau.  of  Richard  Fyfleld,  of  Boston,  21  April,  1713,  d.  8  March,  1748. 
Samuel  Adams,  b.  16  Sept.  1722,  m.  (1st)  Elizabeth  Checkley  (b.  15  March, 
1725;  d.  25  July,  1757);  17  Oct.  1749,  m.  (2d)  Elizabeth  Wells,  dau.  of  Francis 
Wells  (b.  6  Dec.  1764;  d.  2  Oct.  1803).  Freflxed  to  Wells's  Life  of  Adams  is  a  well- 
arranged  chronological  record,  which  gives  at  a  glance  the  eminent  services  of  the  pat- 
riot Ko  satisfactory  condensation  can  be  made.  Each  month  of  the  long  life,  and  well- 
nigh  each  day,  has  its  own  history ;  and,  where  all  is  important,  selections  are  nnwise. 


1869.]  Samud  Adams^  the  Last  cf  the  Pwitam.  11 

Adams  was  baptized ;  here  the  family  attended  ^  meeting,"  but  did  not 
**  go  to  church."  *  The  patriotic  colonists  had  an  honest  aversion  to  the 
"church,"  for  **  the  officers  serving  under  the  Crown  were,  from  highest  to 
lowest,  nearly  all  churchmen.  Hence  it  is  not  at  all  strange  that  the 
Episcopal  Church  should  be  looked  upon  with  quite  as  much  suspicion  bb 
the  government,  part  of  which  it  was."  f  Mrs.  Adams,  the  mother,  w%s  a 
woman  of  strict  religious  principles,  and  she  early  taught  her  childreti  a 
deep  reverence  for  holy  things ;  and  that  religious  cast  of  mind  which  was 
60  prevailing  a  trait  throughout  the  life  of  her  son  thus  had  a  natural 
origin,  and,  as  years  passed  on,  his  consistency  was  as  marked  in  his  relig- 
ion as  in  his  politics.  Unlike  many  men  of  to-day,  he  did  not  separate  one 
from  the  other ;  they  harmonized  in  all  points  where  they  were  not  identical. 
The  family  homestead  in  Purchase  Street,  fronting  upon  and  commanding 
a  fine  view  of  Boston  Harbor,  was,  in  his  boyhood,  a  great  resort  for  the 
leading  politicians  of  the  times  and  the  prominent  citizens  of  the  town; 
and  here  and  at  the  famous  *'  Caulkers'  Club,"  to  which  his  father  belonged 
(a  political  organization  whence,  probably,  comes  our  word  "caucus"),  it  is 
probable  that  he  became  imbued  with  those  views  of  his  country's  neces- 
sities and  dangers  which  led  him,  contrary  to  his  father's  hopes,  to  choose 
politics  rather  than  the  pulpit.  Of  his  domestic  life  after  he  became  the 
head  of  a  household  there  are  many  genial  descriptions  which  it  would  be 
pleasant  to  quote  did  space  allow.  Although  his  means  were  limited,  by 
the  good  management  of  his  wife,  who  was  one  of  the  best  housekeepers 
in  the  town,  —  a  reputation  then  more  commonly  aspired  to  than  now,  — 
his  home  presented  a  neat  and  attractive  appearance,  and  a  well-furnished 
table,  and  was  noted  for  its  open  hospitality. 
His  biographer  says  that 

**  Mrs.  Adams  fully  appreciated  the  character  of  her  husband.  Besides  feeling 
it  her  duty  to  aid,  by  all  means  in  her  power,  in  the  great  objects  of  bis  life  by 
disburdening  him  as  much  as  possible  of  domestic  cares,  she  was  perfectly  devoted 

to  him  socially He  lived  within  the  slender  means  which  his  stipend  from 

the  Assembly  afforded  him ;  yet  he  was  cheerful,  and  contented  with  his  lot,  and 
desired  as  a  reward  for  his  public  services  only  a  decent  livelihood  for  his  family, 
satisfied  if  the  important  part  be  was  acting  should  aid  in  preserving  to  his 
countrymen  their  liberties  and  virtue.  Grace  was  always  said  by  Samuel  Adams 
in  person,  and  the  little  circle  each  night  listened  to  the  Divine  Word  as  read  by 

some  member  of  the  family  from  the  great  Bible No  one  in  the  religious 

society  of  Boston  had  a  greater  reverence  for  the  Sabbath,  and  the  requirements 
of  the  rigid  faith  of  his  pious  ancestors,  nor  were  any  more  careful  in  the  observ- 
ance of  them.  He  was  a  devout  Christian,  a  sincerely  religious  man  ;  but  was  far 
from  being  gloomy  or  morose,  however  stern  or  unrelenting  he  was  in  political  life." 

•  The  family  returned  to  the  Old  South  in  1792. 
t  Drake's  History  of  Boston,  665. 


12  Samtul  Adams^  the  Last  of  the  Puritans.  [Jan. 

Everett  says  that  ''his  chief  relaxation  from  business  and  the  cares  of  life 
was  in  the  indulgence  of  a  taste  for  sacred  music,  for  which  he  was  qualified 
by  the  possession  of  a  most  angelic  voice  and  a  soul  solemnly  impressed 
with  religious  sentiment."  The  democracy  of  Congregationalism  made  him 
suspicious  of  Episcopacy,  whose  essence  is  monarchical ;  and  he,  with 
others,  looked  with  alarm  at  the  strenuous  efforts  made  by  the  British 
government  to  establish  the  ''  Church  "  in  the  Colonies,  and  make  it  an  in- 
tegral part  of  the  ruling  power.  But  the  doctrine  of  "  a  church  without  a 
bishop,  a  state  without  a  king"  was  dominant  in  Adams's  soul.  In  the 
celebrated  letter  from  the  Assembly  of  the  Province  to  their  agent,  before 
alluded  to,  which  was  written  by  him,  as  were  the  greater  portion  of  the 
state  papers  of  those  days,  he  says :  — 

"  The  establishment  of  a  Protestant  episcopate  in  America  is  also  very  zeal- 
ously contended  for ;  and  it  is  very  alarming  to  a  people  whose  fathers,  from  the 
hardships  they  sufiered  under  such  an  establishment,  were  obliged  to  fly  their 
country  into  a  wilderness,  in  order  peaceably  to  enjoy  their  privileges,  civil  and 
religious.  Their  being  threatened  with  the  loss  of  both  at  once  must  throw  them 
into  a  very  disagreeable  situation.  We  hope  in  God  such  an  establishment  will 
never  take  place  in  America,  and  we  desire  you  would  strenuously  oppose  it."  * 

But  with  this  thorough  distrust  of  Episcopacy  and  consistent  opposition 
to  its  establishment  in  this  country,  especially  if  connected  in  any  way  with 
the  civil  government,  as  was  strongly  hinted  at  and  doubtless  intended, 
Samuel  Adams  was  no  bigot,  and  his  first  act  after  entering  Congress  was  one 
of  conciliation  on  a  point  where  he  might  well  be  supposed  to  be  unyielding. 
The  differences  in  religious  opinions  among  the  members  of  Congress,  of 
which  body  Adams  was  "  the  guiding  intellect,"  gave  rise  to  grave  appre- 
hensions. The  New-Englanders  were  mainly,  if  not  all,  Congregationalists, 
the  New  York  and  Southern  delegates  Episcopalians,  and  there  was  a 
slight  mixture  of  Quakers  and  Presbyterians.  To  open  a  meeting  of  any 
kind  in  those  days  without  prayer  was  unheard  of;  but  how  could  these 
diverse  elements  be  harmonized?  It  was  not  only  a  question  of  creeds  but 
of  politics.  Jay  of  New  York,  and  Rutledge  of  South  Carolina,  objected  to 
an  opening  prayer,  because  of  the  great  differences  in  religious  belief ;  but 
Adams,  the  strict  Congregationalist,  both  in  form  of  church  government 
and  in  a  firm  belief  in  the  **  five  points  "  of  Calvinism,  the  man  who,  of  all 
others,  was  imbued  with  the  most  radical  principles  of  civil  and  ecclesias- 
tical liberty,  removed  the  whole  difficulty  with  admirable  tact,  and  with  a 
spirit  of  concession  most  noteworthy  ;  for  the  loyalists  in  Massachusetts,  as 
well  as  in  the  other  Colonies,  were  almost  universally  of  the  Church  of 
England,  and  in  New  England  the  feeling  was  strong  against  Episcopa- 
lians.     Adams's  religious  position   was  well  defined  by  Rev.   Thomas 

Thacher :  — 

*  Wells's  Biography,  1. 157. 


1869.]  Samuel  AdamSj  the  Last  of  (he  Puritans.  18 

**  If  he  preferred  the  mode  of  DiYine  worship  in  which  he  was  bom  and  ed- 
ucated to  other  religious  institutions  of  antiquity,  or  to  other  forms  in  which 
Christianity  has  appeared,  it  was  not  from  the  prejudices  of  education,  or  mere 
mechanical  habit ;  but  because  he  conceived  our  churches,  when  confined  to  their 
original  design,  were  excellent  schools  of  morality ;  that  they  were  adapted  to 
promote  the  future  happiness  of  mankind ;  and  because  by  experience  he  had 
known  them  a  powerful  auxiliary  in  de  "ending  the  civil  as  well  as  the  religious 
privileges  of  America.  In  this  mode  of  thinking  he  was  instituted.  The  purity 
of  his  life  witnessed  the  sincerity  of  his  profession,  and  with  the  same  faith  he  ex- 
pired." ♦ 

He  never  yielded  an  iota  of  principle,  but  would  yield  everything  else, 
and  hence  his  conduct  on  this  occasion. 

John  Adams,  in  a  letter  to  his  wife,  describes  the  scene  in  Congress  with 
particularity :  — 

'*Mr.  Samuel  Adams  arose  find  said  ^he  was  no  bigot,  and  could  hear  a 
prayer  from  a  gentleman  of  piety  and  virtue  who  was  at  the  same  time 
a  friend  to  his  country.  He  was  a  stranger  in  Philadelphia,  but  had  heard 
that  Mr.  Duche  (Dushay  they  pronounce  it)  deserved  that  character,  and  there- 
fore he  moved  that  Mr.  Duchd,  an  Episcopal  clergyman,  might  be  desired  to  read 
prayers  to  the  Congress  to-morrow  morning.'  The  motion  was  seconded,  and 
passed  in  the  affirmative.  Mr.  Randolph,  our  president,  waited  on  Mr.  Duchd, 
and  received  for  answer  that,  if  his  health  would  permit,  he  certainly  would.  Ac- 
cordingly, next  morning,  he  appeared  with  his  clerk  and  in  his  pontificals,  and 
read  several  prayers  in  the  established  form,  and  then  read  the  Collect  for  the 
7th  day  of  September,  which  was  the  thirty-fifth  Psalm.  You  must  remember 
that  this  was  the  next  morning  after  we  heard  the  horrible  rumor  of  the  cannon- 
ade of  Boston.  I  never  saw  a  greater  effect  upon  an  audience.  It  seemed  as 
if  Heaven  had  ordained  that  Psalm  to  be  read  on  that  morninrr.  After  this  Mr. 
Duche,  unexpectedly  to  everybody,  struck  out  into  an  extemporary  prayer  which 
filled  the  bosom  of  every  man  present.  I  must  confess  I  never  heard  a  better 
prayer,  or  one  so  well  pronounced.  Episcopalian  as  he  is,  Dr.  Cooper  himself 
never  prayed  with  such  fervor,  such  ardor,  such  earnestness  and  pathos,  and  in 
lanjjuage  so  elegant  and  sublime,  for  America,  for  the  Congress,  for  the  Province 
of  Massachusetts  Bay,  and  especially  the  town  of  Boston/'  f 

Samuel  Adams  himself,  in  a  letter  to  Warren,  after  stating  that  he 
moved  that  the  prayer  should  be  by  an  Episcopalian  clergyman,  speaks  of 
"the  most  excellent  extemporary  prayer"  which  followed  "the  lessons  of 
the  day."  t  Was  ever  a  prescribed  form  of  prayer  satisfactory  in  any  great 
emergency  ? 

The  result  of  this  measure  was  most  salutary ;  the  unexpected  conces- 

*  Funeral  Sermon  by  Rev.  Thomas   Thacher,  Minister  of  tbo  Third  Parish  in  Ded- 
ham. 
t  John  Adams's  Works,  ii.  368,  369  ;  Bancroft,  vii.  131. 
I  Force's  American  Archives,  4  th  Series,  i.  802. 


14  Samuel  Adams^  (he  Last  of  the  Puritans.  [Jan. 

sion  of  the  rigid  Puritan  gratified  the  New-Yorkers  and  the  Southerners, 
and  was  correctly  termed  by  Joseph  Reed  "  a  masterly  stroke  of  policy." 
It  is  a  sad  comment  on  this  event  to  state  that  Mr.  Ducb^  afterwards  turned 
traitor ;  the  genius  of  Republicanism  had  not  sufficient  attractions  for  one  so 
wedded  to  "  Church  and  State." 

As  the  State  and  the  country  emerged  from  the  war,  there  was  a  strong 
tendency  to  depart  from  that  piety,  simplicity,  and  frugality  which  had 
hitherto  been  dominant,  and  which  such  pure-minded  patriots  as  Adams 
regarded  as  tbe  basis  of  the  whole  structure  of  liberty.  "  At  a  time,"  says 
£dward  Everett,  "  when  the  new  order  of  things  was  inducing  laxity  of 
manners,  and  a  departure  from  the  ancient  strictness,  Samuel  Adams  clung 
with  greater  tenacity  to  the  wholesome  discipline  of  the  fathers."  Even 
before  the  close  of  the  war  he  raised  his  voice  and  used  his  pen  against 
the  insidious  encroachments  of  extravagance  and  a  lower  tone  of  morals. 
Immediately  after  the  inauguration  of  the  State  government,  when  Han- 
cock was  elected  governor,  Boston  was  gay  with  balls  and  glittering  enter- 
tainments. Hancock  had  wealth,  and  loved  display,  and  recklessly  led  the 
people  in  a  dangerous  path,  and  an  era  of  moral  and  spiritual  social  degen- 
eracy was  initiated.  Adams's  views  on  these  points  give  a  clear  insight 
into  the  ruling  principles  of  his  life,  and  they  are  not  inappropriate  to  our 
own  times.    He  says  :  — 

'*  Does  it  become  us  to  lead  the  people  to  such  public  diversions  as  promote  su- 
perfluity of  dress  and  ornament,  when  it  is  as  much  as  they  can  bear  to  support 
the  expense  of  clothing  a  naked  army  ?  Will  vanity  and  levity  ever  be  the 
stability  of  government  either  in  states  or  in  cities,  or  what  let  me  hint  to  you  is  of 
tbe  last  importance,  in  families  ?  .  .  .  .  How  fruitless  is  it  to  recommend  the 
adapting  the  laws  in  the  most  perfect  manner  possible  to  the  suppression  of  idle- 
ness, dissipation,  and  extravagancy,  if  such  recommendations  are  counteracted  by 
the  example  of  men  of  religious  influence  and  public  station  V  " 

Adams  was  not  alarmed  without  cause  at  the  degeneracy  in  public 
morals.  Without  entering  into  details,  for  which  there  is  no  space,  a 
single  remark  by  Minot  will  index  the  whole :  — 

**  The  usual  consequences  of  war  were  conspicuous  upon  the  habits  of  the  people 
of  Massachusetts.  Those  of  the  maritime  towns  relapsed  into  the  voluptuousness 
which  arises  from  the  precarious  wealth  of  naval  adventurers.  An  emulation  pre- 
vailed among  men  of  fortune  to  exceed  each  other  in  the  full  display  of  their  riches. 
This  was  imitated  among  the  less  opulent  classes  of  citizens,  and  drew  them  off 
firom  those  principles  of  diligence  and  economy  which  constitute  the  best  support 
of  all  governments,  and  particularly  the  republican.  Besides  which,  what  was 
most  to  be  lamented,  the  discipline  and  manners  of  the  army  had  vitiated  the 
taste  and  relaxed  the  industry  of  the  yeomen.*'  * 

Adams  attempted  to  stem  the  tide  of  dissipation,  and  presided  at  public 

*  Minot's  InsurrectionB  in  Masiachosetts,  13. 


1869.]  Samud  Adams^  the  Last  of  the  Pufitam.  15 

meetings  held  for  that  object*  He  both  spoke  and  wrote  strongly,  and 
in  his  own  life  set  an  example  of  trae  Christian  citizenship  that  was  worthy 
of  imitation.    In  one  of  his  letters  he  says:  — 

**  Our  Bradfords,  Winslows,  and  Winthrops  would  have  revolted  at  the  idea 
of  openiDg  scenes  of  dissipation  and  folly,  knowing  them  to  be  inconsistent  with 
their  great  design  in  transplanting  themselves  into  what  they  call  the  <  outside 
of  the  world/  But  I  fear  I  shall  say  too  much.  I  love  the  people  of  Boston.  I 
once  thought  that  city  would  be  the  Christian  Sparta,  But,  alas  I  will  men  never 
he  free  ?  They  will  be  free  no  longer  than  while  they  remain  virtuous.  Sidney 
tells  us  there  are  times  when  people  are  not  worth  saving,  meaning  when  they 
have  lost  their  virtue.    I  pray  God  thb  may  never  be  said  of  my  beloved  town." 

In  commenting  npon  this  letter,  of  which  only  a  short  paragraph  has 
been  given,  Adams's  biographer  remarks :  ^  That  frugality  and  economy 
which  Samuel  Adams  tried  to  inculcate  was  defeated  by  the  conspicuous 
examples  of  the  Governor  and  some  of  the  wealthy  families,  by  whom  the 
efforts  of  Adams  and  those  of  his  friends  who  still  adhered  to  the  old  code 
of  morality  and  frugal  habits  were  derided  as  Utopian."  But  he  did  not 
jield  in  the  slightest  degree,  and  until  the  close  of  his  life  he  exemplified 
the  principles  he  so  rigorously  urged  upon  others. 

Adams's  political  career  closed  early  in  the  year  1797  by  his  own  volun- 
tary announcement  to  the  legislature  that  the  decline  of  his  strength  and 
the  increasing  weight  of  years  warned  him  of  the  necessity  of  a  final  retire- 
ment from  public  duties.  His  last  public  paper  was  a  Proclamation  for 
Fast,  published  on  the  20th  of  March,  1797 ;  and  the  closing  paragraph 
shows  that  there  was  no  abatement  of  his  religious  convictions.     He  prays 

'*  That  wars  may  cease  in  all  the  earth,  and  that  the  confusions  that  are  and 
have  been  among  the  nations  may  be  overruled  by  the  promoting  and  speedily 
bringing  on  that  holy  and  happy  period  when  the  kingdom  of  our  I^rd  and 
Saviour  Jesus  Christ  may  be  everywhere  established,  and  all  the  people  willingly 
bow  to  the  sceptre  of  him  who  is  the  Prince  of  Peace." 

It  is  pleasant  to  record  that  the  last  writing  of  Samuel  Adams  of  which 
any  trace  remains  is  a  letter  to  Thomas  Paine, — who  returned  to  this  coun- 
try in  October,  1802,  after  an  absence  of  fourteen  years  in  France, — written 
apparently  for  the  sole  purpose  of  dissuading  Paine  from  making  further 
attacks  upon  Christianity.     It  is  in  these  words :  — 

Boston,  November  30,  1802. 

Sir  :  I  have  frequently  with  pleasure  reflected  on  your  services  to  my  native 
and  your  adopted  country.  Your  Common  Sense  and  your  Crisis  unquestionably 
awakened  the  public  mind,  and  led  the  people  loudly  to  call  for  a  declaration  of 
our  national  independence.  I  therefore  esteemed  you  as  a  warm  friend  to  the 
liberty  and  lasting  welfare  of  the  human  race.    But  when  I  heard  you  had  turned 

*  Boston  Town  Becords,  1780, 1781. 


16  Samuel  Adams^  the  La%t  of  the  Puritans.  [Jan. 

yoxkT  mind  to  a  defence  of  infidelity,  I  felt  myself  much  astonished  and  more 
grieved  that  you  had  attempted  a  measure  so  injurious  to  the  feelings  and  so  re- 
pugnant to  the  true  interest  of  so  great  a  part  of  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States.  The  people  of  New  England,  if  you  will  allow  me  to  use  a  Scripture 
phrase,  are  fast  returning  to  their  first  love.  Will  you  excite  among  them  the 
spirit  of  angry  controversy  at  a  time  when  they  are  hastening  to  amity  and 
peace  ?  I  am  told  that  some  of  our  newspapers  have  announced  your  intention 
to  publish  an  additional  pamphlet  upon  the  principles  of  your  Age  of  Reason. 
Do  you  think  that  your  pen  or  the  pen  of  any  other  man  can  unchri.stianize  the 
mass  of  our  citizens,  or  have  you  hopes  of  converting  a  few  of  them  to  assist  yon 
in  so  bad  a  cause  ?  We  ought  to  think  ourselves  happy  in  the  enjoyment  of 
opinion,  without  the  danger  of  persecution  by  civil  or  ecclesiastical  law.  Our 
friend,  the  President  of  the  United  States,  has  been  calumniated  for  his  liberal 
sentiments  by  men  who  have  attributed  that  liberality  to  a  latent  design  to  pro- 
mote the  cause  of  infidelity.  This,  and  all  other  slanders,  have  been  made  with- 
out the  least  shadow  of  truth.  Neither  religion  nor  liberty  can  long  subsist  in  the 
tumult  of  altercation,  and  amidst  the  noise  and  violence  of  altercation.    Ftlix  qui 

caulus.    Adieu. 

Samuel  Adams. 

On  Sabbath  morning  October  1,  1803,  he  died.  The  "Independent 
Chronicle  "  of  the  following  Monday,  in  announcing  the  event,  concisely 
remarks :  — 

"  We  shall  now  only  observe  that  he  has  been  a  prodigy  of  talents  and  in- 
dustry of  which  the  lapse  of  ages  will  not  produce  a  parallel.  In  his  useful 
career  he  seemed  occupied  with  but  one  sentiment ;  and  that  comprehended  every 
circumstance  which  had  any  relation  to  the  interests  and  independence  of  his 
native  country,  and  the  rights  and  liberty  of  the  human  race.  The  foe  of  tyrants 
in  every  form,  the  friend  of  Virtue  and  her  friends,  he  died  beloved  as  he  had  lived 
respected.  Admiring  posterity,  penetrated  by  a  just  sense  of  his  transcendent 
merits,  will  emphatically  hail  him  as  the  undeviating  friend  of  civil  and  religious 
liberty,  and  the  Father  of  the  American  Revolution" 

In  view  of  his  consistent  and  earnest  advocacy  of  those  principles  of 
civil  and  religious  liberty  which  are  the  origin,  the  strength,  and  the  only 
Safety  of  our  institutions,  the  words  of  Rev.  Perez  Fobes,  as  applied  to 
him  in  his  Election  Sermon  of  1795,  may  be  quoted  with  aptness  :  — 

**  His  eminent  services  in  the  cause  of  freedom  are  too  deeply  engraved  on  the 

hearts  of  all  true  republicans  ever  to  be  forgotten May  he  not  appeal  to 

heaven  and  earth,  in  the  language  of  an  inspired  patriot  of  his  own  name,  and 
say, '  I  am  old  and  gray-headed ;  I  have  walked  before  you  from  my  childhood  to 
this  day.  Behold,  here  I  am ;  witness  against  me  before  the  Lord  and  before  hia 
people.  Whom  have  I  defrauded  ?  Whom  have  I  oppressed  ?  Or  of  whose 
hand  have  I  taken  a  bribe?'  And  the  people  will  say:  *Thou  hast  not  de- 
frauded, thou  hast  not  oppressed  us,  the  Lord  is  witness.  The  I^rd  think  upon 
you  for  good,  according  to  all  that  you  have  done  for  this  people.'" 

Such  wns  Samuel  Adams,  the  "  Last  of  the  Puritans,"  the  '*  Father  of 
the  Revolution/' 


1869.]  The  Coming  Church  Congregatimalt  17 


THE  CQPONG  CHURCH  CONGREGATIONAL? 

As  the  centQries  have  passed  away,  great  doctrines  have  successively 
come  before  the  Church  of  Christ  for  careful  investigation  and  settlement. 
The  doctrines  which  are  distinctively  called  evangelical  have  thus  agitated 
the  churches,  each  for  a  longer  or  a  shorter  period,  during  the  past  eighteen 
hundred  years,  till  each  and  all  of  them  have  been  substantially  settled, 
for  all  time  to  come.  No  reopening  of  the  discussion  respecting  them, 
which  does  not  add  to  the  problem  some  new  factor,  or  give  to  an  old  factor 
a  new  value,  can  materially  disturb  the  solution  already  reached.  As  these 
doctrines  are  now  held,  so  will  they  be  held  by  believers  while  the  world 
stands.  Slight  alterations  in  the  form  of  their  statement  and  in  the  rela- 
tion of  one  doctrine  to  another  there  may  be.  But  there  can  be  no  radical, 
fundamental  change  in  the  doctrines  themselves  ;  otherwise,  our  evangelical 
faith  rests,  not  upon  the  solid  rock,  but  upon  the  shifting  sand. 

There  remains,  however,  one  great  doctrine  yet  to  be  generally  discussed 
and  settled  by  the  churches.  It  is  the  idea,  or  doctrine,  of  the  church  it- 
self What  is  the  Divine  idea  and  the  Divine  model  of  the  Church  of 
Christ  ?  —  this  is  the  question  now  looming  up  before  the  churche^i,  and 
demanding  a  permanent  answer.  What  answer  will  be  given  it  is  the  pur- 
pose of  this  article  to  show. 

There  are  three  possible  and  actual  ideas  of  the  church,  which  may 
properly  be  called  the  monarchic,  the  aristocratic,  and  the  democratic. 
These  ideas  are  now  firmly  held  and  purely  exemplified  in  existing  church 
organizations,  while  in  certain  other  organizations  they  overlap  one  an- 
other and  commingle.  We  will  briefly  note  the  nature  and  working  of 
each  of  these  radically  different  ideas  of  the  Church  of  Jesus  Christ 

The  monarchic  idea  is  that  all  believers  constitute  one  universal  organic 
church,  presided  over  by  one  supreme  visible  head,  in  whom  centres, 
and  from  whom  emanates,  all  ecclesiastical  authority :  it  styles  itself  the 
Church.  This  idea  culminated  in  the  papacy.  '*  For  it  was  only  then^* 
says  Neander,  **  that  the  church  could  be  expected  to  make  itself  indepen- 
dent of  the  influence  of  the  secular  power,  and  appear  as  God's  instrument 
for  remodelling  and  shaping  all  human  relations,  when  it  should  proceed  to 
develop  itself  under  the  guidance  of  an  absolute  head,  not  subject  to  the 
power  of  any  individual  monarch,  and  able  to  keep  all  the  scattered  mem- 
bers of  the  great  whole  united  together."  The  aim  of  the  papacy  has  ever 
been  to  realize  this  idea,  to  bring  all  believers  into  one  organic  union,  so 
that  every  disciple  of  the  Master  might  be  made  subject  to  one  visible 
head,  the  Pope, — receiving  from  this  lord  over  all  both  creed  and  practice. 

NEW  SERIES.  —  VOL.  I.      NO.  1.  2 


18  The  Coming  Church  CongregatUmalt  [Jan. 

This  idea,  fully  carried  out,  would  make  the  world  what  it  imperfectlj  was 
during  the  Dark  Ages,  —  when  proud  kings  were  forced  to  hold  the  stirrups 
of  the  Pope's  saddle,  and  to  stand  barefoot  in  the  snow  at  his  door,  and 
when  all  the  people  groaned  in  ignorance  and  oppression. 

Afler  a  long  and  fair  trial,  this  idea  of  the  Church  of  Christ  is  rapidly 
losing  ground*  The  people  are  rejecting  it,  and  emancipating  themselTes 
from  the  thraldom,  both  spiritual  and  temporal,  in  which  it  has  so  long  held 
them.  Of  this  the  allocutions  and  encyclicals  which  the  feeble  old  Pios 
IX.  has  issued  give  ample  proof.  Against  threatened  excommunication, 
the  people  have  made  Italy  united  and  free.  Austria,  by  a  tacit  under- 
standing between  the  people  and  the  empire,  has  made  herself  one  of  the 
freest  nations  of  £urope ;  and  when  the  Pope  fulminated  an  allocution 
against  ^  those  abominable  laws  sanctioned  by  the  Austrian  government,  — 
laws  which  are  in  flagrant  contradiction  of  the  laws  of  the  Catholic  re* 
ligion,  with  its  venerable  rights,  its  authority,  and  its  Divine  institution,"  as 
he  called  them, — Austria  replied:  ^The  Holy  See  ....  extends  its  rep- 
resentations to  those  objects  which  we  in  no  way  adjout  to  be  under  its 
authority."  Thus  in  matters  where  the  Pope  once  had  authority  almost 
unquestioned  the  world  over,  he  is  told  by  his  recently  most  supple  tool  and 
defender,  in  the  courteous  language  of  diplomacy,  to  mind  his  own  busi- 
ness. So  alarming  is  the  state  of  affairs,  as  viewed  from  the  papal  idea  of 
the  church,  that  a  call  has  been  issued  for  an  ecumenical  council  to  be 
held  in  1869,  —  the  first  convoked  since  the  one  called  to  resist  the  Refor- 
mation, —  to  devise  measures  of  resistance  against  the  threatened  speedy 
downfall  of  the  papacy. 

The  Pope's  call  for  this  council  is  the  wail  of  a  falling  power.  The 
foundation  on  which  the  papacy  is  built  is  giving  way ;  for  the  monarchic 
idea  of  the  church,  on  which  it  rests,  shattered  by  the  convulsions  of  the 
Reformation,  is  losing  its  hold  upon  the  people.  When  kings,  formerly  the 
most  subservient,  laugh  at  those  paper  missiles  which  once  stirred  them  to 
arms,  the  time  is  near  when  bishops  too  will  scorn  obedience  to  the  pal- 
sied "  Man  of  Sin,"  that  they  may  do  the  will  of  God.  When  that  time 
comes,  the  Church  of  Rome,  aiming  at  universal  empire,  will  break  into 
fragments,  and  ''  the  master-piece  of  Satan  "  will  be  no  more  forever.  The 
spirit  of  the  age  is  against  the  monarchic,  papal  idea  of  the  church,  because 
the  Spirit  of  Christ  is  against  it.  Hence  the  day  of  "•  the  Son  of  Perdi- 
tion "  is  in  its  late  evening. 

When  the  Reformation  brought  in  a  purer  faith  and  practice,  there  came 
in  naturally  a  better  idea  also  of  the  church,  though  the  reformers  were  not 
agreed  respecting  it.  Many  adopted  an  aristocratic  idea,  —  one  which  places 
all  ecclesiastical  power,  or  government,  neither  in  a  visible  head,  as  a  pope, 
nor  in  the  membership  of  the  local  congregations,  but  in  a  few  men  stand- 


1869.]  The  Coming  Church  Congregational  t  19 

ing  between  these  extremes.  This  idea  develops  into  church  courts  of 
every  grade,  from  a  local  session  up  to  an  ecumenical  consistory,  which 
courts  daim  and  exercise  all  ecclesiastical  authority  and  government. 
They  govern  the  churches ;  they  are  themselves  the  churches,  —  while  the 
membership  are  without  authority  altogether,  or  have  none  greater  than  the 
election  of  an  aristo(9*acy,  which  is  not  directly  amenable  to  them.  The 
real  initial  of  power  lies  in  the  aristocracy,  and  not  in  the  membership, 
whichf  perchance,  may  elect  that  aristocracy,  or  a  part  of  it.  This  aristoc- 
racy, in  its  lowest  form,  lords  it  over  particular  congregations  ;  and  then 
builds  up  from  itself,  by  its  own  action,  the  whole  machinery  of  church 
government* 

This  idea  aspires,  also,  to  a  national,  and  even  to  an  ecumenical,  organic 
union  of  believers.  Were  any  one  of  the  many  forms  of  polity  which  it 
has  developed  to  become  the  polity  of  all  believers,  this  idea  would  natu- 
rally, indeed  inevitably,  seek  to  show  the  brotherhood  of  the  saints  in  the 
establishment  of  an  ecumenical  court,  rising  above  assemblies  and  confer- 
ences in  authority,  and  binding  all  national  bodies  into  one  organic  whole. 
It  fails,  however,  to  accomplish  its  purpose  to  make  the  church  organically 
one.  This  idea,  in  its  many  forms  of  polity,  has  been  strong  only  to  divide 
the  household  of  faith  into  opposing  organizations.  Its  boasted  strength 
is  brittleness ;  for  each  organization  founded  on  it  snaps  asunder  at  every 
strain.  The  attempted  reunion,  in  this  country  and  in  Europe,  of  the 
broken  fragments,  raises  doubts  in  earnest  minds  respecting  the  origin, 
value,  and  permanency  of  that  idea  of  the  church  which  develops  itself  into 
forms  of  government  so  easily  and  oflen  broken  in  pieces,  and  needing 
mending  so  frequently. 

The  Church  of  England,  through  the  ambition  of  a  king  to  substitute 
himself  and  his  successors  for  the  pope  as  visible  head  of  the  church,  is  a 
combination  of  the  monarchic  and  the  aristocratic  ideas ;  for,  were  this 
mixed  idea  to  be  generally  adopted,  there  would  be  as  many  heads  of  the 
church  as  there  are  civil  rulers.  Out  of  England,  the  idea  which  under- 
lies the  Anglican  Church  is,  however,  more  simple.  It  is  that  of  a  priestly 
aristocracy,  ruling  by  virtue  of  apostolic  succession.  This  church  organ- 
ization, like  the  Romish,  is  not  easily  rent  asunder  ;  for  its  hoops  of  policy 
are  strong.  But  it  has  expelled  Puritan  and  Methodist,  and  thus  divided 
the  body  of  Christ ;  and  there  are  influences  at  work  in  it  at  the  present 
time,  both  in  England  and  in  America,  which  must  soon  divide  it  into  two 
parties,  —  one  with  mass  and  candle  going  over  to  ^  the  mother  of  hariota 
and  abominations  of  the  earth  " ;  the  other,  shocked  at  the  blasphemous  pre- 
tensions and  pagan  ceremonies  of  "  that  Wicked,"  coming  out  into  a  juster 
apprehension  of  the  idea  of  the  church,  and  into  a  polity  of  greater  liberty. 

This  aristocratic  idea,  as  developed,  also,  in  the  Methodist  denomination. 


20  The  Coming  CTmrch  Congregationalf  [Jan. 

secures  neither  unitj  nor  liberty.  Many  divisions  have  already  occurred  in 
that  body,  and  another  is  but  just  now  averted  by  admitting  the  member- 
ship to  a  share  in  the  government  of  the  church.  With  lay-delegation 
there  will  be  rest  till  this  wrong  idea  of  the  church  galls  somewhere  else ; 
then  there  will  arise  another  agitation,  another  struggle  between  liberty 
and  despotism,  another  victory  of  the  people,  till  at  length  the  true  idea 
and  the  Divine  model  of  the  church  are  reached.  There  is  no  rest  within 
the  body.  Movements  divisive  or  unifying  are  constantly  in  progress ; 
and  they  will  continue  till  liberty  and  unity  and  rest  are  found  in  the 
polity  of  the  New  Testament 

This  idea  is  divisive,  also,  in  its  Presbyterian  form  of  development 
Numerous  divisions  have  taken  place  in  this  body  of  believers.  Indeed, 
a  Presbyterian,  who  longs  for  a  better,  because  freer  and  stronger,  church 
polity,  writes,  ^  The  Assembly's  Digest  is  the  record  of  the  impracticabil- 
ity of  the  harmonious  working  of  Presbyterianism." 

In  all  the  organizations  built  on  the  aristocratic  idea  of  the  church,  in- 
fluences are  at  work  which  indicate  by  their  origin  and  direction  the  speedy 
and  thorough  discussion  and  settlement  of  this  last  doctrine  of  vital  welfare 
to  the  kingdom  of  God  among  men,  namely,  the  doctrine  of  the  church 
itself. 

There  is  yet  another  idea  of  the  church,  the  democratic,  —  one  that  places 
the  initial  of  all  ecclesiastical  power  in  the  membership,  and  limits  its 
exercise  to  the  members  and  affairs  of  the  local  churches.  '^  Tell  it  unto 
the  church  "  is  both  the  Master's  warrant  and  limit  of  church  authority.* 
Hence  the  membership  of  each  church  manages  its  own  affairs  as  they 
please,  subject  always  and  only  to  the  will  of  its  Head  and  Master. 

£ach  church  is,  therefore,  independent  of  the  authority  and  control  of  all 
other  churches,  but  subject  to  the  duties  of  fellowship  and  counsel  which 
the  Scriptures  and  the  spiritual  brotherhood  of  believers  impose.  There  are 
three  things  essentially  involved  in,  and  necessary  to,  the  complete  develop- 
ment of  this  idea,  namely,  obedience  to  Christ,  liberty,  and  unity.  £ach 
church  must  be  spiritually  minded,  intent  on  knowing  and  doing  the  will 
of  its  glorified  Head.  It  must  also  manage,  without  restraint  or  compul- 
sion, its  own  affairs,  —  the  adoption  of  its  articles  of  faith,  the  election  and 
removal  of  its  own  officers,  the  administration  of  its  discipline,  its  form  of 
worship,  its  modes  of  activity,  its  charities,  &c ;  and  then,  to  be  perfect,  it 
must  manifest  in  Christian  fellowship  the  spiritual  unity  of  all  the  re- 
deemed, the  brotherhood  of  saints,  the  integrity  of  the  kingdom  of  God 
among  men,  and  secure,  by  friendly  counsel,  mutual  confidence  and  co- 
operation in  activities  and  charities  for  the  evangelization  of  the  world* 
While  the  monarchic  and  the  aristocratic  ideas  have  been  on  trial,  this 

*  Matt,  xviii.  15  - 18. 


1869.]  The  Coming  Church  Congregational  t  21 

democratic  idea  has  maintained  bat  a  precarious  existence ;  but,  as  they 
are  found  wanting,  this  springs  into  new  vitality,  ready  to  prove  its  Divine 
origin  and  fitness  to  secure  most  completely  all  the  ends  for  which  govern- 
ment was  intrusted  to  the  churches. 

This  democratic  idea  of  the  church  was  apprehended  by  Luther,  but  it 
is  found  imperfectly  developed  in  the  Lutheran  Church.  In  this  organiza- 
tion the  initial  of  power  lies  with  the  membership  of  each  local  congrega- 
tion. Whatever  authority  church  courts  possess  is  delegated  to  them,  and 
it  can  be  recalled  again  at  pleasure.  The  Lutheran  Church  is  Congrega- 
tional in  its  idea,  but  Presbyterian  in  the  development  of  this  idea. 
^  More  power  and  freedom  are  claimed  for  individual  churches  than  is 
acknowledged  by  Presbyterianism,  and  more  authority  and  power  granted 
to  synods  than  is  acknowledged  by  Congregationalism.''  ''  The  position 
occupied  is  between  Presbyterianism  and  Congregationalism."  A  slight 
alteration,  therefore,  in  the  mode  of  its  development  would  bring  this 
large  body  of  believers  into  exact  accord  with  the  democratic  idea  of  the 
church  ;  for  the  unity  of  Christian  fellowship  is  well  developed  and  prac- 
tised among  them. 

The  Baptists,  too,  hold  the  same  idea  of  the  church,  but  generally  with 
,  too  strong  a  leaning  towards  an  isolated  independency  of  the  local  congre- 
gation. Hence  with  them  the  fellowship  of  the  saints  is  not  adequately 
exhibited,  either  to  satisfy  the  natural  longings  of  the  devout  heart,  or  to 
convince  the  world  that  all  believers  are  baptized  into  one  Name. 

The  same  jealous  shielding  of  their  liberties  from  the  first  taint  of  eccle- 
siastical tyranny  has  led,  also,  the  Congregationalists  of  Great  Britain 
to  suppress  the  proper  development  of  Christian  fellowship  among  the 
churches.  They  have  neglected  advisory  councils  in  matters  of  general 
concern,  lest,  peradventure,  councils  called  to  advise  might  in  time  aspire 
to  rule,  claiming  for  themselves  the  prerogatives  and  powers  of  church 
jndicatories.  This  fear  is  happily  now  yielding  under  the  influence  6f  a 
more  perfect  way,  and  advisory  councils  are  recommended  to  the  churches. 

The  Congregationalists  of  our  own  country  have,  however,  developed  in 
equal  measure  and  in  perfect  harmony  the  two  essential  elements  of  the 
democratic  idea  of  the  church,  in  its  outward  manifestation,  namely,  self- 
government  and  the  fellowship  of  the  churches.  Their  circumstances 
were  providentially  favorable  for  the  doing  of  this ;  for  neither  internal  dis- 
sensions nor  overshadowing  despotism  checked  independency  on  the  one 
hand  or  fellowship  on  the  other.  Under  the  Providence  and  the  Word  and 
the  Spirit  of  God,  they  have  given  to  the  world  the  democratic  idea  of  the 
Church  of  Christ  in  its  proper  development. 

Now,  which  of  these  three  ideas  of  the  church,  intrenched  as  they  all  are 
in  present  belief  and  practice,  is  the  coming  church  to  embrace  ?    Will  it 


22  The  Coming  Church  Cangregationdlt  [Jan. 

go  back  to  the  falling  monarchic  idea,  and  clothe  it  with  machineiy  8uffi- 
cient  to  govern  the  whole  body  of  believers  under  one  visible  and  sapreme 
head  ?  Will  it  adopt  the  brittle  aristocratic  idea,  bringing  all  the  disciples 
of  our  Lord  into  one  universal  organic  whole,  with  church  judicatories  ris- 
ing in  imposing  grandeur  up  to  an  ecumenical  consistory,  which  in  the 
place  of  the  pope  shall  administer  the  ecclesiastical  government  of  the  whole 
world  ?  or  will  the  coming  church  be  congregational  ?  Two  influences 
determine  which  idea  it  will  adopt,  and  what  its  polity  will  be.  These  are 
no  less  potent  than  the  spirit  of  the  age  and  the  New  Testament 

Tlie  spirit  of  the  age  is  both  a  preparatory  and  a  formative  influence. 
It  has  had  much  to  do  in  giving  form  to  the  government  of  the  churches. 
Thus  the  spirit  which  led  to  the  establishment  of  the  vast,  almost  univer- 
sal, Roman  Empire,  prepared  the  way  for  and  aided,  if  indeed  it  did  not 
suggest  to  clerical  ambition,  the  monarchic,  or  papal,  idea  of  the  church. 
So  also  the  upheavals  in  the  sixteenth  century  were  but  the  throes  at  the 
birth  of  a  new  spirit  of  the  age.  Liberty.  Monarchic  ideas  in  church  and 
state  then  received  a  shock  from  which  they  can  never  recover ;  for,  un- 
der the  influence  of  this  better  spirit,  new  ideas  of  church  and  state  were 
apprehended  and  developed,  which  have  ever  since  been  in  conflict  with 
the  old,  till  now  Liberty  is  the  master  spirit  of  the  age.  The  child  is  now 
the  grown-up  Hercules. 

But  whatever  influence  the  spirit  of  the  age  has  had  in  times  past  on 
the  polity  of  the  churches,  the  tendency  of  things  in  our  day  is  manifestly 
towards  the  greatest  liberty  in  church  and  state  that  is  compatible  with  se- 
curity. The  spirit  of  liberty  is  surely  overturning  monarchic  and  aristo- 
cratic governments  throughout  the  world.  The  people  long  for  freedom  in 
church  and  state.  The  tyrannies  of  the  past  are  becoming  odious.  The 
royal  utterance,  ^  No  bishop,  no  king,"  has  the  warrant  of  subsequent  his- 
tory to  verify  its  prophetic  truthfulness ;  for  the  work  of  levelling  human 
distinctions  towards  equality,  begun  by  the  church,  pervaded  also  the  state, 
till  the  nobler  sentiment  found  expression  in  the  immortal  declaration,  '*  All 
men  are  created  free  and  equal.'*  The  first  utterance  befitted  the  banner  of 
retreating  monarchy;  the  last,  the  flag  of  advancing  democracy.  The 
former  was  the  wail  of  the  falling  palace ;  the  latter,  the  shout  of  the 
rising  people. 

Without  reference  here  to  its  origin,  it  is  well  to  observe  how  the  spirit 
of  liberty  is  abroad  in  the  world.  Instead  of  being  suppressed  by  the 
combinations  f^ainst  it,  it  gathers  breadth  and  depth  and  volume  year  by 
year.  Only  three  and  a  half  centuries  have  passed  since  the  great  Refor- 
mation began  ;  less  than  a  century  since  the  Declaration  of  American  Inde- 
pendence was  issued,  —  the  proclamation  of  universal  liberty  to  the  world ; 
and  less  than  half  a  decade  since  the  people,  under  the.  worst  possible  cir- 


1869.]  The  Coming  ChunA  C<mgTeg0^mdlf  23 

comatances,  pnred  their  own  cbbsen  goTerament  to  be  the  strongeBt  in 
the  world.  Yet  few  are  the  thrones  that  hare  not  been  shaken  ;  few  the 
seeptres  that  do  not  owe  their  continuance  to  the  present  time  to  conces- 
sions made  to  the  people,  —  to  "  a  happy  agreemenl  between  the  people  and 
the  empiire,"  as  Von  Benit*  calls  them.  England,  France,  Prussia,  Italy, 
Aoatria,  and  Spain  are  examples  known  unto  all.  Have  the  people  wrested 
from  kingly  hands  all  their  rights?  Do  thej  long  for  no  greater  liberty  ? 
TbeinflDcnce  of  our  example,  heightened  by  the  successful  issue  of  our  late 
conteet  for  nationality;  the  stream  of  friendly  letters  pouring  towards  the 
continent  of  Europe  from  this  free  home  of  the  nations,  more  genial  in  its 
infioence  npon  the  people's  liberties  there  than  is  the  Gulf  Stream  upon 
the  climate  of  that  seat  of  the  world's  power  ;  the  deep  longing  afler  free- 
dom  begotten  by  the  word  and  the  Spirit  of  God  in  the  hearts  of  those  who 
have  an  open  Bible,  —  all  prove  that  the  people  are  about  to  regain  their 
lost  liberties,  in  the  establishment  of  governments  "  of  the  people,  by  the 
people,  and  for  the  people."  Pages  conld  be  filled  with  the  proof  of  this, 
were  it  necessary  to  parade  what  is  patent  to  all. 

This  tendency  towards  the  greatest  liberty  consistent  with  security  per- 
Tadea  and  disturbs  also  the  various  centralized  church  organizations.  The 
ecclesiastical,  like  the  civil  yoke,  chafes,  and  men  grow  restive  under  it. 
In  this  lies  the  germ  of  division.  The  centralized  power  will  not  give  the 
churches  liberty  in  non-essentials  ;  so  the  aggrieved  chnrches  separate  from 
it,  regain  their  liberties,  live  alone  for  a  while,  and  then  perhaps  seek  union 
sgain,  carrying  the  liberties  acquired  by  separation  back  with  them  into 
the  united  church.  Such  has  been  the  origin  of  the  divisions  already 
mentioned.  Mor  is  there  yet  rest  in  the  churches ;  for  the  membership 
cannot  stand  fast  in  the  liberty  wherewith  Christ  hath  made  them  free,  for 
they  are  etill  entangled  with  the  yoke  of  bondage.  In  one  church  organ- 
ization some  are  coDlending  for  the  liberty  of  singing 

"  Atl  hail  the  power  of  Jestu'  name  !  " 
and 

"  Jeaiu,  lover  of  my  soul," 
and 

"  0,  could  I  ipeak  the  maccblesa  worth  I " 

"  leaching  and  admonishing  one  another  in  psalms,  and  kymni,  and  spiritual 
nmfft,  singing  with  grace  in  their  hearts  to  the  Lord."  And  for  the  exer- 
cise of  this  primitive  liberty  they  are  excommunicated.  In  another,  the 
liberty  of  preaching  the  Gospel  to  every  creature,  even  within  the  limits 
of  another's  parish,  is  claimed  and  exercised  by  a  priest;  only,  however,  to 
be  tried,  and  publicly  admonished  by  the  bishop,  whom  he  has  solemnly 
promised  reverently  to  obey,  "  following  with  a  glad  mind  and  will  (bis) 
*  See  hia  Rcpl;  to  the  Allocution  of  the  Pope  against  Refonni  inAmlris. 


24  The  Coming  Church  Congregaiionalt  [Jan. 

godly  admonitions,  and  submitting  •  ...  to  (his)  godlj  jodgments.**  In 
another,  the  liberty  of  Christian  fellowship  is  claimed  and  practised ;  and 
he  who  followed  the  example  of  the  apostles  *  is  in  danger  of  expulsion 
from  the  association  to  which  he  belongs.  In  another,  the  membership  are 
tuooessfuUy  contending  for  a  share  in  their  own  government;  for  their 
clerical  rulers,  rather  than  rend  the  church,  gracefully  yield  to  their  de- 
mands. Thus  the  yoke  of  bondage  galls ;  for  all  believers  have  not  yet 
learned  the  Divine  utterance  of  Paul,  *'  Let  every  man  be  fully  persuaded 
in  his  own  mind " ;  and,  as  the  yoke  galls,  bold  men  rise  up  to  resist  it. 
Ecclesiastical  courts  pronounce  against  them ;  but  the  people  shout,  ^  Throw 
off  the  yoke  of  bondage,  and  enjoy  the  liberty  of  the  sons  of  God."  When 
this  is  done,  the  church  courts  will  yield,  as  have  already  the  kings  of 
Europe ;  for  less  power  than  supreme  is  better  than  none.    . 

The  claims  of  the  people  to  share  in  the  government  wluch  is  over 
them,  whetlier  civil  or  ecclesiastical,  are  beginning  to  be  heeded.  But  the 
liberty  they  now  enjoy  is  largely  a  deference  to  the  popular  will  on  the 
part  of  those  who  claim  the  divine  right  to  govern  them  as  they  please. 
Will  tills  deference  satisfy  the  people  ?  Will  they  rest  contented,  so  long 
as  tbejre  hangs  over  them,  in  reserved  wrath,  a  power  which  claims  the 
right  to  rule  them  without  their  consent?  Power  lies  with  the  people; 
and  the  people  have  found  it  out  They  have  exercised  supreme  audKM^ 
itT«  both  in  church  and  in  state,  without  detriment  to  either,  with  great 
advantage  to  both.  Our  great  republic  is  the  glorious  examine  of  the 
oiie»  and  ike  Congregational  diurches  of  the  other.  In  each  ^  the  gov- 
erainent  of  the  people,  by  the  people,  and  for  the  people,"  subject  always 
and  only  to  the  kws  of  God«  challenges  comparison  in  all  things  for 
whidi  |^>Teffuaell^  civil  and  ecdesiastical.  was  ordained,  with  that  of  aotn- 
ctat  or  ■wnareb.  Power  lies  with  the  people ;  their  exodse  of  it  has 
be«D  botk  sweei  and  suoMSasfol :  and  will  they  rest  till  they  have  gathered 
iato  their  scrong  hands  all  the  n^ins  of  government*  and  admintst^-  diurck 
and  ssate  for  ihenu^lves*  sobjecl  only  and  always  to  the  laws  of  God  ? 
Befotxfr  tiie  warm  br>*ath  of  Hbertr*  srisiocTacT  and  mooanchy  are  disap- 
pcttria^  like  the  fnnsis  of  the  moniing ;  and  will  the  people  now  mm 
KscIl  ?  TVt  i>vi^  LiWfftT :  they  have  loncked  the  beoi  of  her  garments^ 
and  a  new  B>e  ha$  enteivd  inliok  then :  they  air  intent  upon  embracing  her; 
a»l  neviNr  w^  tiuey  oop  till  slie  ts  wholly  theirs  Tbo^e  wIm>  for  los^ 
wyiMT  ceMwtiM^  hav«  nMi«^  iImsmi  of  tkeir  r^ls^  and  Wnvr  foneoed  npon 
thpw  k(»rl  eanun^  will  wotinne  K>  ke^le  tW«a ;  tWy  will  tln>w  thesa  m 
iw  no»w  ami  tl»<*i :  they  will  yidd  when  the  i^'f^tUr  WK^vraMfst  t?  too 
ioy«^  v»  W^iffiainfJI;  l<<ni  nexw  ^^piun  ^iKaH  tW  $lk*i>w  ve  i<t$cvcsaa  go 
Vac^  a^wi  iW  4^  ^'  tW  i^^fVV  libevti<4<    Chii«^M>i  s^  ciaw^sri.  wiU 

•  Am  a^  ♦-U- 


1869.]  The  Coming  Church  Cangregatwnalt  25 

the  spirit  of  the  age  move  then,  till  the  glorious  principle,  bom  of  the  Scrip* 
tures,  — ''  all  men  are  created  free  and  equal/'  —  is  engraved  in  letters  of 
light  and  peace  upon  the  forehead  of  the  purified  church  and  state  through- 
out the  world.  Were  this  tendencj,  this  spirit  of  the  age,  alone  to  settle 
the  polity  and  idea  of  the  coming  church,  it  would  make  them  congre- 
gational. 

This  influence,  though  sufficient,  is  not  our  stronghold.  Indeed,  the 
spirit  of  liberty  which  pervades  the  age  and  gives  direction  to  the  efforts 
has  its  origin  in,  and  derives  much  of  its  power  from,  a  greater  and  holier 
influence,  —  the  influence  of  the  New  Testament  of  Jesus  Christ  To  this 
mightier  influence  we  now  appeal. 

The  Divine  idea  and  the  Divine  model  of  the  church,  as  revealed  in  the 
New  Testament,  is  congregational ;  therefore  the  coming  church  will  be 
congregationaL 

The  grand  doct4ies  which  the  evangelical  churches  hold  to  be  funda- 
mental, and  on  the  reception  of  which  their  fellowship  of  one  another  rests, 
have  all  been  determined  by  the  teachings  of  the  Scriptures.  The  churches 
were  brought  conscientiously  to  search  the  Scriptures  for  the  Divine  idea 
of  each  one  of  them,  as  revealed  in  the  words  which  the  Holy  Ghost  spake, 
and  to  hold  that  idea  fast  when  found.  Hence  there  is  substantial  agreement 
among  the  churches  respecting  them.  So  also  will  there  be  substantial 
agreement  among  them  respecting  the  doctrine  of  the  church,  when  qnce 
appeal  is  made  by  them  to  the  Bible.  Then  the  Divine  idea  and  model, 
whatever  they  may  be,  will  be  embraced  and  embodied  in  one  form  of  pol- 
ity by  all  the  churches  of  Jesus  Christ. 

Until  the  present,  the  aristocratic  and  the  monarchic  ideas  have  reposed 
on  the  assumption  that  the  New  Testament  does  not  disclose  any  particular 
system  of  church  government,  and  consequently  no  definite  idea  of  the 
church  of  Christ.  This  assumption  being  taken  for  granted,  the  way  is 
open  for  any  idea  of  the  church,  with  its  appropriate  polity,  that  the  wis- 
dom or  the  interest  or  the  ambition  of  men  may  devise ;  while  for  each 
and  all,  in  the  absence  of  Divine  authority  and  sanction,  an  equal  warrant 
can  be  claimed ;  save,  perchance,  as  history  or  tradition  might  determine 
which  form  and  idea  have  the  priority  of  claims  to  be  called  the  Church. 
From  this  assumption  spring  the  diverse  forms  of  church  government 
which  has  divided  believers,  and  on  it  do  they  now  stand.  If  this  as- 
sumption fails,  they  fall ;  if  it  be  justified  by  the  Scriptures,  then  Congre- 
gationalism has  as  Divine  a  right  to  exist  as  any  other  form  of  polity,  any 
other  idea  of  the  church ;  and,  being  the  very  embodiment  of  democratic 
liberty,  it  is  most  in  accord  with  the  spirit  of  the  age,  and  it  will  there- 
fore prevail,  as  liberty  becomes  universal.  But  is  this  assumption  war- 
ranted ?     Does  the  New  Testament  leave  the  churches  without  principles 


26  T^  Coming  Chvrch  Congreffotianalf  [Jan« 

or  precepts  or  examples  to  guide  them  in  this  important  matter  ?  When 
believers  turn  to  consider  the  doctrine  of  the  church,  are  thej  to  be  guided 
solely  bj  the  light  of  nature  and  of  experience  ? 

The  Head  of  the  church  has  not  left  us  in  the  dark  here,  our  opponents 
themselves  being  judges.  We  are  not  compelled,  in  the  present  argument, 
to  go  through  the  demonstration  of  Congregationalism  from  the  ScriptureSy 
and  prove  with  irresistible  force  that  this  democratic  idea  is  taught  in  the 
New  Testament  and  embodied  in  the  apostolic  churches,  —  this  has  been 
amplj  done  b j  Punchard  and  Dexter, —  for  competent  historians  and  com- 
mentators of  every  denomination  acknowledge  that  the  primitive  churches 
were  congregational.  In  concluding  a  long  list  of  these  witnesses,  Pun- 
chard says, ''  Thus,  I  conceive,  it  has  been  shown  from  the  testimony  of  nu- 
merous and  distinguished  ecclesiastical  historians,  —  none  of  whom  except 
Dr.  Owen  were  Congregationalists,  —  and  who,  consequently,  were  without 
any  inducement  to  misunderstand  or  misinterpret  factflin  our  favor, —  that 
the  leading  principles  and  doctrines  of  the  congregational  system  were  de- 
veloped in  the  constitution  and  discipline  of  the  apostolic  churches  ;  that 
this  organization,  for  substance,  was  retained  for  the  first  two  centuries  of 
the  Christian  church ;  and  that  corruption  and  error  followed  the  abandon- 
ment of  the  apostolic  models."  * 

The  idea  of  the  church  was  also  set  forth  by  Christ  and  his  apostles  in 
the  principles  and  precepts  announced  by  them  respecting  the  nature  and 
polity  of  the  churches.  These  were  the  stones  on  which  they  built ;  these 
were  the  elements  which  gave  outward  form  to  their  churches ;  these  con- 
stituted the  idea  in  its  essence  and  in  its  unfolding.  Christ's  words  in  Matt, 
xviii.  1-18  are  conclusive  against  a  priestly  order,  or  a  hierarchy  of  any 
kind,  in  his  church ;  and  they  teach  ^  that  all  are  equal  and  one  in  Christ," 
that  the  local  congregation  is  the  church,  and  that  to  this  church  as  a  whole, 
not  to  a  hierarchy  in  it  or  above  it,  is  the  final  step  of  discipline  given  by 
the  Lord  of  alL  So  the  action  of  the  apostles  and  disciples  in  filling  the 
place  of  Judas  Iscariot,  in  electing  deacons  for  the  church  in  Jerusalem, 
and  of  the  church  at  Antioch  in  sending  out  Paul  and  Barnabas  as  mia- 
Bionaries  by  the  laying  on  of  the  hands  of  the  church,  and  many  other 
facts  and  precepts  and  principles,  all  show  that  the  democratic  idea^  of 
the  church  was  set  forth  and  understood,  and  practised  too,  by  the  first  dis- 
ciples. All  these  are  drawn  out  with  conclusive  force  by  our  standard 
writers  on  Congregationalism,  to  whom  we  must  refer  the  reader  for  a 
fuller  statement 

Claiming  thus,  by  consent  of  our  opponents,  that  the  churches  gathered 
by  the  inspired  apostles  were  congregational  in  their  idea  and  develop- 
ment, in  accordance  with  the  teachings  of  the  Master,  both  personally  and 

*  ▲  View  of  Congregatioiialism,  180, 181 ;   see  also  133  - 180. 


1869.]  The  C&ming  Church  Oonffregatianalf  2T 

bj  his  spirit,  we  insist  that  to  this  idea  and  model  the  churches  will  ultimate" 
It/  come.    For  God's  models  are  perfect ;  we  cannot  improve  upon  them, — 
upon  the  eye,  the  nose,  the  hand,  or  any  of  the  nnnamber^d  contrivances  of 
beauty  or  of  utility  of  which  the  world  is  full.     So  also  the  ideas  of  God, 
as  expressed  in  the  facts  and  doctrines  of  grace,  cause  even  angels  to  won- 
der and  adore.  And  are  the  Divine  idea  and  model  of  the  church  capable 
of  improvement  ?    Who  so  bold  as  to  attempt  it  ?    Who  presume  to  in- 
struct Grod  ?    Hence,  in  order  to  establish  some  other  idea  and  polity,  the 
assumption  already  considered  must  first  be  made,  that  the  New  Testament 
leaves  this  subject  wholly  open.     In  thus  shifting  the  foundation  on  which 
they  build  from  the  Scriptures  to  an  assumption,  the  defenders  of  other 
ideas  and  polities  tacitly  admit  that  if  Christ  and  his  apostles  had  disclosed 
in  the  record  of  their  words  and  acts  a  particular  idea  and  polity  of  the  church, 
the  same  would  be  the  Divine  idea  and  polity,  and  ought  consequently  to  be 
adopted  by  all  his  followers.     We  willingly  acknowledge  that  this  idea  of 
Hie  church  is  not,  afler  the  manner  of  books  of  discipline,  set  forth  in  the 
New  Testament ;  but,  after  the  manner  which  the  Holy  Ghost  uses  with 
other  doctrines,  this  democratic  idea  of  the  church  is  fully  and  indisputably 
taught  by  principles  and  precepts  and  examples  scattered  here  and  there 
throughout  the  Divine  record.    This  Divine  announcement  of  the  Divine 
idea  and  model  of  the  church  is  clear  enough  to  override  education  and 
prejudice  and  interest;  for  those  reared  under  other  forms,  and  sharing 
richly  in  the  profits  of  a  hierarchy,  and  claiming  par  excellence  to  be  the 
Church,  are  constrained  to  acknowledge  that  the  apostolic  churches  were 
congregational.     In  this  admission  lies  the  germ  of  a  revolution  which  will 
in  due  time  sweep  away  every  vestige  of  Papacy,  Episcopacy,  Presbyteri- 
anism,  —  every  form  and  combination  of  the  monarchic  and  aristocratic 
ideas  of  the  church,  and  establish  in  their  stead  throughout  the  world  the 
idea  and  model  revealed  in  the  Scriptures.     This  is  as  inevitable  as  that 
the  doctrine  of  the  church  is  ever  conscientiously  discussed  and  settled,  as 
the  other  great  doctrines  have  been.   The  providence  and  the  Spirit  of  God 
are  now  pressing  the  consideration  of  this  doctrine    upon  the  churches. 
Those  whose  ideas  and  practice  and  interests  are  endangered  by  it  cannot 
long  postpone  its  settlement ;  indeed,  their  attempts  to  postpone  but  help  it 
forward,  and,  when  it  is  settled,  it  will  be  by  the  teachings  of  the  New 
Testament. 

The  churches  of  the  future  will  thus  be  built  on  the  Divine  idea  and  in 
exact  conformity  to  the  model  revealed ;  they  will,  therefore,  be  congre- 
gational. Happy  the  day  when  this  shall  be ;  for  the  Scriptural  idea  and 
polity  alone  give  in  largest  measure  to  the  churches  liberty,  unity,  strength, 
and  purity. 


28  The  Relation  of  Creeds  to  Cfhristian  Life.  [Jan. 


THE  RELATION  OF   CREEDS  TO   CHRISTIAN  LIFE. 

We  are  to  consider  the  relation  which  definite  statements  of  doctrinal 
belief  sustain  toward  spiritual  life. 

I.  As  to  their  origin^  they  grow  out  of  the  spiritual  life.  The  creed  of 
Christendom  has  been  elaborated  from  Scripture  by  hearts  that  supremely 
loved  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ.  Thus  grew  that  sweetest  flower  of  primitive 
theology,  the  Apostles*  Creed.  Even  the  sceptic  asserts  that  Christ  was 
deified  by  the  ^  enthusiasm  "  of  his  disciples,  that  *^  the  heart  of  Christen- 
dom gave  the  law  to  its  understanding."  The  cavil  only  distorts  a  great 
&ct,  that  Christian  dogma  grew  up  in  the  midst  of  an  intense  Christian 
life,  yea,  a  life  so  immortal  and  self-sustaining  that  pagan  malice  with  its 
deadliest  thrusts  was  impotent  to  sky  it  The  doctrine  of  the  Deity  of 
Christ  was  formulated  by  the  Council  of  Nicsea  A.  d.  325,  immediateln 
afler  the  close  of  the  martyr  period  of  the  church.  This  was  the  article 
of  faith  which  the  confessors  of  Christ  in  vast  multitudes  had  witnessed 
with  dying  prayers  and  sealed  with  blood.  ^  And  of  the  assembly  which 
gave  it  form,"  says  Stanley,*  ''  the  older  and  by  far  the  larger  part ....  had 
lived  through  the  last  and  worst  of  the  persecutions,  and  they  now  came, 
like  a  regiment  out  of  some  frightful  siege  or  battle,  decimated  and  muti- 
lated by  the  tortures  or  the  hardships  they  had  undergone.  ...  It  was  on 
their  character  as  an  army  of  confessors  and  martyrs,  quite  as  much  as  on 
their  character  as  an  ecumenical  council,  that  their  authority  reposed." 
The  Creed  of  Nicsea,  then,  the  most  universally  accepted  confession  of  the 
Christian  world  to-day,  is  the  work  of  men  who  had  suffered  for  what  they 
loved,  who  knew  for  what  they  had  suffered,  and  who  speak  what  they  do 
know  from  heart  and  life.  We  may  say,  then,  that  creed  was  a  genuine 
outgrowth  of  spiritual  life,  digesting  and  interpreting  the  Word  of  God. 

We  find  substantially  the  same  process  of  doctrinal  development  out  of 
spiritual  life  repeating  itself  in  the  article  of  Justification  through  Faith. 
Augustine,  indeed,  left  this  in  a  partial  confusion,  from  which  it  took  a 
thousand  years  of  bondage  under  papal  legalism  to  work  free.  His  con- 
troversy with  Pelagius,  however,  concerning  sin  and  grace,  furnished  from 
his  own  deep  experience  a  large  body  of  useful  thought  on  this  subject  for 
his  pupils  among  the  reformers  and  their  forerunners  to  work  up.  ^  In 
him,"  says  Dr.  Schaff,  '^  the  metaphysician  and  the  Christian  believer  coa- 
lesce :  he  teaches  nothing  which  he  has  not  felt."  The  true  biblical  doc- 
trine is  enunciated,  hojirever,  first  in  the  eleventh  century,  in  the  Cur  Deus 
Homo  of  Anselm,  of  whom  Ncander  says :  t  *'  He  was  the  Augustine  of 
bis  age.    What  gives  him  his  great  importance  is  that  unity  of  spirit  in 

^  Bkloij  of  Urn  Eaftern  Church,  186.  t  Chnrch  History,  ly.  861. 


1869.]  The  Bdaiian  of  Creeds  to  Christian  Life.  29 

which  everything  is  of  one  piece,  the  harmony  between  life  and  knowledge, 
which  in  his  case  nothing  disturbed."  Such  a  life  it  was  that  first  gave  dog- 
matic form  to  the  doctrine  which,  after  five  centuries  more  of  travail  among 
the  precursors  of  the  Reformation,  Luther  again  brought  forth,  and  found 
a  nation  prepared  to  receive  it.  And  of  Luther,  how  the  doctrine  of  justifi- 
cation took  form  out  of  the  Scriptures  amid  the  studies  and  glooms  and 
tamults  of  his  fervid  soul,  it  is  needless  to  repeat  what  all  know.  His 
Oeuth,  and  that  of  his  followers,  has  ever  been  the  foster-child  of  a  Chris- 
tian experience.  The  dogma  has  been  the  interpretation  of  Scripture  by 
the  glowing  heart,  ^  Pectus  £EU»t  theologum." 

II.  As  to  their  influence^  doctrinal  beliefii  nourish  the  spiritual  life. 

Athanasius,  ^  the  father  of  theology,"  indeed  battled  for  an  iota  at  the 
Council  of  NiG»a,  because,  as  has  been  truly  said,  a  letter  may  be  as  im- 
portant in  theology  as  in  algebra.  Yet  he  had  among  contemporaries  the 
reputation  of  a  reconciler,  a  peacemaker,  ^  the  Samuel  of  the  church  " ; 
pursued  with  more  vindictive  hatred  than  any  man  of  h^  time,  yet  never 
defending  himself  with  the  weapons  of  persecution  or  retaliation.  To  such 
a  life,  among  the  fierce  passions  of  the  excitable  Orient,  we  point  as  that 
of  the  pre-eminent  Christian  dogmatist,  — 

"  The  royal-hearted  Athanase, 
With  Paul's  own  mantle  blest." 

Augustine,  too,  than  whom  a  s^l  more  tender,  humble,  devout,  never 
breathed,  may  be  cited  in  illustration.  His  portrait  is  the  fit  expression  of 
his  character ;  in  its  upturned  eye  of  faith,  and  its  burning  heart,  love's 
ofiering,  presented  in  his  right  hand,  while  the  left  hand  holds  in  pause  the 
pen  of  controversy.  So  scrupulous  was  that  heart,  even  in  the  minor 
morals,  that  this  couplet  was  engraved  upon  the  dinner-table :  — 

"  To  carp  at  absent  ones  who  thinks  it  meet. 
Shall  find  this  table  a  forbidden  seat." 

We  do  not  forget  the  faults  of  individuals,  the  harsh  words  of  Luther,  the 

charges  against  Calvin,  the  austerities  of  the  Puritans.     But  a  man  should 

be  judged  by  his  peers,  deeds  looked  at  in  the  light  in  which  they  were 

done,  things  that  come  to  pass  in  spite  of  a  doctrine  deducted  from  the 

charges  against  it.     The  best  proof  of  a  doctrine  is  found  in  its  later  rather 

than  its  earlier  fruits.     Of  all  things  human  it  is  true  that  they  deteriorate 

in  time. 

"  Omnia  in  pejns  mere,  ac  sublapsa  referri 

Retro."  • 

That,  therefore,  which  gains  purity  and  power  with  years  so  far  partakes 
of  the  Divine.    We  may  point  to  a  saint  like  Edwar^,*  the  father  of  New 

*  At  one  of  the  Unitarian  anniyersarics  last  May  the  writer  listened  to  a  report  of  the 
state  of  that  denomination  in  one  of  the  large  towns  in  the  central  part  of  the  Com- 


belief  8u>' 

I.  As 
Cliri^tc'i: 
loved  il. 
tlieolo;.' 
deificil 
dom  il 
fiict,  r 
life,  \ 

Clir: 
aflt' 


5%e  Helatian  of  Creeds  to  ChrUtian  Life*  31 

'hese  two  propositions,  that  definite  statements  of  doctrine  are  the 

'h  and  also  the  nourishment  of  the  spiritual  life,  the  following  con- 

«eein  to  be  legitimately  drawn  :  — 

'octrinal  beliefs  are  not  the  life  itself.     That  life  is  love.     **  He  that 

is  bom  of  God."     But  nothing  is  easier,  as  history  abundantly 

than  to  mistake  orthodoxy  for  faith.     It  is  a  question  whether  the 

•I  of  our  churches  in  baptizing  candidates  immediately  after  their  pro- 

<i  of  doctrinal  orthodoxy,  instead  of  after  the  covenant  of  faith,  does 

.o  in  the  direction  of  this  mistake.*     The  brutal  violence  of  the 

'uer  GoQDcil  **  at  Ephesus,  assembled  in  449  to  decide  the  question 

.^iUl's  nature,  or  natures ;  the  fierceness  with  which  theologians  have 

...  over  the  words  of  redeeming  love,  ''This  is  my  body,  given  for  you," 

how  easy  it  is  to  cover  total  lack  of  the  spirit  with  a  cloak  of  zeal 

c  letter.    Indeed,  it  is  not  easy  to  think  kindly  of  those  whose  religious 

we  detest    Nor  is  the  odium  theologicum  as  yet  a  fossil  curiosity, 

among  "•  liberal "  Christians.     "  Without  charity  I  am  nothing."    ^  If 

Lnan  love  God,  the  same  is  known  of  him." 

The  life  only  can  Iseep,  assimilate,  work  up  the  doctrine.     Doctrine 

'.out  life  is  food  in  the  stomach  of  a  corpse,  sure  to  corrupt     Let  the 

'^OD  of  a  creed  die  out,  and  its  theology  will  change.     Thus  rose  the 

inian  apostasy  in  Massachusetts,  as  has  been  thoroughly  demonstrated.f 

'\en  we  see  the  clergy  of  the  Anglican  Church  subscribing  to  her  Thirty- 

:e  Articles,  and  exhibiting  every  phase  of  belief  from  orthodoxy  to  ration- 

'sm,  from  high  Protestantism  to  high  Ritualism,  we  learn  just  how  much 

liance  can  be  placed  on  doctrinal  tests  for  securing  consistency  and  purity 

''  faith.     Better  the  apostolic  way,  —  visiting  the  widows  and  fatherless  in 

'leir  affliction.     Charity  which  "  never  faileth  "  (jKvlirruy  cf.  Gal.  v.  4 ;  2 

"et  iii.  17)  keeps  "  unspotted  from  the  world  "  better  than  any  subscript 

'ioo.     "  Knowledge  putteth  up,  but  charity  buildcth  up."     Yet  we  would 

keep  the  doctrinal  test  also,  but  in  its  proper  place  and  use. 

8.  Disparagement  of  precision  in  doctrine  bt^tokens  a  low  or  unhealthy 
ilate  of  the  life.  Be  the  creed  kept  free  from  antiquated  phraseology  like 
a  tree  from  dead  wood ;  reformulated  from  time  to  time,  as  the  Christian 
consciousness  attains  to  clearer  thought  and  more  exact  expressions ;  and 
let  it  be  kept  also  in  its  legitimate  use,  so  as  to  disfranchise  no  true  be- 
liever, and  it  argues  a  lack  of  iron  in  the  blood  to  be  impatient  of  hearing 

*  The  Articles  of  Faith,  assent  to  which  is  required  of  candidates,  are  not  a  confes- 
sion of  faith  in  Christ  Many  unconverted  persons  "  believe  "  them  all.  The  "  covo- 
nant "  is  tlie  proper  avouchment  of  faitli  in  Christ  But  baptism  after  tlie  creed,  as 
though  it  were  the  sign  and  seal  of  ortliodoxy,  instead  of  ufter  the  covenant,  as  the  sign 
and  seal  of  faith  (see  Shorter  Catechism,  94,  95),  tends  to  obscure  the  distinction  be- 
tween ortliodoxy  and  faith.  (See  report  of  a  committee  on  this  suliject  in  the  Minutes 
of  the  General  Association  of  Massachusetts,  1867.) 

t  CUrk'i  History  of  the  Congregational  Churches  of  Masiachaietts. 


82  The  Bdatian  of  Creech  to  Christian  Life.  [Jan. 

it  read,  willing  to  let  truth  be  ambiguoaslj  and  vaguely  held,  unfriendly  to 
creeds  in  general.  A  little  persecution  would  be  good  for  such  good  people. 
If  thej  lived  in  a  martyr  period,  they  would  soon  define  precisely  what 
they  did  and  what  they  did  not  believe.  And  those  of  them  that  loved  the 
truth  well  enough  to  die  for  it  would  want  to  state  that  costly  truth  so 
truly  that  no  unbeliever  could  profess  it  without  falsehood.  The  mar^ 
church  did  that  in  making  the  Creed  of  Nicaea  such  that  no  Arian  could 
honestly  subscribe  it  That  distinguished  New  England  orator  who  some 
time  since  disparaged  the  Declaration  of  Independence  as  a  ^*  string  of 
glittering  generalities,"  had  he  lived  on  into  the  sacrifices  of  the  civil  war, 
would  doubtless  have  recanted  what  he  said  in  the  degenerate  period  pre- 
ceding it  And  those  '*  liberal "  Christians  who  are  so  hard  upon  creeds, 
were  they  martyred  a  little,  would  learn  —  that  is,  those  that  could  abide 
the  lesson  —  the  preciousness  of  the  truth  which  the  heroes  of  the  faith 
have  bequeathed  as  a  blood-bought  inheritance  to  their  posterity. 

4.  Imperfection  in  doctrinal  belief  should  debar  no  true  Christian  from 
church-fellowship.  To  exclude  a  child  from  school  for  ignorance,  to  look 
for  the  fruit  as  soon  as  the  root,  is  preposterous.  Where  ^  the  power  "  of 
godliness  is,  there  ^  the  form  "  will  come  under  favoring  circumstances  in 
time,  as  the  skeleton  develops  and  hardens  into  proper  symmetry  with  the 
lapse  of  childhood  into  milnhood.  Not  the  least  of  the  ^  plagues  "  —  mis- 
chiefs —  that  come  upon  those  who  add  to  the  things  written  in  the  book 
is  the  discouragement  of  the  children  from  coming  early  into  the  church. 
Assent  to  a  creed  is  valueless,  if  made  on  the  authority  of  another  mind ; 
and  yet  it  is  beyond  t)ie  ability  of  most  children  to  assent,  understandingly, 
to  the  theological  creeds  of  some  of  our  churches.  And  the  closer  our  ob- 
servance, with  all  sorts  of  persons,  of  the  apostolic  terms  of  church  fellow- 
ship, the  better  for  the  church  and  the  doctrine.  Every  regenerate  per- 
son has  a  Divine  right  to  church  fellowship.  ^  Grace  be  with  all  them 
that  love  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ  in  sincerity,"  —  if  grace,  then,  by  orderly 
approach,  the  means  of  grace.  Cotton  Mather  says :  ^  The  churches 
of  New  England  make  only  vital  piety  the  terms  of  communion  among 
them."  *  John  Owen  says :  "  We  will  never  deny  the  communion  to 
any  person  whose  duty  it  is  to  desire  it"  f  Samuel  Mather  shows  that 
all  Christians  ought  to  be  admitted  to  any  of  Christ's  churches,  t  Dr. 
Watts,  in  his  '^  Terms  of  Christian  Communion,"  shows  that  the  churches 
should,  as  a  general  rule,  admit  all  who  make  a  credible  profession  of  re- 
ligion, take  heed  not  to  make  the  door  of  admission  larger  or  straiter  than 
Christ  made  it,  and  that  nothing  be  in  tlieir  covenant  but  what  is  essential 
to  common  Christianity.  The  principle  of  assimilation,  every  man  *'  to  his 
own  place,"  together  with  Uie  strict  nmintenanco  of  orthodoxy  and  piety  in 

*  lUt.  Pi«.  IntrcHt,  4.  )  Apology,  d4«  and  elaewliero. 

t  INuritant  and  their  Principles,  S95. 


1869.]         The  Bdation  of  Creeds  to  Christian  Life.  83 

the  pulpit,  will  be  found  as  potent  to  produce  all  desirable  uniformity  of 
belief  as  anj  initiatory  tests  in  mere  theology.  We  say,  then,  in  the 
golden  phrase  of  Cotton  Mather,  let  ^  the  terms  of  ctmmunion  run  parallel 
with  the  terms  of  salvation."  Reform  whittever  is  contrary  to  this  rule  as 
anscriptural,  and  also,  as  history  shows,*  an  innovation  upon  the  primitive 
and  catholic  way. 

5.  Articles  of  doctrinal  belief — a  creed  —  are  essential  to  the  historic 
church,  and  to  every  organization  that  is  truly  a  part  thereof.  For  the 
Creed,  the  compend  of  the  doctrines  that  have  from  time  to  time  been 
wrought  out  of  Scripture  through  the  experiences  of  study  and  conflict,  is 
an  important  part  of  the  history  of  the  church.  The  fruits  of  the  Chris- 
tian experience  are  precious.  A  "  church  "  that  discards  them  is  an  alien 
body,  without  interest  or  right  in  ^  the  holy  church  universal  throughout 
all  the  world."  A  lack  of  the  historic  spirit,  which  feeds  on  the  fruits  of 
the  past,  impoverishes  the  poet,  the  philosopher,  the  statesman,  and  no  less 
the  Christian  and  the  church.  The  creed  of  the  historic  church  will  be  a 
catholic  creed,  —  not  emphasizing  the  shibboleths  of  sect  or  schooL  As 
the  historic  testimony  of  the  church  to  the  true  meaning*  of  the  Word  of 
God,  it  will  be  borne  in  public,  —  read  upon  solemn  sacramental  days. 
Why  not,  when  no  Fourth  of  July  celebration  is  complete  without  a  public 
reading  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  ?  <*  Ye  shall  know  the  truth," 
said  Christ,  ^  and  the  truth  shall  make  you  free."  It  should  be  owned  and 
consented  to  by  every  one  who  is  "  set  for  the  defence  of  the  Gospel,"  min- 
isters and  office-bearers  in  the  church  ;  and  for  tliis  use,  the  fuller  the 
better ;  the  freer  from  the  double  entendres  of  biblical  phraseology,  the  bet- 
ter also.  For  the  biblical  phraseology'  is  the  very  thing  which  the  creed 
undertakes  to  interpret. 

'  6.  Doctrinal  articles  being  the  products  of  the  spiritual  life,  the  develop- 
ments of  Christian  experience  from  the  Word  of  God,  we  have  in  the  creed 
thus  formed  the  Word  of  God  tested  by  history ,  —  a  test  as  much  more 
conclusive  than  that  of  any  individual  mind  as  the  sum  of  the  Christian 
centuries  is  longer  than  a  single  life.  And  so  we  may  say,  slightly  altering 
Schiller's  famous  phrase,  the  history  of  doctrine  is  the  judgment  of  doc- 
trine. In  the  evangelical  creed,  then,  concerning  man*s  sinfulness  and 
moral  impotence,  Christ*s  atoning  sacrifice,  the  Holy  Ghost's  regenerating 
work,  the  everlasting  state  of  rewards  and  punishments,  the  deity  of  the 
Redeemer,  and  the  tripersonality  of  God,  we  hear,  not  the  scattered  voices 
of  individuals,  but  the  auihorifative  testimony  of  History  herself,  reaffirming 
the  declaration  of  the  apostle,  "  These  things  are  good  and  profitable  unto 
men."  This  is  nothing  less  than  the  testimony  of  time  to  the  truth  of  eternity. 

*  See  the  "  Congrej^ational  Quarterly  "  for  April,  1862,  for  ao  able  i^stiele  on  "Con- 
fenioDS  of  Faith/'  hearing  somewhat  upon  this  point 
NEW   SERIES.  —  VOL.   I.   NO.    1.  3 


84  Are  JRwivdU  qfBdigian  Natural  f  [Jan. 


ARE  REVIVALS  OF  RELIGION  NATURAL  ? 

An  examination  of  the  statistics  of  the  Congregational  charehes,  and 
doubtless  those  of  most  other  denominations,  will  show  that  in  ordinarf 
times  the  accessions  are  little  more  than  the  losses  by  death.  When  the 
churches  are  carried  up  to  higher  numbers,  it  is  in  jears  of  revivals*  A 
further  examination  will  also  show  that  in  ordinary  years  the  numbers  are 
kept  good,  not  by  a  uniform  distribution  of  accessions,  but  by  the  large 
numbers  who  come  into  particular  churches  in  revivals  confined  to  those 
localities.    This  is  the  law  of  the  churches'  growth. 

Are  revivals  healthy  ?  Are  they  anything  more  than  morbid  and  de- 
lusive excitements  ?  Are  they  destructive  of  that  tranquil  and  uniform  life 
which  is  assumed  to  be  the  natural  method  of  Christian  progress  ? 

In  reply  to  these  common  questions,  I  *  think  that  a  revival  of  religion 
is  in  perfect  accordance  with  God's  ways  of  working  in  other  parts  of  his 
domain,  and  is  therefore  natural,  —  natural  as  opposite  to  unnatural,  while 
harmonious  with  the  supernatural,  whose  existence  and  control  it  admits. 

A  revival  of  religion  presupposes  religion.  In  that  union  with  Grod 
through  Jesus  Christ  which  is  religion.  Divine  life  flows  into  the  soul,  and 
produces  its  suitable  fruits.  Where  there  is  no  faith  in  Christ,  there  is  no 
Divine  life,  and  there  no  revival  is  possible. 

It  is  true  that  this  Divine  life  within  ought  to  be  always  vigorous  and 
growing.  There  should  be  no  need  of  the  repenting  of  a  neglectful  church 
or  a  careless  soul.  But  if  a  church  has  fallen  into  a  low  state  of  piety  and 
works,  no  one  can  seriously  say  that  the  church  ought  not  to  repent  of  its 
sins,  and  rise  into  purified  life  and  zeal.  One  might  as  well  complain  when 
the  fire  burning  low  on  the  hearth  is  kindled  into  a  ruddy  flame,  or  the 
nearly  empty  lamp  is  replenished  with  oil,  or  the  debilitated  body  is  forti* 
fled  by  food.  Yet  when  the  church's  zeal  is  kindling,  and  its  faith  is 
becoming  powerfully  strengthened,  that  is  a  revival. 

But  even  in  a  faithful  and  earnest  church,  revivals  are  possible.  The 
term  is  not,  perhaps,  most  appropriate ;  but  it  has  come  to  cover  those 
special  and  extraordinary  seasons  which  the  most  faithful  church  does  not 
make  ordinary,  when  a  peculiar  exercise  of  Grod's  grace  is  visible  in  the 
conversion  of  great  numbers  at  once,  —  seasons  when  labors  are  peculiarly 
successful ;  harvest-times,  blessed  of  God.  This  is  now  the  most  common 
meaning  of  tlie  term  '^  revival."  That  the  word  is  used  indiscriminately, 
both  as  meaning  the  increased  internal  life  of  the  church  and  its  increased 

*  The  reader  roast  pardon  the  me  of  this  pronoan,  which  avoids  difBcolt  drcninloeu- 
tion  in  lome  parts  of  tliii  paper. 


1869.]  Are  HevivaU  of  Religim  Natural  t  85 

external  socceds,  is  doabtleM  due  to  the  fact  that  the  latter  depends  upon 
the  former,  and  the  former  insures  the  latter.  In  either  the  facts  exist 
which  some  honest  Christians  heliere  to  be  spasmodic  and  unnatural. 

Yet  it  is  worth  ^noticing  that  almost  all  denominations  of  Christians  look 
to  Bpecial  means  in  special  seasons.  It  is  needless  to  refer  to  Congrega- 
tiooalists,  Methodists,  Baptists,  and  Presbyterians.  When  they  see  a  cloud 
BO  iHgger  than  a  man's  hand,  they  make  ready  for  abundance  of  rain.  But 
Catholics  have  their  ^  retreats,"  in  which,  at  appointed  times,  the  hours  of 
lucoessive  days  are  spent  in  special  prayer  and  meditation ;  and  Episco- 
palians have,  by  the  set  laws  of  their  church,  a  series  of  extra  meetings 
every  winter,  closipg  with  a  ^  protracted  meeting  '*  of  a  whole  week  in 
March  or  April.    The  whole  church  believes  in  special  means. 

Revivals  are  by  God's  power.  By  his  supernatural  grace,  some  seasons 
are  more  blessed  than  others.  It  is  as  useless  to  ask  why,  as  to  ask  why 
some  years'  wheat^fields  are  more  heavy  than  other  years',  in  both  cases 
assuming  that  men  have  done  their  own  work.  It  is  as  useless  to  ask  how 
that  gmoe  gives  new  power  to  the  church  as  it  is  to  ask  how  Divine  power 
nerves  hearts  and  hands  in  the  wheat-field.  It  is  a  foci  that  there  are 
times  when  believers  feel  peculiarly  drawn  towards  God,  when  peculiar 
solemnity  is  felt  in  congregations,  when  words  have  peculiar  power.  At 
such  times  unreconciled  sinners  are  peculiarly  drawn  to  listen,  peculiarly 
led  to  feel,  peculiarly  forced  to  say,  '*  What  must  I  do  to  be  saved  ?  "  There 
is  as  distinctly  felt  the  spirit  of  God  brooding  over  a  whole  community  as 
there  is  ever  felt  a  change  in  the  atmosphere.  No  one  who  has  ever  can- 
didly participated  in  the  events  of  such  a  time  can  doubt  the  reality  of  this 
peculiar  spirit.  The  repetition  of  the  word  *'  peculiar"  is  because  the  whole 
is  peculiar.  This  great  increase  of  spiritual  power  is  above  and  beyond 
ordinary  Christian  life.  It  is  wellnigh  resistless. 
Is  this  out  of  harmony  with  God*s  laws  ? 

First,  it  is  analogous  to  God*s  way  in  his  material  works.  Natural  life 
is  not  uniform.  If  it  be  said  that  religion  ought  to  be  steady, — yes,  steady 
in  the  sense  of  permanence,  but  not  steady  in  the  sense  of  unvarying  uui- 
fi>rmity.  Though  water  is  necessary  for  vegetable  life,  it  does  not  rain  all 
the  time.  Showers  come  when  Grod  pleases.  It  is  by  no  means  drought 
when  it  does  not  rain.  The  water  already  fallen  has  work  to  do.  There 
are^also  dew,  and  vapor,  and  sea-turns,  which  keep  the  plants  fresh.  Even 
in  a  dry  summer,  one  will  see,  on  the  sunrise  slope  of  his  roof,  the  wfter 
dripping  as  the  morning  heat  condenses  the  moisture.  Religious  life  is 
continued  in  much  the  same  way.  But  when  the  showers  come  down,  and 
fill  the  wells  and  raise  the  rivers,  they  are  great  additional  blessings. 
That  the  church  always  lives  in  sea-turns  from  eternity  makes  nothing  con- 
trary to  the  way  of  nature  in  having  occasion  to  thank  God  for  showers. 


86  Are  RevivaU  of  Religion  Natural  t  [Jan. 

It  IB  not  always  spriog,  nor  always  harvest.  Thopgh  the  ground  was 
frozen,  it  had  life  sheltered  in  it  Wanner  days  come  and  melt  the  snow. 
Sunshine  coaxes  up  the  timid  plants.  That  is  nature's  revival.  By  and 
by  fruit  sets,  and  is  ripened  for  gathering.  Then  fruitage  ends.  Is  the 
following  time  wasted  time  ?  No.  Shrubs  and  trees  make  wood.  The 
tender  twigs  grow  firmer,  and  they  will  bear  fruit  next  year.  Why  is  the 
same  process  unnatural  in  the  church  ?  Is  there  not  discernible  a  budding 
and  setting  of  fruit  ?  Is  there  not  a  time,  following  great  increase,  when 
the  faith  of  converts  gets  firmer  and  statelier  ?  If  one  complains  that  a 
system  of  special  growth  at  special  times  is  unnatural,  he  ought  to  com- 
plain because  mountains  are  higher  than  plains,  because  the  Gulf  Stream  is 
warmer  than  the  waters  each  side  of  it,  because  the  sun  is  not  always  at 
the  same  altitude,  because  it  is  not  perpetual  rain,  because  fruitage  is  not 
in  every  hour  of  the  year.  There  is  no  dead  level  in  nature ;  there  is  no 
dead  level  in  the  history  of  the  church.  Results  are  not  attained  without 
preparatory  work.  In  times  when  there  seems  to  be  little  practical  suc- 
cess, influences  are  accumulating  which  will,  at  the  proper  period,  display 
sudden  and  wonderful  results. 

Nor  do  revivals  lack  conformity  with  the  laws  of  human  nature.  They 
are  in  perfect  accordance  with  these  laws. 

As  a  revival  affects  Christians,  there  will  be  seen,  first,  a  humbling  be- 
fore God.  So  far  as  he  has  been  neglectful  of  duty,  a  Christian  feels  his 
ill  desert  Is  this  unnatural  ?  He  feels  more  sensibly  his  dependence  upon 
€rod.  What  is  unnatural  in  this  ?  He  feels  more  keenly  Christ's  love  for 
him.  Is  gratitude  unnatural  ?  He  becomes  an  obedient  servant  of  his 
Master.  Is  rightful  obedience  unnatural  ?  He  is  more  earnest  in  desiring 
the  salvation  of  others.  Is  friendship  or  compassion  unnatural  ?  If  he  sees 
young  men  ruined  by  intemperance,  gambling,  and  licentiousness,  or  moral 
men  ruined  by  rebellion  against  God,  if  his  heart  bums  within  him  to  save 
them,  is  it  wrong?  is  it  inhuman  ?  Now  if  a  whole  church  is  so  awakened, 
and  so  repentant,  and  so  earnest ;  if  worldly-minded  and  hardened  men 
in  the  church  become  soAened  and  gentle  and  spiritual ;  if  persons  at  vari- 
anoe  with  each  other  forgive  and  forget ;  if  prayers  are  warm  and  plentiful, 
and  Grod  is  honored,  —  where  is  the  wrong  ? 

In  the  conversions  of  sinners  at  such  a  time  there  seems  to  be  nothing 
unnatural.  One  listens  and  reflects,  and  is  convinced  of  his  errors,  and 
peqpeives  his  just  condemnation,  and  asks,  ^  What  shall  I  do  to  be  saved  ?  " 
I  see  nothing  more  unnatural  in  his  prayers,  than  when  I  once  heard  the 
pleadings  of  a  soldier  condemned  to  be  shot ;  alas  !  they  were  fruitless.  If 
he  submit  to  God,  I  see  nothing  more  unnatural  than  when  on  my  pocket 
Bible  a  wounded  rebel  boy  once  took  the  oath  of  allegiance,  that  he  might 
so  far  satisfy  his  conscience.     If  the  submitting  penitent  rejoices  that  he  is 


1869.]  Are  BevivaU  of  Religion  Natural  f  87 

accepted,  I  see  nothing  more  unnatural  than  the  J07  I  once  saw  in  a  man 
tried  for  desertion,  who  said  to  me,  ^  Yon  have  saved  mj  life !  **  The  results  of 
oonversion  are  not  morbid.  For  the  wicked  man  to  abandon  his  vices ;  for 
the  transgressor  to  turn  to  God  ;  for  a  change  which  makes  good  husbands, 
good  children,  good  citizens, — it  is  only  what  every  good  man  desires.  That 
a  multitude  should  at  once  thus  be  changed  does  not  make  it  unnatural. 

The  process,  also,  is  natural.  God  uses  our  faculties  just  as  they  are. 
One's  attention  is  arrested.  He  thinks.  He  sees  facts.  He  believes.  He 
loves.  There  is  in  all  this  not  a  single  act  or  feature  that  has  not  its  perfect 
correspondence  in  every  other  part  of  men's  lives.  Attention,  meditation, 
conviction  of  conscience,  decision,  are  surely  all  natural  methods.  How- 
ever great  may  be  the  number  of  persons,  every  one  must  pass  through 
this  same  general  experience,  and  through  this  only.  And  the  object  to  be 
attained  in  each  case  is,  not  to  make  a  morbid  man,  nor  a  deformed  man, 
nor  a  hybrid  angel,  but  ^  the  perfect  man  in  Christ  Jesus.''  The  highest 
type  of  manhood  is  the  result  aimed  at  in  every  case  in  every  revival. 

It  is  sometimes  alleged  that  revivals  must  be  unhealthy  because  they  so 
often  follow  great  convulsions  in  society.  On  the  contrary,  this  fact  is  an 
evidence  of  their  naturalness.  The  financial  convulsions  of  1857  were  fol- 
lowed by  extensive  revivals.  The  reason  is  obvious.  With  property  van- 
ished, with  hopes  disappointed,  with  plans  defeated,  men  were  in  a  mood 
to  look  to  a  higher  power.  Their  minds  were  opened.  They  were  accessi- 
ble to  religious  truth.  The  disasters  had  done  this  preparatory  work,  not 
converting,  but  putting  men  into  that  thoughtful  condition  where  conver- 
sion was  possible.  Great  revivals  followed  the  late  war.  The  war  roused 
the  popular  conscience,  and  made  a  thoughtful  people,  and  a  people  who 
began  to  look  at  foundation  principles  as  never  before.  Many  a  day  of 
darkness  had  driven  souls  to  prayer.  Many  a  household  needed  consola- 
tion. Many  a  wife  wept  for  a  dead  husband,  and  many  a  child  for  a  dead 
father.  Sympathies  were  deeply  excited.  In  the  accumulation  of  causes, 
a  sobered  and  tender  people  were  accessible  to  the  Word  of  Grod.  Then 
came  great  spiritual  results.  If  such  conjunction  of  circumstances  renders 
revivals  probable,  what  does  this  say,  but  that  God's  providential  govern- 
ment arranges  times  and  seasons  ? 

Again,  it  is  objected  that  the  special  efforts  used  in  revivals  are  objec- 
tionable ;  not  merely  any  particular  kind,  but  all  kinds.  It  is  thought  that 
the  usual  and  ordinary  means  of  grace  ought  to  be  sufficient,  and  any  multi- 
plication of  work  or  diversity  of  methods  opposes  the  Divine  order.  Men 
look  with  suspicion  on  great  gatherings,  and  on  an  extraordinary  amount  of 
time  given  to  such  work.  But  such  men  mistake  by  forgetting  that  it  is 
not  new  powers  that  are  used,  but  only  the  same  old  powers  God  had 
given,  now  more  usefully  and  urgently  applied.    No  genuine  revival  is 


88  Are  BevivaU  of  Religion  Natural  f  [Jan. 

carried  on  by  anytbing  but  tbe  truth  of  God  ;  but  that  truth  is  used  more 
directly  and  systematically  and  discriminatingly.  If  a  farmer  avail  himself 
of  evident  opportunities  to  secure  greater  results,  he  is  not  running  off  into 
independence  of  God,  but  the  rather  into  more  entire  dependence. 

Why  should  there  be  special  gatherings  of  people  in  a  revival  ?  Why 
should  men  leave  their  work  to  attend  such  gatherings  ?  Because  people 
who  have  an  intense  interest  in  a  common  cause  always  come  together  in 
great  gatherings,  and  give  time,  effort,  and  money  to  insure  its  success. 
In  the  political  campaign  just  ended  there  were  enormous  gatherings. 
Crowded  halls  witnessed  to  the  deep  interest  of  thousands,  night  after  night 
Men  marched  in  great  processions  with  banners  and  torches.  Speeches 
were  made  in  squares  and  streets  at  noonday.  Nobody  ever  complained 
that  this  was  unnatural  or  unhealthy.  If  political  issues  draw  men  to- 
gether, why  should  not  the  issues  of  God's  kingdom  on  earth  ?  Yet,  if 
Christians  should  show  as  much  zeal  in  their  addresses,  and  speak  in  streets 
and  squares,  what  a  howl  would  rise  about  these  fanatics ! 

When  our  country  was  in  its  great  trouble,  who  was  not  glad  to  see 
throngs  assembled  ?  Who  did  not  feel  that  fiery  words  from  burning 
hearts  were  perfectly  natural  ?  What  patriot  cared  for  time  or  labor  or 
money  ?  A  great  wave  of  patriotism  swept  over  the  North.  It  was  the 
revival  of  patriotism.  The  flag  was  a  new  symboL  A  million  of  men 
lifted  high  the  banner,  and  swore  to  follow  it  to  victory,  and  prayers  and 
tears  followed  them.  Is  the  cross  of  Christ  less  glorious  to  his  church  than 
the  flag  is  to  the  patriot  ?  Is  victory  over  sin  and  hell  less  important  than 
victory  over  rebels  ?  Men  used  to  be  wellnigh  frantic  with  joy  over  a 
great  battle  won.  Why  should  not  Christians  rejoice  when  they  see  the 
victorious  march  of  Jesus,  not  attended  by  long  windrows  of  slain,  but  with 
redeemed  souls  ?  Even  now,  men  who  address  audiences  in  reminiscences 
of  the  war — men  like  Chamberlain  and  Kilpatrick — find  crowded  houses. 
Many  of  their  listeners  remember  their  own  experiences.  Many  others 
have  tender  recollections  of  husbands  or  sons  in  such  scenes.  Why  should 
not  Christians  gather  when  they  remember  how  Christ  saved  them  ?  or 
wh^n  their  own  children  find  peace  in  Jesus?  or  when  one  tells  them 
stories  of  salvation  ?  Jf  I  keep  memorials  picked  up  on  fields  of  battle, 
why  should  I  not  remember  how  I  was  freed  from  God's  wrath  ? 

What  is  there  unnatural  in  the  using  of  means  ?  That  is  the  way  to  ac- 
complish  results.  That  is  the  way  that  all  wise  men  work  in  all  depart- 
ments of  life.  If  there  is  little  interest  in  some  object,  men  of  enthusiasm 
awaken  an  interest  The  church  has  never,  in  its  most  earnest  periods, 
approached  the  amount  of  printed  appeals  that  were  scattered  from  Wash- 
ington by  a  political  committee  in  1868.  The  church  has  never,  in  times 
that  called  for  most  work,  set  in  operation  such  a  vast  plan  of  public  speech 


1869.]  Are  BevivdU  qf  Bdigion  Natural  f  89 

as  was  seen  in  that  political  month.  If  tlie  church  is  wrong,  it  is  in  not 
doing  enough.  Extraordinary  means  ought  to  be  employed  whenever 
there  is  an  opportunity.  The  cause  demands  them.  When  reporters  of 
revivals  say,  ^  No  special  means  employed,  no  meetings  multiplied,''  it  is  a 
confession  of  wrong-dcnng.  They  ought  to  employ  special  means.  If  they 
do  not,  they  are  wasting  glorious  opportunities.  When  grass  is  ready  to 
be  cut,  it  is  no  merit  to  say,  '^  We  employ  no  more  means  than  usual." 
The  church  ought  to  employ  more  means  when  any  indications  of  special 
mercies  are  visible.  It  ought  to  try  to  bring  'men  to  hear  the  Grospel. 
**  Coaxing  people  "  is  disliked.  Why  ?  Is  it  better  to  let  them  go  to  per- 
dition? ^ These  frequent  meetings  are  bad.**  Why?  Are  young  men 
better  off  in  ruinous  club-rooms  than  in  the  sound  of  prayer?  Are 
daughters  better  off  in  the  inevitable  and  unescapable  evil  that  attends  the 
ballroom  ?  If  it  be  unhealthy  to  protract  a  meeting  an  extra  hour  into 
the  evening,  is  it  better  to  dance  until  nigh  morning,  and  then  go  out  of 
the  heated  air  into  the  cold  night  ?  When  soldiers  were  wanted,  there 
were  stirring  appeals  to  patriotism ;  there  was  martial  music  and  multi- 
tudes of  flags.  Special  efforU  filled  the  armies.  Every  man  was  a  re- 
cruiting-officer. Wherein  is  it  wrong  to  use  special  efforts  to  enlist  souls 
in  the  service  of  Jesus  ?  The  fact  is,  the  special  means  used  in  all  worldly 
tffiiins,  when  right  and  honest,  have  no  more  than  their  counterpart  in  the 
special  means  used  in  revivals. 

It  is  true  that  they  are  often  accompanied  by  excitement  But  a  cer- 
tain degree  of  excitement  is  healthy.  Are  men  made  of  stone,  never  to  be 
excited  ?  In  view  of  certain  perils  or  wants,  a  dead  level  of  indifference 
is  impossible.  Patriotism  had  its  excitement.  It  was  not  wrong,  but  in- 
evitable. .  Men  never  excited  are  too  near  enemies.  I  once  saw  men  who 
were  not  excited  in  the  midst  of  a  battle  in  Georgia.  In  charge  of  a  line 
of  filled  ambulances,  I  saw  groups  of  men  who  were  perfectly  quiet. 
They  had  worked  themselves  back  out  of  the  lines.  These  cowards 
and  skulkers  were  all  perfectly  free  from  excitement.  Excited  mothers 
used  to  write  me  for  news  of  sons  in  captivity ;  should  there  be  no  ripple 
when  their  children  are  in  captivity  to  Satan  ?  There  ought  to  be  excite- 
ment in  every  heart  under  condemnation.  On  the  point  between  heaven 
and  hell,  —  "  Come,  ye  blessed  of  my  Father,"  and  "  Depart  from  me,"  — 
every  true  Christian  would  rejoice  to  see  such  persons  terribly  in  earnest. 
Men  were  excited  when  a  great  cause  was  trembling  in  the  hazards  of  trial 
by  battle,  and  rightly  excited.  Great  principles  always  excite  enthusiasm. 
Ought  the  Church  of  God  to  think  it  a  merit  that  the  Gospel  of  Christ  ex- 
cites no  enthusiasm  in  its  special  battle-times  ? 

Kor  is  it  against  this  view  of  revivals  that  some  apparent  conversions 
are  delusive.  It  is  to  be  expected — for  it  is  natural — that  first  experiences 


40  Are  Hevivah  of  Religion  Natural  t  [Jan. 

in  genuine  conversions  will  be  modified.  They  ripen  into  principles.  If 
the  first  joj  subsides  into  quiet  service,  it  is  only  because  the  light  blase  of 
the  twigs  has  changed  to  the  solid  fire  of  the  logs.  But  of  those  mistaken 
the  number  is  few  compared  with  the  number  of  those  who  persevere.* 
While  the  temporary  converts  return  to  their  former  state,  the  multitudey 
who,  apparently,  would  never  have  been  aroused  but  for  revivals,  keep 
steadily  on.  It  is  sad  that  any  should  fail ;  but  we  do  not  despise  the 
apple-trees  because  many  spring  blossoms  fall  off.  It  would  not  have  been 
well  to  say,  in  war-time,  '*  It  is  of  no  use  to  enlist  men,  for  many  break 
down."  Though  some  did  not  count  the  cost ;  and  some  were  feeble ;  and 
some,  wearied,  lay  down  to  die ;  and  some,  disabled,  came  home ;  and  some 
shirked  their  duty,  —  yet  the  victories  which  the  great  armies  achieved 
testified  to  the  faithful  valor  of  the  many. 

It  is  not  to  be  said  that  no  evils  ever  attend  revivals.  They  sometimes 
do.  Ignorant  men  may  use  unworthy  and  hurtful  instrumentalities.  Hi- 
balanced  men  may  say  foolish  things.  One-sided  truth  may  create  UMribad 
excitement  Unsound  doctrine  may  mislead  listeners.  With  such  the 
church  need  have  no  sympathy.  These  things  are  not  inseparable  from 
revivals.  They  are  no  proper  part  of  revivals.  They  violate  the  prin- 
ciples of  revivab.  Many  a  revival  has  been  free  from  them.  All  revivals 
can  be  guarded  from  them.  Every  great  movement  is  liable  to  similar 
hurts ;  and  the  part  of  wisdom  is,  not  to  cast  away  the  system,  but  to  avoid 
its  perversions.  In  spite  of  all  possible  incidental  error,  the  fact  remains 
that  there  are  times  when  the  Holy  Spirit  adds  greatly  to  the  faith  of  Chrii^ 
tians,  when  whole  communities  are  moved  by  a  great  impulse,  when  all 
the  methods  of  Grod's  grace  are  wonderfully  endowed  with  power,  and 
when  multitudes  bow  before  the  power  of  the  cross.  In  such  times  the 
working  of  Divine  power  is  in  conformity  to  its  [other  working  in  nature 
and  man.  God  then,  as  ever,  works  through  the  faculties,  uses  the  truth, 
appeals  to  human  wants  and  needs,  and  secures  the  right  and  healthy  action 
of  the  whole  nature.  There  is  not  a  feature  of  this  work  unnaturaL  His 
people  act  as  men  act  in  all  great  and  powerful  times,  and  apon  reoog^ 
nized  principles  only.  That  the  supernatural  power  breathes  life  into 
the  means  ordained  is  mysterious,  but  no  more  mysterious  than  how  the 
spring  winds  melt  the  snows.         ^ 

Whether  revivals  may  be  had  whenever  sought  for  is  a  question  not 

*  I  think  there  is  a  common  mistake  on  this  point  Some  revivals  do  seem  to  be 
merely  factitious  excitements.  A  friend  gave  me  figures  of  one  in  which,  of  one  hun- 
dred and  five  apparent  converts,  only  sixteen  were  visible  twelve  months  afterwardi. 
But  I  have  records  of  a  revival  in  another  charch,  in  the  same  town,  where,  of  sixty-five 
apparent  converts,  all  bat  four  were  giving  good  evidence  two  years  afterwards.  I  at- 
tribote  the  difference  to  the .  difference  of  views  of  truth  presented.  The  fiuilt  in  the 
fir8^named  does  not  belong  to  revivals,  bat  to  violating  the  laws  of  revivals. 


1869.]  Are  HevivaU  of  Rdigvm  Natural  f  41 

necessary  to  be  discassed  now.  What  means  will  naturally  secure  them  is 
worthy  of  deep  consideration.  That  a  church  which  zealously  labors  for 
such  reaalts  may  hope  for  them  is  true,  for  their  zealous  labors  imply  the 
working  of  Grod  within  them  to  that  very  intent  Nor  have  we  a  right  to 
assume  that  there  are  no  reasons  why  revivals  come  at  certain  times. 
That  Grod  works  at  such  times  aa  please  him  would  not  be  arbitrary.  His 
plans  are  wise,  though  we  see  no  connection  between  their  parts.  He  shows 
us  enough,  in  the  history  of  revivals,  to  prove  the  connection  of  labor  and 
success ;  he  hides  enough  to  prove  that  he  governs. 

Are  such  great  special  movements  needed  ?  No  one  need  long  con- 
template the  religious  condition  of  our  communities  to  see  that  there  is 
desperate  need  of  $ometking.  With  our  cities  full  of  sin,  with  our  sparsely 
settled  districts  full  of  neglecters  of  the  Gospel,  with  a  wide-spread  indiffer- 
ence to  troth,  with  errorists  busily  at  work,  with  unbelief  hardening  multi- 
tades,  it  is  evident  that  the  ordinary  course  of  spiritual  work  fails  to  secure 
the  greatest  results.  The  indifference  needs  breaking  up  by  powerful  and 
extraordinary  tides  of  grace.  Communities  are  hardened  against  the 
regular  ministrations  under  which  they  have  always  lived.  But  when 
6od*s  Spirit  comes  down  in  any  locality,  there  is  a  force  which  sweeps 
*  away  its  very  foundations  of  unbelief  and  hardness  of  heart.  Men  who 
have  steadily  resisted  the  Grospel,  which  they  have  heard  every  Sunday  for 
a  lifetime,  are  overwhelmed.  Mental  believers  catch  the  fire  which  their 
hearts  need.  A  hostile  public  opinion  shrinks  back  before  the  force  of 
such  a  work.  Almost  every  sceptic,  who  b  ever  converted,  is  converted  in 
a  revivaL*  The  arguments  of  errorists  can  stand  against  human  logic ; 
they  crumble  before  the  presence  of  the  Holy  Ghost. 

Revivals,  therefore,  instead  of  being  regarded  as  morbid  or  unnatural, 
ought  to  be  looked  at  as  part  of  the  laws  of  the  progress  of  the  church. 
They  should  be  studied  as  such.  They  should  be  treated  as  such.  To 
avoid  incidental  evils,  they  should  be  guarded  from  all  that  is  unnatural 
(not  supernatural)  in  their  working.  So  considered,  they  are  only  the 
counterpart  of  settled  military  principles ;  they  concentrate  the  over- 
whelming forces  of  God  on  a  given  point,  and  carry  it  by  storm. 

*  I  haye  in  memorj  two  confirmed  and  able  infidels,  who  easily  resisted  all  the  nsnal 
arguments.  One  of  these  chanced  to  go  to  a  public  meeting  on  the  Sabbath  in  a  time 
of  reyivaL  The  peculiar  solemnity  of  the  place  he  could  not  resist.  Under  the  preach- 
ing of  the  simplest  and  most  direct  truth  on  the  need  of  personal  salvation,  he  was  con- 
vinced of  his  sins.  From  that  hour  his  sceptical  arguments  fell  dead.  He  sought  and 
found  peace  at  the  cross,  and  that  without  a  word  of  reply  to  his  old  views.  The 
second  case  followed  directly  and  immediately  from  the  first.  It  is  needful,  of  course, 
to  instruct  against  the  modem  infidelity;  but  are  not  the  most  convincing  answers 
fbmished  in  the  salvation  of  souls  by  a  power  which  errorists  cannot  deny  % 


42  The  CongregaitUnidl  Church  in  Wiutmimterj  VI.        [Jan. 


THE   CONGREGATIONAL  CHURCH  IN  WESTMINSTER, 

VERMONT : 

ITS  PASTORS  AND  NATIVE  MINISTERS. 

Tns  Congregational  Church  in  Westminster,  Vt^  was  orgaiuzed  11 
June,  1767.  Of  the  three  hundred  persons,  or  more,  who  then  constituted 
the  population  of  the  town,  onlj  nine  were  found  readj  to  be  constituted  a 
ehurch,  and,  singular  to  saj,  not  one  of  these  was  a  woman.  Among  the 
constituent  members  were  Ephraim  Rannej  and  John  Sessions,  who  were 
afterwards  (4  May,  1769)  elected  deacons,  and  who  held  that  office,  the 
former  for  thirty-three  years,  and  the  latter  for  nearly  fifty-three  years. 
The  memory  of  them  both  is  still  fragrant  in  the  church,  and  Deacon 
Ranney  has  special  claims  to  remembrance  as  the  ancestor  of  seven  preach- 
ers of  the  Gospel,  of  as  many  more  members  of  the  other  learned  profes- 
•ions,  and  of  numerous  deacons.  Among  the  constituent  members  was  also 
Jesse  Goodell,  who  on  the  same  day  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  little  flock. 
He  remained  in  the  pastorate  '^  between  two  and  three  years,**  during  which  * 
period  fifteen  persons  united  by  profession  and  sixteen  by  letter  or  by  cer-  ^ 
tificate,  increasing  the  number  of  members  to  forty,  an  equal  number  of 
whom  were  of  each  sex. 

In  1769  a  house  of  worship  was  raised,  and  during  that  year  and  the 
following  it  was  so  far  advanced  as  to  be  capable  of  occupancy.  The  pov« 
erty,  however,  of  the  people  disabled  them  from  completing  the  house  for 
nearly  thirty  years.  Fbr  several  years  the  body  of  the  house  was  not  di- 
vided into  pews,  but  was  furnished  with  long  seats,  holding  five  or  six  per- 
sons each.  From  time  to  time,  as  the  means  of  the  parish  allowed,  and 
oonvenience  required,  the  seats  were  replaced  by  pews  till  the  floor  was 
oovercd.  It  was  voted,  3  January,  1793,  ^to  make  two  pews,  one  each 
side  of  the  broad  alley  of  the  seats,"  and  to  rent  six  pews  which  had  pre- 
Tioui*ly  been  made.  At  the  same  time  it  was  voted  ^  to  give  Mr.  Jonathan 
Kittridgo  fifteen  shillings  in  cash,  to  sweep  the  meeting-house  and  take  care 
of  the  pall  and  keys  for  one  year,"  and  Lieutenant  Zachariah  Gilson  and 
Ensign  Asa  Averill  were  chosen  ^  to  take  care  and  clear  the  meeting-house 
of  dogs  on  the  Sabbath,  according  to  their  discretion."  It  does  not  appear 
when  the  \\ov»^  finally  assumed  the  condition  of  a  finished  structure,  with- 
in and  without*  but  it  could  not  have  been  far  from  1800. 

Aft«r  Mr.  Goodeirs  ministry  closed  there  was  no  settled  pastor,  and 
probably  no  stated  preaching,  for  about  five  years.  In  the  summer  of 
1774  the  Rev.  Joseph  BuUen  was  ordained  pastor,  and  sustained  that  re- 


L 


1869.]  It$  PaHari  and  Native  MinuUr%.  48 

latioo  about  eleven  jears,  during  which  period  fortjHSix  persons  were  added 
to  the  church.  After  his  dismisstal,  an  interregnum  of  nearly  five  years 
took  place,  during  which  there  were  several  candidates  for  settlement, 
whose  names  have  not  been  preserired.  Five  persons  only  were  added 
during  this  period.  The  church  and  parish  concurred  in  a  vote,  24  June, 
1790,  calling  Mr.  Sylvester  Sage  to  the  pastorate,  with  a  salary  of  one 
hundred  pounds,  lawful  money,  and  thirty  cords  of  good  firewood,  the 
money  part  of  the  salary  ''  to  be  paid  one  quarter  in  money,  and  the  resi- 
due in  wheat  at  five  shillings  per  bushel,  or  other  grain  equivalent."  This 
call  was  accepted,  and  the  ordination  took  place  18  October,  1790.  At 
that  time  the  church  consisted  of  thirty-two  male  and  thirty-seven  female 
members,  sixty-nine  in  all.  Considering  the  state  of  the  times,  and  the 
disadvantages  under  which  the  church  had  labored,  this  was  a  large  growth 
to  have  attained.  It  was  a  growth,  however,  which  was  the  result  rather 
of  immigration  and  addition  by  letter,  than  of  conversion  and  profession ; 
and  such  it  continued  to  be,  the  additions  by  profession  during  the  seven- 
teen years  of  Mr.  Sage*s  pastorate  averaging  only  three  a  year. 

In  1799  the  members  residing  in  the  West  Parish  requested  to  be  organ- 
ized as  a  separate  church;  and,  in  view  of  the  great  inconvenience  to 
which  they  were  subjected  in  attending  the  ordinances  of  the  Gospel,  their 
reasonable  request  was  granted.  This  movement  was  a  permanent  benefit 
to  the  cause  of  Christ,  as  well  as  to  the  persons  directly  concerned  in  it ; 
but  its  immediate  effects  upon  this  church  were  injurious.  The  removal 
of  thirty  or  more  members  not  only  weakened  the  church  numerically  and 
morally,  but  seriously  diminished  the  pecuniary  resources  upon  which  reli- 
ance could  be  placed  for  the  support  of  religious  institutions.  In  April, 
1805,  Mr.  Sage  requested  a  dismissal,  but  the  parish  unanimously  declined 
to  grant  it.  Two  years  aflerward  he  renewed  the  request ;  a  majority  of 
the  parish  voted  to  grant  it,  the  church  reluctantly  concurred,  and  he  was 
dismissed  19  May,  1807.  During  his  pastorate  ninety-five  persons  were 
.added  to  the  church,  of  whom  fifty-six  united  by  profession  and  thirty- 
nine  by  letter. 

Soon  after  Mr.  Sage's  dismissal  the  Rev.  Jason  Chamberlain,  afterward 
Professor  in  the  University  of  Vermont,  commenced  preaching  as  a  candi- 
date for  settlement,  and  supplied  the  pulpit  for  several  months.  In  1808 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Beardsley  preached  some  months  as  a  candidate.  Early  in 
May,  1809,  negotiations  were  commenced  with  Mr.  Sage  to  induce  him  to 
resume  the  pastorate ;  and  in  the  following  August  he  was  engaged  to  act 
as  pastor  for  the  term  of  ten  years,  his  salary  being  payable  half  in  cash 
and  half  in  grain  at  cash  price.  Without  the  formality  of  an  installation 
he  thus  entered  upon  a  pastorate  which  continued  for  twenty-nine  years. 
For  several   years  preceding  and  following  the  commencement  of  Mr. 


\ 


44  The  Congregational  Chareh  in  Weetmimter^  VI.        [Jan. 

Sage's  second  pastorate,  a  very  low  state  of  religion  prevailed,  and  it  was 
not  till  1810  that  anj  change  for  the  better  took  place.  This  had  its  ori- 
gin, so  far  as  means  were  concerned,  chiefly  in  the  earnest  and  diligent 
labors  of  a  young  man  who  united  with  the  church  in  January  of  that  year. 

It  would  seem  that  a  similar  awakening  occurred  in  1816,  but  no  fiicts 
in  regard  to  it  can  be  ascertained,  except  that  on  the  last  Sabbath  of  Octo- 
ber in  that  year  twelve  persons  united  with  the  church  by  profession.  In 
1825  more  than  usual  religious  interest  existed,  and  seventeen  persons 
united  with  the  church.  With  the  exception  of  these  two  seasons  of  awa« 
kening,  there  was  almost  nothing  in  the  history  of  the  church  from  1812 
to  1880  of  sufficient  importance  to  deserve  recording.  The  annual  addi- 
tions were  few,  and  were  near  y  or  quite  balanced  by  removals  and  deaths. 
It  was  not  until  1831  that  any  such  spiritual  blessings  were  received  as 
added  largely  to  the  church,  both  in  numbers  and  in  grace.  That  was  a 
year  of  revival  throughout  the  American  churches ;  the  year,  indeed,  in 
which  revivals  of  the  modem  type  were  first  experienced.  It  was  the  era 
of  protracted  meetings,  anxious-seats,  and  other  new  measures,  from  which 
new  and  large  results  were  obtained.  This  church,  not  without  some  mis- 
givings on  the  part  of  the  pastor  and  many  judicious  Christians,  adopted 
the  new  measures,  and  gained  by  them,  perhaps,  as  much  good  and  as  little 
harm  and  loss  as  it  was  reasonable  to  have  expected.  There  was  great 
excitement  both  in  the  church  and  out  of  it,  and  the  efiects  of  the  move- 
ment were  felt  for  several  years.  One  of  the  immediate  results  was  the 
addition  of  twenty-five  persons  to  the  church. 

This  revival  gave  origin  and  impulse  to  several  benevolent  and  reform- 
atory movements,  the  most  important  of  which  was  the  organization  of  a 
temperance  society  in  the  winter  of  1882-33.  It  soon  became  the  prac- 
tice of  the  church  not  to  receive  as  members  any  persons  whose  piety  was 
not  sufficient  to  restrain  them  from  the  use  of  .intoxicating  liquors  ;  and  in 
January,  1839,  it  was  declared  by  a  formal  vote,  ^that,  in  the  present  light 
of  the  temperance  reform,  and  of  Divine  Inspiration,  it  is  not  expedient  to 
receive  any  members  to  this  church  who  make,  vend,  or  use  distilled 
liquors  as  a  beverage.**  In  1842  another  step  in  advance  was  taken  by 
the  organization  of  a  society  which  interdicted  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors 
of  every  kind,  distilled  or  fermented. 

On  the  first  Sabbath  in  May,  1838,  the  Rev.  Seth  S.  Arnold  began  to 
labor  as  acting  pastor,  with  the  understanding  that  he  would  give  place  to 
an  acceptable  candidate  for  settlement,  whenever  such  a  one  should  appear. 
In  the  latter  part  of  November,  1838,  a  series  of  meetings  began  to  be  held 
in  the  afternoon  and  evening,  and  continued  two  weeks.  The  number  of 
hopeful  conversions  attributed  to  this  revival  was  between  sixty  and  seventy, 
and,  as  the  result  of  it,  forty-one  persons  united  with  the  church  in  18S9. 


f 

• 


1869.]  Jti  Pa%tor%  and  Native  MinUten.  45 

In  1839  a  call  was  given  to  Mr.  Calvin  R.  Batchelder,  with  an  offered 
salary  of  $  450,  which  he  accepted,  and  the  ordination  took  place  22  April, 
1840.  A  low  state  of  religion  prevailed  for  nearly  three  years,  but  in 
February,  1843,  an  interesting  work  of  grace  commenced,  and  continued  for 
some  weeks.  With  the  exception  of  an  inquiry-meeting  and  an  additional 
weekly  prajer-meeting,  none  but  the  usual  means  of  grace  were  employed, 
and  in  about  two  months  the  interest  entirely  subsided.  During  the  year 
seventeen  persons,  most  of  them  converts  in  this  awakening,  and  only  three 
of  them  men,  united  with  the  church.  After  a  ministry  of  about  five  jears 
Mr.  Batchelder  requested  a  dismissal,  and  was  dismissed  26  February,  1845. 

The  Revs.  S.  S.  Arnold  and  Isaac  Esty,  who  wiere  then  resident  members 
of  the  church,  were  engaged  to  supply  the  pulpit  on  alternate  Sabbaths, 
and  continued  so  to  do  till  March,  1846,  when  the  Rev.  William  H.  Gilbert 
became  a  candidate  for  settlement  He  soon  received  and  accepted  a 
unanimous  call  (with  a  salary  of  $450),  and  was  ordained  21  October, 
1846.  In  view  of  the  low  state  of  religion,  the  church  observed  a  special 
day  of  fasting  and  prajer  10  December,  1846,  but  without  any  marked  re- 
sults. For  some  jears  the  condition  of  the  church  was  improved  not  so 
much  by  the  addition  of  new  members  as  by  the  exclusion  of  members 
who  had  proved  themselves  unworthy.  These  proceedings  diminished  the 
membership  of  the  church,  but  added  materially  to  its  real  strength.  After 
a  pastorate  of  a  little  more  than  four  years  Mr.  Gilbert  requested  a  dis- 
missal, and  was  accordingly  dismissed  5  March,  1851. 

The  Rev.  J.  W.  Pierce  became  acting  pastor  soon  afler  Mr.  Gilbert's 
dismissal,  and  continued  to  sustain  that  relation  about  two  years.  He  was 
succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Isaac  Esty,  who  also  supplied  the  pulpit  two  jears 
(from  the  spring  of  1853  to  the  spring  of  1855).  The  Rev.  Edwin  Sea- 
bury  began  his  labors  as  acting  pastor  27  May,  1855,  and  closed  them  25 
April,  1858.  His  salary  was  six  hundred  dollars.  During  his  ministry 
the  present  parsonage  was  purchased  and  put  in  good  repair.  The  Rev. 
Harrison  G.  Park  began  to  supply  the  pulpit  9  May,  1858,  was  called  to 
the  pastorate  in  the  following  October,  with  a  salary  of  five  hundred  dollars 
(including  the  rent  of  the  parsonage  at  one  hundred  dollars),  was  installed, 
17  November,  1858,  and  was  dismissed  13  March,  1860.  For  fifteen  years 
the  membership  of  the  church  had  now  steadily  declined.  During  that 
period  only  thirty  persons  had  been  admitted,  and  half  of  these  were  by 
letter,  while  more  than  sixty  had  been  removed  by  death,  dismissal,  or  dis- 
cipline. The  tendency  was  downward,  and  that  at  a  rate  of  progress 
which  threatened  speedy  extinction. 

The  ministry  of  the  Rev.  Andrew  B.  Foster,  which  commenced  1  July, 
1860,  was  the  means  of  arresj^g  and  reversing  this  downward  current. 
In  the  summer  of  1861  an  unusual  degree  of  religious  interest  manifested 


46  The  Congregational  Church  in  Westmimterj  VU        [Jan. 

itself,  principally  among  tlie  joung.  As  the  result  of  it,  twentj-four  addi- 
tions to  the  church  took  place.  Mr.  Foster's  ministry  was  closed  26  April, 
1863,  after  which  the  palpit  was  supj^ied  several  months  by  the  Rev. 
Selah  R.  Arms.  In  August,  1864,  the  Rev.  Frands  J.  Fairbanks  was 
called  to  the  pastorate.  He  was  ordained  81  August,  1864,  and  still  re- 
mains the  pastor. 

m 

**  The  Western  Church  of  Westminster  "  was  organized  81  October,  1799. 
In  the  following  December. the  Rev.  Reuben  Emerson  was  called  to  the 
pastorate,  with  a  salary  of  £  100,  payable  half  in  cash  and  half  in  produce 
at  cash  prices.  He  was  ordained  18  February,  1800,  and  after  a  pastorate 
of  little  more  than  four  years,  was  dismissed  9  March,  1804.  The  Rev. 
Joseph  Brown  then  supplied  the  pulpit  for  nearly  two  years.  In  Novem- 
ber, 1806,  the  Rev.  Timothy  Field  was  called  to  the  pastorate.  He  was 
installed  20  January,  1807 ;  continued  in  the  active  duties  of  the  office 
twenty-eight  years,  and  was  dismissed  31  March,  1835.  To  him  more  than 
to  any  other  man  is  the  parish  indebted  for  its  civil  and  religions  character. 
At  the  commencemept  of  his  ministry  the  church  numbered  only  fifty-six 
members.  In  1816  a  revival  occurred,  as  the  result  of  which  sixty-seven 
persons  united  with  the  church  at  one  time,  and  twenty  at  another.  In 
1824  another  general  revival  took  place,  and  ninety-three  were  added  to 
the  church  at  one  time.  Yet  a  third  revival  in  1831  resulted  in  thirty- 
three  additions. 

During  most  of  Mr.  Field's  pastorate  the  church  occupied  a  house  of 
worship  which  had  been  built  before  the  church  was  organized.  The  time 
of  the  building  of  it  is  not  known.  It  was  in  existence  in  1792,  and  open 
for  meetings,  but  in  an  unfinished  state.  ^  It  was  a  high  two-story  building, 
fronting  the  east ;  a  front  door,  and  one  on  each  side.  It  was  painted 
white,  without  a  steeple  or  a  cupola  even,  square  pews  with  high  backs, 
gallery  on  three  side.-^,  filled  with  young  folks  every  Sabbath,  closely 
watched  by  a  man  appointed  for  the  purpose,  —  a  moderately  high  pulpit, 
a  deacons'  seat  in  front  of  it,  of  which  tlie  old  people  of  to-day  can  hardly 
speak  without  uncovering  their  head^:*,  so  impressed  were  their  early  minds 
with  the  solemn  sight  of  the  two  old  deacons  filling  their  places  every 
Sabbath,  *rain  or  shine.'"  This  house  was  destroyed  by  fire  on  Sunday 
evening,  11  January,  1829. 

Mr.  Field  was  succeeded  by  tlie  Rev.  Preston  Taylor,  who  was  pw^tor 
little  more  than  a  year  and  a  half.  Early  in  1838  the  Rev.  Jubilee  Well- 
man  became  pastor,  and  continued  four  years,  during  which  time  twenty- 
six  were  added  by  profession.  In  April,  1842,  the  Rev.  Alfred  Stevens 
began  to  supply  the  pulpit ;  early  in  1843  he  was  ordained  pastor,  and  he 
has  sustained  that  relation  till  the  present  tj^me.  In  1867-68  a  powerful 
revival  took  place,  meetings  were  held  for  nearly  forty  successive  evenings, 
and  fifty  or  more  conversions  occurred. 


1869.]  Ji$  Paitar$  and  Native  Mim$ter$.  4T 

PA8TOR8. 

1*  The  ReT*  Jbsse  Goodell  was  brought  up  in  Abuigton,  Cmm.,  was 
gmdoated  at  Yale  in  1761^  and  was  licensed  by  the  Hartford  NOTth  Asso* 
dation,  4  Oetober,  17C3.  AAer  leaving  Westminster  he  was  in  the 
Reyolationarj  Armj,  but  in  what  capacitj  is  not  known*  He  died  ki 
1779. 

2.  The  Rev.  Joseph  Bullen  was  bom  in  Sutton,  Mass^i,  and  was  grad<» 
nated  at  Tale  in  1772.  He  married  Hannah  Morse,  a  kinswoman  of  the 
inventor  of  the  telegraph.  His  ordination  at  Westminster  took  place  6  July, 
1774.  He  was  a  man  of  learning,  talent,  and  piety,  a  fine  writer,  and  a 
clear,  sensible,  and  instructive,  though  not  eloquent  preacher.  His  useful* 
nesa,  while  in  Westminster,  was  much  impaired  by  his  devotion  to  money- 
getting.  He  kept  a  store,  manufactured  potash,  speculated  in  land,  and 
was  ocmsidered  quite  shrewd  enough  at  a  bargain.  Having  acquired  a 
large  quantity  of  wild  land  in  Athens,  he  removed  there  in  1785,  or  soon 
after ;  the  relation  between  him  and  the  church  being  informally  dissolved 
by  his  asking  a  dismission,  the  church  granting  it,  and  his  certifying  io 
writing,  2fi,  September,  1785,  that  he  accepted  the  dismission,  and  re- 
leased  the  church  from  all  obligations  to  him.  In  1788  and  1791  he  was 
the  representative  of  Athens  in  the  legislature  of  YermonL  For  several 
years  he  preached  in  that  town  with  little  or  no  compensation,  and  in  179Y 
his  labors  resulted  in  the  organization  of  a  Congregational  Church,  of 
which  he  and  his  wife  were  two  of  the  eleven  constituent  members. 

Soon  after  that  he  was  appointed  by  the  New  York  Missionary  Society 
a  missionary  to  the  Chickasaw  Indians,  among  whom  he  established  a  mis* 
sion  near  where  the  town  of  Pontotoc,  Miss.,  is  located.  In  1803  he  set* 
tied  near  Uniontown,  Miss.,  and  there  organized  a  Presbyterian  Church,  — 
the  first  Protestant  Church  in  that  State.  There  and  in  that  vicinity  he 
labored  for  about  twenty  years,  preaching  the  Gospel  and  establiahing 
churches.  Like  Paul  at  Corinth,  he,  for  the  mo^^t  part,  ^  made  the  Gospel 
of  Clirist  without  charge,"  his  salary  for  preaching  half  the  time  to  the 
church  near  which  he  lived  being  only  fifty-five  dollars  annually ;  in  view 
of  which,  it  may  well  be  questioned  whether  his  shrewdness  at  a  bargain 
ought  not  to  be  regarded  with  a  good  degree  of  charity.  Having  labored 
in  the  ministry  more  than  fitly  years,  he  died  at  an  advanced  age  in  1825. 
He  was  the  first  Protestant  minister  who  settled  permanently  in  Missis- 
sippi, and  the  first  Moderator  of  the  Presbytery  of  that  State.  His  only 
publication  was  a  sermon  preached  before  the  General  Assembly  of  Ver- 
mont in  1783. 

3.  The  Rev.  Stlyester  Saqb  was  bom  in  Berlin,  Conn.,  24  January, 
1765,  a  son  of  Deacon  Jedediah  and  Sarah  (Marcy)  Sage.     He  was  grad- 


48  The  Ciyngregciumal  Churdi  in  Westmimtery  VI.        [Jan. 

uated  at  Yale  College  in  1787,  studied  theology  with  the  Bey.  Cyprian 
Strong,  D.  D.,  of  Chatham,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Hartford  Sooth  Asso- 
ciation in  June,  1788.  In  1790  he  preached  in  Shelbume,  Mass.,  as  a  can- 
didate for  settlement,  and  on  the  question  of  giving  him  a  call  the  church 
was  equally  divided;  twenty-two  voting  for  the  call  and  twenty-two 
against  it.  From  Shelbume  he  went  directly  to  Westminster.  He  mar- 
ried, 20  January,  1791,  Orpah  Robinson,  of  Granville,  Mass.,  of  whom, 
however,  he  was  deprived  by  death,  18  February,  1792 ;  and  he  married, 
as  a  second  wife,  7  January,  1793,  Clarissa  May,  youngest  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  Eleazer  May,  of  Haddam,  Conn.  After  his  dismissal  from  West- 
minster he  went  to  Braintree,  Mass.,  and  was  there  installed  as  colleague 
with  the  Rev.  Ezra  Weld,  4  November,  1807.  The  Rev.  Hezekiah  May, 
of  Marblehead,  preached  the  sermon.  The  climate  of  the  seaboard  prov- 
ing unfavorable  to  Mrs.  Sage's  health,  he  resigned  the  pastorate,  and  was 
dismissed  4  May,  1809.  His  ministry  there  had  continued  a  year  and  a 
half  to  a  day,  and  his  farewell  sermon  was  from  the  appropriate  text; 
**  And  he  continued  there  a  year  and  six  months,  teaching  the  word  of  Grod 
among  them"  (Acts  xviii.  11).  From  Braintree  he  returned  to  West- 
minster, and  there  he  remained  till  his  death,  which  took  place  21  Janu- 
ary, 1841. 

When  in  the  prime  of  life  Mr.  Sage  was  a  man  of  mark.  His  personal 
appearance  was  prepossessing  to  an  unusual  degree.  Indeed,  he  was  a 
model  of  manly  beauty.  He  had  ah  almost  perfect  form,  of  furll  size,  erect 
and  symmetrical,  and  his  movements  were  at  once  graceful  and  dignified. 
His  features  were  regular,  and  the  expression  which  habitually  rested  upon 
them  was  that  of  kindness  and  benignity.  It  was  said  of  him  by  one  of 
his  ministerial  brethren,  *^  If  the  epithet  handsome  were  allowable  to  be 
applied  to  men,  no  one  deserved  it  more  than  Mr.  Sage."  He  was  yery 
neat  in  person,  and  tasteful  in  dress,  and  in  everything  that  relates  to  ap- 
pearance he  was  absolutely  faultless.  He  possessed  fine  social  qualities, 
and  in  conversation  was  easy,  agreeable,  and  familiar,  indulging  occasion- 
ally in  innocent  pleasantry,  but  always  preserving  the  quiet  dignity  becom- 
ing the  position  which  he  occupied.  In  the  fullest  sense  of  the  word,  he 
was  a  Christian  gentleman. 

Intellectually  he  held  a  good  standing.  His  mind,  like  his  body,  was 
sound  and  well  balanced.  If  he  was  not  so  acutely  metaphysical  or  so  pro- 
foundly logical  as  some  of  his  neighbors  in  the  ministry,  he  had  a  clearness 
of  perception  of  Divine  truth,  and  an  ability  to  make  that  truth  plain  to 
others,  in  which  he  was  not  surpassed,  if  indeed  he  was  equalled,  by  any  of 
them.  In  the  pulpit  his  appearance  was  commanding.  His  enunciation 
was  deliberate  and  distinct,  his  manner  solemn  and  impressive.  His  ser- 
mons were  distinguished  for  clear  statement,  sound  thought,  orderly 


1869.]  Ms  Pastors  and  Native  Ministers.  49 

raogement,  purity  of  language,  and  neatness  of  style.    In  doctrine  he  was 

strictly  evangelical.     He  answered  to  the  letter  Cowper's  description  of  a 

preacher,  such  as  Paul,  were  he  on  earth,  would  hear,  approve,  and 

own: — 

"  Simple,  grave,  sincere ; 
In  doctrine  ancorrupt,  in  language  plain, 
And  plain  in  manner,  decent,  solemn,  chaste. 
And  natural  in  gesture ;  much  impressed 
Himself,  as  conscious  of  his  awful  charge, 
And  anxious  mainly  that  the  flock  he  feeds 
May  feel  it  too ;  affectionate  in  looks, 
And  tender  in  address,  as  well  becomes 
A  messenger  of  grace  to  guilty  men." 

Mr.  Sage's  reputation  as  a  preacher  was  such  that  he  was  frequently  in- 
vited to  preach  on  special  occasions.  In  1803  he  preached  the  ^  election 
sermon  **  before  the  Governor  and  Legislature  of  Vermont.  He  preached 
at  the  installation  of  the  Rev.  Jesse  Townshend  at  Durham,  N.  Y.,  in  1798, 
and  at  the  ordinations  of  the  Rev.  William  Hall,  at  Grafton,  Yt,  and  the 
Rev.  Ephi-aim  H.  Newton,  at  Marlboro',  in  1814 ;  of  the  Rev.  Seth  S. 
Arnold,  at  Alstead,  N.  H.,  in  1816;  of  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Nye,  at  Glare- 
mont,  in  1821 ;  and,  doubtless,  on  other  similar  occasions.  His  farewell 
aermon  at  Braintree,  his  election  sermon,  and  his  sermon  at  the  installation 
of  the  Rev.  Jesse  Townshend,  were  given  to  the  press. 

4.  The  Rev.  Galvin  Reddinoton  Batghblder,  son  of  Zechariah  and 
Mary  (Knowlton)  Batchelder,  was  born  in  Wendell  (now  Sunapee),  N.  H., 
9  August,  1813.  Without  taking  a  collegiate  course,  he  pursued  classical 
and  theological  studies  at  Bangor  Theological  Seminary,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1838.  He  was  a  sound  scholar,  a  faithful  pastor,  and  a  good 
sermonizer.  After  his  dismissal  from  Westminster  he  entered  the  ministry 
of  the  Episcopal  Church.  From  1847  to  1859  he  was  rector  of  St.  John's 
Church,  Highgate,  during  a  part  of  which  time  he  also  taught  a  family 
school  for  boys.  He  was  rector  of  Zion  Church,  Manchester,  from  the  fall 
of  1859  to  the  fall  of  1864,  and  since  the  last  date  has  been  rector  succes- 
sively at  Bellows  Falls  and  Bethel.  One  of  his  sons,  James  £.  Batchelder, 
was  a  soldier  in  the  Fifth  Vermont  Regiment,  and  was  graduated  at  West. 
Point  in  1868. 

5.  The  Rev.  William  Hinman  Gilbert,  son  of  Ezra  and  Rebecca 
(Minor)  Gilbert,  was  bom  in  Weston  (now  Easton),  Conn.,  12  February,. 
1817,  was  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1841,  studied  theology  one  year  at 
Andover,  and  two  years  at  New  Haven  Theological  Seminary,  at  which  last 
he  was  graduated  in  1845.  From  1  April,  1845,  to  1  March,  1846,  he  was 
acting  pastor  of  the  First  Congregational  Church  in  Haddam,  Conn.  After 
his  dismissal  from  Westminster,  he  spent  a  few  months  at  Andover,  pursuing 

NEW  SERIES.  —  VOL.  I.   NO.  1.  4 


60  The  Congregational  Church  in  Westminster^  VI.        [Jan. 

liis  studies.  He  was  installed  3  December,  1851,  pastor  in  Ashfield,  Mass. 
The  Rev.  Geoi'ge  H.  Richards  of  Boston  preached  the  sermon.  He  was 
dismissed  27  August,  1855,  and  was  installed  in  Granbj,  Conn.,  2  July, 
1856.  Tlie  Rev.  Jairus  Burt  of  Canton  preached  the  sermon.  He  closed 
his  labors  in  Granby,  24  September,  1864,  to  go  into  the  service  of  the 
Christian  Commission  and  the  American  Bible  Society  among  the  soldiers, 
and  continued  in  that  service  till  the  close  of  the  war.  He  was  dismissed 
1  October,  1865,  and  within  a  few  weeks  was  appointed  agent  of  the  Ver- 
mont Bible  Society,  in  which  service  he  still  remains. 

His  published  works  are  a  Farewell  Discourse  in  Ashfield,  1855  ;  a 
Statement  of  Facts  pertaining  to  the  Division  of  the  Congregational  Church 
in  Ashfield,  1855  ;  and  a  Manual  of  the  Congregational  Church  in 
Granby. 

6.  The  Rev.  Harrison  Greenough  Park,  son  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Calvin 
and  Abigail  (Ware)  Park,  was  bom  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  28  July,  1806,  was 
graduated  at  Brown  University  in  1824,  and  studied  theology  at  Princeton 
and  with  the  Rev.  B.  B.  Wisner,  d.  d.,  of  Boston.  He  also  studied  law 
three  years  with  Bradford  Summer,  Esq.,  of  Boston  and  Hon.  J.  Fisk  of 
Wrentham.  He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  in 
South  Dedham,  Mass.,  16  December,  1829.  The  Rev.  Calvin  Park,  D.  D., 
preached  the  sermon.  He  was  dismissed  in  1835,  and  was  installed  in 
Danvers,  1  February,  1837.  The  Rev.  Alvin  Burgess,  d.  d.,  of  Dedham 
preached  the  sermon.  Afler  a  short  pastorate  he  was  dismissed,  and  was 
then  employed  as  travelling  agent  of  the  Mother*s  Magazine,  and  in  the 
publication  and  editorship  of  the  Father*s  and  Mother's  Manual.  He  was 
installed  in  Burlington,  Mass.,  15  November,  1849,  Rev.  R.  S.  Storrs,  d.  d.« 
of  Braintree  preaching  the  sermon,  and  was  dismissed  in  1851.  He  was 
installed  in  Bernardston,  16  August,  1854,  Rev.  L.  L.  Langstroth  of  Green- 
field preaching  the  sermon,  and  was  dismissed  in  1858.  Since  his  dismis- 
sal from  Westminster  he  has  not  been  again  settled  in  the  ministry,  but 
has  preached  in  several  places  in  New  Hampshire. 

His  publications  are  a  Memorial  Sermon  of  the  Rev.  George  Cowles, 
1837 ;  a  Voice  from  the  Parsonage,  or  Life  in  the  Ministry  ;  a  volume 
of  Sliady  Side  Literature,  1854  ;  and  the  Shortened  Bed,  a  sermon  preached 
at  Saxton's  River,  1859. 

7.  The  Rev.  Francis  Joel  Fairbanks,  son  of  Emery  and  Eunice  (Hay- 
ward)  Fairbanks,  was  bom  in  Ashburnham,  Mass.,  8  September,  1835,  and 
was  graduated  at  Amherst  College  in  1862.  He  studied  theology  one  year 
at  Princeton  and  another  at  Union  Theological  Seminary,  at  which  last  be 
was  graduated  in  1864.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Worcester  North  Associa- 
tion 28  April,  1863.  His  sermon  on  the  National  Thanksgiving  of  1864 
was  published  in  the  Bellows  Falls  Times. 


1S69.]  It9  Paitors  and  Native  Ministers.  61 

PASTORS    OF  THB   WEST   CHURCH. 

1.  The  Rev.  Reuben  Emerson,  one  of  three  sons  of  John  and  Cath- 
erine (Eaton)  Emerson,  who  were  ministers,  was  bom  in  Ashby,  Mass.,  12 
August,  1771,  and  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1798.  He  studied 
theologj  with  the  Rev.  Reed  Paige  of  Hancock,  N.  H.,  and  the  Rev. 
Stephen  Farrar  of  New  Ipswich,  and  was  ordained  at  Westminster  West, 
18  February,  1800.  The  Rev.  Reed  Paige  preached  the  sermon.  He 
was  dismissed  9  March,  1804  ;  and  was  in.<talled  29  March,  1804,  at  South 
Reading  (now  Wakefield),  Mass.  In  that  [>astorate  he  continued  fifty- 
six  years,  though  about  seven  years  before  his  death  he  was  relieved  from 
the  responsibility  of  the  pastorate  by  the  settlement  of  a  colleague.  His 
death,  which  was  occasioned  by  disease  of  the  heart  and  dropsical  effusion, 
took  place  11  March,  1860. 

He  was  a  studious  man,  a  thorough  classical  scholar,  and  well  read  ia 
general  literature.  He  was  withal,  very  determined,  and  did  not  swerve 
to  the  right  hand  or  to  the  left  to  please  men.  His  appearance  in  the  pulpit 
was  commanding,  his  voice  was  good,  and  his  sermons  were  strong,  logical, 
terse,  and  pointed.  Sometimes  his  sermons  approached  to  personality, 
especially  when  anything  occurred  in  the  parish  to  affect  himself.  Wliile 
be  was  pastor  at  Westminster,  his  firewood,  which  the  parish  had  agreed  to 
fumi>h,  failed  one  cold  week.  The  next  Sabbath  his  people  heard  a  ser- 
mon from  the  text,  **  Where  no  wood  is,  the  fire  goeih  out,**  which  con- 
vinced them  that  the  fire  in  him  had  by  no  means  gone  out.  His  sermon 
warmed  the  parish  so  well  that  his  supply  of  wood  was  amply  replenished 
the  very  next  day.  lie  once  loaned  his  carriage  to  a  neighbor,  who  re- 
turned it  in  a  damaged  condition.  This  occasioned  a  sermon  from  the  text : 
**  Ala5«,  master,  for  it  was  borrowed."  Ilis  only  publication  (known  to  the 
writer)  was  "  Lectures  on  the  Divine  Inspiration  of  the  Bible."  (12mo, 
pp.  146.    1835.)     It  passed  to  a  second  edition. 

In  April,  1800,  he  married  Persis  Hurdy  of  Bradford,  Mass.,  by  whom 
he  had  ^ve  children.  One  of  them,  Charles  Milton,  was  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  in  1820,  and  is  a  lawyer  in  New  Orleans. 

2.  The  Rev.  Timothy  Fikld  was  born  in  East  Guilford  (now  Madi- 
son), Conn.,  28  September,  1775,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1797.  He 
Ftudied  theology  with  the  Rev.  Timothy  Dwight,  d.d.  ;  was  licensed  at 
Madison,  28  May,  1790,  by  the  New  Haven  East  Association ;  and  imme- 
diately went  to  Canaiidaigua,  N.  Y.,  a5  a  candidate  for  settlement.  He 
was  ordained  27  February,  1800,  pa>:tor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  It 
was  the  first  ordination,  either  Presbyterian  or  Congregational,  in  the 
Genessee  region.  From  his  pastorate  in  Canandaigua  he  was  dismissed 
in  June,  1805.    Removing  his  family  back  to  Madison,  he  travelled  through 


62  The  Conffregatianal  Church  in  Westminaterj  Vt        [Jan. 

the  eastern  part  of  New  England,  preaching  in  various  places.  He  was 
installed  at  Westminster  West,  80  January,  1807.  The  Rev.  Roswell 
Shurtliff  of  Hanover,  N.  H.,  preached  the  sermon.  His  pastorate  closed, 
practically,  with  the  year  1834,  but  he  was  not  formally  dismissed  till  31 
March,  1835.  In  the  winter  of  1843-44  he  was  attacked  with  a  disease 
of  the  brain,  which  deprived  him  of  his  reason.  He  was  conveyed  to  the 
asylum  for  the  insane  at  Brattleboro',  and  there  died,  22  February,  1844. 

Mr.  Field  was  a  man  of  noble  form,  quick  in  his  movements  and  his 
thoughts,  and  of  much  more  than  average  ability  and  scholarship.  He 
was  quick  and  frequent  with  jokes,  and  could  be  terribly  sarcastic  if  occa- 
sion required.  To  a  young  minister  who  was  talking  to  him  about  ser- 
mons, and  the  reasons  why  they  were  not  more  effective,  he  dryly  said,  ^  It 
would  not  be  much  credit  to  the  Lord  to  convert  sinners  under  such  big 
sermons  as  the  young  ministers  try  to  preach."  He  was  a  stanch  Whig, 
and  always  preached  and  voted  as  he  believed.  A  parishioner  objected  to 
his  voting,  for  the  reason  that  he  was  a  minister  of  Christ,  ^^  whose  king- 
dom is  not  of  this  world."  "  Are  you,  then,  who  belong  to  the  Devil's 
kingdom,  the  only  legal  voters  ?  "  was  the  prompt  reply.  His  successor  in 
the  pastorate  had  become  involved  in.  a  neighborhood  quarrel  and  in  a  law- 
suit, occasioned  by  the  violent  death  of  a  dog.  While  this  was  pending, 
the  pastor  stepped  in  to  talk  upon  theology  with  Mr.  Field,  and,  in  the 
course  of  the  conversation,  asked  him  to  suggest  a  text  for  the  next  Sab- 
bath's sermon.  "  Beware  of  dogs ! "  shot  swift  and  sharp  from  Mr.  Field's 
lips.  Mr.  Field's  wife,  in  her  old  age,  was  tainted  with  Perfectionism,  and 
annoyed  him  greatly  with  tracts  and  newspapers  on  that  subject.  She 
once  came  to  him,  complaining  that  no  scarecrow  which  she  could  devise 
would  keep  the  birds  away  from  her  cherries,  and  asking  him  to  recom- 
mend something.  **  Try  them  with  one  of  your  Perfectionist  newspapers  ** 
was  the  answer. 

3.  The  Rev.  Preston  Taylor,  son  of  Stephen  and  Amy  (Maynard) 
Taylor,  was  bom  in  Ashfield,  Mass.,  28  November,  1793.  In  1815  he  mar- 
ried, and  removed  to  Goshen.  Without  obtaining  a  collegiate  education,  he 
studied  theology  with  the  Rev.  Walter  Chapin  of  Woodstock,  Vt,  and  the 
Rev.  Rufus  Nutting  of  Randolph,  and  was  licensed  8  February,  1825, 
by  the  Royalton  Association.  He  preached  at  Bridgewater  five  years, 
1825-30,  and  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  8  February,  1826,  at  Barnard. 
The  Rev.  Ammi  Nichols  preached  the  sermon.  He  was  installed  pastor 
at  Barnard,  3  November,  1830.  The  Rev.  Thomas  Shepard  preached  the 
sermon.  He  was  dismissed  4  November,  1834 ;  and  was  installed  31  March, 
1835,  at  Westminster  West  The  Rev.  Charles  Walker  preached  the  ser- 
mon. He  was  dismissed  9  November,  1836.  His  next  settlement  was  at 
Strafford,  where  he  was  installed  11  January,  1837,  the  Rev.  Phineas 


1869.]  Its  Pastors  and  Native  Minisiers.  68 

Cooke  preaching  the  sermon,  and  was  dismissed  20  November,  1838.  He 
was  installed  in  Waitsfield,  23  January,  1839,  the  Rev.  John  Wheeler,  d.d., 
preaching  the  sermon,  and  was  dismissed  10  August,  1842.  He  was  act- 
ing pastor  at  East  Berkshire  three  years,  and  at  Sheldon  from  1845  to 
December,  1854.  In  1850  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  m.  a. 
from  Middlebury.  He  was  a  judge  of  Franklin  County  Court  two  years, 
1852  -  54.  Early  in  1855  he  removed  to  Parma,  Mich.,  lived  there  a  year, 
then  two  years  at  Cooper,  and  then  took  up  his  residence  at  Schoolcraft. 
In  1861  he  retired  from  active  labor  in  the  ministry.  He  still  lives  at 
Schoolcrafl,  and  is  the  postmaster  there. 

4.  The  Rev.  Jubilee  Wellman  was  bom  20  February,  1793,  in  that 
part  of  Greenfield,  Mass.,  which  is  now  Gill.  Without  going  through  a  col- 
legiate course,  he  studied  theology  at  Bangor,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1823.  He  was  ordained  pastor  at  Frankfort,  Me.,  17  September,  1824. 
The  Rev.  Bancroft  Fowler  preached  the  sermon.  He  was  dismissed  3  Jan- 
uary, 1826,  and  in  January,  1827,  he  began  to  supply  the  pulpit  in  War- 
ner, N.  H.  A  revival  soon  commenced,  and  twenty-nine  persons  were 
added  to  the  church.  He  was  installed  26  September,  1827,  The  Rev. 
Samuel  Wood,  d.d.,  of  Boscawen,  preached  the  sermon.  In  1831  another 
revival  occurred,  and  forty-eight  were  added.  He  was  dismissed  15  Feb- 
ruary, 1837. 

He  preached  at  Bristol,  Hookselt,  and  Meredith  Bridge,  a  few  months 
in  each  place.  He  was  installed  at  Westminster  West,  7  March,  1838. 
The  Rev.  Z.  G.  Barstow,  d.d.,  preached  the  sermon.  He  was  dismissed 
5  January,  1842,  and  then  preached  two  years  alternately  at  Plymouth  and 
Cavendish,  after  which  he  preached  five  years  at  Cavendish  alone.  From 
Cavendish  he  went  to  Lowell,  where  he  was  installed  17  October,  1840. 
The  Rev.  Joseph  Underwood  preached  the  sermon.  In  the  Lowell  pas- 
torate he  continued  till  his  death,  which  took  place  18  March,  1855. 

As  a  preacher  Mr.  Wellman  was  always  acceptable  and  instructive, 
sometimes  earnest  and  impressive,  and  occasionally  even  eloquent.  He 
could  be  plain  and  pointed,  without  being  personal  or  giving  ofience.  His 
prayers  were  appropriate,  never  tedious,  and  often  accompanied  by  tears. 
He  was  dignified  and  gentlemanly  in  appearance,  but  readily  adapted  him- 
self to  all  his  parishioners,  however  humble.  His  people  both  loved  and 
reverenced  him, 

5.  The  Rev.  Alfred  Stevens,  son  of  Nehemiah  and  Deborah  (Goodell) 
Stevens,  was  born  30  July,  1810,  at  Waterford,  Vt.  He  fitted  for  college 
at  Kimball  Union  and  Peacham  academics,  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
in  1839,  and  at  Andover  in  1842  ;  and  was  licensed  12  April,  1842,  by  the 
Andover  Association.  He  was  ordained  23  February,  1843,  at  Westmin- 
ster West  The  Rev.  Amos  Foster  preached  the  sermon.  In  this  pastor- 
ate he  still  remains.    Two  or  three  of  his  sermons  have  been  published. 


64  The  CongregatioTud  Chwrch  in  Westminster^  VI.       [Jan. 

He  married  (1),  11  August,  1844,  Eliza  Farrar  of  Troy;  (2)  23  June, 
18^6,  Marj  Ann  Arnold  of  Westminster;  (3)  25  August,  Harriet  N. 
Wood  of  Millburj,  Mass. 

NATIVE   MINISTERS. 

1.  The  Hev.  Joel  Rannet  Arnold,  son  of  Seth  and  Esther  (Rannej) 
Arnold,  was  bom  25  April,  1794.  His  father  was  a  soldier  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary War  nearly  three  years,  made  a  profession  of  religion  at  the  age 
of  eighty-nine,  and  lived  to  be  nearly  one  hundred  and  two  years  old.  He 
received  a  good  academical  and  a  partial  collegiate  education,  studied  med- 
icine and  practised  it  about  a  year,  then  studied  theology  at  Alstead,  N.  H., 
with  his  brother,  the  Rev.  Seth  S.  Arnold,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Monad- 
nock  Association  in  1818. 

He  was  ordained  in  Chester,  N.  H.,  8  March,  1820.  The  Rev.  S.  S. 
Arnold  preached  the  sermon.  He  had  a  very  successful  ministry  at  Ches- 
ter. Revivals  occurred,  and  one  hundred  and  ten  persons  were  added  to 
the  Church.  In  1824  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  M.  A.  from 
Middlebury  and  also  from  Dartmouth.  He  was  dismissed  31  March,  1830, 
and  from  May  to  December  of  that  year  he  preached  at  Winchester.  He 
was  installed  at  Waterbury,  Conn.,  26  January,  1831.  The  Rev.  Leonard 
Bacon,  d.  d.,  preached  the  sermon.  From  this  pastorate  he  was  dismissed 
7  June,  1836,  and  he  was  installed  15  June,  1836,  at  Colchester.  The 
Rev.  Laurens  P.  Hickuk,  d.  d.,  preached  the  sermon.  Here,  too,  he  had  a 
successful  ministry.  The  largest  number  admitted  to  the  church  in  any 
one  year  of  its  existence  was  in  1839.  He  was  dismissed  17  July,  1849, 
and  then  spent  a  year  or  two  at  his  native  place,  during  which  tj/ne  he  was 
instrumental  in  the  organization  of  a  church  at  Bellows  Falls,  Vt,  to 
which  he  preached  a  considerable  time  without  compensation.  From  Sep- 
tember, 1851,  to  December,  1853,  he  was  acting  pastor  at  Middlebury, 
Conn.  In  December,  1854,  he  was  installed  over  the  South  Chprch  at 
Coventry.  The  Rev.  Anson  S.  Atwood  preached  the  sermon.  His  en- 
gagement was  for  five  years,  but  he  supplied  the  pulpit  till  April,  1860, 
and  was  not  formally  dismissed  till  10  September,  1862.  For  a  year, 
1860-61,  he  supplied  the  pulpit  in  Yassalboro*,  Me.,  and  then  went  to 
Chestier,  -N.  H.,  where  he  resided,  without  charge,  till  his  death,  which  took 
place  4  July,  1865. 

His  published  writings  were  an  Address  at  the  Opening  of  a  Cemetery 
at  Colchester ;  Strictures  on  a  Sermon  preached  in  Chester,  on  ^*  Revivals 
of  Religion  in  Jerusalem";  a  Sermon  on  Chance  and  its  Design;  and 
two  articles  in  the  "  New-Englander." 

2.  The  Rev.  Seth  Shalee  Arnold,  son  of  Seth  and  Esther  (Ranney) 
Arnoldi  was  born  22  February,  1788,  and  was  graduated  at  Middlebury  in 


1869.]  It$  Pastors  and  Native  Ministers,  65 

1814.  After  graduation  be  taught  a  select  school  at  Bladensburg,  Md., 
for  a  year,  with  the  exception  of  the  months  of  Julj  and  August,  18 13, 
daring  which  he  was  first  sergeant  of  a  company  of  volunteers  for  the 
defence  of  Annapolis.  While  teaching  at  Bladensburg,  he  commenced 
the  study  of  theology  with  the  Rev.  J.  Breckenridge  of  Washington,  D.  C. ; 
and  upon  returning  to  Westminster,  in  February,  1814,  continued  the 
study  with  the  Rev,  Sylvester  Sage,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Windham 
Association,  27  September,  1814. 

During  the  following  winter  and  spring  he  preached  four  months  in  Mas- 
Bachnsetts.  On  the  first  Sabbath  in  May,  1815,  he  commenced  preaching 
in  Alstead,  N.  H.,  and  was  ther§  ordained  pastor  of  the  Congregational 
Qinrcfa,  17  January,  1816.  The  Rev.  Sylvester  Sage  preached  the  ser- 
mon. In  1815,  1819,  and  1826  revivals  occurred  in  connection  with  his 
preaching.  He  was  dismissed  23  April,  1834.  Prior  to  his  dismissal  he 
had  commenced  preaching  at  Gilsom,  N.  H.,  and  was  the  acting  pastor 
there  about  two  years.  He  then  removed  to  Westminster,  Vt.,  and  sup- 
plied the  pulpit  at  Walpole,  N.  H.,  nearly  two  years,  and  the  pulpit  in 
Westminster  about  the  same  length  of  time.  A  powerful  revival  occurred 
in  Westminster,  and  fifty-five  were  added  to  the  church.  He  was  acting 
pastor,  for  shorter  or  longer  terms,  successively,  in  Newfane,  Wardsboro*, 
Saxton's  River,  Westminster  West,  Springfield,  and  Cavendish  (all  in 
Vermont),  and  Troy,  Westmoreland,  Langjlon,  Charleston,  Unity,  Lcmp- 
ster,  and  Alstead  (all  in  New  Hampshire).  He  preached  in  West  Halifax, 
Vt,  from  10  October,  1852,  to  30  March,  1856;  in  Roxbury,  N.  H.,  from 
June,  1850,  for  the  term  of  two  years;  and  in  West  Townshend,  Vt.,  from 
June,  1858,  for  the  term  of  six  years.  In  June,  1864,  ho  retired  from  the 
ministry  and  took  up  his  residence  in  Weathersfield. 

His  publications  are  as  follows:  — 

"A  Sermon  preached  at  Alstead,  on  the  First  Sabbath  in  January,  1826. 
With  -Historical  Sketches  of  the  Town."  Alstead :  Newton  and  Tufts- 
1826.     pp.  48.     8vo. 

"The  Intellectual  Housekeeper:  A  Series  of  Practical  Questions  to  his 
Daughters,  by  a  Father;  or,  Hints  to  Females  on  the  Necessity  of  Thought 
in  Connection  with  their  Domestic  Labors  and  Duties."  Boston  :  Russell, 
Odiome,  <&  Co.     1835.     pp.  47.     12mo. 

"The  Family  Choir:  A  Collection  of  Hymns  set  to  Music."     1837. 

He  married,  22  January,  1817,  Ann  House,  of  Alstead,  N.  H.,  by  whom 
he  had  Mary  Ann,  b.  16  November,  1817,  m.  23  June,  1846,  Rev.  Alfred 
Stevens,  d.  1  March,  1857;  Sophia,  b.  28  June,  1820,  d.  29  June,  1841 ; 
Olivia,  b.  2  June,  1822,  m.  10  September,  1843,  Dr.  Henry  D.  Hitchcock ; 
Caroline,  b.  15  March,  1827,  m.  23  October,  1850,  Albert  S.  Waite,  Esq., 
d.  2  May,  1852.     Mrs.  Arnold  died  3  February,  1841,  and  he  married,  5 


56  The  Congregational  Church  in  Weitminsterj  VI.        [Jan. 

November,  1844,  Mrs,  Maiy  (Davis)  Grout,  of  Afeworth,  N.  H.  She 
died  22  May,  1847,  and  he  married,  20  December,  1854,  Mrs.  Naomi 
(Jones)  Hitchcock,  of  Charlemont,  Mass. 

8.  The  Rev.  John  Qutnct  Adams  Edoell,  son  of  Abel  and  Susanna 
(Holden)  Edgell,  was  bom  (in  the  West  Parish),  15  August,  1802,  and 
was  graduated  at  the  University  of  Vermont  in  1827,  and  at  Andover  in 
1831.  For  nine  months  he  was  then  a  teacher  in  Phillips  Academy  at 
Andover.  He  was  ordained  pastor  at  West  Newbury,  Mass.,  19  Septem- 
ber, 1832.  The  Rev.  George  Cowles,  of  Dan  vers,  preached  the  sermon. 
The  church  was  weak  and  divided  when  he  became  its  pastor,  but  under 
his  ministry  it  became  strong  and  united.  He  was  dismissed  27  October, 
1853,  and  soon  became  agent  of  the  Society  for  Promoting  Collegiate  and 
Theolos:ical  Education  at  the  West  In  this  service  he  continued  about 
ten  years,  and  was  then  compelled  by  failing  health  to  retire  from  active 
life.     He  died  at  Burlington,  Vt.,  15  September,  1867. 

He  was  retiring,  undemonstrative,  kind,  and  gentlemanly,  an  excellent 
•cholar,  and  remarkable  for  simplicity  of  purpose  and  great  conscientious- 
ness in  the  discharge  of  duty. 

4.  The  Rev.  Edwin  Goodell,  son  of  Jared  and  Hannah  (Perrin) 
Goodell,  was  bom  (in  the  West  Parish)  19  July,  1824.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Dartmouth  in  1850,  and  at  Union  Theological  Seminary  in  1853, 
and  was  ordained,  without  charge,  at  Rocky  Hill,  Conn.,  12  June,  1854. 
He  sailed  as  a  missionary  for  Smyrna,  Asia,  8  August,  1854,  returned  in 
ill  health  in  1855,  and  lived  first  at  Birmingham,  Mich.,  and  aflerward  at 
Bloomfield,  at  which  last  place  he  died  29  September,  1863.  He  married, 
20  July,  1854,  Catherine  J.  Trowbridge,  of  Birmingham. 

5.  The  Rev.  William  Goodell,  son  of  Abiel  and  Margaret  (Brown) 
Groodell,  was  bom  18  June,  1783.  He  fitted  for  college  with  the  Rev. 
Jesse  Townshend  of  Durham,  N.  Y.,  the  Rev.  Theophilus  Packard  of 
Shelbume,  Mass.,  and  at  Chesterfield  (N.  H.)  Academy,  entered  the 
Sophomore  Class  at  Middlebury  in  1807,  and  was  graduated  in  1810.  He 
taught  school  every  winter  during  his  college  course.  After  graduation 
be  was  principal  of  Pawlet  Academy  one  year  and  tutor  in  Middlebury 
College  two  years.  During  the  winter  vacation  of  1812-13  he  read 
theology  with  the  Rev.  "Mr.  Packard,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Franklin 
(Mass.)  Association  in  January,  1813.  In  the  following  November  he 
began  to  preach  in  Grafton,  Vt.,  and  was  there  ordained  pastor  of  the  Con- 
gregational Church,  in  September,  1815.  The  Rev.  Sylvester  Sage  of 
Westminster  preached  the  sermon.  He  was  dismissed  in  September,  1820, 
preached  awhile  in  Rindge,  N.  H.,  where  he  received  a  call  to  settle,  but 
did  not  accept  it,  and  then  spent  three  months  in  the  service  of  the  Ver^ 
ittOQt  Docnattio  Missionary  Society.   In  February,  1822,  he  began  to  preaoh 


1869.]  Its  Pastors  and  Native  Mnisters.  67 

in  Holland  Patent,  N.  Y.,  and  was  there  installed  in  March,  1823.  The 
Bev.  Samuel  C.  Aiken,  of  Utica,  preached  the  sermon.  He  was  dismissed 
in  March,  1829,  and  was  not  again  settled  in  the  ministry,  but  preached  as 
stated  supply  in  Russia,  Deerfield,  Lenox,  Howard,  and  Napoli  till  1845, 
after  which  time  he  did  not  have  charge  of  a  parish.  He  was  a  colporteur 
of  the  American  Tract  Society  for  three  years,  and  was  employed  for  some 
time  as  agent  of  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication.  For  several  years 
he  lived  at  Throopsville,  N.  Y.,  and  there  he  died  26  October,  1865. 

He  married,  5  May,  1814,  Mary  Arms  of  Greenfield,  Mass.,  by  whom  he 
had  two  sons  who  died  in  infancy,  also  Ebenezer  Arms,  b.  2  January,  1818, 
and  Mary  White,  b.  7  May,  1820.  Mrs.  Goodell  died  14  September,  1850, 
and  he  married,  29  January,  1856,  Mrs.  Agnes  Grandey  of  Throopsville. 

6.  The  Rev.  Henrt  Anthony  Goodhue,  son  of  Deacon  Ira  and 
Almira  (Sawyer)  Goodhue,  was  bom  (in  the  West  Parish)  29  July,  1838. 
His  grandfather  was  Deacon  Ebenezer  Goodhue,  his  great-grandfather  was 
the  Rev.  Josiah  Goodhue,  the  first  pastor  in  Putney,  and  from  him  the  line  of 
ancestry  is  traceable  in  an  unbroken  series  of  deacons  to  William  Goodhue, 
who  emigrated  from  England  to  Ipswich,  Mass.,  in  1636,  and  was  the  first 
deacon  of  the  Congregational  Church  in  that  place.  He  was  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  in  1837,  and  at  Andover  in  1862,  and  was  ordained,  20  May 
1863,  pastor  at  West  Barnstable,  Mass.  The  Rev.  Henry  B.  Hooker, 
D.  D.,  preached  the  sermon.  He  married,  13  December,  1864,  Isabella 
Perkins,  of  Plympton. 

7.  The  Rev.  Josiah  Fletcher  Goodhue  (uncle  of  the  preceding  and), 
son  of  Deacon  Ebenezer  and  Almira  (Ranney)  Goodhue,  was  born  (in 
the  West  Parish)  31  December,  1791,  on  the  last  day  of  the  year,  month, 
and  week,  and  the  last  hour  of  the  day.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  com- 
menced teaching  a  common  school,  and  continued  to  do  so  for  eleven  suc- 
cessive winters.  In  his  youth  he  was  led  by  sceptical  associates  and  infidel 
books  to  embrace  sceptical  views ;  but  when  he  was  nineteen  years  old  he 
read  Leslie's  Short  and  Easy  Method  with  Deists,  which  convinced  him  of 
his  error,  and  prepared  the  way  for  his  becoming  a  Christian  the  next  year. 

He  was  graduated  at  Middlebury  in  1821,  studied  theology  a  year  at 
Andover,  and  then  was  tutor  at  Middlebury  a  year,  at  the  same  time  pur- 
suing his  theological  studies.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Windham  Associa- 
tion at  West  Brattleboro',  30  September,  1823.  His  first  settlement  was  at 
Williston,  where  he  was  ordained  27  May,  1 824.  The  Rev.  Joshua  Bates, 
D.  D.,  preached  the  sermon.  He  was  dismissed  9  October,  1833,  just  ten 
years  after  he  began  his  labors.  He  went  immediately  to  Shoreham, 
and  was  there  installed  12  February,  1834.  The  Rev.  Thomas  A,  Merrill, 
D.  D.,  preached  the  sermon.  In  1835  a  powerful  revival  took  place,  and 
nearly  a  hundred  were  added  to  the  church.     During  his  pastprate  of 


68  The  Congregatiorud  Church  in  Westmiruterj  Vt.        [Jan. 

twentj-four  years  the  additioDS  were  one  hundred  and  seventy-three.  He 
was  di:smis8ed  29  April,  1857,  but  the  disroissul  did  not  take  effect  till  the 
1st  of  the  following  October.  He  then  removed  to  Whitewater,  "Wis.,  and 
there  resided  without  charge  till  his  death,  which  took  place  3  May,  1863. 

His  publications  are  a  Sermon  on  the  Church  of  Christ  One,  1831  ;  a 
Sermon  on  the  Character  and  Services  of  Rev.  Thomas  A.  Merrill,  d.  d.* 
185G  ;  and  a  History  of  Shoreham,  18G1. 

He  married,  3  June,  1824,  Elizabeth  W.  Hooker  of  Rutland,  Vt.,  by 
whom  he  had  two  sons  and  three  daughters. 

8.  The  Rev.  Calvix  Hitchcock,  d.  d.,  son  of  Heli  and  Phena  (Good- 
ell)  Hitchcock,  was  born  (in  the  West  Parish)  25  October,  1787.  He  was 
graduated  at  Middlebury  in  1811,  and  at  Andover  in  1814,  having  by  his 
own  exertions  defrayed  the  expenses  of  his  whole  course.  He  was  or- 
dained at  Newport,  R.  L,  15  August,  1815,  under  an  engagement  for 
five  years.  Tiie  Rev.  William  Patton,  d.  d.,  of  Newport,  preached  the 
sermon.  He  left  Newport,  1  October,  1820,  and  was  installed  28  Feb- 
ruary, 1821,  at  Randolph,  Mass.  The  Rev.  Warren  Fay,  D.  D.,  of 
Charlestown,  preached  the  sermon.  His  ministry  at  Randolph  was  suc- 
cessful and  useful.  It  was  marked  by  frequent  reviials  and  by  the 
general  prosperity  of  the  church.  After  a  pastorate  of  thirty  years,  an 
attack  of  fever,  accompanied  with  partial  paralysis,  so  disabled  him  that  he 
thought  it  best  to  retire  from  the  active  ministry.  He  was  dismissed  in 
June,  1851,  and  soon  removed  to  Wrentham,  where  he  lived  on  a  farm  the 
rest  of  his  life.     He  died  3  December,  1867. 

His  published  writings  were  Sermons  before  the  Ancient  and  Honorable 
Artillery  Company  ;  before  the  Norfolk  County  Education  Society  ;  and  on 
the  Rise  and  Progress  of  Congregationalism.  He  also  wrote  copiously  for 
the  Boston  Recorder.  In  1841  he  received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  from 
Middlebury. 

He  married,  30  April,  1817,  Elizabeth  Russell  Stevens  of  Newport,  R.  I. 

9.  The  Rev.  Joseph  Addison  Ranney,  a  nephew  of  the  preceding,  and 
a  son  of  Joseph  and  Tryphena  (Hitchcock)  Ranney,  was  born  (in  the  West 
Parish)  15  February,  1817.  He  was  graduated  at  Middlebury  in  1839,  and 
then  went  to  Mississippi,  where  he  engaged  in  teaching,  at  the  same  time 
studying  theology  under  the  direction  of  the  Clinton  Presbytery,  by  which 
body  he  was  approbated  in  May,  1841,  at  Manata,  Miss.  He  preached  a 
few  months  at  Preston,  and  (hen  supplied  for  a  year  the  churches  at 
Grenada  and  Middleton.  In  1843  he  was  invited  to  the  pastorate  of  those 
churches,  but  declined  to  take  up  his  permanent  residence  in  a  Slave  State. 

He  removed  to  Illinois,  and  for  two  years  preached  at  Carlinville  and 
Spring  Cove.  In  February,  184Q,  he  became  chaplain  of  Monticello 
Semiiiarji  where  he  remained  a  year  and  a  half.    In  the  November  of 


1869.]  Its  Poiiars  and  Native  Ministeri.  69 

1847  he  became  acting  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Belleville. 
It  was  then  a  missionaiy  church,  but  afler  three  years  it  became  self-sup- 
porting, and  he  was  ordained  pastor.  The  Rev.  Lemuel  Grosvenor 
preached  the  sermon.  In  July,  1854,  he  closed  his  labors  at  Belleville,  and 
within  two  weeks  began  to  preach  at  Allegan,  Mich.  The  church  there 
had  long  been  a  missionary  church,  but  it  soon  assumed  his  support,  and  he 
was  installed  in  the  pastorate.  The  Rev.  Milton  Bradley  preached  the 
sermon.  His  labors  at  Allegan  closed  31  May,  1859.  Immediately  he 
received  a  call  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Three 
Rivers,  and  was  installed  21  September,  1859.  The  Rev.  R.  S.  Goodman 
preached  the  sermon.     In  that  pastorate  he  still  remains. 

His  publisihed  writings  are  an  Annual  Sermon,  entitled,  ^  Consuming 
Agencies  and  Preserving  Mercies,*'  1858 ;  a  Thanksgiving  Sermon,  en- 
titled, ^  Condition  and  Hopes  of  our  Country,"  1862  ;  and  several  addresses 
published  in  newspapers. 

He  married,  in  1841,  Phebe  A.  Hitchcock  of  Westminster ;  secondly, 
1  October,  1853,  Wealthy  Ann  Hitchcock,  her  sister.  His  eldest  son,  Al- 
bert Barnes,  was  a  soldier  under  Sherman,  and  was  for  a  short  time  an 
inmate  of  Libby  Prison. 

10.  The  Rev.  Timothy  Emerson  Rannet,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  bom  (in  the  West  Parish)  June,  1815,  and  was  graduated  at  Middle- 
bury  in  1839,  and  at  Andover  in  1842.  He  was  licensed  12  April,  1842, 
by  the  Andover  Association,  preached  a  year  at  Barnet,  Vt,  and  was 
ordained,  1  May,  1844,  at  Westminster  West.  The  Rev.  Charles  Walker 
preached  the  sermon.  In  the  summer  of  1844  he  went  as  a  missionary  to 
the  Pawnee  Indians  in  what  is  now  Nebraska.  Afterwards  he  was  a  mis- 
sionary to  the  Cherokees,  and  continued  till  the  summer  of  1861,  when  he 
returned  to  New  England,  and  for  some  years  lived  on  a  farm  in  St.  Johns- 
bury,  Vt.  In  July,  1866,  he  became  acting  pastor  at  West  Charlestown,  and 
continued  for  a  year.  In  the  summer  of  1867  he  became  acting  pastor  at 
Holland,  apd  there  remains. 

He  married,  23  April,  1844,  Charlotte  Taylor  of  Ashby,  Mass.,  by  whom 
he  had  Joseph  Emerson,  b.  9  May,  1849  ;  Timothy  Taylor,  b.  9  November, 
1852 ;  and  some  others. 

NATIVE    WIVES    OP   MINISTERS. 

Frances  Goodell,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Alpheus  Graves ;  Electa  Goodhue, 
wife  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  Hurlburt ;  Mary  Goodrich,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Wil- 
liam H.  Gilbert ;  Julia  A.  Harlow,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Granville  Wardwell ; 
Martha  A.  Harris,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  A.  Rhea ;  Phebe  A.  Hitch- 
cock and  Wealthy  A.  Hitchcock,  wives  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  A.  Ranney ; 
and  Stella  R.  Nutting,  wife  of  the  Rev.  A.  D.  Dascomb,  —  were  natives  of 
Westminster. 


60  The  American  Church  Register.  [Jan. 


THE  AMERICAN  CHURCH  REGISTER. 

The  readers  of  the  Quarterly  are  aware  what  importance  its  editors 
attach  to  all  facts  and  statistics  illustrative  of  the  past  or  present  condition 
of  the  denomination,  and  thej  will  therefore  understand  why  attention  is 
here  directed  to  a  new  Church  Register,  prepared  by  Rev.  Daniel  P. 
Noyes,  Secretary  of  Home  Evangelization  in  Massachusetts.  It  is  a  work 
which  furnishes  facilities  hitherto  wanting  for  full  and  accurate  record  of 
all  church  and  parish  matters,  and  its  general  use  by  pastors  or  church  offi- 
cers would  greatly  lighten  the  labor  of  compiling  and  arranging  those  sta- 
tistics which  are  a  distinguishing  feature  of  this  publication. 

The  Church  Register  is  an  indispensable  part  of  church  record.  A 
growing  sense  of  its  importance  has  for  a  long  time  been  manifest;  and  it 
is  clear  that,  in  proportion  as  churches  realize  that  they  are  properly  work- 
ing-bodies, they  must  also  feel  the  importance  of  such  full  and  methodical 
records  and  registers  as  shall  keep  the  condition  of  their  work  ever  dis* 
tinctly  in  view.  There  can  be  no  question  that  care  to  secure  complete- 
ness of  record  helps  to  keep  alive,  in  both  ministers  and  churches,  a  sense 
of  their  proper  responsibilities,  and  promotes  system  and  perseverance  in 
Christian  labors. 

The  American  Church  Register  provides  for  the  record  of  the  names  of 
all  the  pastors  of  the  church,  regularly  numbered,  with  the  place  and 
date  of  birth,  the  college,  place  of  theological  education,  date  of  ordination 
and  installation,  and  date  and  mode  of  removal;  the  names  of  all  the 
deacons,  with  columns  for  the  dates  of  appointment  and  of  retirement,  and 
for  remarks  and  references ;  the  names  of  the  church  committee,  —  to  be 
entered  under  their  respective  years  of  service ;  the  names  of  Sunday 
school  superintendents,  with  columns  for  the  dates  of  their  election  and 
retirement  from  office;  the  names  of  persons  having  charge  of  various 
departments  of  Christian  labor,  e.  g.  the  superintendents  of  branch 
Sunday  schools,  the  leaders  of  neighborhood  meetings,  the  chairmen  of 
standing  committees,  the  superintendents  of  visitation,  the  officers  and 
managers  of  charitable  societies  or  committees,  &c.,  &c.;  the  names  of 
communicant*),  regularly  numbered,  with  date  and  mode  of  reception,  date 
and  mode  of  removal,  and  a  column  for  remarks  and  references ;  the  names 
of  persons  baptized,  with  date  of  birth,  of  baptism,  and  of  profession  of 
faith,  and  a  column  for  remarks  and  references ;  a  record  of  marriages, 
with  all  the  particulars  required  by  the  laws  of  Massachusetts  (which  are 
believed  to  be  as  stringent  as  those  of  any  State),  also  the  place  and  date 
of  soiemnization,  with  the  signature  of  the  officiating  clergyman  and  the 


-■rha^.     


1869.]  The  American  Church  BegUter.  61 

names  of  the  witnesses.  In  this  connection  is  furnished  a  digest  of  the 
Uvrs  of  marriage  in  yarious  States  of  the  Union,  prepared  bj  competent 
bands,  and  brought  down  to  the  date  of  the  present  publication ;  a  regis- 
ter of  deaths,  with  columns  for  the  names,  regularly  numbered,  the  date, 
age,  and  remarks  and  references;  a  register  of  attendance  on  public 
worship,  morning  and  aflernoon,  for  each  Sunday  in  the  year,  —  one  year 
occopying  only  half  a  page ;  a  register  of  councils,  giving  the  name  of  the 
church  inviting  the  council,  the  date  and  purpose  of  the  council,  the 
names  of  delegates,  and  a  brief  entry  of  the  nature  of  the  result,  with  a 
reference  to  the  more  full  account  in  the  records  or  among  the  papers  of 
the  church ;  a  similar  register  of  conferences,  giving  the  date,  place,  and 
names  of  delegates  sent  by  the  church  ;  perhaps  more  important  than  any 
others,  the  register  of  families,  supplemented  by  a  register  of  boarderSi 
domestics,  and  others,  transient  persons. 

These  two  registers  are  intended  to  include  all  the  persons  properly 
under  the  care  of  the  church  and  pastor,  whether  themselves  distinctly 
owning  this  care  or  not ;  all  to  whom  it  is  the  special  duty  of  the  church  to 
carry  the  Gospel  The  register  of  families  is  arranged  for  households  of 
different  size  ;  and  columns  are  provided  for  names,  dates  of  birth,  of  join- 
ing the  congregation,  of  baptism,  of  reception  to  the  communion,  and  for 
remarks  and  references. 

Every  pastor  needs  such  a  parish  book,  and  can  hardly  be  faithful  to 
his  whole  duty  without  its  help.  Properly  kept  and  studied,  it  would 
be  full  of  reminders  and  suggestions,  its  pages  crowded  with  family  history 
and  individual  experience,  and  illustrations  of  principles  and  methods  and 
laws  divine.  This  "  Register  of  Families  "  is  combined  with  the  "  Church 
Register,"  and  is  also  published  separately.  Whenever  desired,  blank 
paper  properly  ruled  for  the  ordinary  business  records  of  the  church  is 
bound  with  the  volume. 

This  Church  Register,  if  duly  filled,  will  furnish  materials  ever  ready 
for  annual  reports  of  church  ^^ork,  such  as  ought  to  be  made  by  every 
church  to  itself  and  to  neighboring  churches  met  in  conference.  In  con- 
nection with  other  suitable  records  it  will  supply  particulars  of  great  value 
to  the  historian,  while  all  the  time  promoting  a  steady  and  growing  devel- 
opment of  systematic  Christian  activity.  There  are  other  details  of  ar- 
rangement and  general  structure  which  it  is  needless  to  specify;  from 
what  has  been  presented  in  this  concise  manner,  pastors,  church  officers, 
and  all  interested  in  the  subject,  can  judge  of  the  practical  value  of  Mr. 
Noyes's  labors. 


62  Congregational  Necrology.  [Jan. 


CONGREGATIONAL  NECROLOGY. 

Rev.  timothy  P.  GILLETT.  Nearly  two  years  aince  this  venerable  ser- 
vaDt  of  Christ  fell  asleep  at  his  quiet  home  in  Branfoi^,  Conn.,  in  the  eighty- 
seventh  year  of  his  age  and  the  fifly-eighth  of  his  ministry.  He  was  bom  Jane 
15,  A.  D.  1780,  and  died  November  5,  1866.  His  boyhood  was  partly  spent  in 
Torrington,  Conn.,  where  his  father,  Rev.  Alexander  Gillett,  labored  mo6t  of  the 
time  during  the  fifVy-three  years  of  his  ministry.  For  his  acquaintance  with  clas- 
sical literature,  and  the  original  languages  of  God's  Word,  his  sound  judgment, 
unfaltering  devotion  to  the  Master's  service,  rare  control  of  his  passions  and  his 
tongue,  his  thoroughly  Christian  life,  public  and  private,  Mr.  Gillett's  father  was 
greatly  respected  and  beloved.  He  held  an  enviable  position  in  a  circle  of  pas: 
tors  to  which  the  county  of  Litchfield  is  much  indebted.  Their  belief  in  and 
earnest  proclamation  of  the  doctrines  set  forth  in  the  Assembly's  Catechism  har- 
monized with  their  personal  religious  experience.  Their  characters,  of  rare 
purity  and  beneficence,  were  the  legitimate  fruit  of  these  truths  experimentally 
understood.  Hooker,  Mills,  Hallock,  Gillett,  Griffin,  and  their  associates,  com- 
posed a  fraternity  not  often  matched.  United  in  faith,  affection,  and  toil,  the 
success  of  one  was  hailed  with  generous  satisfaction  by  all.  Few  pages  in  the 
history  of  New  England  churches  contain  a  brighter  record  than  the  narrative 
of  the  revivals  that  crowned  the  labors  of  those  men  near  the  commencement  of 
the  present  century.  The  pastor  in  Torrington  was  permitted  to  count  among 
the  trophies  of  grace  at  that  time  his  oldest  son,  Timothy  Phelps  Gillett.  The 
one  thing  long  sought  by  the  father  now  seemed  altogether  probable.  Hia  son 
might  be  an  ambassador  of  Christ.  * 

Wliile  a  tutor  in  Williams  College,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1804,  the  sub- 
ject of  this  notice  was  intimate  with  Gordon  Hall,  Samuel  J.  Mills,  and  James 
Richards.  From  that  time  the  work  of  foreign  mifisions  had  in  him  an  intelligent 
and  steadfast  friend,  and  will  be  forwarded  by  a  portion  of  his  estate. 

In  1806  he  received  a  license  to  preach  from  the  Litchfield  North  Association; 
after  pursuing  the  study  of  theology  with  President  Fitch,  at  William«town,  June 
15,  1808,  at  the  age  of  twenty-eight  he  became  pastor  of  the  church  in  B|:an- 
ford.  November  29,  1808,  he  was  married  to  Sallie  Hodges,  of  Torrington, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Elkanah  Hodges,  a  prominent  gentleman  in  his  father's  congre- 
gation. This  union  continued  almost  sixty  years  ;  and  the  widow  survives,  in  the 
full  possession  of  her  faculties,  waiting  in  serene  trust 

When  the  providence  of  God,  in  the  course  of  years,  placed  a  considerable 
amount  of  property  in  his  hands,  the  increase  of  worldly  goods  was  announced 
by  no  ostentatious  display.  The  same  humility,  punctual  attendance  on  profes- 
sional duties,  and  readiness  to  forego  personal  comfort  in  ministering  to  the  sick 
and  needy,  were  s^ill  manifest.  His  systematic  and  unobtrusive  charities  fore- 
shadowed the  benevolent  uses  to  which  a  considerable  share  of  his  property  is 
to  be  at  length  appropriated. 

The  doctrinal  sentiments  of  Mr.  Gillett  were  in  agreement  with  the  accredited 


1869.]  Congregational  Necrology.  63 

i^rmbols  of  New  England  theology  reaffirmed  by  the  National  Council  at 
Boston  in  1865.  The  publication  and  defence  of  views,  forty  years  since,  that 
were  deemed  at  Yariance  with  Scripture  and  the  ancient  faith  of  our  churches 
awakened  deep  and  wide-spread  concern.  Their  tendency  [in  the  views  of  many] 
to  andermine  the  Gospel,  and  endanger  sound  and  saving  religious  experience, 
deeply  impressed  such  men  as  Woods,  Griffin,  Nettleton,  and  Tyler.  Mr.  Gillett 
ifaared  their  fears,  and  took  his  position  with  those  of  his  brethren  who  were 
itjled  Old  School.  Ministerial  associates  from  whom  he  conscientiously  differed 
never  had  occasion  to  charge  him  with  discourtesy  in  speech  or  deportment. 

At  least  half  a  score  of  revivals  marked  Mr.  Gillett's  long  and  faithful  pastorate. 
Attaching  less  importance  than  is  customary  to  the  refinements  of  style,  voice, 
aod  manner,  he  testified  the  Gospel  of  the  grace  of  God  with  a  subdued  force  and 
manifest  sincerity  that  often  leave  the  most  salutary  impressions.  Constitution- 
tlly  grave  and  taciturn,  he  perhaps  seemed  to  strangers  deficient  in  sympathy 
lod  humor,  fiut  such  impressions  disappeared  on  slight  acquaintance.  Hia 
modest,  sober,  and  reticent  air  was  soon  found  to  be  allied  with  unaffected,  over- 
flowing Christian  kindness  and  cheerful  pleasantry.  His  sanctified  (<elf-control 
was  a  safeguard  in  sudden  emergencies  and  trials  that  so  often  damage  men's 
comfort  and  usefulness.  In  dealing  with  parties  at  variance  with  each  other  or 
with  himself,  this  quality  proved  invaluable. 

Reviewing  the  history  of  fifly  years,  Mr.  Gillett  could  say  to  his  people :  **  In 
preaching,  I  have  not  shunned  to  declare  unto  you  all  the  counsel  of  God.  I  have 
great  reason  to  be  humble  for  my  unfaithfulness  and  deficiencies,  and  to  ponder 
solemnly  the  questions,  Have  any  of  this  people  perished  in  consequence  of  my 
being  a  minister  of  the  Gospel  here  ?  Have  all  been  saved  who  might  have  been 
saved  if  their  minister  had  been  more  faithful  with  them  ?  Nothing  has  occurred 
to  produce  any  outbreaks  between  us  as  pastor  and  church,  minister  and  society. 
I  know  not  that  one  unfriendly  feeling  now  exists.*' 

w.  T. 

Rev.  GEORGE  ALBION  CALHOUN,  d.d.,  for  forty-eight  years  pastor  of 
the  Congregational  Church  in  North  Coventry,  Conn.,  died  in  that  place  June 
7, 1867. 

Dr.  Calhoun  was  of  Scotch  ancestry.  He  was  born  in  Washington,  Conn., 
October  11,  1788.  He  was  early  set  to  work  by  his  father  on  the  farm.  He 
attained  to  a  large  stature;  was  strong,  athletic,  and  fearless,  well  worthy  of 
comparison  with  the  brawny  Highlanders  of  Scotia,  and  a  leader  in  his  youth 
among  his  companions.  Though  he  attended  for  short  periods  the  district  school 
in  his  native  town,  his  early  education  was  very  limited.  When  twenty-one 
years  of  age  he  went  to  school,  and  commenced  the  study  of  En<ili!ih  grammar 
and  arithmetic.  Afler  four  or  five  months  he  entered  the  law  office  of  Hon. 
Nathan  Strong,  but  being  convinced  that  his  education  was  deficient,  he  soon 
returned  to  school,  and  began  the  study  of  Latin  at  the  age  of  twenty-two.  In 
1811  he  became  a  hopeful  subject  of  Divine  grace,  but  did  not  unite  with  the 
church  till  September,  1814.  In  1812  he  joined  the  Junior  class  in  Williams 
College,  but  lefl  that  institution  at  the  end  of  the  second  term,  and  became  con- 


64  Congregational  Necrology.  [Jan. 

• 

nected  witli  the  new  Hamilton  College,  In  Clinton,  N.  T.  He  and  one  other 
constituted  the  first  Junior  and  Senior  classes  in  that  institution.  He  graduated 
without  a  Commencement  in  1814  ;  and,  by  invitation  of  the  faculty  of  Williams 
College,  took  his  degree  there  with  the  class  of  which  he  had  been  a  member. 
That  fall  he  went  to  Andover,  Mass.,  and  passed  through  the  three  years  of  study 
in  the  Theological  Seminary  there,  graduating  in  1817.  When  he  went  to  An- 
dover he  was  ^*  without  money  and  without  a  patron."  It  was  only  by  severe 
self-denial,  the  greatest  efforts,  and  the  most  rigid  economy,  that  he  succeeded  in 
obtaining  his  theological  education.  Few  candidates  for  the  ministry  have  had 
greater  difficulties  with  which  to  contend.     He  was  licensed  April  22,  1817. 

The  year  afler  his  graduation  he  spent  as  a  Home  Missionary  in  the  vicinity  of 
Geneva,  in  Western  New  York,  preaching  almost  daily,  and  laboring  so  diligently 
and  continuously  as  permanently  to  injure  his  health.  Thence  he  came  to  North 
Coventry,  where  he  preached,  for  the  first  time,  November  1,  1818;  and  was 
ordained  as  pastor  of  the  church  in  that  place,  March  10,  1819.  He  devoted 
himself  with  great  zeal  and  energy  to  his  work.  Several  powerful  revivals  of 
religion  were  enjoyed  by  his  people  during  his  pastorate.  He  also  labored  in 
many  other  places,  in  seasons  of  special  religious  interest,  with  great  success. 

His  published  writings  are  not  very  numerous.  Among  them  were  a  series  of 
letters  to  Dr.  Bacon  in  reply  to  his  attack  on  the  Pastoral  Union  and  Theological 
Institute  of  Connecticut,  and  a  number  of  occasional  discourses. 

He  received  invitations  to  other  fields  of  labor  of  more  prominence,  and  ofier- 
ing  a  larger  salary  than  his  country  parish  gave  him.  He  was  strongly  urged  to 
take  charge  of  Home  Missionary  operations  in  Western  New  York,  to  act  as 
State  missionary  of  Michigan,  and  to  be  the  financial  agent  of  the  Theological 
Institute  at  East  Windsor.  Such  were  his  views  of  the  sacredness  of  the  pastoral 
relations  that  all  such  calls  were  declined.  However,  by  an  arrangement  with  his 
people,  he  spent  one  year  in  collecting  funds  for  the  endowment  of  the  Theolog- 
ical Institute  of  Connecticut  He  was  very  successful  in  that  work.  That  semi- 
nary owes  much  of  its  prosperity  to  his  devoted  and  zealous  efibrts.  He  was 
for  many  years  one  of  its  trustees. 

His  health  having  become  impaired,  he  spent  the  autumn  of  1830  in  Maine,  in 
behalf  of  the  American  Education  Society,  and  afterwards  visited  one  hundred 
churches  in  Connecticut,  pleading  the  cause  of  Home  Missions,  and  preparing  the 
way  for  the  Domestic  Missionary  Society  becoming  auxiliary  to  the  American 
Home  Missionary  Society.  He  then  went  to  Europe,  whence  he  returned  with 
health  greatly  improved,  in  November,  1831. 

He  was  elected  Fellow  of  Yale  College  in  1849,  and  received  the  degree  of 
j>,  D.  from  his  Alma  Mater,  Hamilton  College,  in  1852. 

On  account  of  his  age  and  approaching  infirmities  he  resigned  the  active  duties 
of  his  pastorate,  and  relinquished  all  claims  upon  his  society  for  salary  in  March, 
1860.  He  received,  September  3,  1862,  as  colleague  in  the  pastoral  oflice.  Rev. 
W.  J.  Jennings,  who  lived  with  him  in  perfect  harmony  and  delightful  fellowship. 

For  twenty  months  he  supplied  the  pulpit  of  the  first  church  in  Coventry.  In 
December,  1863,  he  was  stricken  down  by  paralysis,  and  laid  entirely  aside  from 
the  work  of  the  ministry.'    He  revived  after  some  months,  and  was  able  to  go  up 


1869.]  Congregational  Necrology.  65 

to  the  sanctaaiy  and  visit  friends  in  his  own  and  neighboring  towns.  In  De- 
cember, 1866,  he  was  again  prostrated;  his  mind  was  much  weakened,  and  he 
gradually  waned  in  strength  until  he  peacefully,  as  a  child  falls  to  sleep  in  its 
mother's  arms,  sunk  to  his  rest,  entered  upon  his  reward,  and  received  his  crown. 

He  married,  for  his  first  wife.  Miss  Betsey  Scoville,  of  Salisbury,  November  16, 
1819 ;  who  died  very  suddenly  April  14,  1857.    They  leave  two  sons  to  bear  the  - 
honored  name.    He  married,  for  his  second  wife.  Miss  Mary  J.  Davis,  of  Salem, 
Mass.,  who  was  the  great  comfort  of  his  latter  years,  and  who  survives  to  mourn 
his  departure. 

Dr.  Calhoun  was  a  man  of  powerful  frame,  dignified  and  commanding  presence, 
strong  mind,  and  great  activity  and  energy.  Sincerity  of  heart  and  uprightness 
of  life  were  nuirked  characteristics.  He  was  specially  distinguished  for  his  good 
common  sense  and  practical  wisdom.  Hence  he  was  often  consulted  by  churches 
and  individuals  who  were  in  difficulty,  and  was  invhed  to  take  part  in  many 
ecclesiastical  councils.  His  theological  knowledge  was  thorough  and  accurate. 
He  was  strongly  attached  to  the  old  theology  of  New  England.  He  adhered  to 
his  views  of  truth  with  unflinching  fidelity ;  yet  was  tolerant  and  kind  towards 
those  who  diflfered  from  him.  His  ministerial  brethren  ever  found  him  a  genial 
companion,  a  sympathizing  brother,  a  true-hearted  friend.  Great  was  his  pru- 
dence. The  law  of  charity  controlled  his  speech  and  conduct.  He  showed  that 
he  had  sat  at  the  feet  of  Jesus,  learned  of  him,  and  drunk  in  largely  of  his  spirit. 
He  loved  the  cause  of  Christ  with  intense  devotion,  delighted  in  the  work  of  the 
ministry,  was  very  successful  therein,  and  preached  the  Gospel  as  long  as  his 
itrength  would  allow.  The  benevolent  operations  of  the  church  received  his 
hearty  support  and  liberal  contributions.  He  was  actively  associated  with  the 
leading  ministers  of  the  State  in  devising  and  executing  plans  for  the  promotion 
of  the  Redeemer's  kingdom.  His  preaching  was  specially  distinguished  for  its 
plainness,  argumentiveness,  impresslveness,  and  power.  He  laid  himself  and 
his  all  at  his  Saviour's  feet,  reposed  confidently  on  his  atoning  sacrifice,  and 
looked  forward  with  a  serene  faith  to  the  close  of  his  life,  to  the  entering  into  the 
presence  of  his  Lord  In  glory,  and  to  the  union  with  departed  Christian  friends, 
in  the  world  of  endless  bll?s.     His  end  was  peace. 

Rev.  RICHARD  CHAPMAN  DUNN  died  at  his  residence  in  Oneida,  HI., 
on  the  Sabbath,  May  24,  1868,  in  the  forty-seventh  year  of  his  age. 

He  was  a  native  of  Augusta,  Ga.,  his  mother  being  of  Massachusetts  stock, 
his  father  of  English.  A  child  of  the  covenant,  he  early  became  a  child  of 
God.  When  ten  years  of  age,  he  removed  with  his  mother  to  Cincinnati, 
and  in  1836  to  Hlinois.  He  was  graduated  at  Knox  College  in  1847,  and  at 
Union  Seminary,  New  York,  in  1853.  The  first  year  of  his  ministry  he  spent 
with  two  missionary  churches  in  the  State  of  New  York.  He  then  returned  to 
the  West,  and  entered  upon  the  pastorate  at  Toulon,  III.,  where  he  remained 
twelve  and  a  half  years.  At  the  time  of  his  decease  he  had  been  only  six  months 
in  the  pastoral  office  at  Oneida. 

Under  his  ministry  two  seasons  of  revival  were  enjoyed  at  Toulon.    His  en- 

KEW  SERIES.  —  VOL.  I.  NO.  1.  5 


66  C(mgregati(mal  Necrology.  [Jan. 

trance  upon  the  work  at  Oneida  was  honored  with  a  remarkable  work  of 
grace. 

He  was  a  man  of  poblic  spirit  For  several  years  he  served  as  Connty  Super* 
intendent  of  Schools  in  connection  with  his  pastoral  work.  He  was  for  one  tern 
a  member  of  the  legislature  of  Illinois,  where,  as  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
•  Education,  he  rendered  service  that  was  publicly  acknowledged.  At  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  one  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  State  Hospital  for  the  In- 
sane, which  office  he  honored  with  a  signal  fidelity. 

His  mind  was  one  of  freshness  and  versatility,  and  gleamed  with  the  scintilla- 
tions of  wit  His  style  was  sententious,  almost  laconic.  He  was  a  man  of  a  buoy- 
ant, though  chastened,  ambition.  From  a  child  he  was  an  abolitionist.  He 
records  that  one  of  the  proudest  acts  of  his  life  was  his  stealing  oflT  into  a  secluded 
place  to  teach  an  old  slave-woman  to  read  while  he  was  yet  a  child.  In  Illinois 
he  was  prominent  in  aiding  the  escape  of  fugitives.  Of  a  retiring,  sensitive  na- 
ture, his  religious  life  took  on  a  contemplative  habit.  He  said  to  the  writer  that 
he  had  learned  in  the  legislature  how  to  promote  a  revival, —  to  make  it  a  matter 
of  business,  to  labor  personally  with  men,  to  circulate  documents,  to  expect  re- 
sults. And  he  found  them,  for  in  the  two  succeeding  years,  without  foreign  aid, 
he  was  gladdened  by  two  seasons  of  pervasive  religious  interest.  His  funeral  ser- 
mon was  preached  by  his  classmate,  Rev.  J.  £.  Roy,  of  Chicago. 

H.  N.  T. 

Rev.  JOHN  MARSH,  d.  d.,  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  T.,  August  4, 1868,  afler  a 
brief  illness,  in  the  eighty -first  year  of  his  age.  He  was  bom  April  2, 1788,  in 
Wethersfield,  Conn.,  where  his  father,  after  whom  he  was  named,  was  pastor  of  the 
First  Church  about  fifly  years.  When  only  ten  years  old  he  became  a  pupil  of  Dr. 
Azel  Backus  of  Bethlem,  Conn.,  entered  Yale  College  at  twelve,  and  graduated 
at  sixteen  in  the  Class  of  1 804.  Afler  teaching  for  some  years,  and  afler  such  prep- 
aration for  the  ministry  as  was  common  in  those  days,  he  began  to  preach  at  the 
age  of  twenty-one.  In  December,  1818,  he  became  pastor  of  the  Congregational 
Church  in  Haddam,  Conn.,  where  he  continued  fideen  years  in  a  laborious  and 
successful  ministry,  marked  by  revivals  of  religion  and  multiplied  conversions. 
While  there  he  prepared  and  published  liis  "  Ecclesiastical  History,'*  designed 
chiefly  for  the  young,  of  which  a  sixteenth  edition,  revised,  was  printed  four  years 
ago.  In  1833  he  took  a  dismission  from  hU  pastoral  charge,  in  order  that  he 
might  devote  himself,  according  to  the  solicitations  of  many  friends  and  his  own 
philanthropic  impulses,  to  the  temperance  reformation,  which  was  then  becoming  a 
wide  and  powerful  movement  in  this  country.  His  attention  had  been  early  called 
to  that  subject,  as  appears  from  his  published  autobiography.  Besides  two  other 
tracts  which  he  had  prepared  for  the  use  of  his  own  congregation,  in  October, 
1829,  he  sent  forth  that  one  which  is  best  known,  entitled  **  Putnam  and  the 
Wolf,*'  of  which  one  hundred  and  fifly  thousand  copies  were  soon  sold,  and  which 
was  adopted  by  the  Amerii'an  Tract  Society  as  one  of  its  series.  He  had  also 
been  the  secretary  of  the  Connecticut  Temperance  Society  from  its  organization, 
issuing  his  first  Report  in  1830.  On  leaving  Haddam  he  removed  to  Philadelphia* 
where  he  was  for  three  years  agent  of  the  Pennsylvania  State  Temperance 


1869.]  Congregational  Necrology.  67 

SocietjT.    In  1836  the  American  Temperance  Union  was  reorganized,  having  its 
office  in  Philadelphia ;  and  Dr.  Marsh  became  its  secretary,  and  the  editor  of  its 
neir  monthlj  '^  Journal,"  so  successfully  conducted  by  him  for  almost  thirty  years, 
the  office  and  the  paper  being  removed  to  New  York  in  January,  1837.    This 
Society  gave  place  to  a  new  national  organization  in  1865,  and  the  Journal  was 
then  discontinued.    Multitudes  of  readers  throughout  the  country  have  marked 
his  diligence,  vigor,  and  judgment  in   the  conduct  of  this  paper  through  all 
these  yeare,  and  through  the  successive  phases  of  public  opinion  on  this  great 
subject.     Besides  this  labor,  however,  and  his  many  addresses  and  cares  connected 
with  it,  daring  the  war  he  gave  himself  with  undiminished  zeal  in  his  advanced 
years  to  the  preparation  and  distribution  of  temperance  tracts  for  the  army. 
Then  in  1866  he  published  his  interesting  volume  entitled  **  Temperance  Recol- 
teedons."  which  contains  more  than  can  be  found  elsewhere  of  the  history  of  that 
reformation.     Besides  being  a  worthy  record  of  a  worthy  life,  it  is  a  monument  of 
die  ripe  and  vigorous  old  age  that  could  produce  it.    And  since  his  official  work 
ceased,  he  has  not  ceased  to  write  and  speak  efiectively  in  the  same  cause. 
Within  the  past  year  he  published  his  letter  on  Secret  Societies,  which  attracted 
much  attention.     Only  the  week  before  his  last  illness  he  assumed  an  agency  for 
completing  the  funds  necessary  to  the  erection  of  a  new  building  for  the  Yale 
Theological  Seminary.     Already  he  had  procured  one  large  donation,  and  was 
planning  journeys  and  applications  for  the  remainder  of  the  year  with  his  wonted 
enterprise.     At  a  period  of  life  when  most  men  would  have  sought  only  rest,  and, 
notwithstanding  two  attacks  of  partial  paralysis  within  the  last  seven  years,  he 
was  as  intent  on  work  as  ever.     It  seemed  fitting,  and  certainly  would  have  ac- 
corded with  his  own  wishes,  that  he  "  ceased  at  once  to  work  and  live."     On 
Thursday,  July  30,  he  fell  into  an  unconscious  state,  from  which  the  next  day 
he  partially  awoke  paralyzed  and  unable  to  speak.     With  little  suffering  he 
lingered  only  till  Tuesday,  the  4th  of  August,  when  he  peacefully  passed  into  his 
rest.     On  the  Thursday  following,  afler  appropriate  addresses  and  prayers  at  his 
house  from  Rev.  Drs.  Budington  and  Leavitt,  his  five  children  accompanied  his 
remains  to  his  early  home  in  Wethersfield,  Conn.,  where  his  three  sisters  survive 
him.     There,  on  Friday,  with  other  suitable  services  conducted  by  the  present 
pastor.  Rev.  Mr.  Adams,  Rev.  \V.  W.  Andrews,  Rev.  Dr.  Tucker,  and  Rev.  O. 
E.  Daggett,  he  was  borne  from  the  venerable  church,  where,  nearly  half  a  century 
ago,  his  father  finished  his  pastorate  of  almost  fifty  years,  and  laid  by  the  side  of 
precious  kindred  dupt.     None  who  knew  him,  or  who  only  read  this  brief  record, 
can  fail  to  mark  the  vigor  and  activity  of  his  long  life,  and  the  conspicuous  part 
he  hv  borne  in  one  of  the  principal  philanthropic  enterprises  of  our  times.     He 
was  distinguished  not  only  for  his  devotion  to  that  work,  but,  as  a  writer  and 
speaker,  for  a  clear,  direct,  effective  style,  both  of  composition   and   address, 
whether  on  the  platform  or  in  the  pulpit     His  strength  of  conviction  and  ear- 
nestness of  purpose  gave  power  to  his  appeals.     He  was  eminently  conscientious 
both  in  his  private  and  public  relations.     His  hopefulness  and  courage  qualified 
him  for  success  in  whatever  good  work  he  undertook.     With  all  his  devotion  to 
the  cause  of  temperance,  he  did  not  fail  to  keep  it  in  its  place  as  subordinate  and 
sal»ervient  to  the  claims  of  the  religion  of  the  Bible,  allying  himself  with  the 


68  Cangregatumal  Necrology.  [Jan. 

church  and  the  ministry.  Indeed,  while  providential!/  committed  to  that  reform 
as  his  chief  life-work,  he  did  not  cease  to  yearn  for  the  pastoral  office  as  the  choice 
of  his  heart,  and  preached  the  Gospel  as  he  had  opportunity,  and  entered  into  all 
religious  services  with  fervor  and  effect.  Personally  ho  was  a  man  of  warm  affec- 
tions, and  a  guileless  and  buoyant  spirit,  and  his  friendships  were  life-long  at- 
tachments. We  may  be  permitted  to  add  the  testimony  of  two  distinguished 
friends,  one  of  whom  remarked,  in  conversation,  ^  that  years  ago  Dr.  Beecher 
told  him  that  when  he  was  doing  his  hardest  work  in  Connecticut  there  was  one 
man  who  never  failed  him,  never  faltered, — that  was  John  Marsh."  And  another, 
of  the  same  family,  adds :  **  We  all  agreed  in  our  respect  for  his  true  moral  cour- 
age, —  a  man  braver  for  the  right  never  walked,  —  his  fidelity  to  truth  and  to 
friendship,  his  uniform  polite  respect  and  deference  for  the  opinions  of  others 
where  he  himself  felt  most.  He  was  a  thoroughly  good  man,  —  not  of  the  n^ra- 
tive  sort,  but  active,  vigilant,  valiant.  He  has  done  a  great  deal  of  hard  and 
successful  labor  in  his  life.  Who  is  more  likely  than  he  to  hear  the  words,  ^  Well 
done  I  good  and  faithful "  ? 

O.   K.  D. 

Deacon  WILLIAM  PHELPS  died  at  Belchertown,  August  20,  1868,  aged 
seventy-six.  He  was  a  native  of  Belchertown,  and  spent  his  life  there.  His  an- 
cestors for  many  generations  were  deacons  in  the  church.  He  was  the  son  of 
Deacon  Eliakim  Phelps,  who  was  for  many  years  a  representative  of  the  town  in 
the  legislature,  prominent  in  its  history,  and  a  pillar  in  the  church  of  Christ. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  the  youngest  of  four  brothers,  all  of  whom  lived 
to  old  age.  Of  these,  Abner  Phelps,  M.  d.,  of  Boston,  now  the  oldest  living 
graduate  of  Williams  College,  and  Eliakim  Phelps,  D.  d.,  of  Jersey  City,  still 
survive.  Daniel,  who  was  deacon  of  the  church  in  Belchertown  many  years, 
died  a  few  years  since. 

Deacon  William  Phelps  made  a  public  profession  of  religion  in  1818,  in  the 
early  ministry  of  the  Rev.  Experience  Porter.  He  always  cherished  a  profound 
reverence  for  that  man  of  God,  and  a  most  vivid  memory  of  the  wonderful  scenes 
of  Divine  grace  which  occurred  in  his  youth.  Those  scenes  made  an  impression 
of  the  reality  of  Grod*s  work  in  the  regeneration  of  men  that  was  never  effaced, 
and  he  was  always  quick  to  feel  the  impulses  of  a  revival  of  religion.  He  was 
chosen  deacon  in  1838.  He  was  a  magistrate  for  many  years,  and  held  at  differ- 
ent times  most  of  the  offices  in  the  gif^s  of  the  town  and  parish.  EUs  prominent 
mental  characteristics  were  promptness  and  soundness  of  judgment,  and  these 
were  accompanied  with  great  kindness  of  heart  and  unselfishness.  He  was  rarely, 
if  ever,  known  to  be  angry  under  any  provocation,  and  he  would  deny  himself  and 
suffer  damage  in  his  own  interests  to  please  and  benefit  others.  '*  We  have  lost 
a  good  neighbor  "  was  the  universal  sentiment  of  those  who  lived  around  him  at 
the  time  of  his  death.  He  loved  his  fellow-men,  and  they  knew  it  He  loved  the 
ministry  of  the  Gospel.  He  loved  the  church.  He  loved  the  Sabbath.  His 
place  in  the  house  of  God  was  never  vacant  when  he  was  in  health.  His  place 
we  believe  now  is  in  the  "  house  not  made  with  hands,  eternal  in  the  heavens*" 

H.  B.  B. 


18G9.]  Cangregationdl  Necrology.  69 

Bey.  RALDEN  ALEXANDER  WATKINS  died  at  Turner  Junction,  HI., 
August  22,  1868,  aged  sixty-nine  years  and  five  months. 

He  was  bom  in  Ashford,  Conn.,  March  23,  1799,  a  son  of  Vine  and  Barab 
(Alexander)  Watkins.  At  the  age  of  nine  years  he  became  a  Christian.  He 
fitted  for  college  at  Randolph  (Vt.)  Academy,  and  was  graduated  at  Middlebury 
in  1824,  and  was  for  a  time  employed  as  a  teacher  of  mathematics  in  his  Alma 
Mater,  His  mathematical  talent  was  of  an  unusually  high  order.  It  is  said  that 
ftt  the  age  of  twenty-six  he  successfully  calculated  the  orbit  of  a  comet,  taking 
into  account  all  the  delicate  disturbances  due  to  planetary  attraction. 

He  studied  theology  with  the  Rev.  Tilton  Eastman  of  Randolph,  and  was 
licensed  at  Williamstown,  Yt,  October  12,  1825,  by  the  Royalton  Association. 
He  was  ordained,  August  9,  1826,  the  first  pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church 
in  Stowe,  and  was  dismissed  June  15,  1830,  but  continued  to  supply  the  pulpit 
till  August  9.  From  that  time  till  May  15,  1836,  he  was  acting  pastor  at  Cov- 
entry, with  a  salary  of  S  325,  payable  one  third  in  cash  and  two  thirds  in  gr^in. 
He  was  acting  pastor  at  West  Hartford  from  May,  1836,  till  July,  1845,  and  at 
Rupert  from  the  last  date  till  1855.  His  voice  failed  while  engaged  in  the  ser- 
Tices  of  the  Sabbath,  and  he  was  obliged  to  give  up  the  care  of  a  parish,  nor 
was  he  again  able  to  preach  except  occasionally. 

In  1855  he  removed  to  the  West,  and  was  four  months  a  book-keeper  in  Chi- 
cago. He  then  purchased  a  farm  of  about  one  hundred  acres  at  Turner  Junc- 
tion, where  he  resided  till  his  death.  The  death  of  his  wife,  a  few  months  afler 
his  removal  to  Turner,  a  highly  cultivated  and  accomplished  woman  to  whom  he 
was  tenderly  attached,  completely  prostrated  his  hopes,  energies,  and  spirits ;  and 
nnder  the  combined  influences  of  grief,  ill-health,  pecuniary  and  agricultural  mis- 
fortunes, and  injurious  treatment  by  those  with  whom  he  had  business  transac- 
tions, he  gradually  sunk  into  a  state  of  personal  de^^radation,  rarely  if  ever 
paralleled.  He  and  his  daughter,  who  lived  with  him,  withdrew  themselves 
entirely  from  society,  and  would  neither  enter  the  house  of  a  neighbor  nor  permit 
any  one  to  enter  their  house.  For  years  they  lived  on  nothing  but  corn-bread. 
They  procured  no  new  clothing,  and  wore  their  old  till  it  fell  to  pieces.  They 
lived  in  rags  and  filth ;  and  when  at  length  they  were  compelled  by  protracted 
nckness  to  call  the  neighbors  to  their  help,  they  were  found  in  a  condition 
"  positively  horrible."  He  was  perishing  with  running  sores,  probably  induced 
by  his  diet  and  habits  of  life,  and  he  died  in  about  a  fortnitrht  afterwards. 

During  this  long  period  of  isolation  and  destitution  he  did  not  cease  to  main- 
tain family  worship,  and  to  cherish  the  Christian  hope.  He  met  death  at  last  with 
Christian  composure,  fully  conscious  of  his  condition,  and  trusting  only  in  Christ. 
To  a  friend  who  asked  whether  the  Saviour  was  still  precious  to  him,  he  replied  in 
a  whisper,  "  Yes,  yes,  yes,"  and  those  were  bis  last  words. 

He  married,  November  14,  1826,  Lucia  Throop,  of  Chelsea,  Yt,  b.  May  22, 

1798;  d.  April  20,  1856.     By  her  he  had  Chauncey  Langdon,  b.  November  2, 

1827,  and  Lucia  Elizabeth,  b.  June  27,  1836. 

p.  H.  w. 

Rkv.  ROGER  CONANT  HATCH,  who  died  at  Warwick,  Mass.,  September 
12, 1868,  aged  eighty-four,  was  honorably  descended  from  a  line  of  sturdy  ances- 


70  Congregational  Necrology,  [Jan. 

tors  who  came  from  tlie  Fatherland  in  the  earl/  days  of  this  country's  history. 
Several  distinguished  physicians  have  been  in  the  family,  and  all  the  way  back 
to  the  great-great-great-grandfather  of  our  venerable  friend  they  were  honored 
for  their  integrity  and  patriotism* 

The  subject  of  this  narrative  was  bom  in  Middletown,  Conn.,  October  20, 
1 784.  His  father  was  Dr.  Josiah  Hatch,  who  was  highly  esteemed  as  a  man  and 
a  surgeon  in  the  United  States  Army,  and  for  a  time  was  stationed  at  Brooklyn 
Heights.  He  married  the  widow  of  his  friend,  a  Dr.  Conant,  by  whom  he  had 
four  children ;  the  second  of  whom  was  the  person  whose  biography  we  would 
give. 

He  was  first  known  to  the  writer  of  this  narrative  fifly-seven  years  since,  when 
he  entered  Yale  College,  namely,  in  the  autumn  of  1811.  And  it  is  pleasant  to 
recollect  him  as  he  always  appeared  during  his  college  life,  pure,  discreet,  consist- 
ent, and  Christian  in  his  demeanor,  and  none  could  suspect  him  of  anything 
sinister  or  dishonorable.  His  habits  of  study  were  regular ;  and  he  maintained  a 
respectable  standing  amidst  such  associates  as  were  so  highly  distinguished  after- 
ward, namely,  Clayton,  of  Delaware ;  Marshall,  of  Kentucky ;  Truman  Smith,  of 
Connecticut;  Judge  Jessup,  of  Pennsylvania ;  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Sprague,  of  New 
York. 

He  left  Yale  College  with  the  respect  of  the  Faculty  and  students,  and  it  was 
natural  to  predict  that  he  would  be  a  true  minister  of  Christ  without  blame  and 
without  rebuke,  such  as  he  has  proved  himself  to  be,  both  in  prosperity  and  ad- 
versity. No  one  has  ever  had  just  occasion  to  accuse  him  of  anything  sordid, 
mean,  dishonorable,  or  unkind. 

He  studied  theology  with  the  late  Dr.  Osgood,  of  Springfield,  Mass.;  after 
which  he  «pent  some  time  as  a  missionary  of  the  Young  Men's  Missionary  Asao- 
ciation,  of  New  York. 

He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  of  Hopkinton,  N.  H., 
October,  1818,  where  he  continued  pastor  about  seventeen  years,  highly  esteemed 
by  a  majority  of  the  people  and  by  the  ministry  of  New  Hampshire. 

In  January,  1836,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  church  in  Warwick,  Mass., 
where  he  continued,  an  esteemed  and  affectionate  pastor,  for  seventeen  years. 

He  was  firmly  attached  to  the  doctrines  of  the  Puritans,  and  defended  the  faith 
delivered  to  the  saints  with  candor  and  manly  arguments,  but  without  bigotry 
or  superstition,  and  with  due  charity  toward  those  who  differed  from  him,  if 
they  exhibited  the  spirit  of  the  Master. 

As  a  husband  he  was  affectionate,  kind,  and  ever  ready  to  perform  ever^  oflice 
of  conjugal  aSection  with  patience,  perseverance,  and  fidelity. 

As  a  father  he  was  tender,  considerate,  and  tolerant  of  childish  thoughtlessness; 
yet  teaching  his  children  with  all  firmness  their  duties  to  God  and  man,  and  their 
need  of  an  Almighty  Redeemer,  and  daily  commending  them  to  a  covenant- 
keeping  God,  that  they  might  be  preserved  from  the  evil  that  there  is  in  the 
world,  and  be  prepared  for  the  coming  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ. 

He  was  a  true  modH  man  as  a  patriot  and  citizen,  without  blame,  without  self- 
ishness, with  benevolence  and  genuine  philanthropy.  His  prayers  ascended  in 
behalf  of  the  oppressed,  and  that  all  classes  of  men  might  be  victuous,  prosper^ 
ous,  and  happy. 


1869.]  Congregational  Necrology.  71 

• 

As  a  minister  of  Christ  he  sought  the  mind  of  the  Spirit  in  his  studies ;  and  in 
his  public  ministrations  he  was  free  from  extravagance,  eccentricity,  or  ultraism. 
He  was  emphatically  a  safe  man  in  his  instructions,  example,  and  influence. 

We  love  to  look  at  him  as  he  was  in  the  days  of  his  strength,  his  unimpeach- 
able integrity  and  Christian  magnanimity.  Very  few  men  had  as  few  faults  and 
as  many  sterling  virtues  as  he. 

As  he  was  allowed  of  God  to  be  put  in  trust  with  the  Gospel,  even  so  he 
ipake,  not  as  pleasing  men,  but  God  who  trieth  the  heart  Neither  at  any  time 
used  he  flattering  words ;  God  is  witness.  Nor  of  men  sought  he  glory.  But  he 
was  gentle  among  his  flock,  even  as  a  nurse  cherisheth  her  children ;  so  being 
affectionately  desirous  of  them,  he  was  willing  to  impart,  not  the  Gospel  of  God 
only,  but  his  own  soul,  because  they  were  dear  unto  him. 

As  an  affectionate  pastor  he  was  indeed  a  man  of  consolation  in  the  houses  of 
neknera  and  of  mourning ;  sympathizing  with  every  son  and  daughter  of  sorrow, 
and  endeavoring  to  make  all  their  trials  means  of  grace  and  sources  of  everlast- 
ing good.    Thus  was  he  a  model  minuter  of  the  Grospel.     And  we  may  well  say,  —- > 

"  Servant  of  God,  well  done  ; 
Thy  glorioas  warfare 's  past ; 
The  battle  *s  fought,  the  race  is  run, 
And  thou  art  crowned  at  last." 

His  funeral  sermon  was  preached  September  14,  by  Rev.  Z.  S.  Barstow,  d.  d., 
of  Keene,  N.  H. 

As  the  disease  unjjer  which  he  long  labored  weakened  both  body  and  mind, 
he  was  not,  in  the  last  years  of  his  life,  so  demonstrative  of  his  views  and  feel- 
mgs  as  seemed  appropriate  for  one  of  his  character.  But  in  one  of  his  more 
lucid  moments  he  wished  that  the  following  hymn  might  be  communicated  to  his 
children  and  friends  as  fully  expressive  of  his  feelings,  views,  and  aspirations. 

"  I  'm  kneeling  at  the  threshold,  weary,  faint,  and  sore  ; 
Waiting  for  the  dawninp:,  —  for  the  opening  of  the  door ; 
Waiting  till  the  Master  shall  bid  me  rise  and  come 
To  the  glory  of  his  presence,  to  the  gladness  of  his  home ! 
A  weary  path  I  've  travelled,  'mid  darkness,  storm,  and  strife, 
Bearing  many  a  burden,  struggling  for  my  life. 
But  now  the  mom  is  breaking ;  my  toil  will  soon  he  o'er ; 
I  'm  kneeling  on  the  threshold  ;  my  hand  is  on  the  door. 
Methinks  I  hear  the  voices  of  the  blessed  as  they  stand 
Singing  in  the  sunshine  of  the  far-ofl*  sinless  land  ! 
O,  would  that  /  were  with  them,  amid  their  shining  throng, 
Mingling  in  their  worship,  joining  in  their  song. 
The  friends  that  started  with  me  have  entered  long  ago ; 
One  by  one  they  lefl  me,  struggling  with  the  foe. 
Their  pilgrimage  was  shorter,  their  triumph  sooner  won ; 
How  lovingly  they  '11  hail  me,  when  all  my  toil  is  done. 
With  them  the  blessed  angels  who  know  no  grief  for  sin, 
I  see  them  by  the  portals,  prepared  to  let  me  in  ; 
O  Lord,  I  wait  thy  pleasure,  thy  time  and  way  is  best ; 
But  I  'm  wasted,  worn,  and  weary ;  O  Father,  bid  me  rest  I " 

Z.  O.  o. 


72  JAterary  Review.  [Jan. 


LITERARY  REVIEW. 

Rev.  Hkxry  Cowles,  d.  d.,  is  doing  a  good  service  to  Bible  readers  and 
Bible  students  (for  there  is,  unfortunately,  too  great  a  difference  between  the  two 
classes)  by  his  series  of  Notes  on  the  Old  Testament  Prophets.  The  first  Yolume, 
on  the  minor  prophets,  and  the  second,  on  Ezekiel  and  Daniel,  have  been  &var- 
ably  noticed  in  the  Quarterly,  and  now  we  have  the  third,  which  is  upon  Isaiah.* 
The  same  general  commendation  will  apply  to  the  three  volumes  now  before  the 
public,  for  the  general  method  of  comment  is  the  same  throughout.  In  our  view, 
the  author  comes  nearer  to  the  realization  of  the  true  idea  of  a  commentary, — in 
his  own  words,  **  to  bring  out  clearly,  yet  briefly,  the  sense  of  the  original,"  —  than 
is  usual ;  he  cannot  be  reckoned  among  those  who  darken  counsel  by  words  with- 
out knowledge,  but,  on  the  contrary,  he  has  written  a  book  that  is  su^ciently  ciit- 
ical  for  the  average  student,  and  sufficiently  explanatory  and  practical  for  genend 
use,  and  its  perusal  will  justify  the  reader  in  exclaiming,  with  him,  **  The  book  of 
Isaiah  is  a  triumphant  demonstration  of  the  reality  of  inspired  prophecy."  One 
more  volume  (Jeremiah)  will  close  the  series.  The  proof-reader  should  correct 
the  title-page. 

In  the  Introduction  to  his  last  book  f  Rev.  Dr.  Thompson  says,  with  truth,  that 
"  the  biography  of  certain  texts  of  Scripture  is  more  wonderful  and  more  valaable 
than  the  biography  of  a  hero."  As  illustrative  of  this  fact,  he  gives  to  a  public 
always  ready  to  read  whatever  he  may  write  a  volume  called  **  Seeds  and 
Sheaves,"  in  which  he  shows  the  uses  which  Grod  has  made  of  particular  passages 
of  his  Word ;  in  fact,  the  book  is  an  experimental  commentary  on  the  Bible,  a  por> 
trayal  of  Christian  experience  whose  study  can  be  only  profitable  in  the  highest 
sense.  The  subjects  and  incidents  are  well  classified,  the  reflections  and  sugges- 
tions edifying,  sweetly  devotional,  and  the  aroma  of  the  whole  volume  such  as 
might  be  expected  from  the  author  of  "  The  Better  Land,"  "  The  Mercy-Seat," 
and  other  books  which  pious  hearts  have  easily  learned  to  love. 

Glimpses  of  Christ  in  Holt  Scripture  is  the  very  appropriate  title  of 
a  book  from  the  pen  of  Rev.  Thomas  Laurie,  d.  d.  The  **  Glimpses  "^  are  well 
chosen,  bringing  into  strong  relief  the  great  truths  of  revelation;  the  style  is 
pleasing,  and  at  the  same  time  strong  and  forcible ;  there  is,  odentimes,  sharp 
analysis  of  vital  points,  conclusive  and  yet  simple,  and  the  occasional  epigram- 
matic form  of  expression  enlivens  many  a  solid  paragraph.  Precision  of  state- 
ment is  a  marked  characteristic  of  the  book,  and  we  believe  that  many  who 
think  themselves  "  rooted  and  grounded  "  in  sound  doctrine  would  learn  much 


•    *  Isaiah :  with  Notes,  Critical,  Explanatory,  and  Practical ;  designed  for  both 
tors  and  People.    By  Rkv.  Henry  Cowlbs,  d.  d.    New  York :  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 
1869.     Crown  8vo.     pp.552.     Price,  $2.50. 

t  SeedH  and  Sheavet*,  or  Words  of  Scripture ;  their  History  and  Fruits.    By  A.  C. 
Thompson,  D. D.    Boston :  Gould  and  Lincoln.    1869.    13rao.    pp.323.    Price,  $1.75. 

X  Glimpses  of  Christ  in  Holy  Scripture.    By  Rev.  Thomjls  Laurie,  d.  o.     Bos- 
ton:  Gould  and  Lincoln.    1869.    12mo.    Price,  $1.75. 


1869.]  Literary  Review.  73 

from  a  perusal  of  Dr.  Lanrie's  book,  for  there  is  a  perspicaity  of  thought  and 
expression,  a  careful  way  of  **  putting  things,"  which  is  of  great  practical  ralue. 
Among  the  many  books  on  personal  religion,  and  the  mutual  relations  of  Christ 
and  man,  this  volume  should  hold  an  honored  place.  It  is  a  good  companion  for 
Seeds  and  Sheaves ;  indeed,  each  book  may  be  proud  of  its  kinship. 

Thb  good  taste  of  Randolph,  the  publisher,  is  proverbial,  and  we  have  learned 
to  like  his  books  before  we  read  them ;  which  is  not  a  safe  way,  as  a  general 
rule.  His  ^  Changed  Cross  "  was  the  initial  volume  of  a  beautiful  series  of  choice 
devotional  books  in  prose  and  verse,  chiefly  the  latter,  and  the  great  sales  that 
have  followed  the  publication  prove  that  he  exactly  met  a  want  A  new  and 
enlarged  edition  of  *'  Wayside  Hymns  "  *  comes  to  us  with  a  flavor  of  Christmas, 
and  we  place  it,  with  a  few  similar  little  treasures,  where  we  can  take  it  up  when 
we  have,  or  can  make,  a  leisure  minute.  One  of  the  pleasant  things  in  the  Chris- 
tian life  of  to-day  is  the  growing  love  for  sacred  poetry,  and  we  welcome  every 
additional  collection,  as  indicating  progress  in  a  right  direction. 

Poems,  f  by  Lucy  Larcom,  is  a  book  to  be  read,  enjoyed,  and  commended.  If 
all  the  papers  had  not  quoted  Whittier's  warm  words  of  praise  of  Miss  Larcom's 
poetry,  we  would ;  but  fortunately  we  know  that  she  writes  well,  even  without 
resting  on  the  Quaker  poet's  genial  and  frank  assertion.  While  not  rising  into 
the  region  of  greatness,  there  is  a  purity,  a  wholesomeness,  a  freshness  to  all  that 
the  book  contains,  that  win  the  heart  of  the  reader,  and  some  of  the  poems  will 
live  long  years  to  come,  —  such  as  "  At  the  Beautiful  Grate,"  "  Our  Prayer,'* 
*^  Hannah  Binding  Shoes,"  't  More  Life,"  and  others  that  might  be  mentioned. 
Her  contributions  to  the  "  Congregationalist,"  the  "  Atlantic  Monthly,"  **  Our 
Young  Folks,"  and  other  publications,  long  ago  touched  the  popular  heart,  and 
the  present  collection  will  be  warmly  welcomed. 

To  comfort  the  sincere  mourner,  one  must  know  what  it  is  sincerely  to  mourn. 
Otherwise,  words  are  essentially  empty,  and  sympathy  is  too  superficial.  The 
authoress  of**  The  Gates  Ajar,"{  although  young,  has  had  surely  more  than  a  taste 
of  the  bitter  cup.  She  must  have  drank  deep  at  the  fountain  of  some  keen 
sorrow,  else  we  are  to  credit  her  with  an  art  almost  surpassing  belief.  She  minis- 
ters successfully  to  those  who  are  passing  under  the  rod.  This  book  is  attractive,  in- 
structive, suggestive,  and  very  consoling  to  those  whose  fresh  grief  finds  no  solace 
in  the  commonplace  phrases  which  kind-hearted  friends  will  freely  use  and  force 
upon  you  in  bungling  kindness.  In  our  judgment,  she  has  looked  quite  as  far  into 
the  regions  lying  beyond  the  reach  of  ordinary  vision  as  is  ever  granted  to  mor- 
tals; and  she  has  brought  very  fully  to  view  the  silver  lining  of  the  sable  cloud, 
and  taken  from  death  and  the  grave  much  of  the  universal  dread  with  which  it  is 
so  common  to  invest  them.  That  she  has  gone  to  the  utmost  limit  of  material- 
izing, of  the  real  presence  of  departed  Christian  friends,  and  of  the  specific  em- 

♦  Wayside  Hymns  :  Selected  from  Various  Authors.  Now  and  Enlarged  Edition. 
New  York :  Anson  D.  F.  Randolph.     1869.     Small  4to.     pp.192.     Price,  $1.50. 

t  Poems,  by  Lucy  Larcom.  Boston :  Fields,  Osgood,  &  Co.  1869.  16mo.  Price, 
$1.50. 

X  The  Gates  Ajar.  By  Elizabeth  Stuart  Phblps.  Boston :  Fields,  Osgood,  & 
Co.     1869.     pp.  248.    Price,  $  1.50. 


74  LUerary  Review.  [Jan. 

ployments  of  the  saved,  is  quite  apparent  Speculations  on  such  themes  have  a 
fascination  ;  but  it  is  not  well  to  trust  ourselves  beyond  what  God  has  revealed,  and 
we  feel  that  Miss  Phelps  has  in  several  instances  allowed  her  exuberant  sympa- 
thies and  heart-longings  to  lead  her  further  than  her  maturer  judgment  and  taste 
will  ultimately  justify.  We  think  she  could  have  found  a  better  specimen  of  a 
^  Deacon  "  than  the  one  she  has  chosen.  He  is  an  exceptional,  and  not  a  repre- 
sentative character.  He  is  on  one  extreme ;  and  he  illustrates,  in  this  particular, 
our  chief  criticism  of  the  book,  namely,  its  main  views,  though  in  general  correct, 
border  on  the  extreme.  This  abated,  it  is  one  of  the  best  books  of  the  season, 
and  will  not  fail  to  be  read,  and  to  be  useful,  especially  to  the  afflicted. 

The  Cross  and  Crown  Series  ^  comprises  three  volumes,  the  contents  of 
which  are  indicated  by  the  titles  **  Life's  Morning,"  **  Life's  Evening,"  and  **  life's 
Quiet  Hours."  They  are  good  books,  written  in  a  devotional  spirit,  and  present 
a  cheerful  view  of  practical  religion.  They  are  peculiarly  appropriate  fur  beaati- 
ful  and  yet  inexpensive  gifl-books,  are  issued  in  very  attractive  style,  and  are 
sold  singly  or  in  a  neat  box.  We  seldom  see  books  so  well  adapted  to  meet  the 
object  in  view,  and  their  wide  circulation  is  to  be  desired. 

Bible  biography  is  Bible  history,  and  whatever  attracts  people  to  the  Book 
of  books  is  to  be  welcomed  and  valued.  We  therefore  cordially  receive,  and  as 
cordially  commend,  the  noble  royal-octavo  volume,!  beautifully  illustrated,  which 
Lee  and  Shepard  of  this  city  have  recently  given  to  the  public.  Its  contents  are 
precisely  what  all,  and  especially  the  young,  should  read,  for  ignorance  of  the 
leading  characters  of  the  Bible  is  one  of  the  lamentable  facts  of  the  times,  and 
productive  of  much  wrong  thinking,  and  consequently  wrong  action ;  and  pro- 
fessed Bible  readers  are  too  often  sadly  lacking  in  available  knowledge  of  the 
lives  of  those  personages  about  whom  hangs  the  glory  of  the  early  and  later  dis- 
pensations. In  this  book  the  events  in  the  lives  of  the  prominent  characters  of 
the  Scriptures  are  well  grouped  and  connected,  and,  so  far  as  we  have  examined, 
the  work  is  faithfully  done.  An  introduction  by  Rev.  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  and 
an  appendix  containing  dissertations  on  the  evidences  of  Divine  revelation,  add 
much  to  the  value  of  the  book,  while  the  numerous  engravings,  including  many 
excellent  copies  from  Dor^,  make  it  very  attractive.  It  is  published  only  by  sub- 
scription, —  a  method  now  quite  fashionable. 

*  Life's  Morning ;  or,  Counsel  and  Encouragement  for  Youthful  Christians.  Bos- 
ton:  Lee  and  Shepard.    1869.    4to.    Price,  $1.50. 

Life's  Evening ;  or,  Thoughts  for  the  Aged.  Lee  and  Shepard.  1869.  4U>.  Price, 
$1.50. 

Life's  Quiet  Hours ;  being  Quiet  Hints  for  Young  and  Old.  Lee  and  Shepard.  1869. 
4to.    Price,  $  1.50. 

t  Illustrated  Bible  Biography ;  or  the  Lives  and  Character  of  the  Principal  Person* 
ages  recorded  in  the  Sacred  Scripturea,  with  an  Introduction  by  the  Rev.  Hbnrt  Ward 
Bebchkr,  and  an  Appendix  containing  Thirty  Dissertations  on  the  Evidences  of 
Divine  Revelation,  being  a  Complete  Summary  of  Biblical  Knowledge ;  carefully  con- 
densed and  compiled  from  Scott,  Doddridge,  Gill,  Patrick,  Adam  Clarke,  Pool,  Lowth, 
Home,  Wall,  Stowe,  Robinson,  and  others.  Embellished  with  twenty  full-page  Illus- 
trations by  GusTAvs  DoRi,  and  upwards  of  250  Engravings.  Boston :  Lee  and 
Shepard,  for  W.  L.  Goss  &  Co.,  No.  68  Cornhill.    1868.    pp.  491.    Price,  $  3.50. 


1869.]  lAterary  Review.  75 

Nos.  Xin.  and  XIV.  of  Dr.  Smith's  Bible  Dictionary  *  are  in  hand.  The 
latter  reaches  '*  Kir  of  Moab."  Every  number  but  the  more  and  more  impresses 
OS  with  the  great  value  of  this  work  to  all  Bible  students,  and  inspires  the  wish 
that  some  good  man  in  every  church  would  see  that  his  pastor  has  it 

'  Drux-Ponts'  Campaigns  in  AMEBiCA,t  1780-81,  is  a  book  which  has  bnt 
recently  found  its  translator,  editor,  and  publisher.  In  itself  deeply  interesting 
and  valuable  as  a  part  of  our  Revolutionary  history,  it  might  have  remained  in 
manuscript,  or  soon  gone  into  the  waste-basket,  but  for  the  keen  eye  and  sound 
judgment  of  Dr.  Green,  who,  in  that  *^  morning  stroll  upon  one  of  the  quays  of 
Paris,"  discovered  the  tempting  volume,  purchased,  mastered,  and  translated  it, 
and  has  now  given  it  to  the  public  in  both  its  original  French  and  in  beautifully 
flowing  English.  His  own  full  and  carefully  studied  notes,  as  well  as  his  bio- 
graphical sketch  of  the  family  from  which  Deuz-Ponts  sprang,  add  very  much  to 
the  interest  and  value  of  the  work. 

The  sketches  of  the  ^*  campaigns "  were  evidently  written  out  at  the  time  the 
events  occurred,  and  aflerwards  copied  and  bound  in  the  form  in  which  they 
were  found.  The  writer  was  in  Count  de  Rochambeau*s  army ;  was  ready  for 
any  daring  adventure,  and,  if  not  before,  in  the  last  grand  and  successful  assault 
upon  Yorktown,  he  had  his  highest  wishes  gratified.  He  led  one  of  the  storming 
columns,  was  wounded  severely,  but  received  the  highest  commendations  of  his 
superior  officers.  The  narrative  is  exceedingly  simple,  straightforward,  and  in- 
teresting. The  book  is  finely  printed  on  tinted  paper,  with  a  large  margin,  and  is 
sold  by  the  publishers  at  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents  in  paper,  and  three  dollars  in 
eloth  binding. 

The  late  Rev.  Robert  Crowell,  of  Essex,  Massachusetts,  had  nearly  completed, 
at  the  time  of  his  death  (1855),  a  history  of  that  ancient  town.  Professor  £.  P. 
Crowell,  of  Amherst  College,  has  finished  what  was  so  worthily  begun,  and  the 
result  is  a  goodly  octavo  volume.^  The  Professor  has  prefixed  to  the  history  a 
biographical  sketch  of  the  author,  and  Hon.  David  Choate  furnishes  a  chapter 
containing  a  full  record  of  the  doings  of  the  town  in  regard  to  the  late  rebellion, 
with  interesting  sketches  of  the  deceased  soldiers.  As  a  whole,  the  work  is  well 
done  ;  a  great  amount  of  valuable  history,  both  civil  and  ecclesiastical,  is  contained 
in  the  volume,  and  it  is  evident  that  early  records  have  been  carefully  examined, 
and  traditions  and  reminiscences  well  considered.  Essex  is  one  of  the  oldest  of 
our  old  towns,  and  has  an  honorable  name,  and  we  are  glad  that  its  history  has 
been  so  well  written.     Of  course  there  is  much  that  is  purely  local,  but  there  is 

♦  American  Edition  of  Dr.  William  Smith's  Dictionary  of  the  Bible.  Revised  and 
Edited  by  Professor  H.  B.  Hackett,  d.  d.,  with  the  co-operation  of  Ezra  Abbot, 
A.M.,  A.  8.  8.,  Assistant  Librarian  of  Hanard  University.  New  York:  Published  by 
Hard  and  Houghton.     1868.     Seventy -five  cents  a  number. 

t  My  Campaigns  in  America.  A  Journal  kept  by  Count  William  de  Denx-Ponts. 
1780-81.  Translated  from  the  French  Manuscript,  with  an  Introduction  and  Notes. 
By  Samuel  Abbott  Green.  Boston :  J.  K.  Wiggin  and  William  Parsons  Lnnt. 
1868.     pp.176.      Price,  $3.00. 

I  History  of  the  Town  of  Essex  from  1634  to  1868.  By  the  late  Rev.  Robert 
Cbowell,  d.  d.,  Pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  in  Essex ;  with  Sketches  of  the 
So|diers  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  by  Hon.  David  Cuoatb.  Essex :  Published  by 
tlto  Town.    8vo.    pp.  488. 


76  Literary  Review.  [Jan. 

also  much  that  bean  directly  upon  ^  old  colony  times,  when  we  lived  under  the 
King  ** ;  while,  as  is  in  general  true  of  the  early-settled  New  England  towns,  the 
strictly  local  matter  is  very  valuable,  both  in  itself  considered,  and  as  illnstra^Te 
of  the  times,  manners  and  customs,  beliefs  and  practices  of  those  whom  we  do,  or 
should,  delight  to  honor.  A  peculiar  feature  of  this  book  is  the  series  of  ^  fancy ' 
sketxihes,"  as  the  author  calb  them,  in  which  the  attempt  is  made  to  picture  the 
nien  and  the  times  in  a  pleasant  way.  The  only  objection  to  this  is  that  the 
reader  is  sometimes  lefl  in  doubt  whether  he  is  reading  sober  fact  or  following 
the  Yivid  imagination  of  the  writer.  The  plan  adopted  may  render  the  book 
more  attractive  to  a  general  reader,  but  for  a  prosy  fact-hunter  it  is  open  to  criti- 
cism.  Collectors  of  town  histories, — and  they  are  numerous, — will  prize  the  book. 

The  History  of  Winchendon,*  Massachusetts,  contains  five  hundred  and 
twenty-eight  octavo  pages,  including  a  full  table  of  contents,  and  an  index  of 
names  filling  six  solid  pages  in  fine  type.  It  is  illustrated  with  nine  litho- 
graphic portraits,  by  Crosby  of  this  city,  and  more  than  a  dozen  wood  engrav- 
ings, by  Russell  and  Kchardson.  Besides  these,  there  is  a  plan  of  the  original 
division  of  lots,  with  the  names  of  the  owners,  a  map  of  the  town,  a  map  of 
Winchendon  and  Waterville  villages,  and  a  plan  of  the  Old  Centre.  The  pe- 
culiarity of  the  maps  is  this:  instead  of  the  names  of  present  residents,  with 
which  town  and  county  maps  are  generally  covered,  the  maps  in  this  volume 
have  numbers  placed,  which  indicate  the  location  of  every  house  and  old  cellar 
in  the  town.  On  a  sheet  which  folds  into  the  map  are  printed  the  names  of  the 
first  occupants,  and,  in  many  cases,  of  every  family  that  has  lived  on  the  spot,  to 
the  present  time.  Thus  the  maps  are  a  history  of  the  town  in  themselves.  In 
addition,  the  location  of  every  old  school-house,  mill,  and  church  is  fixed.  The 
book  is  divided  into  thirty-three  chapters,  which  seem  to  exhaust  the  history  of 
ever)'thing  pertaining  to  the  town.  The  whole  is  arranged  by  topics,  except 
two  short  chapters  of  annals,  which  contain  matters  that  seem  to  defy  clasnfi- 
cation.  From  the  introduction  we  learn  that  the  author  '*  read  almost  every  page 
of  the  several  volumes  of  town  records,  including  the  registers  of  births,  mar- 
riages, and  deaths  ** ;  besides  carefully  examining  the  records  of  churches,  reli- 
gious societies,  engine  companies,  literary  associations,  soldiers'  aid  societies  and 
committees.  Every  part  has  been  tested  by  referring  to  original  authoritiea. 
In  brief,  this  is  a  valuable  contribution  to  our  rapidly  increasing  list  of  town 
histories,  and  as  the  edition  is  very  small,  libraries  and  antiquarians  will  do  well 
to  inquire  for  and  purchase  early. 

A  Catalogue  of  the  American  Portion  of  the  Prince  Library .f  so  called,  has 
been  published  in  dainty  style  by  Wiggin  and  Lunt  of  this  city,  to  whom  the 
public  is  indebted  for  many  choice  editions  of  choice  books.  The  library  collected 
by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Prince,  or  rather  what  was  lefl  of  it  afler  the  occupation  of 

♦  History  of  the  Town  of  Winchendon,  Worcester  Co.,  Massachusetts,  from  the 
Grant  of  Ipswich,  Canada,  in  1735,  to  the  Present  Time.  By  Rev.  A.  P.  Mabvix. 
Winchendon  :  Published  by  the  Author.     1868.    Price,  $4.00. 

t  Catalogue  of  the  American  Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Prince,  with 
a  Memoir,  and  List  of  his  Publications.  By  William  H.  Whitmobb.  Boston :  J.  K. 
Wiggin  and  William  Parsons  Lunt    1868.    pp.  166. 


1869.]  Literary  Jteview.  77 

the  Old  South  Charch  bj  ihe  BriUflh,  and  given  hj  him  to  that  church  as  a  pub- 
lic tmeti  was  deposited  a  few  years  ago  in  the  Boston  Public  Library.  The 
trustees  of  the  City  Library  have  had  a  complete  catalogue  made  of  the  Tolumes 
thus  committed  to  their  care,  and  the  book  under  notice  is  printed  from  their 
tjrpe,  although  in  different  and  more  convenient  form.  The  little  volume  is 
enriched  by  a  brief  memoir  of  Mr.  Prince,  and  a  list  of  his  publications,  With 
their  full  titles*  It  is  aggravating  to  every  lover  of  New  England  history  to 
think  what  devastation  has  been  made  in  this  library,  and  we  only  hope  that,  for 
the  future,  what  remains  of  it  will  be  sacredly  preserved,  and  never  go  beyond 
the  control  of  those  whom  its  original  owner  wished  to  have  charge  of  it.  Stray 
Tolnmes  are  occasionally  found  in  strange  places ;  we  have  seen  them,  and  pos- 
nbly  they  will  ultimately  gravitate  to  their  natural  centre.  .  Congregationalists 
ihould  need  no  instruction  in  regard  to  the  life,  writings,  or  library  of  Mr.  Prince, 
and  we  only  remark  that  the  Catalogue  here  mentioned  is  of  value  to  all 
bibliographers. 

SUbpes  and  Brothers,  we  believe,  never  shrink  from  a  great  work,  pro- 
vided they  can  foresee  that  the  public  needs  demand  it  They  can  afford  to  wait 
for  a  customer,  if,  perchance,  they  a  little  anticipate  his  coming.  In  the  great 
**  Biblical,  Theological,  and  Ecclesiastical  Cyclopedia  "  *  they  are  issuing  the  min- 
ister, the  Sabbath-school  teacher,  indeed,  every  Christian  student,  can  find  very 
much  of  the  help  that  is  available.  It  is  certainly  elaborate,  catholic,  discriminat- 
ing, and  as  thorough  and  general  as  the  liberal  space  allowed  to  each  topic  will 
permit.  For  fourteen  years  the  materials  for  this  religious  Thesaurus  had  been 
accumulating  before  its  publication  began.  The  names  of  its  contributorB,  as  well 
as  of  its  editors,  are  a  guaranty  of  general  accuracy  and  completeness.  The 
article  on  Congregationalists  was  prepared  by  our  co-editor,  Rev.  A.  H.  Quint, 
D.  D.  (misprinted  in  Vol.  II.  A.  s.  Q.),  whom  all  our  readers,  and  the  public 
generally,  can  safely  trust  to  say  only  the  right  things  in  our  denominational  mat- 
ters. The  first  volume  begins  with  *^  Aadrak  **  and  ends  with  **  Bzovius."  There 
are  three  thousand  two  hundred  and  eighty-five  topics  in  this  volume  alone,  and 
these  are  illustrated  by  three  hundred  and  seventy-two  wood  engravings.  This 
work  is  valuable  in  bibliography  as  well  as  in  biography,  history,  theology,  and 
the  like.  The  second  volume  begins  with  **  Cab,**  and  exhausts  the  letter  '*  D.*' 
These  noble  volumes  are  well  printed,  on  good  paper,  and  in  cloth  are  sold  by 
the  publishers  at  $  5.00 ;  in  sheep,  at  $  6.00 ;  and  in  half  morocco,  at  $  8.00  a 
volume.  We  know  of  no  similar  work  of  such  comprehensive  plan  and  satisfactory 
execution.  . 

Littell's  Living  Age.  —  This  periodical,  the  first  number  of  which  was  is- 
sued May  11,  1844,  now  enters  upon  its  one  hundredth  volume^  having  attained  to 
dimensions  which  but  few  of  our  serials  can  boast  It  is  a  weekly  reprint  of  se- 
lections, chiefly  from  English  periodicals,  so  various  and  so  suited  to  a  cultivated 
taste  as  to  merit  from  the  public  even  a  wider  patronage  than  it  now  receives. 
Price,  S  8,00  a  year,  free  of  postage. 

*  Cyclopedia  of  Biblical,  Theological,  and  Ecclesiastical  Literatore.  Prepared  by  the 
Rev.  JoHif  McCliwtock,  d.  d.,  and  James  Strong,  s.  t.  d.  Vol.  I.  A-B.  pp.  947. 
Vol.  IL    C  -  D.    pp.  933.    Price,  $  5.00  per  volume. 


78  Literary  Review.  [Jan. 

The  elegant  two-volame  edition  of  sermons,  by  Rer.  Henrj  Ward  Beecber, 
recently  published,*  demands  a  longer  and  more  critical  notice  than  is  possible  in 
this  number  of  the  Quarterly.  It  is  probably  true  that  the  sermons  of  no  clergy- 
man, living  or  dead,  have  been  so  widely  circulated  by  the  press  as  those  of  the 
Plymouth  pastor ;  but  this  is  the  first  collection  made  at  his  request  and  revised 
by  him,  and  therefore  it  has  an  especial  interest  and  value,  as  giving  an  authori- 
tative exposition  of  his  theological  system,  and  his  views  of  Christian  truth  in  its 
varied  bearings.  The  selection  has  been  made  by  Rev.  Lyman  Abbott,  and 
Mr.  Beecher  says  those  sermons  have  been  chosen  which  would,  as  far  as  poenble, 
give  a  correct  view  of  the  range  of  subjects  which  he  is  accustomed  to  employ  in 
his  ministry,  with  the  exception  of  discourses  in  regard  to  the  application  of 
Christian  truth  to  public  questions  of  the  day ;  ^  these  it  has  been  thought  best  to 
reserve,  and,  should  they  ever  be  republished,  to  place  them  in  a  volume  by  them- 
selves." The  perusal  of  these  volumes  will  give  to  many  people  what  they  hare 
long  desired,  —  his  doctrinal  views  on  special  subjects,  while  on  practical  religion 
the  reader  will  find  a  richness  of  thought  and  expression  rarely,  if  ever,  equalled. 
The  selection  covers  a  wide  range,  and,  as  Mr.  Abbott  well  says  in  his  introdnc-^ 
tory  note,  with  reference  not  so  much  to  the  demands  of  theological  scholarship  aa 
to  the  wants  of  the  popular  heart  While  the  public  gladly  read  the  reports  of 
Mr.  Beecher's  sermons  as'  they  appear  from  week  to  week,  we  suggest  that  these 
volumes  be  thoroughly  consulted  by  all  who  have  occasion  or  the  disposition  to 
pass  judgment  on  his  views,  for  "  each  sermon  has  been  carefully  revised  by  him.* 
We  dissent  from  some  of  his  doctrinal  views,  but  cordially  say  that  the  collection 
is  one  of  which  any  man  or  denomination  might  well  be  proud,  and  we  heartily 
welcome  it  as  a  valuable  addition  to  our  standard  religious  literature. 

The  numerous  pupils  and  personal  friends  of  the  late  Professor  Shepard,  of 
Bangor,  will  be  gratified  with  the  volume  of  his  Sermons  recently  issued.f  The 
lifelike  steel  engraving,  and  the  discriminating  and  faithful  memorial  discourse  by ' 
Professor  Talcott  which  precede  the  thirty-one  sermons  embraced  in  this  volume, 
will  vivify  the  interest  felt  in  it  as  a  tribute  to  his  memory.  Those  who  were 
not  personally  acquainted  with  their  distinguished  author,  but  who  appreciate 
sterling  truth  forcibly  presented,  will  also  welcome  this  fresh  example  of  pulpit 
power.  At  the  present  time,  when  there  are  such  varied  and  strong  temptations 
to  lead  the  youthful  preacher  to  adopt  a  superficial,  flippant,  and  sensational  style, 
this  volume  of  sermons  may  well  be  made  a  study,  as  showing  how  the  truth  may 
be  presented  effectively,  without  the  sacrifice  of  dignity,  or  a  degradation  of  the 
pulpit  to  the  level  of  the  merely  literaty  lecture  or  the  political  harangue.  God 
honors  his  truth  when  set  forth  appropriately  and  in  a  becoming  spirit.  We 
would  commend  to  our  brethren  beyond  the  sea  this  specimen  of  American 
sermons. 

*  Sermons  by  Hbnrt  Ward  Beechbr,  Plymouth  Church,  Brooklyn.  Selected  from 
Published  and  Unpublished  Discourses,  and  Revised  by  their  Author.  In  two  volumes. 
New  York:  Harper  and  Brothers.     1863.     pp.  484,  486.     Price,  S  5.00. 

t  Sermons  by  the  late  Rev.  George  Shcpard,  d.  d.,  Professor  in  Theological  Semi* 
nary,  Bangor,  Me.,  with  a  Memorial  by  Professor  D.  S.  Talcott.  Boston :  Nichols  and 
Noyei.    1868.    12mo.    pp.  368.    Price,  $  2.00. 


.  _  V  j*i-  r.    k 


1869.]  Literary  JReview.  79 

Another,  and  this  time  a  really  good  Life  of  Christ.*  It  is  by  Bev.  Lyman 
Abbott,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  is  especially  characterized  by  careful  study,  sound 
doctrine,  good  taste,  and  excellent  judgment  as  to  the  proprieties  of  narrative,  dis- 
cuinoo,  and  inference.  We  like  the  plan  on  which  the  book  is  based ;  there  is 
proper  discrimination  between  the  work  of  the  critic,  the  philosopher,  and  the 
nmple  historian.  Mr.  Abbott  assumes  the  Bible  to  be  the  inspired  word  of  God, 
that  ^ith  in  the  Christian  miracles  is  the  truest  rationalism,  that  Jesus  is  the  in- 
carnate Son  of  God.  Questions  of  inspiration,  of  authenticity,  and  discussions  of 
fundamental  doctrines,  are  not  touched  and  a  single  sentence  in  the  Preface  will 
index  the  character  of  the  whole  book  :  ^  Reverencing  Jesus  as  the  only  begotten 
Son  of  God,  accepting  him  as  the  Lamb  slain  from  the  foundation  of  the  world, 
in  whom  alone  is  the  remission  of  sins,  and  loving  him  with  daily  increasing  love 
as  my  Saviour  and  my  Lord,  I  have  sought  simply  to  tell  the  story  of  his  life,  be- 
lieving that  his  character  is  its  own  best  evidence  of  his  divinity,  his  life  its  own 
highest  eulogy."  No  heUer  prvna  facie  evidence  of  the  spirit  of  the  book  could 
be  desired,  and  the  author  has  well  done  his  work.  The  introductory  chapters, 
which  treat  of  the  Holy  Land,  of  the  Jewish  commonwealth,  and  the  Jewish  civili- 
sation of  the  first  century,  are  yery  interesting,  and  throw  much  light  forward 
upon  the  direct  narrative.  Aside  from  the  **  Life,"  the  book  is  peculiarly  rich  in 
descriptions  of  manners  and  customs,  places,  incidents,  and  historical  illustrations, 
so  that  the  intelligent  reader  is  put  in  possession  of  all  that  is  necessary  to  a  clear 
nndentanding  of  the  topics  discussed.  In  typography  and  pictorial  embellish- 
ment the  volume  is  all  that  could  be  desired. 

The  life  of  a  man  who  has,  by  his  own  intellectual  powers  and  force  of  will, 
raised  himself  from  penury  and  obscurity  to  affluence,  and  to  extensive  influence 
over  mankind,  is  always  a  worthy  subject  of  careful  study.  Such  an  example 
stimulates  to  exertion  and  to  heroic  deeds. 

Horace  Greeley,  so  widely  known  as  a  prince  among  journalbts,  was  induced 
by  the  proprietor  of  the  **  New  York  Ledger  "  to  prepare  for  that  paper  **  a  series 
of  autobiographic  reminiscences  " ;  and  these  **  Recollections,"  rewritten  in  part-, 
and  enriched  by  accretions,  constitute  the  chief  portion  of  a  volume  f  of  624  pages, 
inscribed  by  its  author  to  *^  our  American  boys,  who,  born  in  poverty,  cradled  in 
obscurity,  and  early  called  from  school  to  rugged  labor,  are  seeking  to  convert 
obstacle  into  opportunity,  and  wrest  achievement  from  difficulty."  It  is  impos- 
sible to  separate  such  a  life  as  Mr.  Greeley's  from  the  history  of  the  times  with 
which  it  is  identified,  and  this  volume  is  interesting  not  only  in  its  personal  delin- 
eations of  its  author,  but  also  in  its  historic  narrations.  A'though  but  flew  readers 
will  agree  with  all  the  sentiments  expressed,  and  although  Mr.  Greeley  affords  in 

♦  Jesus  of  Nazareth  :  His.  Life  and  Teachings  ;  founded  on  the  Four  Gospels,  and 
iHnstrated  by  Reference  to  the  Manners,  Customs,  Religious  Beliefs,  and  Politicfil  In- 
ititattons  of  his  Times.  By  Lyman  Abbott.  With  Designs  by  Dor4,  Delaroche, 
Fcnn,  and  others.     New  York  :  Harper  and  Brothers.     1869.    Crown  octavo,    pp.  522. 

t  Recollections  of  a  Busy  Life;  including  Reminiscences  of  American  Politics  and 
Politirians,  from  the  Opening  of  the  Missouri  Contest  to  the  Downfall  of  Slavery ;  to 
which  are  added  Miscellanies,  Literature  as  a  Vocation,  Poets  and  Poetry,  Reforms  and 
Reformers,  a  Defence  of  Protection,  &c.  Also,  a  Discussion  with  Rol)ert  Dale  Owen 
of  tlie  Law  of  Divorce.  By  Horace  Gbeelbt.  New  York :  J.  B.  Ford  &  Co. 
1868.    8to.    pp.624.    Price,  $3.50. 


80  LiUrary  Review.  [Jan. 

himself  another  illustration  of  the  fact  that  men  who  are  **  self-made  "  are  ordi- 
narily, as  respects  balance  of  character,  poorly  made,  yet  no  unprejudiced  reader 
can  fail  to  admire  his  tender  sympathy,  and  his  all-conquering  resolution.  The 
high  stand  which  he  takes  on  temperance,  and  on  morals  in  general,  will  com- 
mend his  work  to  philanthropists,  and  his  advice  to  young  men  as  to  incurring 
«<  debts  "  is,  at  such  a  time  as  this,  worthy  of  special  consideration.  The  Tolume 
abounds  in  practical  suggestions,  which,  if  heeded,  cannot  but  be  of  great  utility 
to  those  who  are  entering  upon  life's  struggle  with  the  determination  to  make 
their  influence  in  society  eztensirely  and  permanently  felt. 

Among  the  recent  issues  of  the  Tract  Society  is  a  work  by  Rev.  Dr.  Wickes, 
of  Marietta,  Ohio,  entitled  ^  The  Son  of  Man."*  Starting  with  the  position  that 
the  eternal  life  of  the  soul  consists  in  the  **  knowledge  of  God,"  the  author  main- 
tains that  this  knowledge  can  only  be  obtained  through  Jesus  Christ,  and  that,  to 
understand  the  Scriptural  narrative  respecting  him,  **  we  must  reproduce  in  our 
minds  the  age  in  which  he  lived,  and  stand  amid  the  scenes,  the  conflicting  par- 
ties, and  agitating  questions  to  which  his  times  gave  birth.**  He  then  sketches, 
in  about  forty  brief  chapters,  the  principal  events  in  our  Saviour's  life,  and  at^ 
tempts  so  **  to  reproduce  the  age  in  which  he  lived  "  as  to  present  a  view  of  his 
life  in  its  true  relations. 

The  compiler  of  ^  Grolden  Truths  " — Mrs.  C.  A.  Means,  of  Dorchester,  Mass.  — 
has  prepared  another  volume,  "  Words  of  Hope,"  f  designed  to  minister  consola- 
tion to  mourners.  It  is  in  all  respects  a  beautiful  volume.  The  selections  are 
from  the  writings  of  some  of  our  best  authors,  and  are  judiciously  arranged  under 
the  headings,  *'  God  chasteneth  in  Love,"  **  Trust  in  God,"  **  The  Sympathizing 
Friend,"  "  The  Fruit  of  Sorrow,"  "  Children  in  Heaven,"  «  peath,"  "  The  Eternal 
Home."  The  style  of  the  volume  is  in  exquisite  taste,  the  contents  excellent  in 
thought  and  expression,  and  we  know  not  where  there  could  be  found  a  more 
appropriate  gifl  for  a  sorrowing  friend. 

**This  and  That''^  is  a  fragmentary  work  in  which  there  are  attempts 
at  fine  writing,  and  some  display  of  classic  learning ;  but  it  is  not  classic  in  its 
style,  nor  can  it  be  said  to  be  well  written.  Its  moral  influence  is  good ;  but  its 
religions  teachings  are  variable,  sometimes  very  correct,  and  at  other  times 
erroneous.  It  is  remarkable  that  a  professed  Christian  should  write  a  chapter  on 
Faith  without  any  mention  of  Christ  as  the  object  of  faith.  The  book  treats  of 
fifteen  themes,  moral  and  religious.  There  are  many  things  in  it  well  said,  and 
the  clearness  and  vivacity  of  the  style  will  interest  many  a  reader. 

Thx  radical  changes  in  the  general  structure  of  the  **  Quarterly,"  and  the 
great  space  required  for  the  Statistics,  compel  the  omission  of  many  notices,  espe- 
cially among  our  valuable  '*  exchanges."  With  the  Bext  number  it  is  expected 
that  all  arrangements  will  be  so  perfected  that  authors,  editors,  and  publishers 
will  have  no  cause  for  complaint. 

*  The  Son  of  Man.  By  Thomas  Wickes,  d.  d.  American  Tract  Society,  164 
Tremont  Street,  Boston. 

t  Words  of  Hope.    Boston:  Lee  and  Shepard.    1869. 

X  This  aod  That,  or  Thought  on  Different  Subjects.  By  Hbkbt  G.  McAbthux. 
Chicago :  Church  and  Goodman.    1868. 


Statutiai,  —  JMhme. 


THE  ANNUAL  STATISTICS  OF  THE  OONGEEGATIONAL 
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cUlDa,  «4i«D;  Tnst  BockitM,  •I.VOO:  Amsrtun  Bl 
'—■ttr,  »300;  AHk<u>  ind  Fsnlfn  CfariiUin  Daion, 
UCtiulM>laBocMT,tlOCI.    TOlitj-lbur ctiaKtiH i 


at*]:  B40,B»,— ulD 


S,  ISaT.    DrtfjHdutitlaet.AagaMt^Sotai; 


OtOABIZATlOS,- 


n2,  wlthantbutalUliin, 
onReiRi  AHrUdoEi  nt  Mlnlften.    Tonrtng  Omiitr  Confrnnn 


NEW    HAMPSHIRE. 


1887-8.     19K-S. 


I 


!i 


:'li|li 


i8a;-a3 


Iini-Mul. 
Bennington, 


.   1M411M 
1B351S).  2' 


17M,NattUDlel  luell,  >.  1.  IS 


1771  QoiDcy  BIhIuIt.  p. 
1W8 IJ,  H.  O'BlhD,  U» 
1771)  lonren  Atoubj',  >. 
1700  Uomnl  Hiiah,  1. 1 

issa'j.  u,  Bi<«,  1.9. 

lB3fi  H.  U.  lUndEnDa,  ■ 
lialJ.  L.  TomUuoB.p. 
17771    None. 
1791  H.  Gould,  t.  a. 
1770  E.  W.  Cl«k.  p. 
1902  llngh  KrUvi,  r.  1. 


G   SOI  -^ 
E   m'  76  ! 

MlHHZia  8 


■■    'BcAmp, 


IXnajiihnLFllnKiniti 


HJil  12'  61   ea  14>  0  01  W  1' 


Statittiet.  —  New  Sampihire. 


[J«n. 


II 


J,ll«tabivne,i,i 
ii  OsiirKr  Hmilli.  m.  i. 

mnTuiimiRrJwMt.p, 

ri  A,R1r<hu>lr,s.D.,a.i 


so     si  6  2|lIS 


imz  0.  r.  TnrkdMirT,  ■ 

laoa    nbm. 
iWirnhwhawiuaT."-' 

ITOWBdmRl  BoMk,  p. 
V9!\Ubt  CoDHil,  •-  i>, 
lifia.TbeDdais  C.  Pntl 


I.  IXii 
IfiSilKtt 

•.1803 

p.  1SS81S69 
.    lUI  18 


isnlJ.s 

B.  D.T.  ■-  »■,  p. 

„...BnnibMii,i.i. 

lJBIJ.K.r™og.n.n.,. 

'"IIS,  H.  BlHHhsrd,  •. 

W  Rnhu  Cue.  •.  1. 

ISgTij.  A..  Luuh.n.  ■, 
IfKSB.  D.  Elilrldn.p.        1 

nas'SftiomoDBiibj.p.  i 
i%ts  n.  K.  siou,  p.        1 

ITM  11.  T.  Bqhuodh.  p,  1 
l«»UD«G»n>uld,i.  i>.  1 
ITHS^Chu-kn  A.  DowiH,  p.  1 


1.1830  isai 
i.iseaisai 

1U2  1S6T 
IBSBlSda 

>.isiaisi8 


S-SK;.'.,, 


,i8M>r , 

,18MT.  p.  B.wln,«.  «. 
1748  OIlM  Lymui,  n.  i. 
UTaDmWfloinlirta.p. 

..KRhM&BunihMn',' 


U|  9i  139]  41 


34  'U>  Ml 

fl  IB'  m' 
51128.I8UI 

a  IS  3ij' 
»5  IM  ]»'  28 

71  la  18|    ■ 

K  28,  ^ 
»)i  63,  73   : 
43;  01  IS8|  ^ 

12:  %  4II|  11 
47  mi  187'  S3 
I7|  U'  691  t! 
34   78  107   M 

IS  4fl|  m  - 

»Z1GS,1S8 
K)110!l8i 

Dl  88'  a 

71  33  40 
4<tll20  li» 
8i\  8B127 

S  Z».  84 
tollWltG 
491  Si  136'  21 

1  Ui  --'  - 

2g'  2fti  . 

7,  a' 

34  99  133,  25^  3 


>1  103  IM'  34 

e  24.  33,  -- 
Sin,  till 


iJi'S 

D  01« 
8  t<HD 
D,  O.IO) 

nis 

i:  8100 

X'  nut 

H  1» 
0'  11*6 

0  (l|» 

1  3  400 


J;  If  n  0 


)'  a\m 
l\  I'Ut 

I  otet 

):  MIC 


1869.] 


StatMet.  —  Nev  Samp$hire. 


[Jan. 


Almou  Bennon,  Gentn  llubor, 

Nithuikl  Bnuton,!!.  n.,  Pnirtn- 

cM  Hhiloitu  of  Naw  Uugp- 

Svn'l  B.  Bndfonl,  Fnowtown. 
Anica  W.  BuTBliun,!.  n.,KbidBT. 
B,  R,  CotllD,  Herldni. 
John  Clirk,  Pinnauth. 
vrUBtm  Cluk.SH,  S.  H-Ulnlaii- 


ei). 

17  tuirtanlu,  Prat  Dart.  C 


Dr^   A.   Kmuiui,    but  Ca 
uubI  Lee,  Ifsw  Tp*wkh- 


natbin    MrOn,   Kuhm  (or- 

UlDid  1S19I. 

unphnj  Mwin,  D.I,,  WIford 


EbDAp  Rood,  Uhhtst. 

jimta  Sola,  PUInOeld  (ordiOiwd 


Ah  B.  Smith,  D.  s.,  PrM.  Dwt. 

WUUun  SfKuldtnc,  Hinora'. 
BenJmrLn  P.  Ston*   »,  o     Treu. 

N.II.XMoDH7aoE.,0«™Td. 
Qeonni  W.  ThomptoD,  BtrMlum. 
8u»H'lUtl«7,Ooni»iil. 
IHU  WU%,  ^.  H.  H.  BtU>  8a- 

cktj ,  Pcmbroka- 
JohB  Wood,  Ai^cDt  Am.TnetBo- 

citt},  WoUbbarDnih. 


J.W.  ChnipblU.Nu 

Addtxn  H~ld.  liu<li 
Cttdi  S.  Bkhaidl,  ll. 
18G0. 

Dvt.  CoU>p,  IIu. 


CaU.,  HUDTOT 


SmtM ART.  —  Chuiwhu  :  70  wl 

licmtlUH).    Total,  IK. 

UTHinni :  Tl  puMrt :  T4  iti 


at  (including  S  npplkd  ty 


il(»;  4Botlitn,    Totu.  190. 

B  fciulas.    Total,  lX,aal,  —  Inclulliic  8,S3T  aliMnt. 

doD  ;  406  br.ltltvT.    Total,  B8T. 

.      .  T0TU,I,l)l8. 


ADDiTionin  im--6S:4HlbT' 

RnoTlLa  m  Dia7-«8:  SfSbJasitn;  ow  dtohiiihihi  ;  ion  oy  ncmnnioni™ 
B.>Fnsi»  a  IRSi-ffl:  SlBudull;  minfUit.    Ix  Sihatb  Scnoou:  !S.*M. 
Chahitibli  COLLMTiosi  (from  162  chUTThM,  tbs  pmwilInK  ymr  168):  f  8g,iwn.ii,  »  iwc™ 
<12,G8I.71.    ThlrUn  cbnrcba  u*  offlcliiUj  nporMd  Id  hftTi  luda  no  ooDtrlbuUoiui  21 

CttANGES.— I 


VERMONT. 


Allpurgh, 
BwnM  (McI.  F.), 

Bon-nn, 
Bfi-tnhln,  But, 


ll|flporK*F.  Wrialit,  (I. 


si  ifi'  as'  1 

4.  «■  6ii     ' 
K   SB'  41   H 

5,  7B12I  a 

b[  i  10    ' 


WE.  1,  fuiwHwrln.'p.  I>«|]i*i7 
96  John  r.  SLoDc.i.  p.    ISCIiliiW 


i»i  4a  I! 

un  13i:«l  16  8 

9.  Ill  ZT^  n  a 

43  wise  29  0 


1869.] 


Statitl»c$. —  Vermont. 


&ati»lic».  —  VarmoHt. 


[Jan. 


Cnoiiuui. 
FluaudNiD 


ims.    isa;-8. 


'M 


III 


I417;ge<inu  e^m,  p. 
l^OXM'-ll.  Lonl.D.L.l 
Jirnb  S.  tlmt,  p 

M07|J.  c'.  UoUKhtoii;*.'] 
17MH.  N.  Burwn,p. 
l>litTiDiildCoDnBll,«.p 
ISlinil'.  B.  Ilulberi.p. 


W.  KLmhur, 


LTM'WiD.  M,  Bhod,  p. 
L741  L'  Hmrj  Oobb,  p 


ibhMil, .. 


q|iT3j1I71 


a*  B  SIS  4'  S;  0 
10  0  Ol  0  S,  2.  u 
16  17'  3»  7   S'  o!l 


4,  1  IS  7,  6l  1  13 


iii 

0  out 

2   0   » 


,3 


s 

"a 


Staliitict. —  Vermont. 


It  lO.TOT. 

iii|froii>lTOchDRhH,lut7«rlS0):  SS^.Sie.HO,— Xhrnueor 

Ale,  Donvt,  B. ;  Roj^Uin,  3. ;  Ddtot,  W.J  CiimbtUgepDrt ;  Benn 

Ikapptd  fnim  Iba  Ikt,  nons.     G4Tit1I1«  j^ppoan  u  ^tochbrld^.  — HmtnJai  ofmembfln 

1  putor,  1  tcOag  puui,  IMUicut  cbarit, 
OIOANIZATION,— TnlnCoDfcn'DMit  of  ChonhM.uid  tUUu  AiKKtaUoiu  of  tUslrian, 
pUur  (Eom  Ui«  Onuu  Cosrmioi. 


SCatittici,  —  Matiaehutetta. 
MASSACHUSETTS. 


[Jan. 


"        Btl  Eul 
lib  Nnrib, 

Agumii,  Feullag 

Ainwburf,  Wmt, 
Amhcnt,  lit. 


Q'VrxkrkkH  Abbe',f  laj.l 


I  C.  8.  Bjl«.i«-,  .  p 
I  fUlph  Parj.f 

im  Lflwli  Orci^n ,  p 
Inai.Hlllljun  P.  BuoD,! 
1486B.  O.JUKHUD.p 
1788  J.  L.  Jmkln.,  >.  p 
ITSa  V.  P.  Itbu^a,  p 
IflUl     Ndn.. 
liW.IVffl.W,  A.  Sl*iirm, 

171l'Cl»rlnSmUb%'^ 


illilli 


;  se  loa  iin.  Si  ; 


"        Bnlludnile 
Aritegton. 


ISW'l       PinftHO 


WM ,r 

ITaO  H.  A.  SWinu,  •.  p 
i.ineO  Dankl  Wtglic.p 

'"HJHoBUwftlrtH.p 

i^aSHanlidlM  Cutler, 
IJSOlTnqpli    -    - 
;.  17U  n  V. 


StatUtict.  —  JUauackuietU. 


CUU.  HIIXUBS.     XD 

SIT'l. 

KKOTILS 

OUT.    i 

! 

Ju..  1,  1*;3.         W7. 

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0.I1B.1B..              176.  [tartj  A  6mm  p 

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[Jan. 


— 

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[Jan. 


1869.] 


StatiBtK».  —  MatM^uutti, 


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iSt(^Utie».  —  MatM^tuett*. 


1869.] 


l^eeHiHct.  —  Ma»»acku»Mt. 


itm 


••      Cnl™.    ' 

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B.O».ln,B.D 

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0.  o{  BS 


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OmK  Huntnu. 


But  C«l«]r,  f^jirliuftFlil. 

JAb  t.  Conrlo'.'priiKlixl Vdbdi 


Ubrinto^er   CDIitilTiir.   S«-   Am. 

Cong.  Union,  Builon, 
ElUBb  Uutlnr,  ConniT. 
Elntfau  DiTb,  nubbarg. 
ElQifa  Demand,  nMtbDra'. 


r.iD»Fletrbi.r,  DMi'e 


AcAdcmy,  Mniifon. 
tdnuu.  \»\  iUnli., 


Elwtn  R,  Iliirtpnilii.  Ljnnllcld. 


H.V.  h™->,  nwioii. 

Imalui  Ilnpliina,  Northampton. 

R«>.  Mux.  IWI.orEdi^AndonT. 

vaOtita  C.  JiM-kHMi,  llun«Wlile. 


3.  Pmtt  MhMkboro'. 


39i'n;5 


100 


Statistics.  —  Masscichtisetts. 


[Jan. 


Alonso  B.  Rich,  D.  D.,  See.Westem 

Coll.  Soc.,  Boston. 
L.  Barton  Rockwood,  Sec.  Am. 

Tr.  Soc.  N.  £.  Branch,  Boston. 
Lorrain  Rood,  Worcester. 
William  L.  Ropes,  Librarian,  An- 

doTer. 
Baalis  Saaford,  East  Bridgewater. 
Enoch  Sjinford,  Raynham. 
William  H.  Sanford,  Worcester. 
P.  A.  Schwars,  Missionary,  Qreen- 

field. 
Julius  H.  Seelye,  d.  d.  ,  Prof. ,  Am- 
herst. 
L.  Clark  Seelye,  Prof,  Amherst. 
Henry  Seymour.  East  Qawley. 
Charles  B.  Smita,  Boston. 
William  S.  Smith,  West  Newton. 
Sgbert  C.  Smytn,  d.  d.,  Prof., 

AndoTer. 
Robert  Southgate,  Ipswich. 
Charles  V.  Spear,  Prln.  Institute, 

Pittsfleld. 
George  F.  Stanton,  Gardner. 
Jesse  G.  D.  Steams,  Billerica. 
Hanrey  M.  Stone. 
Alexander  D.  Stowell. 
Christopher  J.  Switaer. 
Increase  N.  Tarbox,  Sec.  Am.  Ei- 

ucation  Society ,  N  e  wton  or  Bos- 
ton. 
John  Tatloek,  xx.  d.,  Prof,  Wll- 

liamstown. 
John    L.    Taylor,    Prof.    Theol. 

Sem.,  Andorer. 
Calvin  Terry,  North  Weymouth. 
J.  Henry  Thayer,  Professor,  An- 

doTer. 
Wm.  M.  Thayer,  Soc.  Mass.  Temp. 

Alliance,  Franklin. 
Leander    Thompson,    Wolfebor- 

ough,  N.  U. 
Edward  P.  Thwlng,  Boston. 
Eugene  H.  Titus,  Cbarlestown. 
Joseph  Tracy,  d.  d.,  Sec.  Mass. 

Colonisation  Soc.,  Bererly. 


George  Trask,  Anti-Tobacconist, 
Fitohburg. 

Selah  B.  Treat,  Sec.  A.  B.  C.  F. 
M.,  Boston. 

James  Tufts,  Monson. 

William  Tyler,  Aubumdale. 

W^m.  S.  Tyler,  d.d.,  Prof,  Am- 
herst. 

George  Uhler,  Curtisville. 

John  A.  Vinton,  South  Boston. 

Aaron  Warner,  d.d.,  Amherst. 

Oliver  Warner,  Secretary  of  the 
Commonwealth,  BoHton. 

Israel  P.  Warren,  d.  d..  Sec.  Am. 
Tract  Soc.,  Boston. 

Rufus  P.  Wells,  GilbertTille. 

John  Whitehill,  South  WUbra^ 
ham. 

Charles  II.  WilUams,  54  Bowdoin 
St ,  Boston. 

Francis  F.  Williams,  East  Marsh- 
fleld. 

Jonathan  E.  Woodbridge,  Au- 
burndale. 

Samuel  Woodbury,  Chiltonyille. 

Henry  A.  Woodman,  Newbury- 
port. 

Charles  L.  Wood  worth.  Agent 
Am.  MLtwion.  Association,  Bos- 
ton. 

Isaac  R.  Worcester,  Editor  Mis- 
sionary  Herald ^  Aubumdale, 

Ebenecer  B.  Wright,  Hunting- 
ton. 


LiCKNTUTKS,  with  date  of  licen- 
sure. 

Elward  T.  Bartlett,  1867. 
William  B.  Boies,  1860. 
Albert  Bowers,  1867. 
E^ra  Braiuard,  Prof  Midd.  Coll., 

1867. 
Joshua  Buffum,  1862. 


William  A.  Boshee,  1867. 

J.  Wesley  Churehill,  1867. 

Joseph  Cook,  1867. 

Eiward  P.  Crowell,  Prof,  Am- 
herst, 1867. 

Ethan  Curtis,  1867. 

Marshall  M.  Cutter,  1867. 

John  G.  Darenport,  1866» 

Daniel  Denison,  1864. 

John  H.  Denison,  1865. 

Charles  T.  Dering,  1837. 

Henry  C.  Dickinson,  1867. 

James  G.  Dougherty,  1867. 

Charles  S.  Durfee,  1868. 

M.  Everett  Dwight,  1868. 

John  Edgar,  1837. 

Gilbert  O.  Fay,  1862. 

George  H.  Freuch,  1867. 

Thomas  L.  Gulick,  1867. 

A.  W.  Huen,  1867. 

S.  W.  Hjalewood,  1866. 

C.  M.  Jones  1836. 

Josiah  E.  Kittredge,  1834. 

Henry  B.  Ladd,  imio. 

Charles  M.  Lampson,  1867. 

Joseph  Lanman,  18il6. 

Everett  E.  Lewis,  1866. 

Albert  J.  Lyman,  1866. 

Charles  Manning,  1836. 

Henry  G.  Marshall,  1867. 

Richard  M.  Mather,  Prof,  Abi- 
herst,  1863. 

William  L.  Montague,  1866. 

M.  H.  Pasco,  1867. 

Webster  Patterson,  1867. 

Samuel  B.  Pettengill.  1866. 

Joseph  C.  Plumb.  18o7. 

M.  Porter  Snell,  1867. 

Eiward  P.  Sprague,  1866. 

Tnomas  W.  ThompM>n,  1863. 

Charles  R.  Treat,  1866. 

Joseph  Ward,  1867. 

George  W.  Warren,  1866. 

William  H.  Warren,  1867. 

H.  M.  Whitney.  1867. 

Charles  N.  WUder,  1865. 


SUMBIARY. — Churohbs:  801  with  pastors;  113  with  acting  pastors;  82  vacant  (including 4 supplied 

by  licentiates  and  1  by  Methodist).    Total,  496. 
HwisTSBS :  3i)7  pastors :  112  acting  pastors ;  186  others.    Total,  605.    LiosMTiATifl,  under  carsi  71  i 

approbated  in  1867  -  68.  32. 
CHuaoH  Mkmbers  :  24,734  males ;  54,792  females.    Total,  79,526, — including  11 ,509  absent. 
Additions  in  1867 :  3,513  by  profesj>ion ;  2.168  by  letter.    Total,  5,676. 

Removals  in  1867 :  1,170  by  death  ;  2,122  by  dismissal ;  58  by  excommunication.    Total,  8,360. 
Baptisms  in  18o7:  1,928  adult;  1,072  inCint. 
In  Sabbath  Schools:  93,440;  average  attendance,  62,780. 
Bjenbvolsnt   Contributions   (from  413   churchv^,  Itutt   year,  ^1):    8298,533.04,  —  a  decraaae  of 

$16,788.68.    (One  church  reporting  over  $  12,000  the  previous  year  makes  no  report  this  year.) 

CHANGES.  —  CniTitCHBS :  Xno,  —  Ludlow  Mills.  Replaced  on  the  list, —  Mount  Washington ;  Monument, 
in  S.indvrich.  Dropped  from  the  ILnt,  —  a  church  in  Boston,  by  the  union  of  S;ilcm  and  Mariners' ; 
a  chureh  in  Gardner,  by  the  union  of  two  churches ;  and  Kusseil,  independent.  Hyde  Park,  in 
Dnrahester,  appears  as  a  di.'itinct  town ;  South  D.tuvers  is  now  Peabody ;  South  Reading  is  now 
Wakefield  ;  and  the  Roxbury  churches  are  now  in  Boi>ton.  —  Net  gain  of  members,  1,^2. 
MmiSTBRs:  Onlinationa,  17  pastors,  8  without  installation.  Installations,  37.  Dismisnls,  46. 
Deaths,  1  pastor,  5  without  charge. 

ORG.INIZ.ITION. — Twenty-seven  Associations  of  filinisters  and  twenty-four  Conferences  of  ChnrchM 
are  united-  in  the  Gsneral  Association  of  tub  Conorboational  Cudroh^  or  MASSACBOsnrs 
The  union  of  the  Gsnx&al  Association  and  Gbmbral  CoMPBaBMCi  was  consummated  Juo*  16 
1868. 


Statistict.  —  Shade  Island;  Connecticut. 


BHODE    ISLAND. 


LmtrCcKBploo 

lutG^  t  Wnli'r  p 

lir  i«. 

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!»"»,!;;?"""'  '^ 

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CONNECTICUT. 


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106 


Statistics.  —  Connecticut, 


[Jan. 


Horace  Bushnell,  v.  D.,  Hartford. 

Noah  Coe,  New  Uaren. 

AogoBtuB  B.  CoUiiu,  Nonralk. 

BrastfiB  Colton,  Agent  Un.  Con. 
New  Karen. 

Henry  M.  Colton,  Middletown. 

Nehemiah  B.  Cook,  Ledyard. 

Ghauncey  D.  Cowlen,  Farmington. 

Lncioii  Curtis,  Berlin. 

WilUam  B.  CartLu,  North  Bran- 
f6rd. 

Olirer  E.  Daggett,  d.  d.,  Prof., 
New  HaTen. 

Wm.  W.  Davenport,  Pin.  Agent, 
Theol.  Sem.,  Hartford. 

George  E.  Day,  d.d..  Prof.,  New 
Haven. 

Guy  B.  Day, Teacher, Bridgeport. 

Henry  N.  Day,  d.  D.,  New  Hayen. 

MTilliam  E.  Dixon,  Enfield. 

Solomon  J.  Douglaas,  New  Haren. 

Timothy  Dwight,  Prof.  Theoiog. 
Sem.,  New  Haren. 

John  E.  Elliot,  Higganum. 

Edwin  B.  Emerson,  Teacher, 
Stratford. 

Thomas  K.  Fessenden,  Farming- 
ton. 

Geo.  P.  Fisher,  d.  d..  Prof.  Theol. 
Sem.,  New  Haven. 

Warron  C.  Finke,  Colchester. 

Eleazar  T.  Fitch,  d.  d.,  New  Ha- 
ven. 

Samuel  B.  Forbes,  West  Wlnsted. 

William  C.  Fowler,  Durham  Cen- 
tre. 

John  Greenwood,  Bethel. 

Prederiok  Oridley,  Newington. 

Daniel  Hemenway,  Snffleld. 

Benjamin  B.  Hopkinson,  lUddle- 
town. 

Samuel  Hopley,  City  Missionary, 
Norwich. 

James  M.  Hoppln,  Prof.  Theol. 
Sem.,  New  Haven. 

George  L.  Hovey,  Dis.  Sec.  A.  F. 
C.  U..  H*rtford. 

EUjoh  B.  Huntington,  Stamford. 

Daniel  Hunt.  Pomfret. 

Joseph  Uurlout,  Chaplain,  Fort 
Trumbull.  New  London. 

Charles  Hyde,  Ellington. 

Austin  litham,  Roxbury. 

Spofford  D.  Jewett,  Middlefield. 


Henry  Jones,  Bridgeport. 
PhUo  Judson,  Rocky  Hill. 
John  R.  Keep,  Teacher,  Hartford. 
Rodolphus  lAndfear.  Hartford. 
Ammi  Linslev,  North  Haven. 
Joel  Mann,  !^ew  Haven. 
Fred.  Marsh,  Winchester  Centre. 
Robert  McEwen,  D.D.,  New  Lon- 
don. 
Charles  B.  McLean,  Wethersfleld. 
Nathaniel  Miner,  Salem. 
William  H.   Moore,   Sec.  Conn. 

Home  Miss.  Soc.,  Berlin. 
Charles  Nichols,  New  Britain. 
Birdsey  G.  Northrop,  Kcc.  Conn. 

Board  of  Education,  ELartford. 
James  Noyes,  Higganum. 
Isaac  Parsons,  Bast  Haddam. 
Benjamin  Parsons,  Watertown. 
James  B.  Pearson,  Middletown. 
John    H.    PetteGLgill,    Seamen^s 

Chaplain,  Antwerp,  Belgium. 
Dennis  Piatt,  South  >iorwalk. 
Noah  Porter,  d.d..  Prof.  Theol. 

Sem.,  New  Haven. 
Thomas  S.  Potwin,  East  Windsor 

HUl. 
Edward   H.    Pratt,   Sec.    Conn. 

Temp.  Union,  East  Woodstock. 
George  P.  Prudden,  Teacher,  New 

Haven. 
Alfred  C.  Raymond,  New  Haven. 
Henry  Robinson,  Guilford. 
David  S.  Rodman,  Hartford. 
Henry  A.  Russell,  Colebrook. 
John  W.  Salter,  Mansfield  Cen- 
tre. 
Thomas  L.  Shipman,  Jewett  City. 
John  P.  Skeele,  Dis.  Sec.  A.  B.  C. 

F.  M.,  Hartford. 
James  A.  Smith,  Unionvllle. 
Samuel  Spring,  D.  D.,  Chaplain 

Ins.  Ret.,  East  Hartford. 
Judson  B.  Stoddard,  South  Meri- 

den. 
Collins   Stone,    Sup.    Deaf   and 

Dumb  Asylum,  Hartford. 
Calvin  E.  Stowe,  d.  d.,  Hartford. 
Thomas  B.   Sturges,    Greenfield 

Hill. 
Thomas  Tallman,  Thompson. 
William  Thompson,  d.  d.,  Prof. 

Theol.  Inst.,  Hartford. 
Stephen  Toplitf,  Cromwell. 


Henrf  day  Trombnll,  IMat.  Bee. 

A.  S.  S.  U.,  Hartford. 
Mark  Tucker,  d.  d.,  Wethersfleld. 
William  W.  Turner,  Sec.  Mia.  Soc. 

of  Conn . ,  Hartford. 
Herman  L.  Taill.  Litchfield. 
Robert  G.  Yennilye,  x>.  x>.,  Prof. 

Theol.  Inst.,  Hartford. 
Joseph  Whittlesey,  Berlin. 
John  Willard,  Hartford. 
Robert    G.    Williams,    Teacher, 

Waterbury. 
Oswell     L.      Woodford,      Wetl 

Avon. 
Theodore  D.  Woolsey,  d.  x>.,  Pnc 

Tale  Collese.  New  Haven. 
WUUam  S.  Wright,  Giastenbuiy. 


LxaKKTiATBS,  with  yarn  of 
licensure. 

Simeon  0.  Allen,  18(77-71. 
Edward  W.  Bacon,  186S-72. 
Edward  N.  Bartlett,  1868-69. 
John  W.  Beach,  18«7-71. 
Thomas  D.  Bisroe,  1866-69. 
Jason  H.  Bliss,  1868-72. 
Charles  F.  Bradley,  1866-70. 
Henry  B.  Buckham.  1865-69. 
PhUip  D.  Corey,  1868-72. 
George  A.  Dickerman.  1867-71. 
Samuel  W.  Dike,  1865-69. 
Charles  H.  Gaylord,  1867  -  71. 
John  P.  Hawley,  1868-69. 
Samuel  Ingham,  1868-72. 
Frederick  J.  Jackson,  1866-09. 
W.  C.  Martyn,1868-T2. 
Henry  B.  Mead.  1868  -  72. 
George  S.  Merriam,  1868-72. 
Isaac  C.  Meserve,  1868-72. 
Thomas  M.  Miles,  1868-72. 
Edward  A.  MMck,  1866-70. 
James  B.  Okan,  Jr.,  1864  -68. 
U.  Augustus  Ottman,  1868-73. 
L.  Packard,  Jr.,  re-lic.,  1866-70. 
David  B.  Perry,  1867  -  71. 
Hiram  B.  Putnam,  1865-69. 
Enoch  K.  Rogers,  1868-72. 
Ellas  B.  Sanford,  1868-72. 
^\1nthrop  D.  Sheldon,  1866-70. 
Addison  Van  Name,  1865-69. 


SUMMARY.  — CHimcHKs:  167  with  pastors;  67  with  stated  preachers;  55  vacant  (including  9  nippUed 
by  Presbyterians,  1  by  Methodist,  and  1  by  Reformed).    Total,  289. 

MiKisTBRS :  167  paston ;  67  stated  preac hers ;  111  others.    Total,  846.    Licentiates,  under  care,  85. 

Church  Members  :  16,(^2  males ;  82,547  ISpmales.    Total,  48,599,— including  4,708  absent. 

Additions  in  1867 :  2.217  by  profetfsion ;  1,466  by  letter.    Total,  8,688. 

Removals  ln  1867 :  S35  by  death :  1,352  by  dismissal ;  109  by  excommunication.    Total,  2,296. 

Baptisms  in  1857:  1,067  adulU;  847  infants. 

Jn  Sabbath  Schools  :  48,461. 

FAMaiBs  :  28,9f%. 

Benevolent  Co.vthibutions  (from  288  churches,  last  year  288):  $216,835.64, — a  deeraaae  oC 
$10,521.86. 

CHANGES.  — Churcrcs:  iVrtP,  —  Taftvllle,  in  Norwich;  Talcottville,  in  Vernon.    Dropped  from  Om 
list,  —  none.  —  Net  gain  of  members,  1,117. 
Ministers:    Ordinatioas:    11   pastors,  4  without  installation.     Installations,  19.     Dismiseals,  2i. 
Deaths,  1  pastor,  8  without  charge. 

ORGANIZATION.  — Twelve  Consociations,  including  221  churches.  Seven  district  Conferences  of 
Churches.  The  Consociations  and  Conferences  are  represented  in  a  General  Conference,  vhieh 
was  organised  November  12, 1867.  Fourteen  Associations  of  Ministers  are  united  in  the  GsifiEAIt 
Assoolatiox. 


Slatiitiea.—  New  York. 


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1869.] 


Statittict.  —  Xtw  Tork. 


FUoudHuH.  '       1 

Nam*. 

1 

'  u"  "bT'im' 

\Z1 

1867-8:     1 

W7-«.| 

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Htrhsm,                   1B« 

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£;,="■■     ii 

hiii  ibu,                   17II1 
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Si.      is 

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n<»^  Spring.,        ISffi 
lupKtlo..                  1851) 
mllle,                         1S5H 

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Statiitiet.—New  York. 


[Jan. 


Pl»M.ndN.UM.        1 

MB.HT.U.                   . 

■9 

Aug.  31,  1868. 

lSflT-8. 

lBOT-8. 

lS67-s| 

ilJllI 

ilii 

M\i 

ill 

2 

Trtangl^.                     1819 
Union  Centra,             1B4] 

Wading  BlT«,            ITRZ 
W-iito-l,.,                ITM 

W»l  !iu-«rk  '            MB 
VllHuu*'  Briagi, 

sax-'    ffi 

;.  B.  HMh,  I:  p. 

B.  B.  WUllKM,  p.           S, 
Snoa.                         = 

toini.OrruVt.s.'p. 

■ill.  DMli,ii.  p. 
VUlliiu  Jimus,  1,  p. 

857 

8BI 
1887 
18fl5 

18fiT 
18li6 

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9    1G   M'     0 

B71101T7I     I 

lil'lBSZM 

Ki  eu  95   K 
wiHiw  aD 

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S!  STIia    19 
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WELSH  CHURCHES, 
Tha  raportK  of  tha  Wtlih  Churcha  aTt  glmi  for  tha  Snt  Udh  ; 


a  IWT*  oMiiiwd  tl 


Tteltauv,  IMni 

Balbsl,  l«o' 

DMrflrJd, 

Yalrrtow, 

Jlojd. 


Ma*  Yorti  MlUa,  IB48 


Kln»tj  8ii, 
Pan  Monnt, 


1861  HuRb  K,  H'dii 
ISoSl     IfoM. 
183^  M  KubartK.  p. 


Utia,  WhlWu- 


ifiign"ig^'-3"ri^"-^-  ri^-??^^ 


HllWn  Bailor,  I>.  D.,  9ro. 

B«.  NawYorii. 
Sunuil  Bayltu.  DrDoklra. 


I  A.  HunllngtDD  CUpn,  Str.  Anai 


I  Gaorga  R.  EntlR,  FnnkJio. 
1  nwlH  irisld,  UamJlKn. 


LnlharC.ilalk 


UlUr  VtlVej. 
....  ■- i^BiT^^ 

.Sae.AiB. 

rt.,N.r. 


m  D,  UeniT,  Xtu,,  JuHV- 
lith   Hohut,   Agant   Aa. 


1889.]  Statistiei.  —  New  York;  New  Jeriey. 

iJiUtui  D.  PU^,  KocbHter. 


:umlli,  SoittbTlll*, 


Uia.  Ah'd,  WIlUULuibutg. 
Thonu  W.  Joma,  BnwUjn. 
Hiorj  LukCMbln.^ThltetulL 

JtBtau   LMrtlt '    "o^'Biitot 

bd^lHtiUiii,  N*v  Toik. 
Tri|i»1ii  C.  Lackwood,Bn»klra. 
WkltH  B.  LanK,  Tnir. 
IM(ht  ff.  >liink,  TaKbu,  Boeh- 

B«n>iulD  H.  MutiD,  D.  D.,  'Vtal., 


i.  New  Tori 


PUktiu  MonUfiu,  BlUa  Agmt, 
North  Potodui. 

Cong.  tJntiiD,  Ktv  'lark. 
nHun  L.  Puteiu,  D.D.,  Ic  Bar. 
WUtmu  Ptok,  FtBtikUI. 


NMhuh 


DD/Ttup.^lbuij. 


'.  T.  RfchMOwo. 


HI 

WIlHuu  H.  WUIIemon,  BmA- 

Ijn, 
Rmben  milDnghbj ,  Little  V»Uej , 

TiUe. 

HUiA. 

J.  J,  JofM,  NBltT--^ 

tVIJUui  RaberU,  n 


Mtebirt  E.  Strlebf  ,Sk.  Am.Hbt. 
An'n,  61  John  «.,  Nsw  York. 
Vlmn  i  Teller  Brooklyn. 


Licmui 
Sem  mentioned  In 


Bc<tTDi.B<T  ConTUBcnani  (168  churchea  rcportliw,  UO  lu(  ie 
C16,eD5. 
CHANOES— CBoncHii:  Wne,  or  wpUced 


™UTn, 


i>ol;  Brooklyn,  I'u-k:  Cund«n;  Dub;:  DeuuTllle;  Elmln. 
West;  Hunlltfln;  tturliTDIe;  llomer;  Kirkknd;  Liile;  Uoll'a  Comen;  Nm 
Kletafiml;  Unhn  VkUa;  West  Manroa.    {Some  of  theH  i^burFbei  tain  bltberto  I 

nportwl  for  the  llrit  time.    Dn^dfrom  theiil,— New  York,ChnretaofttaoPuril_..  ,_., 

Pstuboro';  SbDhlon;  Verullln.   Norlh  EutCratre  nooippeudi  HlDertaoj  ind  North  PdIkIw 
u  Potadun  JuiKClan.  —  Ntt  gain  nf  memlion  (ti.cladltiE  th*  1^  ITolih  iDDiniiniblpi).  3.559. 
Hdutiiu:  Ko  report.     From  rocani  la  Qiiarl^ly  w*  And ,  —  Ordln»«on«,  2  pMlori.  3  ultbout  Iml^ 

OROAmZATION.  —  HiUwn  AHocixHoDB  of  chnrchm.  which  ire  united  In  k  Oimui.  AoociATins,  whkh 
■1h>  iDcliidto  12  Nisw  Jems)  chuietaei  uid  14  Pnuuylniiii.    Ons  chiinli  (MUkrUm)  k>  eonuecl^ 


NEW    JERSEY. 


Onon  Villn,         1B40 

3d,  I*i7 ,- 

"  ■ul',QrDn>t.,I»8AUDnM«Laui,  s. 
"  l'n>nkUDDUt.,186S|l(.IIiirrl>,ArrA. 

Korth  Vlulaod, 


aiHKl 

iiH2  283iia-Ja)a3it'MBa  niorast 


15 

» 

1 

0 

0 

Otbis  MoiRiu.  I  J.  n.  Norttamp.MlllTltta.  | 

ma.  Hngta»n,Agenl,H<w.    Ahnon   Underwood,   ErnngeUil, 
[,  IrvliiEton.  I 

«w  H<uitincton,Vnsliold.     |SnAuB^Dnd 


Statistici. — Hfete  Jerttfj/ ;  Penrnglvmia. 


[Jsn. 


na  puton;  S  n 
tcOat  |>uU>ri     I 


il  CiJST»niimO»»  {(Tom  g  I 


utrMT)!  S9.TI8.— ■DlHtoseoflG.lIH. 
CHANGES. —Chitbcbh:  ^nc.— FnnkllnTlllcl  Kenik,  BelleTllh  AnoDa;  Onpg*  Ban.  Qron  M.; 
Oi»ngo,  Fnuilillo  W»[rlct;  NewBold;  NortB  Tlotliuid,     Dropprd  froni  tbo  lUI,— Bnnt,  — Np(  pin 
—  -     a  QuaruHf.tu.    OnlinnltHU,  1  pJuWr.  WullaUoM.a.  Wi- 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


[ill 


Jllii'j 


iil^ 


CurboniS,  W. 
ItanTllL...  W. 


OHptml,  «^. 
PUbrfcliAh  1 


enilthOcUt, 


By.W.tHjnor.Pwjt.] 


il  U.iTM,  p.       ISuS  IB 

»[ir.i!!c,wrieht,ur.] 


lI|.).W.ftvi'°r, '^"'1 


no.  R.  lUrka,!. 


1  lUo 


J.  I! 


iH 


II 


t  0   BS 

p  g    0 


1869.] 


StatUtict. — Perm,;  Md.;  D.  C;  Va. 


113 


OvBSB  MonvnAS. 
Kiehard  Crittenden,  Tommda. 
OoodMU,  PhilMlelphia. 


BnTdett  Hart,  Philadelphia. 
Irem  W.  Smith,  Upeontrille. 


Lxonrrunsi 
Two  in  tablea  abote. 


SUMMABT.  — The  returns  this  jear  are  Ikr  more  ftiU  than  hitherto,  but  are  still  quite  defltctire.  Vor 
nine  of  the  churches  not  reporting  we  make  no  Mtimate ;  and  we  hare  struck  off  eren  the  names 
of  some  churches  of  whoee  e:dstence  we  can  get  no  proof.  We  apportion  "  males  *'  and  "  females  *' 
aeeording  to  proportions  in  eburohes  reporting  these  items.  The  Welsh  returns  were  forwarded  br 
Rer.  Thomas  Jenkins.  The  "Sabbath  school"  "total"  includes  his  aggregate  of  the  Welsh 
schools.  —  Additions,  etc.,  are  reported  by  25  ohurehes  only. 

Chdbchxs  :  8  with  pastors ;  7  i|f th  acting  pastors ;  24  with  ministers  whoee  pastoral  relation  is  not 
specified ;  23  racant  (including  2  supplied  by  licentiates  and  8  by  Presbyterian).    Total,  67. 

Mrnsnas :  3  pastors :  7  acting  pastors ;  18  in  pastoral  serrice  not  specified ;  4  others.    Total.  82. 

Chvich  Hxmbbrs:  l,i372  males;  2,082  females.  Total,  3,404,— including  180  absent  (and  doubtleai 
many  more  not  reiwrted). 

ADDinoits  DT  1887*68 :  92  by  profession :  71  by  letter.    Total,  188. 

Bbmotals  nr  1867-68 :  18  by  death ;  77  by  dismissal ;  0  by  excommunication.    Total,  96. 

Baptums  Of  1867-68:  25 adult;  88inihnt.    Ik  Sabbath  Schools:  4,797. 

GHANGBS.— Chubchis:  JVfw,  or  replaced  on  the  liftt,— Beach  (Welsh):  Bradford  (Welsh);  Dundaff 
(Welah);  Pittston  (Welsh);  Smithfield.  Dropped  firom  the  listjr- Beach  Pond;  Bearer  Dam;  Ck>- 
hnnhla  (Welsh);  Corydon;  Cwmburia  (Welsh);  De  Riseville  (Welsh);  Knozrllle;  LawrenceTille ; 
Picture  Rocks;  Rushdale  (Welsh);  Sterretania;  West  Greenrille ;  Wilmington;  Worth.  Some  of 
those  dropped  are  doubtless  old  churches  appearing  under  a  new  name,  but  we  cannot  tell  which. 
Oth««  are  dropped  because  we  can  find  nothing  about  them  either  in  reports,  letters,  or  Home  Mis- 
sionary lists.  Doubtless  some  will  reappear. — Net  loss  <^  members,  786. 
MniiSTBBS :  No  report.  From  Qutirterly  lists,  —  Ordination,  1  pastor.  Installation,  1.  Dismissals,  8. 
Deaths,  none. 

ORGANIZATION. — Fourteen  churches  are  connected  with  the  General  Association  of  New  Tork ;  one 
with  the  General  Conference  of  Ohio.  The  Congeeoatioii al  Assocutioit  of  Wbstxbk  Prkkstltaivia 
includes  churches  in  that  section.  The  Welsh  churches  are  in  the  Pxukstlvanu  Wblsh  Conobb- 
«atiohal  Uifiox  Association. 

MARYLAND. 


Chubobbb.    „. 
Place  and  Name. 


HXBISTBBS. 

Name. 


1 

I 


ohh.  mbmbbbs. 
Dec.  1, 1868. 


I 


addit's. 
1867-8. 


RUfOTALS. 

1867-8. 


'I 


B.iPT.  3 

1867^1 


5| 

9 

< 


■< 
ca 


Itimore, 


1865  Bd win  Johnson,  p.       It451  I8d6.  41    8:4    7«|  16i  8    6(11    0   ij  0    1    1    1 176 


The  church  is  self<supporting,  and  with  good  prospects.    A  church  is  said  to  have  been  organised,  not 
^^«t  recognized  by  Council,  at  Pottfer's  Landing,  Eastern  Shore. 

Othkb  Mixistbrs. — None  reported. 

^^ANGES.  —  None  in  the  list.  —  Net  gain  of  members,  10. 

'  DISTRICT    OF    COLUMBIA. 


I  Not.  1,1868.  1 1867^.  I   18^7-8.    11957=87" 


Xyashington, 


1866|C.B.Boynton,D.D.,p.         |1866il27|120|247|      |19i28|42|  8|  6|  0|  Oj  6|  6|17 


Other  Mctistebs. 

•John  W.  AlTord,  General  Sup^t 
of  Schools,  Freedmen*8  Bureau. 
Samuel  C.  FcMienden. 
Solomon  P.  Giddings. 
H.  R.  Grannis. 


John  Kimball. 
George  F.  Needham. 
Danforth  B.  Nichols. 
Ebeneier  W.  Robinson. 
William  Raiwell. 
E.  Goodrich  Smith. 
Eliphalet  Whittlesey. 


William  Whittlesey.  — 12. 

Licbmtiatbs. 

A.  J.  Downing. 
Amxi  L.  Barber. 

Wm.  H.  Marerick,  preaching  at 
Occaquan,  Va. 


CHANGES.  —  N<«e  In  list.  —Net  gain  of  members,  48. 
ORGANIZATION.  —  A  Mqiistbrial  Association. 


VIRGINIA. 


1  Nov.  1 

,1868. 

11867-8. 

186 

7-8 

. 

1867-8. 

Greenwood,                  1866  Harvev  Hvde,  s.  p.        •; 
Gnilfind,                      1868Jos.  R'.  Johnson,  s.  p.    | 
Hemdon,                     1868 1 Jos.  It.  Johnson,  s.  p.    ^ 

- 

Total:  3  churches,     |    2  ministers.                ^ 

t866 
1866 
1866 

12 
5 

7 

"24 

12 
8 
6 

lo 

— •- 

24 

8 

12 

44 

0 
0 
2 

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2 
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2 

9 

0 

4 

10 

14 

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28 

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1 
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0 
0 
0 

( 

0 
0 
0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 
4 
2 

6 

0 
0 
0 

0 

80 
80 

"oo 

NEW  SERIES.  —  VOL.  I.   NO.  1. 


114      K  C;  S.  C;  Ga.;  Ala.;  La.;  Tex.;  Ark.;  Term.     [Jan. 

Beiddefl  the  abore  three,  an  organlmtkm  is  Mid  to  have  been  eOwted,  not  yet  recosnSaed  by  Council, 
at  Oceaqoan,  where  Mr.  Wm.  H.  Maveiiek  it  laboring.  Mr.  Maverick  and  Rev.  Mr.  Johneon  leeeive 
aid  from  the  American  Home  Minionary  Society.    Mr.  I|yde*s  addren  is  "  Independent  HilL" 

CHANGES;  —The  above  ehnrehea  aie  all  new. 

NORTH   CAROLINA. 

See  end  of  tables. 


SOUTU    CAROLINA. 


Chueobis. 


Place  and  Ni 

Charleston,  Plym'tb,  l897|alleir 


i 


OHHL.  HKMBSaa. 

Nov.  1, 1868. 


T 


i 


4* 

I 


ADDir'S. 

1867-8. 


• 


I 


USfOVAU. 

1867-8. 


Othee  MnnsTxms.  —  P.  M.  Woleott,  Ameriean  Missionary  Association, 


GEORGIA. 


1  Nov.  1, 1868. 

1                   1         1 

Anderronville,             18Q8 
AUanta,  Ist  Cong.       1867 
MacoD,                         1868 

S.  W.  Pierson, 
C.  W.  Francis,  a.  p 
Philip  D.  Cory,  a.  p. 

26 
26 

28 

28 

54 
82 

"91 

2 
5 

89 

7 
"7 

46 
46 

2 
"2 

1 
"1 

1 

"i 

4 
4 

88  2 

400 

Total  :  8  churches. 

8  ministers. 

789 

is 

21400 

OxaiE  Munsnas.  —  0.  W.  Sharp,  American  Missionary  Association,  Savannah. 

ALABAMA. 


T  Nov717l86877 


T 


»WhMieg», 


1838 (H.  B.  Brown, 


r~\ 


I       1 15  t  10|  251     1171  8I26I0I  Oj  0|  0  |   |   1120 


This  church  was  organised  May  17, 1868. 
Other  Mciistees.  —  J.  De  Forest  Richards. 


LOUISIANA. 


^ 


T"NoVn7l868TT 


I 


I     r 


Kew  Orleans. 


1883tJoeeph  W.  Healey,a.p.  1867|  1868|       |      |      |      |     j    |    |    |     |     |     |     I     I 


pastor  dismissed.    Mr.  Heaky  has  recently  taken  charge. 


TEXAS,    AND    ARKANSAS. 

See  end  of  tables. 

TENNESSEE. 


Chattanooga, 

Mempliia, 

MemphU, 


18871  Kwiug  0.  Tade,  IS-fl 

18MlThomas  B.  BUm,  iS&e. 

18^38  VV.  W.  MAllory, 


I1ST7 
1854 


Total  :  3  churches. 


3  ministers. 


I  Dec.  1,  18dgrri^67:8n~l%7-8.    1 1867-6." 
19   15   84     SnSl  21151  2   II  0  ft.l6|  6M 

100 


19 


15   84     SnS]  2|15|  2   11  0  ft.l6|  SdE 
70  4  20 14      i  IC 

_»_PJ__LLJ_L_ 

15  126     3.17  22  89;  2|  1   0   SJIO  6  88 


OlHEtf  MunSTEES. 

Oecil  F.  P.  Bancroft,  Chattanooga.    Amos  Q.  Beman«  Greenville,  B.  T.    Eerah  K.  Hawlcy,  MampUg. 


CHANQB9.  — CauECBBs:  i^^np,  —  Memphis,  2d.    Dropped  from  the  ltet,~noBS.— Net  gain  of 
beKS,22. 


1869.] 


iSeofuffct.  —  Ohio. 


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JanMS  Billuil,  Onnd  lUpidl. 


SUMMART.— CacBMM:  8ir 
Hounn*;  ip«leni  SSwUngputoni  SBDtbna.    Toiii,185.' 


Uirin  WUdrr,  ilint. 
VolcottB.-wllliiuDJi,  Clurl 
luM  B.  Wright,  BduoDk 
LiomuTU. 

Thng,  In  Ubit*  aboTS. 

Ticul  (iDclnding  S  nvsfi 


ID  aylnolM,  OhtD,  ud  lllchl|H  Olqr,  bdlHw. 


WISCONSIN. 


ruus 


IJ 


»t  'OlrntlrDn 


n*qr|ri-fliu  DBl    p 
M  Hiv         AT 


nuthnl, 

OFlUkM.Tib    V 


RHtTror, 


!2 


oj  «|  s 


Statittict,  —  Waooitnn. 


&atutU$.—maeoium. 


tJ-u 


M  lH.lT-89i  -UbyprnftMiun 
N  \m-m-  mbjimlb:  Wh., 
■wmiraniiMlbrilwnml.    T[>T»„QU. 
Ilkn»<»  W  IHT  -M I  we  uinlt ;  XH  Infiuit. 
Ir  XilUIB  ftCUMIU!  It.WV. 

»■«■»  ii'n"  •••fMiL  rii*M«  (IJ9  [lintrhn.,  12K  lul  T«r):  3;,»l,— sdKimN  otCM.    Of  Iki 
Ulrliuif  taH,  S  n|Mrt  lOdaUjr  (lut  Oty  bH*  nobodj  iukIo' putonl  eb«|i. 


1869.] 


Statistici. —  Wttconiin;  Minneaota. 


&ow*('ftoni  tba  Uil' —  Berlin Isii , , 

ntH;  HuomoDd;  HudHm;  Lewli  TiUn;  H>lon<:  Ne'  BiehnwiK];  Portland;  Wui 
ailsii.  (Or  UuH  HumsoDd,  Hud.->an,  Hilone,  Hew  RIclimoiid.  ind  Wunn  nrt  roan. 
In  til*  UlniHHit*  MlnDMa.  from  nblcb  w*  InoalbrrHl  Ibfin ;  Ukj  ue  dropped  from  thoi 

Kmmu:  HDnpnt.    rmm  CjiurfiHy,  aU.,  — Ordinations,  S  nlEhDUt  chaiie ;  liulaUaEla 
ialmmi»,  G-    D— Ihi,  1  without  obuge- 

OSOAIdZATIOy — necburchoi 


129 

'I  Hllla; 


ra  Falla,  and  W«[  Ban  Claire. 


I  tight  I>utrlrt 
cliuTcliea  belong  to  the  ti. 


lis  OtBHil  ConlUriii 


Dt  iDclude  them  In  ou 


§Sv, 


3HIII 


WH  W    ^pentKT  a.llSM 

jj|    \  ne 

bIit  S  Alcui'de     p' 
3D  John  Grid   j      ■ 


e'I 


jllijll 


5,8  i 


le  Bank  an  ttropptd    AAhlppon  la 


MINNESOTA. 


Statutie$.  —  Mhauaota. 


[Jas._  m. 


iJill: 


uu 


«mti,  tmtj.  B.  BoitaBt, 

■■<fci*.  1»«[B.  B»wT>. 

Tki  K^  1887  WQlkin  UaT^ 


u».iaet  %  U73V!,  Je  u 


186S1B07 


iSMise; 


Jfrnnlib    K.    Budh.    Cumon 
Jnhu  IMeif,  norluwler. 

BUXMART.  — Chiikbu:  G  wlihputon;  « 

Piwbjleriin,  iDil  2  by  HeenHitm),    Toi:!! 

Minmilia:  fipMtnrt;  SB  icUnn  ™ioni;  10 

ABMIIOS"  IB  IMJ-Sil:  17S  bj  profiMloi 
B  lt«7-«g:  2;bjile«th;  177 
I  lavT-W:  esujuli;  7IJinIii 

1  Hn.nn.^  :  3.17fi, 

(3a<^hurcb« 


Rkhud  Ititl,  Agent  Am.  nome 
—      "  c.,ai.T>nu]._ 

Coll., 


Bonl  TwkhcU.  Klugitoo. 


V/Ltmat 


GUANaBB.  — (.'iiimcnu:  ATru.  ^aIfui 
Ukr;  Mlnn«po1ia.  TInii  ».,   Ni^rul 
IM,— AlbrrlLeat;  IaitIiiIdd;  Wiirn    . 
Hixtims:  Kn  npnrt,    Vmu  Qaaruriy,— OnlliutloBi, 
DhIIu,  I  Ktliia  pulor. 


Bmt  Talln ;  Beam ;  nilnnDDOt ;  Oleavood ;    Sim 
ilthBtlil)  Hw«a;  Woodlud  HIUi.    Dnmitd  ftoB  U» 


luuilAfluu,  n 
auiaRiU  CoHmnioa,  whloh  in- 


OBQANIKATION Tlw  ehurchon  ■»  nulled  la  (  Oijii 

cIiuIh  ■Iw  Ihrw  WUron.ln  rhurchM,  •!•  :  Pnwoil.RiTtrl'mlK  MidW.il  Em  Cliiri.'  L*U  JfU 

HilBnf ,  HiFhoiond,  uil  Warm.    Ai  Done  of  thiw  ippeu  In  Uw  WlBmdnlUnBtaa.lt'daM  iM 
^ipHi  vhMha  thij  MUlratTln. 


1869.] 


Statutict.  ~  Iowa. 
IOWA. 


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nil 


Qriiuwll, 
OtDW  City, 

IIIrkDrr  iiton. 
lUUjibiitD. 


sa. 


LoBit  Craali,  ITdit, 

LucuQnrr, 

Hwnn  l-ItT, 

Uitcheil, 
UltctaslliiUe, 


a!-,ju 


wIsjlwiiM  B.  Storn, 


:»  3t:  ea    si 


IHRS.IWT 

IfiMilMB 
18411802 
lft).1,19eii 
lU7|l88ll 


ikwiK  A.  MTrtoi,  Uc.) 


1^4.?  .fniMM  B  UUbRt, 


W  mtf,   12 
11' IB  8*      " 

S)|  «n  la 

Ul  26;  40 
^  81.111,  - 

i;  sai  4» 

1(1  K>  IB     ' 


ISSU'im 
18IW.|i»l 

lgll2||4« 


NoKh  Uwd  RiTir, 


'   JuncUon.lWi*, 


l«iW,g.  n.  Uoxdeuow, 

ln5it;ni!ar.;c  amJth, 

,    in60|3upti*D  D.  t-Mt, 

lt>«7  KJ>ln  aimog  Hill, 
,  lUffi  P- ll-irri>,.n, 

J85S|Boh-n  Stu»rt, 

mis  (t!  O.  DoueIu,  Uc.] 
1R44I    Snne. 

1856     Hon.. 


92  las'!!",  IB  T 


0  010 

6  bIu 

llllll! 

a  1  i!  6  11 

n  19  3  2!  (I 

■■-■y- 


)  a'  o;  s  1 

.   I;  1,1)  s  0 

9  0  «  0  0  0 

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■  0  ai  0,  2  0 


,1,1. 

..I.!.. 

\rii% 

■j!iii  »,-=' 

li  'N! 


1869.] 


StatiBtio.  —  Iowa. 


\mR*rBion  Brw 

ISSSin'ter  Wridtni 
Vm  Soman]  P.  U 
18S8  Quorge  W  Pi 


I  i^li  i 


.  5  a  E  -  - 
E  III  S  I 


BhUi  EdcW, 
StvYTlUr, 

■hiiw, ' 


1!« 


"Wttat-'t  CTj, 


m  P.  ApthorP' 
lU  V.  BlIiKHn,  ? 
3lbuO.  BenHl,  HI  F 

SuiiKlJ.  Bqrk,  Prof.,' 
lUbfJ  !i,  Bolleti,  Orfbrn: 
ConieUiu  S.  Cul)',  Broo 
TtoBU  H,  Cufleld. 
Jglu  CroH,  Ami  If. 


JMOnm 


;£"Zr 


Coll    Ortniwll.     ' 

.A. Northrop.  Ol'toTillo. 
enrf  17.  P«rliM,  Pro! 
Csn.Ortnnell. 


\.  Rml,  AliCDt  Am.  ttoD* 


nmiART.- 

Kmmu  :  11  pulora 

AmimoKs  R  1Mt'-A 
SnoiiL*  □•  18<n~68 
Binuki  n  lBeT-e8: 

.]>  BUIITH  SOBDOU  ( 

Atumi  n  PuT»  > 

H  hnliic  BO  pi^H 


J9  wdth  BtAtad  luppUn ;  SS  ncut  (IncluJlng  6  mpplM  by 


»(iKchurc1i»|:Z^.  orih 


lonlcBtUni.    ToitL,  TSf. 
irchei,  4]  UQ  offlcLdlj  trportad 


rrt.     Fran  QuurlirJir,— OnUutiDiu.Sl 


OROAMZ,iTIO».- 


OKB-  HMIIU. 

um-i.  ua 

lAU.    MFT. 

tJ 

18S;-8.      1» 

IT-8.     un-S 

I 

tSamai. 

4 

Pl».udN>nu. 

illllll 

llllll 

iiii 

H 

Alliv.», 

.       B     U,      1 

B    S         1 

Mi 

S*Tkr,V>Ut, 

IS 

l.iwH)*f!i,lon; 

IHT 

W& 

11  ZT   41' 
6    17    211'     1 

4 

1 

18B8 

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13  U  K 

2121 

BraokHira, 

(!.  II.  l-rnK. 

ISiB 

SR^ 

aa  S8'  ac 

e 

12   B20 

3  T 

« 

wn'p.  ii.aiioHti, 

3 

n 

WiH'.  A.  H-.torniui, 

■ 

16  1B2D 

318 

1  70 

Sfi7 

17  83!  6.1 

E 

513 

3  79 

IXiru.  H-ii,*, 

mwT,  l/u^u. 

18*2 

9(H 

2S  ISi  S9 

6   6 

b  «T 

lub..., 

1 

n*ll(Un, 

S'3 

t 

1> 

1S9T 

WR 

G'  111  1< 

1   b:  e 

2   1 

IU».l;K.n,  ' 

«V!]w.  Wlllnuitl, 

88T 

6    J   U 

11112 

tUn.i)h.l 

lgNIJ.M.8(urt...40lHlf 

P-lsao 

aa  sa.us 

IBIUK  111 

116  1 

t» 

UirihTd, 

m\   A'.'.pBK, 

1 

1 

.HW 

IS 

a!  1  i 

U 

Kll™.hlj, 

IB-il 

17  SI 

» 

G 

1  ]4,lfi     1 

a  6  1 

shoo 

Kwaw. 

*Hkj,  0  l-nrklw, 

1 

8   0 

1 

Iwo 

KlhOUHl, 

RUln.  v.  Porklo' 

lfi6ft 

G   0 

7 

2  40 

Uricd*.  ' 

MHIK.  I>.  Sowiril, 

1M3 

IWc 

G 

2U 

« 

MT     Nnno. 

Mnoon,     ' 

Wil  a,  ri,  lU-boro. 

1SI3 

9  23 

K 

3 

6 

4   9 

1 

in 

tU;<ftll>. 

W^C' 

MeIa.  M.  Thmnt, 

iftsfi 

_ 

5   5 

8  n 

HMin.  V.  PnUni, 

imc 

'M 

i 

; 

UmlM.^. 

M-l-.tJ.Sh^rtLI 

ii»i 

Ml 

I 

2   4 

Mniho, 

S8a|c-s.si«Huri, 

IMP 

21 

: 

'i» 

V,-  Oi^hrU,  WWit, 

185S 

2l 

2i4;i«  1 

2 

136 

phMnt  Hill 

ifts- 

2 

IM 

flHum  M,..m«, 

HlUillHIi^dillw, 

IKGS 

8b; 

el); 

a 

HDlnihDlti. 

Sg&HV,  B  AlkluKD, 

IMl 

so; 

li 

Z 

1 

IM 

s»    n™. 

ft,  i 

i 

ra 

Wj.aii'o.i^', 

12^14 

a 

0:       S 

M 

*i!  Jfwpli,"'' 

b«» 

lH  14^  25 

4.1l'l6 

T  » 

«>■  U»l».  I». 

ana'T  m.  p<-t,t.,i.'.p 

1»M 

IS« 

7tll51K 

18.13  31  as 

K 

160 

111|[Hiii. 

*»JohiiM..nt,.|.l,.p. 

4   8 

Bam 

W^   «|    6 

un^ 

6U0 

ll'  12<  J    6 

7   512 

2  2   8 

nUMinrnw. 

Sil.-,  *.V    Th.rai^ 

1^ 

la  16  28     1 

5  i  7 

SO 

V*»ij,  U'tM, 

jji  o'^jiSisr""' 

IWf 

IMS 

?^'S,1J 

l!  E  3  1 
IBS 

a 

2  2B 

3  tt 

WttaMrOmi, 

».,'!«.,. 

I9M 

iw 

2ll2.l«>     , 

1^18  SI 

ViUfoUI., 

mt;j.«.hm»*, 

1»3 

e  u  h| 

Hs'  a 

3 

S   *& 

WlMlwr, 

m!    NoMh 

1B.1S 

a  7& 

IW 

C.  8.  (MUhu, 

ISH 

ISBB 

I 

u 

1    1    1 

StatisHci.  —  MUtouri;  Kansas. 


On.™  MnntiiM. 

OtmtK  P.  BiMd   8t,  LoqU. 
Allwn  Baw«n,  Muon. 

i— ■s-sss.'.^sa" 

AblUlur  Kupp,  Bt.  ^tbcrim. 

Chnrlw  P»bod)-  IMsl,  B«.  Am. 

Trarl  S™.,  St.  tout.. 
Wllllim  Porier,  Welntrf  droni. 

9t,  1^1.1.. 

ntarj  M   SleTBB»,  Tmcl  Agent, 

Katuu  City. 
Ed>li<  B.  TuTTHT,  Agant  Anwr 

UoiM  Hl».  Sor.,  Uumlhil. 
Willi™  r.  T-laing,  81.  LouU. 

BUMMART.  — Chitiichic  S  witb  piitDn;  S3  »lt>i  uUdk  puUn;  B  T4eu(.    Toru.,  47. 
C.D»RlI>«£!l.:  6()Ti«le.rM7.m.i;*,    Total.  l^,-l>«lB«ngM.bm.. 

B»«««  w  IBfiT  -S8 :  M  ^nlu;  68  Lnfcnu.    In  gt»BiTB  Scnmu :  2.M2. 

Bditdlui  CoTTuamioNi  (M  churrh«,  24  lut  ;w):  SG,19i.eG,— n  Incriu.  of  S2^11.24. 

PiusHKirD<9u(38FhimhH):  SSZ.009.83. 

CHANGES. -Chcmhh;  A'™.,-D.»n,  Br^M,-  Hmmllloo  ;  H-rtbrd  ;  Monilw  ;  BlhobotU  ;  Wtad- 
for.     DnwdftomtbdHt,  — Nont,    N.ldslnof  momben.SaO. 
Hcrnnu  :  No  irport.     Trom  Quarlirly,  1  jwRor  ordJ^ned. 

ORGANEEATIOS.  -  Imf  A««l.tlDM  rf  ChmthM.    Tb.  choRho  •»  >1»  nnlied  In  U»  Cokmwu- 
nosit  Amocutios  or  Ibuoiiu. 

KANSAS. 

iM 


ii 


ii 


i56;-flg 

din 


Cntloawond  PiiUl 
EInCiHk, 


RorbMer, 


lb  Hubert  Bmwn  ( 
i  D  Pwksr  ■  p 
[UBHI  O  MeiTl  1 


a  [B  I.  Tucker  K»ji  ] 


Oian  Mmstiu  l 

tnAlTonl  Ceatnlln 

Lllo  <t.  Bulturflekl  PrcT  Lla 

biCoU.  lopek*  | 


StatisUo.  —  Katuag  ;  Ndxraika  ;  Dahita. 


[Jan. 


Jnepb  Pcut,  Altiu;. 


I  Pnok  H.  Sdot  Prat.  Hat. 


[UB.— John  M.  Horrli,  Ogd™,  IS 


'A^™'lI*niuB.'  I 

Anpori*,  II 


-Cbdhciih:  I  «tlh  putan;  31  iriLh  icUiii  putoi*;  8  n 


«ntiileud  1  bj  Pnabftorlu). 


ir>;  iJotbin.    Torn,  89. 

Jm.    Tiit>l,1.U4,— iDolDdluSSabHiit. 

■Uv;  IBTbTteltar.     Tont.lOi. 

53  bj  diimiiglan ;  6  bj  mammaiilnillrjB.    Totu,  T4. 


7-68:  IBbtdMth;  5i 

."'   tait'>«7)"'»a>».66,  •  4. .- 

..._   ,_ .)»12.T1S.(»;  chuirhnUflr«,(9),B6,6"t.OO.    OD»mi»r  aiFHuml7).»J,*B 

Sundir  ScbooJi  {1Z|,  51^1-00.     Total,  Uoms  EipgnM,  «22,1G0^1.     TOTiL  moii^a  ntHd, 
SZ4,£&eM,  -u  iDcnue  of  •6,217.78. 

CHANGES CnuHCBu:  JVnr.  Cotloniraad  Fa11>{  Ebn  Cmk;  Bmporia,  2d,  WtUK;  LDidrrllk,  mi- 

fbrd;  0«*»o;  SenAca;  Wbit«  CLoud  (replacod).    Drcpptd  from  tb«  list, dodo-  —  Nat  locnaM  of 


NEBRASKA. 


cna-  HHIim. 

.unn'i 

■UO^Lt. 

Mw.  a 

1 
J 

1867-8  1 

Cnurain. 

Mama. 

1 

Flu«udNai». 

llj 

1 

i 

ill 

1 

1 

i|l|i 

III 

1 

S 

£S& 

W«pllig  ><-|.lcr. 

Ba)|FredertelL  Altoy, 

ISB- 

BttU 

9   12 

21|    1 

h 

«,« 

u 

.jo,  4 

0   <t 

» 

Total:  llriiurchM 

SDiliii.lcn. 

iwiaa 

sn 

26 

66 

T7 

m 

1 

21   022 

in\  G 

»0 

tn^palof  NobmaluUnlTflnltT,  F 
.    Liuien  n.  Joav,  FoDloDolfe. 


Omaha,  18G ;  ^apilUoii,  U ;  Salt  OiUk,  4 
DANOBS.  — Csdicau:  rffv,  — Camp  Creek;  KImora.    J>iirpi<f  tram  UuUat,— BoatbBend.— IM 


OBOAKlZATION.— Ttuchncctuaaniu 


lB68|Jo«ph  WanI, 


;  UUA;   Wat^ington  Territory;  Oregon.  187 

COLORADO. 


Cbduhu.          ^ 

Urnimu.             . 
K«».               1 

i 

Nov.  C.  1968. 

1987-8. 

186T-8. 

S 

PlMUllNllM.          1 

i 

Jll 

j 

I'lll 

Ill 

1 

1 

11 

J 

a 

&lir.rJ  P.  IVransy,     18»  1R68 
n-lllluD  II.  PWppt,    IBBBjlSBO 

1!^ 
41 

i! 

' 

1 

:i% 

1 

4 

1 

.  1 

28,186a.     IKiippiifiBm 


«t  galD  of  mvifiborv,  IS. 

A,  IHSH.    Tha  BODII  Mddiiudi 


18851    None.         W,  Jt,p„,.    |        |      |      |      |      r    1    1    M    1 

1    1   1   [ 

WASHINGTON    TERRITORY. 

,  0)  11  SI  TB 

Mm,  MlarioDsrj  tt  Olympiii. 
«HAKaES.— CantcEU:  NddbId  li>t.  — Nel 
The  chDich  Bt  Wiills.WaU>  hu  Juit  eompl 
*  StodaDt  in  UsTtfiira  Ttuologlul  Seminar 


Princlpll  or  Whitman  gvmlDU;,  W*ll».n'>Ui 
eompLtUd  ■  good  boiua  of  wonhlp. 


John  F.  Ouoon,          ISUTi        1    _l         Kl 

P- S.  SnlKhl,                       l--|  1.   ..t    IT  .. 
a,  II.AtklDwn.D.D.l'-r  1  ' 
P.  B.  KnJsht.                           1- 

3        3 

1,. 

3 

1 
2 

! 

g 

aa 
eo 
so 

T^«: 

1. .■_■.!  <; 

4il    1 

11 

raa 

(hen  Mnisniu.  — None  ■» reported, but  tbe  namn  of  Itai following appou  InOi^oni 

Ob<dIHFklnHn,8iilein.  I  UanllagtoD  LT™ao,Prof.,PuLflc  I  SAaej  H.  Manli,  Fn 

J.H,  D.  HendirtOD.  I      rnH.,  Foieat  Oroi..  |      Unit,,  Fon.1  B»Te. 


CiracH  Huanaa :  ADDrn< 


\ 


liom,  e42.K;  Putort'  lalarlH  (6 charchet), 


93,7S0.U;  "olher  o^iecu,"  i\S^.\i.    Wo  casd'otKU  'wblch  !•'  cbaiii^  udwlA^  K  B 
Cnriuuni,  11 :  Anuei  Atiliduci  on  public  nonhip  (G  cbnichn),  180. 


StatUtics. —  Oregon;  Cal^fomia. 

«Bbcn,13. 


OBQANIZATIOK. — IIh  chonbet  in  nnlUd  In 


CALIFORNIA. 


cag.  -nutu. 

l.D<T'< 

•noTiu. 

miTT.  J 

J 

8.pt.I,We8. 

1867-S. 

I6a;-s. 

IBK-Sg 

»™        1 

' 

n«.»dN^. 

itlllll 

JiU 

1 

if 

1 

ii^ 

i 

,5 

iJM. 

1 

sji. 

5 

<k 

_a 

ABtl«h. 

»«,().H,PoK.i,l. 

sm 

4|  12:  1«| 

1    BID 

00 

Bmkli 

S    M    36;    11 

4 

CHl»Cndl, 

r.  Ttalrinr,  p. 

3!    6'     Di    » 

35 

Chica, 

B 

'  12    1 

2  3' 6 

80 

Ctajioo, 

8S 

1987 

11 

SSlSsI    3 

B,  5tl 

3 

1 

40 

Colo™, 

n™. 

1     1 

[ \V,m«,.M,A) 

1    ss'  IS 

Slltib  Fill. 

S6t 

J.  B.  Bsnmn,  1.  1. 

iw: 

1   3'  • 

2 

I 

6 

9S 

Wtn  PlnlQ, 

987 

RonreU  QnTH,  1. 1. 

WW 

K 

l!23 

1£      16 

a» 

M  Dondo, 

961 

! 

2 

Bunlu, 

nr,  L.  JoDH,  a.  •. 

isse 

2 

FoLxnn, 

KS( 

n'.  is'  f> 

7S 

a™  V.1W. 

85* 

i.r"mu.,..«. 

1«7 

U  KIIO 

s  all 

t 

210 

3 

m 

a«w«J. 

HU 

B.  N.S.>B;onr,p. 

IRKS 

1    isl   1 

2 

HydMTlU., 

O.K.  ElH.,•.- 

»     S| 

BIB 

m 

UDCajK, 

J.N.IIubbud,•.■. 

ISSI 

e  I61 

1.116 

1 

m 

IdckilhnI, 

M 

Iffii 

I 

11  a 

7 

^ 

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83i 

A.  ft.Tka,  •'.  1.  ' 

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«f:«.™ 

1S2 

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»  14 

21   3U 

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6 

6 

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1861 

IJotmVrui-r.I.t. 

1  A.  PwliM,  1. 1.          ^ 

1^.5 

37 

40  77 

6 

110 

SortonTillp. 

SM 

J.W.Brln.l-a.           1. 

mm 

66 

100 

OaUud,  M, 

Ota,St1l«Mr,t.„-.p.    I 

1881 

ao  111  171 

IB 

1212: 

1 

11 

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8 

no 

OroriJle, 

Mf 

KU  S.  Conrtn,  p.  t.       S 

jcK":uppiit.i£Li.i 

I 

u 

1  8  e 

Pwidrro, 

em 

(KW 

2 

2 

FeUlum., 

19M 

M8 

69 

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18  7 

3 

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2 

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in 

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887 

si  12 

2        2 

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S  614 

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8 

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I.  E.D«lIicll,Ii.l>.,II. 

m 

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1»6»|  11,  3D1  11 

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Wo(.lt.iWg.. 

8ffl     Ndob.  " 

1  a'  7  10     1 

PnKACHWG   STATI0S3. 


Et.?.'... 

m!:":! 

«f  uw. 

«™, 

SI 

ftrcui- 

Forrh 

Us. 

Aurtln  C™»k, 
Brf«Wpo1, 

JUHw  a.  Burger, 
S,  B.  DunWii, 

>£S?h,''  IW7 

'■■-'•  !S 

ll«rh,      1508 

26 

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ToiAi; 

UO    !       3 

10    1 

SBH  <«I04n 

1869.]      iStatittiea. —  California;  Dominion  of  Canada. 


Oran  UmnEU, 


K.  O.  BcrkirtUi,  Colltse  School 


I     ([>nili,  Oaklud. 
lb  pubtn ;  K  with  lUtvl  luppUH ; 


HHtlnK*1lDin,Pnr.,CoU.or(M- 
lltonib.  OaJUund, 

Ilonu  Mlu.  Soc. ,  gsn  FnDclKO. 

LKUTunu . — No  report. 

I  ncut  (incliidtiiK  2  IDppUed  b; 


KuDTiunlBST-Sa:  Itb^dnth; 

!■  BIBIITH  SCHOOU  -  ifl^. 
C<uura»(ftoiiiiaehnrchBf  ~" 


<fflANaBS.  —  Cbcmobii 
th>  UH.  DownkrUlt 


OBGANIZ.iTION. — Tho 


DOMINION    OF    CANADA. 
PBOTiNcas  or  Ontario  and  quebxo. 


IS3ft  Hlnm  Dfddt, 
18B4|    Now. 

18H]Wll]im)l£.y, 


1.  RdUe,     lS4fi  ISIiS 


»ph  Uniworth,       IH&S.IHU 


^WCh^l^tVdlifl 

!: 

IBM  Roho"  BrowB. 

BnuAy,       ' 

lg4SJoMp)iUii>WD[th, 
IJuiiia  IKiweU, 

ill 


23|4n.  60     6 


Statiatict.  —  Bominion  of  Canada. 


[Jan. 


iljllll 


MT-sl 


Mwairlppkf 
lilelboiuw, 


PbtUpahwi, 

[Pljmploo,' 
Pan  itopf , 


m  W.  SinUb, 


dim  Ouipbi'U,  1"^ 

r.W.9inlth(«ipp1yl,l=' 
Nom,  •    ■    -      ■ 


S7|  ».  Cii.    6 


.NSIH64 


111  UI 


Otbo  Mcnsnu. 

J>mM  t.  Br»',  Wbtlbj,  0 
13iwrp  L-nralfh,  M.  «.,  Pro*. 

£Jnnl£bU,OIUwm,ODl. 

Ualtlieir  S .  0»T ,  Arauulh ,  Out. 
ausiMl  N.  JKkjoB,  MoBbwI, 
dot 

J.  jDtaiatOB(lDdlu). 

Supben  King,  Kj'cknu'i  Oor- 


9.]     Statittict.  —  Dom.  of  Can. ;  Nov,  Seo, ;  New  Brum.     141 

LDUt,  D.D^  Prfau.  CoDg.l  JohaHcKllUaii.DuTms.Qae.    | 


(DIMAKY.  — Cm 
Umitnu :  49  li 


UBU :  M  with  mlnlnten  (putonJ  nliitli: 
puUmJ  Borrin  (ponlClor  ■ — '  ■'--'' — '--*' 
IT l.SfiODUlM;  ^,flDS  IS 

!7-W  :  fl9  b<  nmlniilnn 


I  AHhnr  Wlcluoo,  i 
LimnTuni.— 

dHlgnitod) ;  K  tscu 
■nil :  u  uUmn.    Torn,  71. 
.,4^,— InclndlDgSWibnt 


d«lgiilted) :  &  othnn. 


;  160  by  It 


JMH(5I 


g,  lao!    Bihbe'th'amli'i 


latbjdl 

„      UnlonKhDoll");  B.OIT. 
(Mi:biiirhe>,6eiiut  y«r):  f  9,470.0}, - 
"■"       --'---!M«of  •Z,S04. 

is,    WMk-itaj  ttirTkw.V: 
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lenuc  of  V43.    Locu  Ob- 


Dropptd  from  ths  ll«t, ' 
ru,  DnoR  or  Ohtuio  ai 


SOVA  SCOTIA,  AND  CAPE  BRETON 


roa.  Hnnui. 

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TO 

^1M1NTZ.*TI0N.  — The 


NEW    BRUNSWICK. 


i-i 

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Rnlwrt  Wilson 

Bagir  L.  Foale 

IMS  1*49 

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),  Tltb  thoK  or  Non  ScolL 


:cicrpt<n|t  S(,  Slephen,  ■ 


1  tht  ISust  Qeieui  Cd>- 


142        Neto  SrunswicJc ;  Jamaica,  W.  I.;  North  Carolina.       [Jan. 

r«  bHU  klndlj  prtteund  mud  fbmmided 

Ibcn  hu  been  do  ipKlil  relMoui  InImM ;  Is 
wimt  of  otinbteiH  to  jvpplj 
in  eo^yed,  Sj  whicb  tha  peopLft  of  Ooi 


itBst.  Robert  WUhd',  of  Sbsnsld.N.fi.,) 
ihurcba  prucnl  iw  idiUUoDB  br  prolMdoii 


of  ChrWI  Id  (wnl.    The;  ban 


I,  Kef.  Mr.  inimio'i  report  co 


u  rolla*1n(,  of  which,  *•  ur 


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«4«B. 

The  MlaLiten  nre  h 
Knn,  nt  the  Theoleicl 
WIluD,  Id  Uluga*  i  t<l 


•tol  u  fblLowi :  Robert  K.  Bluk,  AnhlbiU  Bnrpee,  Chtrle 
School,  lowiitu;  J.  Kliot  anil  Fredericli  ilMliogi,  Id  I 
ID  SjkiM  null  Ucargo  SiirllDg.  priMUIj. 


JAMAICA,    WEST    INDIES, 

We  hsn  trieil,wlthoDt  annKU,  to  obtain  rejHrti  tbii  ;r«ir.    Lutjiar  thni 
uembcnblp  >«  Kl  ^  In  geblxilh 


.    [Mr.  TliampgoD 


».) 


NORTH    CAROLINA. 

(Deferred  from  pBfB  114.) 
charcb  It  KeiT  Beroa  hu  tncn  »  mucb  wetken^d  b;  nmonk  Uul 


CoxaBiatTtDHAt  Wainaa, 
Sunoel  X.  Aeblef ,  Wilmington. 
T.  P.  finver,  Am.  Mlu.  AHocittloD,  Rilcigh. 


Ik  lIoRau.  of  Rbode  I 


ti  droppsd  from  th 
0,  Ch.rloll«,-B. 


1869.]      Statistics.  —  Texcis ;  Arkansas ;  Authorities^  ^c.         148 

TEXAS. 

(Deferred  from  page  114.) 

Last  year  two  chmchei  were  reported  at  Corpus  Christi,  haring  68  members,  under  the  care  of  Ber. 
A&roD  Rowe,  aided  by  the  Am.  llome  Miss.  Society.  The  miuionary  has  left,  and  the  numbers  are  greatly 
weakened  by  yellow  ferer.  We  are  so  doubtild  as  to  the  continued  organisation  of  these  churches,  from 
wtiom  we  can  hear  nothing,  that  we  drop  them  frt)m  our  list. 

The  Am.  Home  Miss.  Sodety,  howeTer,  reports  a  church  at  Brownsrille,  under  the  care  <3i  Bev.  Jere- 
miah Porter,  who  c<Hnmenced  there  in  lfl67 ;  membership,  22 ;  in  Sabbatli  school,  120. 

ARKANSAS. 

(Deferred  from  page  114.) 

A  cffT&cn  of  48  members  is  nid  to  haye  been  organised  at  Dayis^s  Lake,  Dee.  6, 1867 ;  and  Mr.  A.  0. 
Stickle  is  said  to  hare  been  ordsined  pastor  of  the  church  at  Grass  Lake,  Dec.  16, 1867.  Until,  howerer, 
we  hear  more  deflnitely,  we  do  not  include  them  in  our  Summary. 


AUTHORITIES  AND  EXPLANATIONS  AS  TO  THE  PRECEDING 

STATISTICS  OF  THE  CHURCHES. 

I.  AuTHORiTXZs.  The  publications  of  the  sereral  Qeneral  Associations  or  Conferences  are  reproduced 
In  the  following  tables ;  with  reports  in  manuscript  from  sections  where  none  are  printed. 

The  clianges  in  thus  reproducing  are  these :  The  lists  of  churches  given  in  the  State  reports  by  Asso- 
ciations, Conferences,  or  Counties  are  here  rearranged  in  alphabetical  order  for  each  State,  including 
thoie  churches,  and  those  only,  in  existence  at  the  date  of  the  State  reports.  — State  organisations  do 
not  always  correspond  with  State  boundaries  ;  and  churches  reported  by  a  State  organisation  other  than 
their  own  are  transferred  to  their  proper  place ;  which  changes  the  "  total  churches  "  given  in  State 
Minutes. — The  order  of  columns  of  figures,  slightly  varying  in  diflerent  States,  is  made  uniform. — 
The  tables,  as  famished,  are  careftilly  scrutinised  and  sometimes  amended  by  correspondence  with  the 
aacretaries. — The  names  of  pastors  and  acting  pastors  are  inserted  or  erased,  according  to  changes 
occurring  since  the  printing  of  the  State  publications,  and  down  to  the  time  of  the  printing  of  these 
psges.  —  The  first  names  of  ministers  are  inserted  in  the  "  List  of  Ministers,"  often  at  great  expense  of 
time ;  but  they  are,  this  year,  left  in  the  tables  as  printed  in  the  State  Minutes.  No  alterations  of 
figures  are  ever  made  (except  in  correcting  errors,  on  proper  authority) ;  but  the  Totals  of  several  States 
are  altered  by  the  transfers  of  churches  above  mentioned.  — "  Last  year's  reports  "  are  invariably  struck 
out ;  but  the  agf;prcgate  of  such,  for  all  churches  this  year  enumerated  but  making  "  no  report,"  is  in- 
cluded in  the  Summary  of  each  State  (if  such  church  has  reported  within  three  years) ;  which  also 
sometimes  affects  the  Tables. —  Omissions  or  insertions  of  names  of  pastors  or  acting  pastors,  on  account 
of  changes  subsequent  to  the  printing  of  the  State  Minutes,  are  not  allowed  to  alter  the  Sunmiaries  then 
given,  in  respect  to  the  pastoral  relation.  Nor  is  the  insertion  of  names,  erased  as  pastors,  in  the 
several  lists  of  "  other  ministers,"  allowed  to  change  the  original  counting  of  those  lists ;  but  they  are 
altered  by  the  transfer  of  names  of  ministers  reported  by  a  State  body  from  whose  territory  they  have 
removed  to  the  State  where  they  actually  reside.  —  A  blank  signifies,  invariably,  "  no  report,"  and 
is  never  equivalent  to  "  none." 

IT.  EXPL.VNATI05S.  As  to  churches:  towns  are  arranged  in  alphabetical  order  in  each  State  ;  churches 
in  each  town  according  to  ago ;  and  of  each  church,  — Ist,  its  town  ]  2d,  its  name  or  number ;  3d, 
its  locality  in  the  town. 

As  to  ministers:  the  position  of  all  in  pastoral  work  is  designated  where  reported.  Pastors  (settled, 
or  installed)  by  "  p." ;  others  by  "  s.  s."  (stated  supply)  "  s.  p."  (stated  preacher),  or  "  a.  p."  (acting 
pastor),  —  which  three  terms,  used  in  different  States,  are  equivalent  to  each  other.  The  two  dates  fol- 
lowing "  ministers  "  denote,  respectively,  the  year  of  ordination,  and  that  of  commencing  labor  with 
the  church  mentioned.  "  Licentiates  "  are  not  reckoned  as  ministers.  Churches  supplied  by  "  licen- 
tiates," or  by  ministers  of  other  denominations,  are  reckoned  as  vacant;  but  the  names  of  such  are 
inserted  in  brackets,  and  the  l^t  and  number  mentioned  in  the  Summary  of  each  State.  Post-office 
addresses  are  to  be  found  in  the  "  List  of  Ministers  "  following,  and  not  in  the  tables. 

As  to  church  members:  the  month  of  reckoning  differs  in  different  States,  as  will  be  seen  by  noticing 
the  headings  to  each  page.  "  Absent "  are  included  in  "  males,"  <*  females,"  and  "  totals."  "  Addi- 
tions," *' Removals,"  and  "  Baptisms"  cover  the  twelve  months  preceding  the  date  given  In  the  head- 
ings of  each  State. 

As  to  SaJbbath  Schools:  the  entire  membership  at  the  mentioned  date  is  given;  not  the  "average 
attendance  "  ;  except  in  Iowa  and  Nebraska,  which  give  only  the  "  average  attendance." ' 

hem*  not  common  to  all  the  States,  but  collected  hi  any,  are  merely  .aggregated  hi  the  Summary  of 
saeh  State. 


144 


Mis9umarie9, 


[Jan. 


LIST   OF   NAMES   OF   CONGREGATIONAL  MISSIONARIES 
CONNECTED  WITH  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  Decembeb,  1868. 


Gaboon,  Wsst  ilTUOA : 

WUliam  Walker. 
Ira  M.  Preston. 


South  Africa: 

El^b  Robbins. 
Hyman  A.  Wilder. 
Stepben  C.  Pixley. 
Henry  M.  Bridgman. 
DaridRood. 
WUli&m  Ireland. 
William  MeUen. 
Jodah  Tyler. 
Aldin  Qrout. 


Ouebob: 

Jona«  King,  D.  D. 

WkSTIBH  TlTKKIT : 

Edwin  £.  BUas. 
Henry  A.  SchauiBer. 
Ira  F.  Pettibone. 
I>aniel  Ladd. 
Joseph  K.  Greene. 
Julius  Y.  Leonard. 
John  F.  Smith. 
William  W.  UTingston. 
Jasper  N.  Ball. 
James  F.  Clarke. 
Henry  C.  Haskell. 
Charles  F.  Morse. 
George  F.  llerrick. 
Wilson  A.  Famsworth. 
Lyman  Bartlett. 
Henry  P.  Page. 
William  £.  Locke. 


FUTCHAU,  Chcva  : 

Lyman  B.  Peet. 
Charles  Hartwell. 


Central  Turkkt  : 
Lucien  H.  Adams. 


Andrew  T.  Pratt,  x.  D. 
Giles  F.  Montgomery. 
Philander  0.  Powers. 
George  B.  Nutting. 
Carmi  C.  Thayer. 


Eastkbn  Turkkt  : 

George  C.  Kn&pp. 
Lysander  T.  Burbank. 
George  A.  Pollard. 
Moses  P.  Parmelee. 
Crosby  H.  Wheeler. 
Herman  N.  Bamum. 
Koyal  M.  Cole. 
John  E.  Pierce. 
Theodore  S.  Pond. 


Stru: 

William  Bird. 
Simeon  H.  Calhoun. 


Nkstoriaks  : 

Bei^amin  Labaiee. 
Justin  Perkins,  d.  d. 


Wkstern  India  : 

Allen  Hasen,  Ahmednuggur. 
WUliam  Wood,  " 

Amos  Abbot,  Satara. 
Henry  J.  Bruce,  Khokar. 
Samuel  R.  Fairbank,  Wadale. 
Samuel  C.  Dean,  Satara. 
Chariest  Harding,  Sholapoor. 
W.  U.  Atkinson. 


Madura,  South  Indu  : 

George  T.  Washburn. 
Joseph  T.  Noyes. 
WiUiam  B.  Capron. 
Thomas  S.  Bumell. 
James  Uerrick. 
T.  B.  Penfleld. 


Oktlon: 

William  W.  Howland. 
Leri  Spaulding,  d.  d. 
Enrotas  P.  Hastings. 
John  C.  Smith. 
Marshall  D.  Sanders. 
Williams.  DeJUem«r. 


North  Cbiha  : 

Charles  A.  Stanley. 
Henry  Blodget. 
Ohauncey  Goodrich. 
John  T.  Gulick. 
Mark  Williams. 
Thomas  W.  Thompson. 


Sandwich  Islands  : 

Titus  Coan. 
BaTid  B.  Lyman. 
Elias  Bond. 
John  D.  Paris. 
Dwight  Baldwin,  m.  d. 
WilUam  P.  Alexander. 
ArtMuas  Bishop. 
Peter  J.  Gulick. 
L.  H.  Gulick,  M.  D. 
Henry  H.  Parker. 
Lowell  Smith,  d.  d. 
Ephraim  W.  CUrk. 
Bet^amin  W.  Parker. 
James  W.  Smith,  M.  D. 
Daniel  Dole. 


MiORONKSIA : 

A.  A.  Sturges. 
Benjamin  G.  Snow. 
Hiram  Bingham,  Jr. 

Total,  W. 


Not  connkctkd  with  tbx  Board  : 

Cyrus  Hamlin,  d.  d.,  Pres.  of 
Robert  Coll.,  Constantbiople. 

Daniel  Bliss,  d.  d.,  I'res.  of  Sy- 
rian Protestant  Coll.,  Beirflt, 
Syria. 


mSSIONARIES  OF  THE  AMERICAN  MISSIONARY  ASSOCIATION. 


[Three  in  Jamaica,  as  in  tables ;  also,] 


Sandwich  Islands 
♦"  J.  8.  Green. 
J.  P.  Green. 

Bangkok,  Suw:' 
D.  B.  Bradley. 


Mbndi,  Wbst  Africa: 
G.  P.  Claflin. 

Ojdwat  and  Ottawa  Indians, 
MioniOAN : 

George  N.  Smith. 


Ajcono  thb  Frksdmxn  : 
As  giTen  in  Um  tablM. 


iSunuaanea  q/*  StatiBtict. 


SUMMARY  L — Chuzcbks,  MnnaTERB,  and  Bzfobtbd  Cohtbibutioks 


CBUKCHES. 

MINiatBItS. 

WmMmniu. 

i|:l| 

BmnOLEicT 

(TATM,  ITO. 

4 

'1 
ll 

1 

1 

m 

1 

Ml 

'     l| 

Biruw. 

iMmum, 

10 

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(W.»do/ 

B7 

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66 

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0|  Kte 

IM 

87 

Wl 

ii: 

« 

°n1^.« 

IMoU, 

0 

O'       1 

0 

]*n  •rport. 

BUMrtofColmabk, 

0 

u 

1 

mtrpnn. 

S^; 

1 

3 

I 

n 

ffi 

S 

t 

as 

^ 

1« 

I 

24 

"w/Soja 

^ 

J* 

138 

{[ 

«^ 

0 
0 

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iJ 

u! 

IB 
IK 

IS 

16  ,£86.00 

Xu», 

SI 

( 

3 

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41 

5 

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1 

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17 

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lis 

0 

«. 

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491 

am 

m 

g 

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m 

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HMi^n, 

s 

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31 

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70 

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108, 700.  W 

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Kl 

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: 

1 

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'IS" 

hathOHClIu, 

1 

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«p  rfjwrl. 

DHk, 

1 

JVonj-on 
3i.SlD.» 

T«,,^t, 

7! 

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16- 

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lei 

7 

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16i 

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Tlr,taK 

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Knitpon. 

SSX,"^-' 

u 

loi 

: 

a 

0|    Ifll 

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ll 

8 

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a.iio 

4 

IE 

Hb  TrjKin. 

Tcnxu,  U.  8. 

rao 

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S92  14B1I    93 
-      -\    4t| 

ta,070 

OBtiuteaDdQixbc.-, 

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KonSciiitim,     ' 

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sis.uS~W 

ai^lra 

Worqw-J. 

Tntu,  AiDail«, 

«i 

rSfi 

15 

2^ 

"w 

"tiioea 

f  InaludlDgK 

In  Uh  abcm  tebls,  nola, — 1,  Tbe  BiniMin  (Iw  lUld  soliuim — 
gabh  twIWHB  "  paitoza  "  Hid '*  Ktlm  ^amiorw" 

1.  MiiatoftlHcb<m)Hi"nDtni|}pll«l"  hiTn  ngulu  i)R«hln(,bi 
HTTke.    rarUwr,IlBetttimiuanippUtd)ijUHiilliite*orm«ofol 

3.  Tbv  tMtli  Dolnmn  of  Agnna  proUiblj  laclods  na  pvtora  ncept 

4.  Tb«  niimbtT  or  mlnliCen  "  not  In  puton]  work  "  la  mut  of 
thoat  who  w  msnlMn  of  na  Aiioebtloa  or  ConECRne*.    Wbeti  pan 


&.  "  Baneroldit  GoatrltintloDi "  da  nut  includa  parish  sipnUFi,  liuUdliig  or  npdring  ahunbo,  ftj- 
li«chnnhd(]ila,oiujDtluirilmUiru|mdltiiR(.  Such tlauuvpuUiltrflnDlit u4HiiiiBuiH<i< 
thiBmnlSUM.    TbikbonuHODtini  Elnobj  1,180  chonho. 

S.  StaUa  or  Itanii  itund  (*)  (in  onlf  lut  jAr'i  npsrt. 
NBW  SKBiaa.  —  TOL.  I.   NO.  I.  10 


SUMMARY  IL  — Ubkbebship    iw   1868,    wirn    Aoditionb,   Rbmotau, 
AND  Baptumb  udbimo  thk  prbcedimq  Statutical  Txab. 


GIIUBCII  MRMBBKS. 

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tba  aboTB  Ubic,  noU ,  ~  1.  Ths  "  bjUla  "  of  church  uenibeil,  iddltk 
a,  ud  ID  in  tha  lut  fooUiifi,  cinFd  ths  •nm  oT  pirttoBlan,  Thli  !• 
JtT  li'm,  *ltb  bo  rrport  of  thv  parUruluB  wtaoaa  (ukUClon  nukH  m 


2.  The  "  TirommunluUoiu  "  KnretliiH*  ioDliiile,  Oumgh  not  vltb  iLrict  ■onmej,  (hi  uontK  of 
penooa  vbnw  uowa  ■»  droppol  fFoni  cliuRti  Urti  oa  vcDiuit  of  long  tbnoix.  TH  It  li  UlknC  tbkt 
Uili  )■  doiM  la  onlj  ■  slight  nlmt. 

8.  Id  "  Sabbitti  8tbool*,"  lown  jud  NvbnakA  report  the  "ftTvnft  litwiilanf*"  fl^i  th*  othtt 
8U(ef  rvport  th«  artiul  mcmhcrrtilp  At  th«  dkU  of  nporHog. 

4.  ThcQunm  of  rburrht*  DUkLng  no  Import  tn  Irutortrd  in  thcEr  pnlpv  piMiH ;  *nd  for  vU  of  thllD,— 
klthonicb  agBlnJt  the  nuTKJ  tb«»»r«l  tolamumn  left  blAok,  —  poit  rrporti  (If  aojha  finind  vlthlD 
lime  T^")  ■"  Includrd  in  the  nunnurkn  of  tho  RspertlTe  Stula,  While  thli  glm  B  Mr  ippnul^ 
Uon  ta  ths  total  mimitrihip,  tlH  report  of  "  idditloiu."  "  nrnonle."  *od  "  btptlau."  b  too  b»1]  br 
Jiut  tha  ntuaber  ihoas  fharehv  might  1ut«  reported.    TUi  lui  InBti  the  eaea  web  jmr. 

5,  Ibanportifnim  IfasSuln,  eU.,itaTnid(*].>n  copied  IkwB  lutjau'eliblM. 


1868.]  Smmariet  of  BatitHea.  147 

'SUHUART  m.  —  CHAitaES  w  the  Statistical  Ykar  1867-8. 


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148  Sutnnuuries  of  StatMe$.  [J 


CONCLUSIONS. 

Churobm. — Til*  numUr  ^fckunhes  on  oar  Uiti  ozeeeds  that  of  iMt  ywr, — fa  Am  UhiUd  States,  by 
132,  — in  North  America,  bflSB.  In  neither  ceee  do  we  Indode  chinolMe  Ibnaed  ilnee  tbe  tete  of  the 
stetifltiesl  year. 

The  nnmber  of  ehurcke$  unsuppUid  with  mhiletexe,  in  the  United  Statee,  ie  6  leei  than  taet  year;  the 
number  tupplitd  is  Itf  greater.  In  North  America,  wMupplitd  ehorehes,  10  less  than  Isst  year ;  svp- 
jUied,  IfiO  more.  A  eomparison  of  the  relattre  proportion  of  paston  and  meting  paatmrM^  with  that  of 
preceding  years,  is  impossible,  beoanse  prsTioiis  years  frUsd  mors  thaa  now  to  distlngalsh  between  the 
two  classes.  Tet  there  seems  to  be  no  particular  ehange  of  proportion.  The  distinetSon,  in  reports, 
between  pastors  and  acting  pastors,  is  steadily  becoming  more  perfect;  this  year  only  46  are  left  indefl- 
nite;  last  year  it  was  190 ;  and  in  the  years  next  preceding,  290  and  600. 

The  nomber  of  thmrtk  memhen^  In  the  U.  8.,  shows  a  net  gain  of  12,801 ;  in  North  America,  13,641. 

The  additions  by  profe$non  haTe  been  exceeded  only  two  yean  In  the  preoeding  ekvsD. 

The  addition*  bjf  Utter  are  greater  than  in  any  year  (tf  the  inreceding  eleven. 

The  tfeoiAs  are  .01547  of  the  total  membership  of  last  year;  last  year,  .01678 ;  the  year  bsAm,  .01058 ; 
the  year  before  that,  .01778. 

/fl/hal  Boprtfm*  are  much  above  the  aTerage  of  the  last  eleren  years. 

Sabbath  SehooU  show  an  inenaud  membtrakip,  in  the  U.  8.,  of  96,801 ;  fai  North  America,  of  25,80& 

The  returns  of  BenevoUnt  Contr^utions  are  so  imperfeot  that  we  hare  not  added  up  tha  column. 
VTe  think  there  is  no  particular  change  in  the  amounU 

MnfiSTxas.  — The  number  of  ministen,  as  reported  in  Summary  I.,  shows  an  Incieaso  of  91.  The 
excess  of  onUnations  OT«r  deaths,  in  Summary  III.,  is  80  only.  It  is  useless  to  tiy  to  reconcile  these. 
Ordinations  are  imperfectly  reported ;  names  of  men  not  belonging  to  AssodatlODS  are  taken  up  or 
dropped,  annually,  aeoording  to  their  accidental  pastoral  serrice ;  and  there  Is  no  noord  of  passage  to 
and  flro  denomlnationaUy.  The  "  total  ministers ''  is  too  small  by  the  mnisdon  of  thoee  not  eoonected 
with  any  ecclesiastical  body,  and  not  in  pastoral  service.  The  Presbyterian  mfamtss  neoeaaarlly  report 
all  members  of  Presbyteries,  though  settled  pesters  of  Congregational  churches;  on  the  contrary,  we 
omit  all  members  of  Assodattims  who  are  pastors  of  Presbyterian  churebes,  as  well  as  aU  members  of 
Presbyteries  supplying  any  of  our  churches.  Wo  even  reckon  as  vacant  all  our  churches  supplied  by 
men  of  other  denominations,  though  we  give  their  names.  Our  aim  is  to  give  only  GongregatioBal 
tablee;  and  our  rule  is  to  insert,  as  such,  only  the  names  of  ministers  reported  by  the  several  State  Amo- 
oiations  as  Gongregationalists,  or  Touched  Ito  as  in  rsgular  standing  by  the  reqieetlve  socretariss. 
llenoe  some  ministers  are  surprised  to  find  their  names  omitted ;  and  some  comi^ain  because  we  cannot 
insert  them.  Their  redress  Is  in  reporting  themselvee  to  some  Ckmgrpgatlonsi  body  In  their  own  States. 
We  have  no  authority  to  insert  or  omit,  because  we  disrlatm  all  right  or  purpose  to  settle  questkms  of 
ministerial  standing.  Nor  would  it  be  in  our  power  to  range  the  country  fbr  a  oensas  of  ministers  who 
refhse  to  ally  thomsdvee  with  the  fratemitice  of  the  ministers  and  churches. 

The  Supply. — The  number  of  vacant  churchee  in  North  America  is  600;  which  is  praetleally  dhnln- 
iMhed  by  57  supplied  by  licentiates,  and  58  by  ministers  of  other  denominatlona, — leaving  575  actually 
destitute.  The  number  of  ministers  not  in  pastoral  work  (not  Incloding  foreign  missionariss)  Is  872. 
Of  this  numbor,  we  And  (from  imperfect  returns  of  occupation),  01  Presidents,  Professors,  etc.,  of  ocd- 
legen  and  theological  schools ;  68  secretaries  and  agents  of  societies ;  26  dty  or  county  mlarionaries, 
chaplains,  superintendents  of  asylums,  and  missionaries  to  Ikeedmen ;  22  teanhers ;  4  State  edoeatlonal 
officials ;  and  6  editors.  Deducting  ttieee  210,  we  have  008  unemployed  by  the  ehurehes,  to  576  ohnrebea 
to  be  supplied.  But  we  ought  really  to  have  minfetert  of  our  own,  enough  to  sup^  the  116  ehurehes 
now  temporarily  supplied  by  licentiates,  Presbyterians,  ete.  To  meet  our  actual  wants  In  eataMlslied 
churches,  therefore,  we  need  to  supply  690  ehnxvhes ;  and  we  have  (after  deducting  the  abeiva  210  In 
colleges,  etc.)  002  ministers.  But  this  602  is  subject  to  the  fhrther  diminution  of  those  who  are  aopor- 
annuated,  disabled,  or  permanently  aeculariaod.  So  fer  as  our  own  partial  personal  knowledge  extends, 
we  find  77  of  this  latter  class  in  New  Bngland  alone ;  if  the  same  ratio  extends  through  the  euuatiy,  the 
'whole  number  of  such  would  be  152.  This  approximate  estimate,  after  making  the  above  dedoetfons, 
shows  that  we  haTe  600  churches  unsupidied,  with  510  ministers  aTsilable ;  or  admitting  the  lloeiitlates, 
Presbyterians,  etc.,  we  have  575  absolutely  vacant  churches,  with  510  ministers  avaHabla.  Tat  tUs 
number  of  ministers  would  be  increased  if  we  had  returns  of  thoae  who  belong  to  no  eoclerisistleal  body. 

Of  the  vacant  churches,  it  ought  to  be  remonbored  that  Tory  many  are  merely  In  the  temporary  inter- 
val between  the  resignation  of  one  pastor  and  the  speedy  settlement  of  another.  But  many  otlMn  are 
too  weak  to  secure  anything  but  transient  missionary  labor ;  and  a  few  have  no  puhHe  ordlnaiMai,  and 
nerer  will  have.    Of  this  class,  numbers  are  dropped  from  the  list  ewy  year,  as  axUnet. 


1889^] 


SUMHABT  IT.— Statistical  Rkpostb  of  thb  Axxbicait  Cokgrzoa- 
nonAL  Chubches,  as  pcbubsbd  18&8-1B69. 


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EXPLANATIONS  TO  LIST  OF  HINISTBHS. 

I    f  iiiliililB    Ibm  la  am  Brtantw  of  tin  •emtl  BUU  biUtu  m  If  Imh ;  to  whliih 

■,  Mlowliit 


1.  TM«llitirtllm»«>^nillMim  iltli  Ottlmttoiag  taMM,bMnMvi  bsneocnetaA  Itala 

I    TlilillilliinM^MinjlMiiiliili     Whm  tbs Bin  nu  H  MpoMa  ■•  IMiw  to  Itan* M 
IM*.  U  lUBlni  MOM  dtaMBBWi  tteo  ■*  PCMH  to  Httlt  th>  dUral^. 

-    —  "— of  nifoni  •■HUnff,  look  —  — *■  • —       '"  — ■ '—  — 

M  Um  toaMeM  wfioiag. 


ittaf  tkoA.B.G.I.l 


;-Si 


..TnanMr.amd  ahoald  b*  laBcMmi  bjTmMiT  nooi.  Tha  mo  of  iiibHii  m, — n 
l«aaiflwrM,TatlWf.*H>Bi'rtt,Bn^8Ss.«ub4«.  Tn  Um  tatarisr orTBikv (diI 
.PMl^na.  pvtM.  ToOHtaalTuWiSOO'lwtoi.    Ts  Indlk  uul  Cnlo^  Wc.  por  * 

«.    TO  CUm,  VM  aoA  inrth  AMn,  ttc.  pw  1  OL    Butdwleh  Iduxla  uul  Hknni^  iLpa  |  «. 

In  i^lUlw  i(hiu  te  Ibi  ■»««■  A  bM  attiB*  Mm  t(  Me  IMUr. 

TlililiiHl  ni  iihwili  liiifiif  IM  Mi  fcmmlMtrTiiMlelaiMUT.tltboi^irttocM  <»Mrf  ««fT»  of  « 


efandi  or  tb*«(lMr 


160 


LUt  of  Otmgregationml  ISnUten, 


[Jan. 


LIST  OF  CONGREGATIONAL  MINISTERS  IN  NORTH  AIERICA, 

WITH  THEIR  LATEST  KNOWN  POST-OMlCfB  ADDRESS. 

[Far  ezi^ftoatloni,  we  preceding  page.] 


AMe.  Vrednick  R^  AtriMtoa,  Mmb. 

Abbott,  Amoe,  A.  B.  0.  VT  M.,  SaUtra. 

Abbott,  Sdward,  Ounbridfeport,  Ham. 

Abbott,  K«  B.  P>,  MerUm,  N*  H. 

Abbott,  Jacob  J.,  Tanaooth,  Me. 

Abbott,  Jobn  8.  C,  New  HaTen,  Ot. 

Abbott,  lorman,  New  York  City. 

Abemetbj,  Henry  C,  Lockport.  m. 

Adair,  Samuel  L.,  Onwmtnmie,  Kan. 

Adams,  A,  B.,  Bcfnaonia,  Mich. 

Adama,  Aaron  C,  WethenriMd.  Ot. 

Adama,  Daniel  B.,  Wilton,  N.  H. 

Adams,  Darwtn.  Groton,  Maai. 

Adams,  Bdwin  A.,  North  Manehefter,  Ct. 

Adams,  Bphralm,  Deoorah,  lo. 

Adams,  Franklin  W.,  Spencerport,  N.  T. 

Adams,  George  B.,  Brunswlok,  Me. 

Adams,  George  M.,  Portsmouth,  N.  H. 

Adama,  Uarrer,  New  Hampton,  lo. 

Adama,  John,'lIlU8b<»o*  Centre,  N.  H. 

Adams,  John  C,  Falmouth,  Me. 

Adams,  Jonathan  B.,  Seanport,  Me. 

Adams,  I^btI  P.,  Fitch  Bay,  Que. 

Adams,  Luden  11.,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  CbUra/  2Wfay. 

Adams,  Nehemlah,  Boston,  Mass. 

Adams,  Thomas,  Mrerflde,  Me. 

Adams,  WUltMn  W.,  Fall  River,  Mass. 

Aiken,  James,  Hanover,  Bfaaa. 

Aiken,  Silas,  Bntbuid,  Vt; 

Alkln,  WHliam  P.,  Groton,  Mam. 

Albee,  Solon,  Mlddlebnry,  Tt. 

Akott,  William  P.,  North  Greeuwleh,  Gt. 

Aldan,  BbeneHT,  Jr.,  ManhfleU,  Maas. 

Aldan,  Alunnd  K.,  South  Boaton,  Bfam. 

Ahten,  Bdwin  U.,  Waseca,  Minn. 

Ahten.  Lndos,  Newcastle,  N.  H. 

AUrien,  Jeremiah  K.,  Eiist  Bridgewnter,  Masn. 

Alexander,  William  P^  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  Samdwiek  hi. 

Allen,  Abnham  W.,  Baiting  HoUow,  L.  I. 

Allen,  A.  S.,  Black  BarthTWis. 

Allen,  Bei\)unin  R.,  HaiMehead,  Maas. 

Alien,  Cjraa  W..  Bast  JtJtnj.  N.  H. 

Allen,  Bphralm  W.,  Haterhill,  Maas. 

Allen,  Brwfai  W.   Pitcher,  N.  T. 

Allen,  Frederick  B.,  Canandaigoa,  N.  T. 

AUen^  George,  Worcester,  Mass. 

Allen,  George  B.,  Norton,  Maas. 

Allen,  John  A.,  Annawan,  III. 

Allen,  J.  Winic,  Gaksburg,  BOoh. 

Allen,  John  w.,  Brandon,  Wis. 

Allen,  Rowland  H.,  Chelsea.  Mass. 

Allen,  Samuel  U.,  Hlndaor  Looks,  Ct. 

Allender,  John,  St.  Catherine,  Mo. 

Allander,  Thomas,  Weathaaapton,  Mass. 

All^,  Frederick,  WeepUig  Water,  Neb. 

Alliaon,  John,  ftulwaokee,  Wis. 

AUworth,  WilUam  H.,  Paris,  OnC. 

AlTord,  Augustus,  Ridgebniy,  Gt. 

AlTord,  Frederick,  Duumo  Depot,  Ct. 

AlTord,  John  W.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

AlTord,  NelMn,  CentraHa,  Kan. 

Ames,  Marcus,  L-incaster,  Maas. 

Amsden,  BeiOamIn  M.,  Crete,  III. 

Amnden,  S.  II.,  New  Alstead.  N.  H. 

Amlerson,  Bdwaid,  Ashtabula,  0. 

And<>rson,  George,  Stockholm,  N.  T. 

Andenon,  James,  Manchcatar,  Vt. 


Andenon,  Joaeph,  Aogoala,  MUk. 
Anderson,  Joaeph,  Watetbuy,  Ct. 
Anderaon^Ruras,  BoatOB, Mbm 
Andrews,  DaTld,  mnona,  Mtai. 
Andrews,  Dean,  Bfarthall,  HI. 
Andrews,  Bdwin  N^  Kanms  CIlif  ,  Mo. 
Andrews,  George  W.,  Bast  Hampton,  01. 
Andrews,  ta«T  W.,  Marietta.  O. 
Andrews,  Samuel  J.,  EbrtflHd,  Ct. 
Andrews  J¥llliam  W.,  Weth«nlWd,  Ct. 
Andms,  tahnr,  Attna,  lOeh. 
Angler,  Luther  H^  B^artown.  IL 
Angler,  ManhaU  B.,  daydanrllla, 
Aigecanbo,  J.,  Sangeen,  Ont. 
Anthony,  Geoige  N.,  Inriboro*, 
Apthorp,  Rufhs,  Alpena,  Mioh. 
Apthorp,  William  P.,  (lo.) 
Armour.  John,  KelTlB.Oiit. 
Armas,  Joelah  L.,  Bamngton,  NT.  H. 
Arms,  Hiram  P.,  Norwich  Town,  Ct. 
Armsby,  Lauren,  Caadla,  N.  H. 
Armstrong,  Frederick  A.,  Hamfltoii,  ID. 
Armstrong,  Robert  S.,  South  Coltoii,  N.  T. 
Arnold,  Arthur  B.,  Booertlle,  HI. 
Arnold,  Seth  S.,  Ascutm^TUliL  Tt. 
Anbury,  S.  Ralph.  Greenfield,  ffaas. 
Ashley,  J.  Mills,  Gmnd  Ledga,  MIeh. 
Ashley,  Samuel  S.,  WUmhigton,  N.  C. 
Atkinson,  Geocge  U.,  Portkad.  Or. 
Atkinson,  timothy.  Orange  yailoj,  N.  J. 
Atkinson,  MllUam  B.,  Waterloo,  Mb. 
Atkinson,  Wm.  H.,  A.  B.  O.F.  M.,  WuUm 
Atwater,  Bdward  B.,  New  Havm,  Ct. 
Atwnter,  William  W..  PtelnTille,  Ct. 
Atwood,  Bdward  S..  Salem,  Maaa. 
Atwood,  Lewis  P.,  Otis.  Mass. 
Austin,  DATid  R  ,  South  Norwaft,  Ct. 
Aujttin,  Franklin  D.,  Prosqua  lala.  Ma. 
AustlOk  U.  A.,  Pleaaanton,  Mich. 
Austin,  Lewis  A.,  MaBchneter,  Yt. 
AoAtin,  Samuel  J.,  Warren,  Maas. 
AYery,  Frederick  D.,  Columbia,  Ct. 
ATery,  Qeniy,  Morgan,  O. 
Areiy,  Jared  R..  Groton^Ot. 
ATeiy,  John,  Lmnuiob,  Ct. 
Arery,  John  T.,  Cleveland,  O. 
ATeiy,  WiUiam  P.,  Chapta,  lo. 
Ayer,  Charlea  L.,  WBUmaatle.  Ct. 
Ayar,  Franklin  D.,  ConeonL  N.  H. 
Ayer,  Joaeph,  Yoluntown,  Ct. 
Ayree,  Frederick  H.,  Lom  Bld«s,  Ot. 
Ayrea,  Rowland,  Hadknr,  Maaa. 
Babbitt,  Jamea  H^  W Jtaflekl,  Tt. 
Babcock,  Daniel  H.,  North  Ttoy,  Tt. 
Baeheller,  GUman,  Matdilaa  Port,  Ma. 
Backus,  Joaeph  W^Tbomaatoa,  Ot. 
Bacon,  George  B.,  Orange,  M.  J. 
Bacon,  James  M.,  Bsses,  Haw. 
Bacon,  Leonard,  New  Ha'vin,  Ct. 
Baoon,  Leonard  W.,  Brooklyn,  N.  T. 
Bacon,  Wllltam  F.,  Amaobary  MIUb, 
Baeon,  WUliam  N.,  Shoffoham,  Tt. 
Bacon,  WllUam  T.,  Derby,  Ct. 
Badger,  MUton  JVew  York  Citr. 
Bailey,  George  H.,  Newport,  Tl 
Ball^,  CharleB  B.,  Benaonia,  MIeh. 
Bailor,  John  G.,  Hj^  Park,  Vt. 


1869.] 


ist  qf  Conffregatianal  MianuterB. 


161 


Baiid,  K.  F.,  PljBOiifh,  O. 

Baird,  John  a.,  N«v  H»t«ii,  Ct. 

Baizd,  RobeH  O.,  AnwuU,  Weh. 

Bak0r,  Ab^ah  B..  DonhMtor,  Wm. 

Baker,  Ariel  A.,  lUaebMter,  lo. 

Bakar,  Bdmd  P.,  Winfthrof ,  Ma. 

Bakar,  Sphtaim  H.,  Wyaatt,  lU. 

Baker,  Jamea  B.,  Booth  Onoadaoa,  N.  T. 

Baker,  Joaeph  Ds  CSuabridm  lu- 

Baker,  John  W.  U.,  Watarfbrd  JIa. 

Baker,  Sejnioiir  A.,  Nav  Toifc  City. 

Baker,  Sika,  Btawllih,  Ma. 

Baker,  Smith,  Oroao,  Ha. 

Baker,  ThomaaiTaroDCo,  Ont. 

Baker,  Sdbfa»,  mm  CftaK,  Kan. 

Baldwin,  Abraham  a,  BwUn,  Ct 

Baldwin,  Abraham  T.,  Nawton,  la 

Baldwin,  Abram  B.,  Unaoln,  111. 

Baldwin,  Gnrtii  C,  BnUfran,  O. 

Baldwin,  DafM  J.,  Orawo,  lU. 

Baldwin,  Dwight,  A.  B.  O.  F.  M.,  AmmIwm*  111. 

Baldwin,  EU^  d,  BiaaftMd,  Ct. 

Baldwin,  Hnuy  N.,  DaBYm,  IlL 

Baldwin,  Joeeph  B.,  Weet  OuBmhiKtoa,  Maiw. 

Baldwin,  TheroB,  Maw  Toik  CUj. 

BaUwin,  Thomaa,  Pijnoath,  Yt 

Baldwin,  Wllibm  O..  W«t  GzotoB,  N.  T. 

Balkan,  Uriah,  Lewtoton,  Me. 

BaU,  Jasper  N.,  A.  B.  0.  f.  M.,  Wui€m  Tmkejf. 

BaUard,  Addtoon,  Balnilt,  Mich. 

BaUard,  4amei,  Gnuid  Baplda,  Mieh. 

Bancroft,  Cecil  F.  P.,  l4M>koat  Moanhdn,  Tenn. 

Banrroft,  BafM,  Pnaoott,  Ma». 

Banlleld,  John  A.,  Loolavllle,  Kaa. 

Bang,  Uumphiwr,  Bangor,  Vrla. 

Banks,  Oaoivi  w.,  Bathkhem,  Ct. 

Barber,  A.  D.,  QaBeva,0. 

Barber,  Alanaon  D.,  wlUiboroagfa,  N.  T. 

Barber,  BUho,  Lake  Fonst,  lU. 

Barber,  Lather  II.,  Scotland,  Ct. 

Barbour,  IVlUiara  M.,  Bangor,  Me. 

Barbour,  Uennr,  London,  SHpond. 

Bard,  Qeorge  I.,  Donbarton,  N.  H. 

Bardwell,  D.  Bfagee,  Bfaikeean,  Wis. 

BardweU.  John  P.,  OberUn,  0. 

Barker,  Uaae,  Rocklbrd,  Mich. 

Barker,  Darla  R.,  Oov's  MIlia,  Pa. 

Barker,  Nathaniel,  WakeAeld,  N.  H. 

Barmuti,  Alonao,  JOTfleld,  Mleh. 

Barnard,  Ellhu  C.,  Jeflenon,  III. 

Barnard,  PUnv  F.,  WUUanutown.  Vt. 

Barnard,  Stephen  A.,  Lansing,  Mkh. 

Barnes,  Charles  M.,  Plymouth,  111. 

Barnes,  Brmstus  S.,  Austinburgfa,  0. 

Baraes,  Henry  E.,  Molina,  111. 

Barnes,  John  R.,  Hosemond,  HL 

Barnes,  Jeremiah  R..  Cannon  Falls,  Minn. 

Barnes,  L.  C,  Mount  Vernon,  O. 

Barnes,  Nathaniel  H.,  Napoli.  N.  T. 

Barney,  James  0.,  East  ProTidence,  R.  I. 

Bunum,  Oeorge  Waterloo,  Ind. 

Bamum,  H.  N.,  A.  B.  0.  V.  M.,  Eastern  Twrhty. 

Bamum.  Samuel  W.,  New  UaTen,  Ct. 

Barrin,  Joseph  S.,  (N.  Y.) 

Banows,  Kl^sh  P.,  Mlddlatown,  Ct. 

Barrows,  tieorge  w..  BUiabethtown.  N.  T. 

Barrows,  Homer,  Atkinson  Depot,  M.  H. 

Barrows,  John  M.,  Olivet,  Mica. 

Barrows,  J.  Otis,  Exeter,  N.  H. 

Barrows,  Simon,  Quiney,  lo. 

Barrows,  William,  Reading,  Mass. 

Barstow,  Charles^  Hamilton,  N.  T. 

Barstow,  Zedekiah  S.,  Keene,  N.  H. 

Bartean,  Sydney  H.,  Plymouth,  \Vis. 

Bartlett,  Dwight  K.,  Roehester,  N.  T. 

Bortlett,  Edward  O.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Bartlett,  Enoch  N.,  Newton,  lo. 

Bartlett,  Joseph,  Andorer,  Mais. 

Bartlett,  Leavitt,  North  Bennington,  Vt. 

Bartlett,  layman,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  Wt»Urn  Twrhty. 

Bartlett,  P.  Mason,  Windsor  Locks,  Ct. 


Bartlett,  Samuel  C,  Chicago,  HL 

Bartlett,  William  A.,  Chicago.  111. 

Bartlett,  William  C,  San  Fiandseo,  Cat 

Barton,  Alanson  8.,  Townshand  East,  Vt. 

Barton,  Charles  B.,  RSehviaw,  III. 

Barton,  Walter,  SuflakI,  Ct. 

Barton,  Willtam  8.,  Alhol,  Miut. 

Baaoom,  B.,  Baldt,  Wb. 

Bascom,  FkTel,  Prinoeton,  HI. 

Basoom.  John,  WilUamstown,  Miaa. 

Baaiett,  Edward  B.,  BrrliHr,  Maai. 

Bassett,  William  E.,  Wanen,  Ct. 

Batehelder,  John  S.,  Hinsdale,  N.  H. 

Bates,  Alfan  J^  SanndettviUa,  Maas. 

Bates,  Haniy,  Canton,  111. 

Bates,  James  A.,  Belpra,  O. 

Bates,  Philander,  Cornish,  M.  H. 

Bates,  S.  Lysander,  UndarUU,  Vt 

Batt,  Hllliam  J.,  LeomJMtsr,  MaM. 

Bauer,  Fredeffek  A.,  Hawky,  Pa. 

Baxter,  Ben^Janiin  'm  Mauston,  Wis. 

Bayliss,  Samuel,  Brooklyn,  N.  T. 

Bayne,  Thomaa,  Hew  Havwi,  N.  T. 

Beach,  Aaron  C^  Millington,  Ct. 

Beach,  Lemud  B.,  Andorer,  O. 

Beach,  Nathaniel,  Woodrtock,  Ct. 

Beaman,  Charles  C,  Gunhridge.  Miaa. 

Beaman,  Wanen  H.,  North  lualey,  Maas. 

Bean,  David  M.,  Webster,  Maas. 

Bean,  Ebeneasr,  Oiay,  Me. 

Beane,  Phineas  A.,  Hampden,  O. 

Beard,  Augustus  F.,  Bath,  Me. 

Beard,  Edwin  8.,  Warren,  Ma. 

Beard,  George  P.,  St.  Louto,  Mo. 

Beard,  Spencer  F.,  Andovar,  Maas. 

Beard,  WiUUm  H.,  Fxaedran,  Me. 

Beanlsl^,  Bronson  B.,  Bridgeport,  Ct. 

Beckwith,  E.  G.,  Oakland,  <kl. 

Beekwith,  George  A.,  Olathe,  Kan. 

Beckwith,  Geoige  C,  Boston,  Mass. 

Beebe,  Clarence  H.,  Bridgewater,  N.  T. 

Beebe,  Hubbard,  New  Haven,  Ct. 

Beecher,  Charles,  Georgetown,  Mass. 

Beecher,  Edward,  Galesbnrg,  III. 

Beecher,  Frederick  W.,  Kankakee,  HI. 

Beecher,  George  E.,  Chicago,  111. 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward,  Brooklyn,  N.  T. 

Beecher,  James  C,  Owego,  N.  T. 

Beecher,  Thomas  K.,  Klmira,  N.  T. 

Beecher,  William  H.,  North  BrookAeld, 

Beekman,  James  C,  Napervllle,  111. 

Belden,  Henry,  Greenfield,  L.  I. 

Belden,  William  W..  Gardner,  Bfaas. 

Bell,  Hiram,  West  Chester,  Ct. 

Bell,  James  J.,  Pblpsburg,  Me. 

Bell,  James  M.,  Watertown,  Mats. 

Bell,  Newton  U.,  Stafford  Springs,  Ct. 

Boman,  Amos  G.,  GreeneviUe,  East  Tenn. 

Benedict,  Lewin,  Lawn  Ridge,  III. 

Benedict,  Thomas  N.,  Liule,  N.  Y. 

Bennot,  Ethan  0.,  Mt.  Pleasant.  lo. 

Bennett,  JoMph  L.,  Lockport,  N.  Y. 

BeniK>n,  Almon,  Centre  Harbor,  N.  H. 

Benson,  Henry,  Union,  N.  Y. 

Bennon,  Homer  H.,  Beloit,  Wis. 

Bent,  George,  Burr  Oak,  lo. 

Bontiey,  Charles,  Berlin,  Ct. 

Benton,  John  E..  Dutch  Fhtt,  Cal. 

Benton,  Jowph  A.,  San  Fruioisco,  CaL 

Benton,  William  A.,  Si/ria 

Bemey,  Daniel,  Farmer*,  Mfeh. 

Berry,  Augustus,  Pelham,  N.  H. 

Besscm,  William  H..  North  Chelsea,  Maaa. 

Bkkneli,  Shnon  S..  MUton,  Wk. 

Bigelow,  Andrew,  West  Boylston,  Ma«. 

BIgelow,  Asahel,  Hancock,  N.  H. 

BUlingn,  Richard  8.,  Shalbume,  Ma«. 

Bingham,  Hirun,  Jr,  A.B.  C.  F.  M.,  MierMMiM. 

Bingham,  Joel  F.,  Augusta,  Me. 

Bingham,  Joel  S.,  East  Boston,  Maas. 

Birchard,  William  M.,  Mootrllie,  Ct. 


152 


List  of  Omgregatiional  MbiMtera. 


[Jan 


Bird,  IHMC,  Hartflted,  €«. 

Bird,  WUliam,  A.  B.  G.  1.  M., 

Birge,  B.  0.,  UmterhlU,  Yt. 

Btobce,  Ohuiai  O^roDtuMlto,  Neb. 

Bbbce,  JohR  II.,  HanttiiKtoD,  Mam. 

Biflooe,  George  S^  Tiptoo,  lo. 

Bieeoe,  ThomM  0.,  Usbrldfle,  MftM. 

Biehop,  Arteouu,  A.B.  C.  F.H.,  Strndwiek  Lkmd$. 

Biflhop,  Neleon,  Wlndaor,  Yt. 

BIflMli,  Gharlee  U. ,  Uarwliitott,  Ct. 

BiMel  ,  Edwin  0.,  flan  1  mndeeo,  GeL 

Bfawel ,  Oflcar,  Wwrwlek,  Man. 

BiMell,  Samuel  B.  S.^orwaUc,  Gi. 

Biitinger,  John  Q.,  Wln4«or,  Yt. 

Bixby ,  Joaeph  P.,  South  Bedham,  MaM. 

Bixby,  SoloiAon,  Klngtton,  N.  H. 

Black,  Robert  K..  MlSkm,  k.  S. 

B1a|;den,  George  VY.,  Boeton,  3Iaas. 

Bla&delL  Joabna  J..  BeMt,  Wie. 

Blake,  Ilenry  B.,  Belchertown,  MaM. 

Blake,  Jeremiah,  Oihaanton  Iron  Worki,  N.  H. 

Blake,  Joeeph,  Gilmanton  Gentie,  N.  H. 

Blake,  I^maa  H.,  Riter  Point,  R.  I. 

Blake,  liortlmer,  Taantott,  Maai. 

Blake,  S.  Leroj,  Pepper«dl,  Maw. 

Blakelj,  Qulncy,  Gampton,  N.  II. 

Blakeilee,  Samnel  Y.,  San  Franciaco,  Gal. 

Blaneliaca,  Addison,  South  BrMgton,  Me. 

Blanohard,  Amoe,  Lowril,  Man. 

Blanehaid,  Edmund  H..  Warwick. . 

Blanchard,  Jonathan,  Wbeaton,  III. 

Blanchard,  Silas  M.,  Hodwm,  N.  H. 

Btanchard,  William  S..  Ghieago,  lU. 

Blinn,  Henry  O.,  Monimnla,  N.  Y. 

BIb«,  Asher,  Onorllle,  N.  Y. 

BllM,  Gharlee  R..  Wakcflekl,  Jfaae. 

Bllflii,  Duiel,  Belnlt,  Syria. 

BUflt,  Banicl  J.,  Uolland,  Mam. 

BUas,  Edwin  B..  A.  B.  G.  F.  M.,  Western  Tkrkef. 

Bllan,  Thomaa  E.,  Memphis,  Tenn. 

Blodgott,  Gonstantlne.  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Blodgett,  Edward  P.,GreenwVsh,  Mass. 

Blodgett,  George  M.,  f^nklin.  Yt. 

Blodgett,  Uennr,  A.  B.  G.  F.  M.,  North  Ckina, 

Blood,  John.  Uovfeton,  III. 

Bloodgood,  Abraham  L..  Monroe,  Mich. 

Boardman,  JoMph,  llopklnUm,  Mass. 

Boardman,  M.  Bradford,  Lynnfleld,  Mass. 

Bodwell,  Joeeph  G.,  Hartford,  Ct. 

Bodwell,  Lewis,  Toprita,  Kan. 

Boltwood,  Henry  S.,  Princeton,  HI. 

Bond,  AlTan,  Norwich,  Gt. 

Bond,  Eliafl,  A.  B.  G.  F.  M..  Sandwieh  hlauds. 

Bond,  William  B.,  Thomdike,  Maas. 

Bonney,  John  R.,  Matteeon,  Mich. 

Bonney,  Nathaniel  G.,  Poqnonnock,  Gt. 

Booth,  BJwin,  Luudng ,  Minn. 

Borden,  Edmund  W.,  Pine  Run,  Mich. 

Bordwell,  Daniel  N.,  Gharies  City,  lo. 

Bom,  Thomas  M.,  I^ons,  lo. 

Bosworth,  Q.  M.,  Oberiin,  O. 

Boughton,  John  F.,  Ransom,  Mich. 

Bourne,  James  R.,  Lunenburg,  Yt. 

Bourne,  Shea^hub,  Uarleoi.  N.  Y. 

Bouton,  Nathaniel,  GoDOord,  N.  H. 

Bowen,  William  G.,  South  Waxdsbon>\  Yt 

Bowers,  Albert,  Macon.  Mo. 

Bowers,  John  M.,  Sedalla,  Mo. 

Bowker,  Samnel,  Wells,  Me. 

Bowler,  Stephen  L.,  Hami-den,  Me. 

Bowman.  George  A.,  South  Windsor,  Gt. 

Boyd,  Pliny  S.,  Shelbume  FaUSjJfass. 

Boynton,  Gharies,  Watertown,  Wis. 

Boynton,  Gharies  B.,  Washington,  D.  G. 

Boynton,  Gharies  F.,  Eldora,  lo. 

Boynton,  Francis  H.,  Rohoboth,  MaM. 

Boynton,  George  M.,  Guilford,  Gt. 

Brace,  Jonathan,  Hartford,  Gt. 

Brace,  Seth  G..  New  HaTen,  Gt. 

Bradford,  Benjamin  F.,  Charlotte,  Mich. 

Bradford,  l>aoa  B.,  Randolph  Centre,  Yt 


Bradford,  Moeea  B^  MoIiidoe*t  lUla,  Tt. 
Bradford,  Samuel  0.,  Fnmeeitowu,  n.  H. 
Bradley,  D.  B.,  A.  M.  A.,  SlmwL, 
Bradnack,  laaae  R.,  LodLpott,  N.  Y. 
Brainerd,  DaTis  S.,  Wme,  Ot 
Braman,  Milton  P.,  Duma  Ontre,  Mai 
«  Branch,  Edwin  T.,  Mapie  Raplda,  Ifieh. 
Brandt,  Ghartes  ■.,  Hartfcvd.  Gt  • 
Brastow,  Lewis  O.,  St.  Johnmiy,  Yt 
Brastow,  Thomaa  E..  Brooke,  Ma. 
Bray,  John  E.,  Brooklyn,  M.  Y. 
Bray,  William  L.,  HadMd,  Maaf. 
Breed,  Gharlee  G.,  Best  Pawpaw,  m. 
Breed,  Darld,  Ablnfton,  Gt 
Breed,  Samuel  D.,  Grand  Btaae,  Mkh* 
Breed,  William  J.,  RavnlHua,  lUM. 
Bremner,  Darld,  Boubrd.  MaM. 
Brewer,  F.  P.,  Raleigh,  H.  0. 
Brewer,  James,  Clinton,  Wis. 
Brewer,  Jotiah,  Stockbrldge,  KsM. 
Brewster,  William  H.,  Whealon,  IB. 
Briant,  S.  IngersoU,  ShaiOB,  Miiaa. 
Brice,  J.  G.,  Winebester,  Ind. 
Briekett,  Uany,  Geneeeo,  ID. 
Brldgman,  Ueniy  M.,  A.  B.  0. 1.  M., 
Bridgman,  Lewis,  De  Soto,  Wit. 
Brier,  J.  W.,  Glurton,  Gal. 
Briggs,  William  N.,  OMrUn,  O. 
Briggs,  William  T.,  Beat  Doo^aa,  M. 
Brigham,  Charlw  A.  G.,  Bnllald,  Gt 
Brlgham,  David,  Waqnoit  Maai. 
Brigham,  Levi,  Saugoa,  Mbm. 
Brigham,  WUlanl,  Wallaeet,  MaM. 
Brinkerhoff,  William  H.,  Plerpont,  O. 
Brintnall.  Loren  W.,  Winthrop,  lo. 
Bristol,  Shorloek,  San  BDsnavwtiint,  Oal. 
Bristol,  Richard  C,  (UI.) 
Bromfleld,  E.  T.,  Toronto,  Out 
Bronson,  George  F.,  South  KIrtlaiid,  O. 
Brooks,  Edward  F.,  Paiia,  N.  Y. 
Brooks,  William  E.,  CUnton,  Ot 
Brooks,  William  M.,  TaborTlo. 
Bross,  Harmon,  Ottumwa,  lo. 
Brown,  Aaron,  SedaUa,  Ifo. 
Brown,  Alrin  U.,  Jackson,  MMi. 
Brown,  Gharlee  M.,  Sonthweet  HariMr,  Ma. 
Brown,  Christopher  R.,  New  Havwi,  Gi. 
Brown,  Kdwardj  Medford,  Minn. 
Brown,  H.  E.,  Talladega^AJa. 
Brown,  Hope,  Rockfocd,  IB. 
Brown,  John,  Burfo«d,  Out 
Bruwn,  J.  W.,  Mancheator,  Yt 
Brown,  Olircr,  Fox  Uke,  Wla. 
Brown,  Robert,  Garaftaxa,  Ont 
Brown,  Robert,  Leafeu worth,  Kan. 
Brown,  Silas  C,  West  BloomMd,  N.  Y. 
Brown,  Thaddeus  H^  North  Woodstock,  Ct 
Brown,  T.  Lincoln,  BaU's  Mills,  WU. 
Brown,  William  B.,  NewariL,  N.  J. 
Bruce.  Henry  J.,  A.  B.  G.  F.  M.,  Wisism 
Brundsge,  Israel,  Paxton,  IlL 
Brush,  Jeeso,  North  Cornwall,  Gt 
Bryan,  George  A..  West  Uaren,  Gt 
Bryant,  B.  G.,  Atkinson.  lU. 
Bryant,  8.  C.,  Brady,  Mleh. 
Bryant,  Sidney^  Oberiin,  O. 
Buchanan, 
Buck, 

Buck.    k^^H..^.   W.,    V..«MM>,    SV. 

Buckham,  James,  Buriingtoo,  Yt 
Buckingham,  Samnel  G.,  Springfldd,  -■ 
Bndlngton.  llllUam  I.,  Brooklvn,  N.  Y. 
Bulflnch.  John  J..  Neweaatle,  Ma. 
Bull,  Richard  B.,  MamhaUtown,  lo. 
Bullard,  Asa,  Boston.  Maas. 
Bullard,  Charles  H.,  Hartford,  Ct 
Bullen,  Henry  L..  Orford,  Id. 
Bullions,  Alexander  B.,  Sharoo,  Ct 
Bnrbank,  Justin  E.,  Maaeppa,  Mioa. 
Burbank,  L.  T.,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  fbslsm  2W*s«. 
I   Burdiill,  Robert,  Georgslown,  Oat 


nt,  Sidney,  Oberiin,  O. 
lanan,  P.  G.,  Marysrllle,  0. 
[,  Edwin  A.,  FaU  Rifer,  MaM. 
I.  Samuel  J.,  Grlnnell,  lo. 


1869.] 


Litt  qf  Cangregaiional  MtnisterB. 


168 


_  r,JHMi8.,AnitfaiCrMk,0d« 
BrnioM,  A.  Fului,  Dmili,  " 


,,  «.,«w,-^,  North  TBtanooth,  XiM. 
BnzyiH,  WiUkm,  Bdgvorth.  Ont 
Bnnap,  RUm,  Ptekhvllto,  N.  T. 
BanMU,  J.  0.,  UnioBfllle,  O. 
BiuimD,  ThomM  8.,  A.  B.  0. 1.  M.,  MaAra. 
Banhun,  AbMbna,  HboluBtl,  N.  u. 
Baraham,  Amoi  W.,  Blnto,  N.  H. 
Bnraham,  Gbarlw,  Ibnilth,  N.  H. 
Bnmhain,  Joom,  fMiUigtun,  Urn. 
Borpee,  Arehibald,  TanBooth,  H.  8. 
Burr,  Buoeh  F.,  IjBt,  tit. 
Bmr,  WiUud,  PllUftita,  O. 
BuTTf  Zalmon  B.,  WmIob,  Ot. 
Bart,  DuiM  C.  Wlrfaavwu  Mmi. 
Burt,  DttfM,  MiniMraolb.  Mlim. 
Burtoo,  Horatio  N.,  Nowbarj,  Yk 
BurtoD,  Kathaniel  J.,  Hartfotd,  Gt. 

Bushoe, ,  Harttaad,  Wis. 

Bashncll,  Gooiso,  Bololt,  Win. 

BoihiMn,  Horaco,  Hwtlbid,  Ct. 

BuihiMll,  WUHm,  Booton.  MaM. 

Bum,  Hmuy  J.|DMiMot,  111. 

BnUar,  Dudol.  Borton,  lUm, 

Butler,  FnnkOn,  WlndMr,  Tt 

Butter,  Jeramlah,  Mrport,  M.  T. 

ButleriMd,  Honttio  Q.,  Topeka,  Kan. 

Buztoo,  Edward,  Wototov,  N.  U. 

BTiBgtoD,  Sn  H.,  Wlndnr,  Yt. 

Bjington,  Geoifa  P.,  Benaon,  Yt. 

Byiugum,  Swift  Stoaaham;  KaM. 

Byid,  John  H.,  Laafwiwoith,  Kan. 

^me.  Jamea  T^  Whitbj,  Ont. 

OidweU,  C.  C,  €hHwa,  Wit. 

Cadj,  CaiTin  B.,  Alhurgh,  Yt. 

Cadj,  Comallne  8.,  BrookflaU,  lo. 

Oadtjr,  Daniel  B.,  ArUnfftoa.  Maaa. 

Otinia,  John,  Oreena,  N.  Y. 

CaldweU,  Jaaiea,  Rojalton,  Yt 

CaldwiU,  WiUkm  0. ,  Balhia,  Mleh. 

(VUhoun,  Simeon  U.,  A.  B.  0.  F.  M.,  Sgria, 

CaUihan.  Charlee  8..  Kahoka,  Mo. 

Camp.  Cbarlea  W.,  wankeeha,  Wla. 

Campbell,  Alexander  B.,  Mendon,  111. 

Campbell,  D.  A.,  AnroraTllle,  Wit. 

Campbell,  Gabriel,  St.  Anthony,  Minn. 

Campbell,  George  W.,  Bnullbrd,  Maaa. 

Campbell,  John,  Melbourne,  Que. 

Campbell,  Randolph,  NewlNirypOTt,  Maaa. 

Campbell,  WlllUm  M.,  Keeler,  Mieh. 

Caodee,  Geoiige,  Berlin  Heighti,  O. 

Gaoileld,  Phllo,  Washhigton,  lo. 

Oaaileld,  Thomaa  H.,  Onrago,  Kan. 

Capron,  WillSam  B..  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  Bbdura, 

Carleton,  larael.  UtiiBa,  Mo. 

Carmlchael,  J.  M.,  Sparta,  Wla. 

Carpenter,  Charles  €.,  Lookout  Mountain,  Tenn. 

Qupenter,  B.  Irring,  Berlin,  YU 

Cair,  Wliliani  O.,  Barmtead  Parade,  N.  H. 

Carruthers,  John  J.,  Portland,  Ma. 

Carmtbers,  WlllUm,  Gala!*,  Me. 

Garter,  Clark,  Neponwt,  Maas. 

Carter,  Nathan  F.,  North  Yarmouth,  Me. 

Carter,  William,  Pittttfleld,  111.  . 

Carrer,  Shnbael,  Union  Yalley,  N.  T. 

Caaa.  Rufhs,  Jaln^,  N.  II. 

Cifl,  John  W.,  Sandwieh,  lU. 

Catlin,  B.  R.,  Merlden,  N.  U. 

GatUn,  William  K.,  Forest  Station,  Dl. 

Caremo,  Charles,  Uke  Mills,  Wis. 

Chafes,  Thomaa  F.,  Downer's  GroTe,  111. 

Chamberlain,  Charles.  Oxford.  Ct. 

Chamberlain,  J.  P.,  New  London,  Wis. 

ChamherUin,  Joshua  M. ,  IfiddjTiUe,  lo. 

Chamberlain,  P.  B.,  Walla- Walla,  W.  T. 

Chamberlain,  William  A. ,  Beaidstown,  HI. 

Chamberlin,  Edward  B.,  SOuth  Wllbraham,  Mass. 

Chandler,  Augnstus,  Diunmerston,  Yt. 

Chandler,  Joseph,  West  Bisttlaboro',  Yt. 


Ghaaej,  Luelan  W.,  Ratlaad,  H.  T. 
GhapUi,  Aaron  L.,  Balolt,  Wis. 
Ghapin,  Franklin  P.,  AnuMrat,  Maaa. 
Chapin,  U.  M.,  Orsen  Lake,  Wla. 
Ghaphi,  Nathan  G.,  La  Craasi,  Wis. 
Chapman,  Alaxaadsr  W.,  Minooka,  DL 
Chapman,  GalTin,  Maaaafiile,  K.  T. 
Chapman,  Daniel,  Hnnt^j,  DL 
Chapman,  Edward  D.,  BaTmood,  N.  H. 
Chapman,  Frederick  W.,  Prospect,  Gt. 
Ch^man,  Jacob,  DeeriMd  Centre,  N.  H. 
Chase,  Edward,  Kenuebaak,  Me. 
Chase,  Henry  L.,  DyersvlUa,  lo. 
Chase,  James  B- ,  Goondl  Blnlk,  lo. 
Cheerer,  Oaoifs  B.,  Now  York  City. 
Cheerer,  Heniy  T.,  Woresstar,  Mass. 
Chesebrough,  Amos  8.,  Olastenbuiy,  Gt. 
Chlekering,  John  W.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Chickering,  John  W.,  Jr.,  Easter,  N.  H. 
Child,  WUhud,  Grown  Point,  N  T. 
Chllds,  Alexander  C,  W.  CharlastOB,  Yt. 
Chiklff,  Thomas  8.,  Norwalk,  Gt. 


Chipmaa,  R.  Mannfaig,  East  Oranby,  Gt* 
Christopher,  WlllUun  B.,  Oatona,  IlL 
Church,  Bethnel  C.,  Konnal,  lU. 
Chorehlll,  Charles  H.,  OberiiB,  0. 
Churchill,  John,  Woodbniy,  Ct. 
Claflhi,  George  P.,  Am.  MlasV  Ass*n,  JIfoMK. 
ClaggeU,  Erastus  B. .  Lyndsboro*,  N.  U. 
Claggett,  William,  Westmoreland,  N.  K. 
Clapp,  A.,  Hnntln^gtoD,  New  York  Gl^. 
Chipp,  Charles  W.,  Grinnall,  lo. 
Clapp,  Erastas,  Essthampton,  Ms 
Clapp,  Luther,  Wauwatosa,  Wis. 
Chuk,  Albert  W.,  Qilead,  Ok 
Clark,  Allen,  Seymour,  Gt. 
CUrk,  Anson,  Wsst  Balsm,  Wla. 
Cfaurk,  Aaa  F.,  Pern,  Yt. 
Chtfk,  Benjamin  F.,  North  Ghelmaftnd,  Mias. 
Clark,  Charles  W.,  Hartland,  Yt. 
Clark,  Clinton,  Middlebury,  Ct. 
Clark,  Daniel,  Pklnlleld,  Ui. 
Clark,  DeWiU  8..  Clinton,  Maak 
Clark,  Bdaon  L..  North  Branford,  Gt. 
Clark,  Edward  L.,  New  Haven,  Ct. 
Clark,  Edward  W.,  Claranont,  N.  H. 
Clark,  £U  B.,  Chioopee,  Mass. 
Clark,  Ephrafan  W.,  A  B.  C.  F.  M.,  Sandun€k  Ua, 
Clark,  Fredertek  G.,  Greenwich,  Gt. 
Clark,  GeorgC)  Oberlin,  0. 
Clark,  Henry,  Avon,  Gt. 
Clark,  H  8.,  Baraboo,  Wis. 
Clark,  Isaac,  Aurora,  111. 
Clark,  Jacob  8.,  Moii(an,  Vt. 
Clark,  James  A.,  Monterey,  Mass. 
Clark,  John,  Plymouth,  N.  H. 
Clark,  JoMph  B.,  Nowtonrille,  Mass. 
Clark,  Jorlah  B.,  Rupert,  Vt. 
Clark,  Lewis  F.,  WbitinsTille, 
Clark,  N.  CatUn,  Elgin,  IlL 
Clark,  N.  GooiKe,  Boston,  Mass. 
Clark,  Nelson,  Somerset,  Mass. 
Clark,  Orlando,  Lansing,  O. 
Claric,  PhiletUK,  Sharon,  Yt 
.(nark,  Perkins  K.,  Mlttineaque,  Ma... 
Clark,  Sereno  D.,  Prorincetown,  Mass. 
Clark,  Solomon,  Phunfleld,  Maas. 
Clark,  Sumner,  Esstford.  Ct. 
Clark,  Theodore  J.,  Nortnfleld,  Ma«. 
Clark,  William,  Amherst,  N.  IL 
Clark,  WilUam,  Milan,  /foly. 
Clarke,  Beqjamin  F.,  WeHenley,  Maai. 
Clarke,  Edward,  Chesterfield,  Mass. 
Clarke,  Dorus,  Waltham,  Mass. 
Clarke,  James  P.,  A.  B.  C  F.  M.,  Weslfm  Tmk^y. 
Clarke,  William,  Owen  Sound,  Ont. 
Clarke,  WilUam  B.,  Utchfleld,  Ct 
Clarke,  William  F.,  Onelpb,  Out 
Clary,  Dexter,  Boloit,  Win. 
Clary,  Timothy  F.,  Waraham,  Ma«. 
CleaTdand,  James  B.,  Bloomfleld,  Ct 


154 


Lut  qf  CongregatkuMl 


[Jan. 


C1e»TelaQd.  John  Pi^BUtarin,  Mail. 

Clerelftnd,  Edward,  lAwmm,  Mtoh. 

Clemeot,  Jonathm,  Norwieh,  Yt. 

CliA,  WUHam,  MrMfc,  Ct. 

Clinton,  0.  P.,  IIortoiiTllIe.  Wis. 

OUabee,  Edward  P.,  Randolph,  N.  T. 

CUibee,  Jay,  Ambuvt,  Mail. 

GloMon,  J.  T.,  Stockbrklge,  Wh. 

Goaa,  Leauder  8.,  BrownviUe,  Bfe. 

Ooan,  Tiea^  A.  B.  0.  V.  M.,  8mmdw%€k  Idtmd»* 

Cobb,  Amhel,  New  Badfbrd.  Ifaaa. 

Cobb,  BUflha  0.,  Vloreoea,  Maai. 

Cobb,  Henry  W.,  Chicago,  111. 

Cobb,  Leander,  Marion,  MaM. 

Cobb,  L.  Henry,  Sprlnj^ld,  Vt 

Cobb,  Nathaniel,  Kingvton,  Maaa. 

Coohran,  Robert,  Auatinban,  O. 

Cochran,  Samuel  D.,  QrlniMU,  lo. 

Cochran,  Warren,  Reedtborg,  Wia. 

Coohran,  W.  R.,  Antrim,  N.  H. 

Coe,  AlTan,  Vermilion,  0. 

Coe,  DaTid  B.,  New  York  CHy. 

Coe,  Noah,  New  Uaren,  Ct. 

Coe,  Samuel  O.,  RidgeAeld,  Ct. 

Cogsin,  William  S.,  Bosford,  UaM. 

CogMweU,  Eliot  C.  Northwood.  N.  H. 

Coiawell.  Nathaniel,  Yarmoatn,  MaM. 

Colt,  Joahua,  Brookileld,  Maia. 

Colbum,  U.  II.,  Roxbury,  N.  D. 

Colbum,  Moaei  M.,  Waukeipui,  HI. 

Colby,  John,  Southboro',  Maaa. 

Cole,  Albert,  Cornish,  Me. 

Cole,  Royal  M.,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  EoMUm  Twrhejf. 

Cole,  Samuel.  Saybrook.  O. 

Coleman,  William  L.,  MitohcU,  lo. 

Collie,  JoHeph,  DelaTan,  Wia. 

Collins,  Augustus  B.,  Norwalk,  Ct. 

Collins,  William  H.,  Beardstown,  UL 

Colman,  George  W.,  Acton,  Maas. 

Colton,  Aaron  BI.,  Eaathampton,  Masa. 

Colton,  Eraotus,  New  Hafeo,  Ct. 

Colton,  Henry  M.,  Middletown,  Ct. 

Colton,  Tiinon  Q..  Whitewater,  Wis. 

Colton,  Willis  S.,  Waahiogton,  Ct. 

Coltrin,  Nathaniel  P.,  Centralia,  HI. 

Comings.  Elam  J.,  FairfleU,  Vt. 

Comstock,  DaTillo  W.,  Kenoslia,  Wis. 

Conant,  Uba,  Hebron,  N;  H. 

Condon,  Thomas,  Doliea,  Or. 

Cone,  A.,  FrMKloni,  0. 

Cone,  Luther  H^  Springfield,  Mass. 

Cone,  SylTanus  S.,  Wayncarille,  111. 

ConkUng,  Beqj.  D.,  Kent,  O. 

Connell,  Darid,  Newbury  Weal,  Yt. 

Connett,  Alfred,  Albion,  IIL 

Conrad,  Charles  E.,  Quiney,  111. 

ConTerw,  John  K.,  Burttogton,  Yt. 

Cook,  EliMha  W.,  Tankton,  Dak.  Ter. 

Cook,  J.  B.,  DaaTilk>,  Pa. 

Cook,  Joseph  T.,  Sycamore,  HI. 

Cook,  Jonathan  B.,  SalLtbury,  N.  U. 

Cook,  Nehemiah  B.,  Ledyard.  Ct. 

Cooley,  Ueniy,  Springfield,  Maas. 

Cooley,  Henry  E..  Plymouth,  Ct. 

Cooley,  Oramel  W.,  White  Ck>ud,  lo. 

Coolidge,  Amos  H.,  Leicester,  Maas. 

Cooper,  James  W.,  Rockport,  Mass. 

Cooper,  Joseph  C,  Cincinnati,  lo. 

Copeland,  Jonathan,  Waterbnry,  Yt. 

Copp,  Joseph  k.j  Chdsea,  Mass. 

CoideU,  James  G.,  Schenectady,  N.  Y. 

Cordley,  Richard,  Lawrence,  Kan. 

Corey,  Philip  D.,  Macon,  Geo. 

Comeiiniison,  Christian,  Chksago,  III. 

Coming,  James  L..  Ponghkeopsie,  N.  Y. 

Cornish,  George,  Montrsal,  Que. 

Comwell,  Isaac  D.,  Hancock,  N.  Y. 

Corwin,  Eli  8..  Oakland,  Cal. 

Conch,  Paul,  Jewett  City,  Ct. 

Cowles,  Ohauney  D.,  Farmington,  Ct. 

Cowles,  Henry,  Oberiin,  0. 


Cowles,  John  G.  W.,  Baal  flaghiftW,  Mloh. 
Cowles,  John  P.,  Ipawioli 
Cooena,  Samuel  W.,  So.  • 
Craig,  Henry  K.,  Norton,  .mmmm. 
Cram,  William  W.,  Hart,  Mleh. 
Crane,  Ethan  B.,  Brooklyn,  M.  T. 
Crane,  Jamee  L.,  North  Adawa.  Mlek. 
Crane,  Jonathan,  St.  Joaeph,  Mo. 
Crang,  Fredeiiek,  Cohunhoa  City,  Do. 
CraTath,  E.  M.,  Cincinnati,  O. 
Crawford,  Robert,  Deertald,  Miiaa. 
Crawford,  William,  Bairo,  MaM. 
Crittenden,  RSohaid.  Towandn,  Pa. 
Croaby,  B.  S..  San  Bemanlino,  Gal. 
Crosby,  Joaiah  D..  AaUmmfaaB,  ~ 
CroM,  Qorham,  RkrhTlUa,  N.  T. 
Cross,  John,  (lo.) 
Cross,  Joseph  W.,  Weat  BojMon,  \ 
Cross,  Mosea  K.,  Waverlay,  lo. 
Cross,  Wellhigton  R.,  Naw  Glooeaslsr,  Ma. 
Crowther,  Thomas,  SonthfloM,  Maaa. 
Cruickwhanks,  JamM,  Speneer,  Maai. 
Crumb,  John  H.,  (Wb.) 
Cummings,  Ephraim  C.  Si.  Johnslmiy,  Tk. 
Cununings,  Heniyj  Rutfauid,  Ham, 
Cummings,  Hfanam,  San  Fnuadaeo,  OaL 
Gumming*,  Preaton,  Lelraatar,  Miiaa. 
CundaU,  laaac  N.,  MatttiMm,  IFls. 
Cunningham,  John,  Sweden,  N.  T. 
Currier,  Albert  U.,  I^nn,  Maaa. 
Curtice,  Corban.  Sanboniton  Bridge,  N.  H. 
Curtia,  Aahar  W.,  Maaomnnle,  Wia. 
Curtis,  Ethan,  Camden,  N.  T. 
Curtis,  Luciua,  Beriin,  Ot. 
Curtia,  William  C,  Richmond,  Ma. 
CurtlM,  Dan  C,  Fort  Howard,  Wb. 
CurUss,  George,  Brimfleld,  Maaa. 
Curtiss,  Otis  F.,  Dover,  N.  T. 
Curtiss,  Samuel  I.,  Union,  Ct. 
Curtiss,  WillUm  B.,  North  Branfctd,  Qt, 
Gushing,  Christopher,  Boaton,  MaM. 
Gushing,  Jamea  R.,  North  Roehaatar, 
Cusliman,  Cheater  L.,  Lndlow,  Maaa. 
Cushman,  David  Q.,  Bath,  Me. 
Cnshman,  John  P..  Granby,  Maai. 
Cushman,  Marrua  K.,  Potteiiirilla,  Fik 
Cushman,  Rufha  S.,  Maneheater,  Yt. 
Cutler,  Brainerd  B.,  Heath,  Maai. 
Cutler,  Calrin,  Aubuimbde,  M 
Cutler,  Charles,  Wayne.  MIeh. 
r,  Wo 


Cutler,  Ebeneaer, 
Cutler,  ElUah,  Conway, 
Cutler,  Temple,  Athol, . 
Cutler,  William  H.,  Swani^,  N.  H. 
Cutter,  Edward  F.,  Rnflkhawt,  Ma. 
Cutter,  MazahaU  M.,  Aahhmd,  Maaa. 
Cutting,  Charles,  Ledyaid,  Ct. 
Dada,  Edward  P.,  Peeatonloa,  III. 
Dada,  Hllliam  B.,  Lake  City,  Minn. 
Daggett,  Converse  R.,  Athens,  Ma. 
Diu^tt,  Oliver  E.,  New  Haven,  Gt. 
Daly,  J.  A.,  Stockton,  Cal. 
Dame,  Charles,  Bzoler,  N.  H. 
Damon,  John  F..  Albany,  Or. 
Dana,  Gideon,  OlMrihi.  0. 
Dana,  J.  Jay,  Becket,  MaM. 
Dana,  Malcolm  BfeG.,  Norwieh.  Ct. 
Danforth,  James  R.,  Woodalocli:,  lU. 
Daniels,  Daniel,  Dundaff,  Pa. 
Daniels,  Henry  M.,  IVlnnefaafO,  IIL 
Daniels,  W.  H.,  Normal,  111. 
Danielson,  Joseph,  Saecarappa,  Ma. 
Danner,  E.  Y.  H.,  Cuyahoga  FhUa,  O. 
Dannor,  Julius  S.,  Fort  Li»,  N.  J. 
Darling,  George,  Hi^son.  O. 
Darling,  Samuel  D.,  Oakiield,  Wia. 
Darling.  Walter  B..  Kennebnnk,  Ma. 
Dasoomb,  A.  B.,  Woodatoek,  Yt. 
Davanport,  John  G.,  Bridgeport,  Ot. 
Davenport,  William  W.,  UartiMd,  Ot. 
Davidson,  David  B.,  (lo.) 


9.]  Lilt  of  Oangrtgational  JUnuriera. 

UdHB,  JfAa  W., 


JtKwtm,  DkfU,  ^iln,  O. 
DiTla,  DaTid,  Mb^  B«4.  P^ 
llBTtM,  ItaTfd  L.,  t>i*»k—  JmMttDB,  le. 

" •*"    -III    1 1, 0. 

Da,  K.  T. 


DaTlsl  Jolu  l.^P»Mii^i>._ 


DbtIi,  BlBUteB,  H^khbHi,  Mia. 
DiTia,  rnnkHn,  V«*lv«Da,  H.  H. 
IlBTb,  Uon,  (ffta.) 
DsTki,  JuBH  Snu,  HUkbm',  lU. 
D.rii,  Jodkh  a.,  Aakanl,  H.  a. 

Dkriu,  JaHTb,  OtmOi,  0. 

Dm««,  faun,  MAt«nu»- 
Dm,  B.  W„  BtooMlk  Oat. 
Dar, Owiip >..  HtwOnna, Ct 


n,  OcbiW  H.,  Hmli  Bmokflald,  Haa. 
•nuc,  illnn,  BcMI,  H1l 
DwIiiS.  Jglin  K.,  BoluB,  M*. 
Dtfonit,  EIbu;  S.,  tti*  llgla«.  Id. 
Dt  Votvit,  nnmu  P.,  Vh)  Aukbsn',  Hu*. 
Mhd,  SHsari,  niarliil,  VL 
ItiliiMtii.  Ubut  C,  OatmlUa,  Pa. 
INBins,  jUoud  t.,  ISvt  Hltli,  Vt. 
■hDODd,  BUiata,  WHtbcco',  tiaia, 
DnkDn,  Andno  C,  UbwIoUa,  N.  0. 
Dtiuaa,  Suphaa  K.,  Wobara.Uaii. 
Dmaj,  UlnDI,  AIMb,  ObL 
Dr  Kimer,  WUIkm  K.,  A.  B.  0. 1.  IL,  CMh. 
DnvT,  WUIUd,  Ims;,  N.  Y. 
*^  -  ^  -   OaDij  u.,  BoaBu,  Han. 

UD.a.  8.,  NgnaaLIU. 
__..__Hii,  Lfaaatte,  WalBalg,t<,  H. 
■Hekanoo,  Onon  0.,  BMudHm',  lo. 
Utkloaoii,  CoruUua  L.,  BIfiD,  III. 
DMrinnn,  EJManl  t.,  GhfeasD,  lU. 
DkkfBaoD,  baitni,  Sailnnr,  llaia. 
DicklDKw,  PanUuwl  W.,  TnrMr,  H^ 
DtcUoivn,  HauT  A.,  Cbaatai  Ctntn,  K^ 
Skkliuna,  NoHllall  «.,  railHn'   Maa. 
nrkloaoD,  Oliad,  BalBB,  Or. 

DttkaoB,  iaaea  A,  R./LoDdon,'  Out. 
Hni,  Maiahall  W^  iW  S>ciitW7, 0. 
DUky,  AlaiaiHlwB,,R(iilavn,  H.  T. 
DUkr,  SaXBri,  LaftyatM,  III. 
Miuiuick,  SamnI  R.,  Sjnniaa,  H.  V. 
Nanon,  Jofaa,  Wloalow,  Ma. 
nuBi  Ainu  H.,  atmllibim,  WU. 
nun,  mnm  U.,  Upsn,  Wk 
Diion,  Jams  J.  A.  f .,  NataBOn,  HL 
Mion,  VUllan  B.,  bAM,  Ot. 
IVtoaT.  J.  K.,  Wooaaoekat,  K.  I. 
Dgdd,  dtcpbea  O.,  UUdMMn',  HaK 
Dodge,  Baii>uidii,  North  Atilii«tao,  Km*. 
[>Kl(a,  John,  Hai4h  Bmokflald,  Uaia. 
Unlit,  John  W.,  TanuoUi,  Uim. 

1i»,  FnaUla  B./Kwl  da  Ua,  Wti. 

DoMt,  Janaa,  Milton,  H.  H. 

Ma,  bantd,  A.  B.  0.  F.  H.,  AudncA  Afturft. 

■Me,  iWsa  T.,  CoRliTUlg,  Uaa. 

Sola,  SjlTiHtar  R.,  nraM,  111. 


Hartlai^,  Ot. 

ur,  Ot. 
itn,  01, 


iw,  beUal,  IlontiDiitaii.  UaaL 


Dmlu,  Andnw  J.,  Pnlite  OMt,  DL 
Diaka,  Cvnu  B.,  Bonltoa,  Ti 
Draka,  Alk  R.,  t^^k^, IIh. 
I>nka,aaiBulS.,Kin«]tPciBt,ll*. 

• ,^««. 


a,  eltaibam'F., 
Haf,  UofBC*  F., 


Dndby,  Martin,  kaitsa.Ct. 
DuS,  Aretalbald,  Sbaaliiaaka,  Qiw. 
Doff;  CbailM,  liraniinl,  H.  B. 
Dniwan,  Abd  0.,  amtland,  Naia. 
Ddus,  Thomaa  V.,  Naln,  N.  H. 


Donlon,  b.  B.,  No  TIM,  OaL 

DiDim,  'cbarirL  Pcnfratl  Vt. 

^-,  OalTln,  W" ■ —  • 

It,  John,  SI 

pivtin,  Qaotga,  P 


»...«,  OalTln,  ■<  m_~>B, 
Domnl,  John,  Steatftcd,  Oat. 


TtwifM,  Ednid  B.,  HadXir,  Haw. 
I>wl|ital,  John,  Cambridtn,  Haaa. 
Dadgbt,  TlDMlta',  Naw  Havan,  CI. 

I>wfntll,  Imel  B.,  Bamwianto,  Gal. 
DHliuiiil,  Salmuni  A.,  Raedlbuiv.  W1 
Drar,  Da?lil,  Altuj,  H.  Y. 

D™-  Kdic — -■  " '-' — 

Vt«.  K.  P 


mX 


Upton, 


Eafitman,  Mornn  L. 

batman,  waSm  B.,  r.~.-. 

Baton.  C.  U.,  MltabaJliUla,  lo. 
JSaton,  DantOrth  U,  Lonll.  Mloh. 
Baton,  Joaaph  M.  R.,  IV.  ritebbnrf,  Mas. 
8il«D,  Joiliua,  GiuV,  Tl. 


Bdmnblj.U,  VJaalLi 
Bdwarda,  Jonathan,  EMlum,  MaM. 
Bdwardi,  VllUaai,  Bjianua,  0. 
Ball,  Uuhlna,  Wall^Walla,  W.  T. 
lUi,  Dndlnt  B.,  faimlnalon,  la. 

Boston.  ftaU^ "    "--"- 

BJder,  Ui^b,  B 


156 


JUU  of  CoTigregatimal  Minuter^. 


[Jan. 


Eldridgtt,  Branniis  D.,  KenMngton,  N.  H. 

Bldrldge,  Joieph,  NovMk,  Oi. 

Blliot,  Ilenry  B.,  New  Ouwan,  Ot. 

BUIot,  John,  Rnrofbid  Pobit,  m», 

Klllot,  JohD  X.,  IfMllyas,  Ct 

Blliot,  Jowph,  lUUfluE,  N.  8. 

Blliot,  Leeter  H.,  Winoo*],  Yt. 

BlUs,  G.  R.,  UydMTiUe,  OJ. 

B1U«,  John  M.,  Oberiia,  0. 

Bllia,  Thomas  L.,  North  Mti»t»,  R.  T. 

BUsworth,  AI£rod  A.,  Wejmonth  LawUiig,  Umm. 

Bhner,  Ulnun,  OVtnL  Mieh. 

Blwood,  DttTid  H.,  Woodbridm,  Ct. 

Bmemon,  Alfred,  Fltehbofg: ,  9fuf. 

Bmenon,  Brown,  Bariinftoo,  Ct. 

Bmerson,  Brown,  SalemT''*''* 

Bmenwn,  CharlM  II.,  Lee,  He. 

Bmerson,  Bdwud  B.,  StnUfmd,  Ct 

Bmerson,  John  D.,  BIdddbrd,  Me. 

Bmerson,  Joseph,  Andovw,  Buss. 

Bmerson,  Joseph,  Belolt,  Wis. 

Bmrason,  Olirer,  Sabola,  lo. 

Bmerscm,  Rnftas,  (Yt.) 

Bmrason,  Rufiis  W.,  Moaaon,  Me. 

Bmeiy,  Joshua,  Nmrth  We]rmoath,  Miiat. 

Bmray,  Samuel  II.,  Qulney,  III. 

Bmmons,  Heniy  Y.,  Laneaater,  N.  U. 

Bmmons,  John.  SylTanla,  Mien. 

Bn^and,  Josepn,  Ireland  Comras,  N.  Y. 

Xntler,  Geonje  R.,  Franklin,  N.  Y. 

Baler,  William  P.,  OllTet,  Mieh. 

Bstabrook.  Joseph,  Bast  Ssglnaw,  Mi«ih. 

Bustb,  Hllllam  T.,  Jr.,  New  Haven,  Ct. 

Bnma,  DsTid  M.,  dakhiU,  O. 

Brans,  D.  B.,  Hubbard,  0. 

Brans,  B.  B.,  Ujde  Puk,  Pa. 

Bvans,  Bvan  J.,  Slellapolls,  lo. 

Brans,  O.  R.,  Ixonia,  Wis. 

Brans,  J.  B.,  Chester,  N.  J. 

Brans,  John  P.,  Plymouth,  Pa. 

Bnms,  Robert  T.,  (Wis.) 

Bvans,  Samuel  B.,  Bast  Pronrldeiice,  R.  I. 

Brans,  Thomas,  l*almym,  Ohio. 

Brans,  Thomas  W.,  Locust  Qrove,  lo. 

Brarts,  Nathaniel  K.,  Copy's  Mills,  Mieh. 

Brarts,  Reuben,  New  Rutland,  HI. 

Bvradell,  Robert,  Murone.  Wis. 

Brerest,  Charles  U.,  ftooUyn,  N.  Y. 

Bfeiett,  R.,  Remseo,  N.  Y. 

Bwing,  Bdwaid  C,  Bnfleid,  Mass. 

Swing,  WlUiam  0.,  New  Albany,  Ind. 

Fairbaim,  Robert  U.,  Dartlbed,  Wis. 

Vairbank,  John  B.,  St.  Joaepb,  Mich. 

Falrbank,  S-  B.,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  WeUem  India. 

Fklrfaanks,  Bdward  T.,  St.  Johnshury  Centre,  Yt. 

Fairbanks,  F.  J.,  WcMmlnster  Bast,  Yt. 

Fkirehild,  Bdwin  H.,  Oberiia,  O. 

Fkirehild,  James  H.,  Oberlin,  O. 

Fkiifleld,  Miner  W.,  Oak  Park,  lU. 

Fslrley,  Samuel,  Wellieet,  Mass. 

Falkner,  Bishop,  Brooklyn^  N.  Y. 

Famham,  Lneien,  Newsric,  111. 

Famham,  Luther,  Boston.  Mass. 

Famsworth,  W.  A.,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M., Wesfsm  Tkrfoy. 

l^rrar.  Henry,  Dalton,  N.  H. 

Farwdl,  Asa,  Bentonsport,  lo. 

Fawlus,  Francis,  Duraago,  lo. 

Ft^Tt  Hennr  C,  Hnbbar&iton,  Mass. 

Ft^Ti  Leri  L.,  Moss  Run,  O. 

Ft^Ti  N.  T.,  Montgomevy,  O. 

Fky,  Osmer  W.,  Buriingtoa,  Wis. 

Fay,  PrescoU,  New  Ipswioh.  N.  H. 

Fay,  Solomon  P.,  Baagor,  Me. 

Felch,  Charles  P.,  Laeoa,  III. 

Felteh,  Joseph  II.,  Cummiagtoa,  Mass. 

FellowB,  Franklin  M.,  Bildgton,  Me. 

Fellows,  Sllenus  U.,  Wauregaa,  Ct. 

Fblt,  Joseph  B.,  Salsm,  Mass. 

Fenn,  Stephen,  Watertown,  Ct., 

Fenn.  WiUUm  U.,  Portland,  Ma. 

Fenwick,  Kenneth  M.,  Kingiton,  Oat. 


Ferria,  Clark  B.,  HlnedNnv.  Yt 
Ferris,  L.  Z.,  Pittsflehl,  N.  H. 
Fessenden,  Samuel  (L.  WSaahtagloii,  D.  O. 
Fessendsn,  Thomaa  K.,  Fmulugton^  Ot 
IMd,  Artemas  C,  New  Alatead,  N.  VL 
Field,  George  W.,  Baagor.  Me. 
field,  Piadar,  Haaiilton,  N.  Y. 
Field,  ThoBias  P.,  New  Londoa,  Otj 
FIfleld,  Lebbeos  B.,  Cedar  Falls,  lo." 
Finn^,  Charlet  O.,  OberUa,  O. 
Fisher,  Caleb  B^  LMrreaee,  Blass. 
Fisher,  George  B.,  South  Huidlij  Fldlf, 
Fisher,  George  P.,  New  Haven,  Ct 
FIsk,  BU  C,  HaTana,  I1L 
Fisk,  FrankUn  W.,  Ohieago,  HL 
FIsk,  Perrin  B^Feaeham,  Yt 
Fiske,  Albert  W.,  FlshsnrfUs,  N.  H. 
Fiske,  An  S.,  Rockrille,  Ot. 
Fiske,  Daniel  T.,  Newboiyport,  Ma. 
Fiske,  Frederick  A. 
Fiske,  John  B.,  Manlstaa,  VMi. 
Fiske,  John  O.,  Bath,  Me. 
Fiske,  Warren  C,  Cotehastar,  Ct 
Fitch,  Bkaar  T.,  Now  Hamn,  Ct 
Fitts,  OalTin  R.,  Cohaaset,  Mas. 
Fitts,  Jamea  H.,  West  Bc^Mon,  MMt 
Fits,  Daniel,  Ipswieh,  MaM. 
Fitonauriee,  John  W^  Bedfeid,  MMi. 
Fleming,  ArohlbaM,  CoBBtaUe,  N.  T. 
Fletcher,  Adin  H. ,  PonSie.  Mloh. 
Fletcher,  James,  Daavtsrs,  Msw 
Flint,  Bphntan,  Jr.,  HinadalB,  Htm 
Fobes,  ikihraim,  Pattsa,  Ma. 
Fobes,  \niliam  A.,  Hidiia,  Mius. 
FoUett,  Walter,  Temple,  N.  H. 
Folsom,  George  De  F.,  FklrliaTSB,  Ct 
Foot,  WllUam,  Gnstama,  O. 
Foots,  Hbam,  Waokasha,  Wii. 
Foots,  Horatio,  Quiaey,  Al. 
ForboB,  Samnei  B..  Weat  Wlaalid,  Ot 
Ford,  Francis  F.,  (Mkh.) 
Ford,  George,  ToUmd,  Mass. 
Ford,  James  T.,  Stowe,  Yt 
Fosdfek,  A.  J.,  DubHu,  N.  H. 
Foster,  AarOb,  Bast  CharlaaDaBt,  MaM. 
Foster,  Addison  P.,  Lowell, " 
Foster,  Amos,  PutnsTt  Yt 
Foster,  Andrew  B.,  Onage, 
Foster,  DstIb,  North  Winehenlon, 
Foster,  Bden  B.,  Lowell,  Mam. 
Foster,  Bdgar  L.,  MilMowa,  M«. 
Foster,  Lemuel,  Blue  Iillad,  III. 
Foster,  RnsweU,  Nebraska  City,  Neb. 
Foster,  William  C,  WUbiaham,  MaM. 
Fowle,  Haafbrd,  Fulton,  Wis. 
Fowler,  Stacy,  MlUbuiy,  Maas. 
Fowler.  UlUiam  C,  Dnrham  Ceatoa,  Ot. 
Fox,  Almoad  K.,  PHaoeton^MlaB. 
Fox,  Daniel  W.,  Royalstoa/Ft 
Foz«  Jarod  W.,  Rldgew^y,  Kaa. 
Francis,  C.  W.,  Atlanta,  Geo. 
Francis,  Lewis,  Osstieton,  Yt 
Frankftirth,  Henry,  Dubuque,  Id. 
Fraser,  James  M.,  Oberiia,  0. 
Fraser,  Joha,  Nevada,  Cal. 
Frear,  Walter,  Saata  Cras,  GU. 
Freelaad,  Samual  M.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Freemaa,  George  B.,iMiUbrd,  N.  H. 
Freeman,  Hlrani.  Amoa.  lo. 
Freeoian,  John  R.,  BarahaDStsd,  Ct 
Freeman,  Joseph,  Hanover,  Maas. 
French,  J.  Clement,  Broouya,  N.  Y. 
French,  John  A.,  nushing.  L.  I. 
French,  Lyndon  8.,  Fraakna,  Yt. 
French,  8.  FrankU^  Hamilton,  I 
Frink,  B.  MerriU,  Portlaad,  Me. 
Frink,  Deaais  C,  New  Boston,  M.  H. 
Frisbic,  Alvah  L.,  Danbnry,  Ct 
Froat,  Daniel  D.,  LllchfleU,  Mieh. 
Frost,  Luther  P.,  JaaesvlUe,  Wla. 
I   Fry,  George  Y.,  Lexlagtoii,  O. 


1869.] 


Jm/L  of  Oongrtffatiotud  Wnittert. 


157 


FtaDflr,  Alexandtr,  Jr..  CbUtonrUto,  MftM. 
Fuller,  AmOTlciM,  BooMiter JUion. 
Fuller,  Frandi  L.,  Clilaeao,  UL 
Fuller,  Jowph,  Yenhin,  Vi. 


Fuller,  Robert  W.,  Stawm.  turn. 
FuUertoB,  Bradfind  M.,  PuluMr,  ...» 
Fnrber,  DuM  L.,  Newton  OiDtn,  MftM. 
Gmv,  WlUSun  L.,  Hftrtted,  Ct. 
oJb,  BOmuBd,  Ikritenlt,  Mtain. 
Gflde,  Nahnm,  Loe,  Mum. 
(Me,  Wekeflekl,  fiMthMiptoB,  Umm. 
Oullop,  JuMB  A.,  MedttMB,  Ot. 
Oalpin,  Chariee,  Bnetalar.  Mlaa. 
Qaanett,  AUen,  Boeton,  Sum. 
Oatduer,  Anatta,  LwUow,  Ifut. 
OerlMMl,  DftTM,  Bethel,  He. 
Oerlaad,  Joaepb.  HMupCoo,  N.  H. 
Qarman,  John  U.,  Korth  Onuifa,  Ifut. 
Qsmey,  E.  W.,  Dnnlaith,  IlL 
UaR«tte,  Edmund  Y.,  MiUbniy,  Ifut. 
Galea,  Charlea  H.,  (lo.) 
GateP,  Hliam  N.,  NorfthlMd,  Ct. 
Oatea^MaUbcw  A.,  Loadoodwry,  Vt. 
Uay,  Eheneaar,  Bridnrwalar,  Ifaaa. 
Gay,  Joehua  8.,  Bjflekl,  Man. 
0^.  WUliam  M .,  MTinobeatar  Centre,  Ct. 
Gay  lord,  Joaeph  F.,  ToRiurfbrd,  Ct. 
Qaylonl,  Reuben,  Onaha,  Neb. 
Oaylord,  MllliaBi  L^  Naa&oa,  N.  H. 
Gear,  D.  L.,  Bvmut  Orore,  Pa* 
Geer,  Heman,  Oberlln,  O. 
Gcairt.  ArehUbald,  But  OxaoTUIe,  Mam. 
Gcrould,  Moraa,  lADgdon,  N.  H. 
flerould,  Samuel  L.,  Qolbtoini,  N.  H. 
Ocny,  Elbridge,  Oregon  CUy,  Or. 
Oibba,  Chariea,  itariTUle,  lo. 
Ofbba,  John,  Bell  Port,  L.  I. 
Oibba,  Samuel  T.,  WtaJtby*  Out. 
Glddinga,  Edward  J.,  GUI,  Maaa. 
Olddinga,  Solomon  P.,  ITaahinKton,  D.  C. 
Oidman,  Richard  H..  BangorTN.  Y. 
Gilbert,  Edwin  B.,  WaUingffard,  Ct 
Gilbert,  Ulram  W.,  Long  Judge,  Ct. 
Gilbert,  Jamea  B.,  Maquoketa,  lo. 
GUbert,  L.  C,  Eaat  Prairierille,  Minn. 
Gilbert,  Simon,  Amea,  lo. 
GUbert,  WUllam  H.,  Uartlbrd,  Ct. 
Gill,  nluiam.  River  Falla,  Wia. 
Gilleapie,  Thomaa,  Harpogo,  lU. 
Gihnaa,  Klward  W.,  StooiDgton,  Ct. 
Giadden,  Waahington,  North  Adama,  Sfaaa. 
Qleuinn,  Chariea  U.,  Hebron,  Ct. 
Glnuon,  0«toiige  L.,  WeMt  Rutland,  Yt. 
(2l4«s4>n,  C.  Ilerbert,  Hebron,  Ct. 
Ght-1,  John,  MorriitTille,  Yt. 
OMtMen,  Kiah  B.,  Manafleid  Centra.  Ct. 
(iiiirlen,  N.  Dbnie,  Eaton  Rapida,  Mloh. 
GUj>e9,  JoremiAh,  Granby,  Yt. 


WWUC.S,    X.VUBl.BUn    MJ.f    »«w     V ■■■»■■■,    VI 

Uoodenongh,  Arthur,  Ellaworth,  Ct. 

Ooodenow,  Smith  B.,  New  Jefforaon,  lo. 

Qoodhne,  I)aniel,  Weatfleld,  Yt. 

Goodhue,  Ilonry  A.,  Veat  Barnstable,  Maaa. 

Goodhue,  N.  G.,  MUton.  HVla. 

Goodnough,  Algernon  n..  San  Mateo.  Cal. 

Goodrich,  Chauncey,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  North  China. 

Goodrich,  John  E..  Burlington,  Yt. 

Goodrich,  Lewia  Wella,  Mo. 

GoodseU,  Dana,  Philadelphia.  Pa. 

Goodwin,  I>anlel,  Blaaon,  N.  li. 

Goodwin,  Edward  P.,  Chicago,  HI. 

Uoodwin,  Henry  M^-Boekibrd,  111. 

Goodyear,  George,  Temple,  N^. 

Gore,  Dariua,  Lamoille,  lU. 

Qoold,  DaTid  U..  Moriah,  N.  Y. 

Gould,  George  II.,  Hartford,  Ct. 

Gould,  Mark,  Chicheater,  N.  H. 

Uonld,  Samuel  L.,  Albany,  Me. 

Gould,  William,  Pawtoeket,  B.  I. 


Graf,  John  F..  Davennort.  lo. 

Granger,  CalTin.  HnbbaratoD.  Tt. 

Granger,  John  L.,  MaeoB^,  111. 

Grannia,  U.  R.,  Waahingloo,  D.  0. 

Grant,  Henry  M.,  Webatav  Gnyvaa,  Mo. 

Grant,  Joel,  Briatol,  IlL 

Graaide,  Thomaa  G.,  Melhuao,  Miut. 

Grattan,  Harvey,  Laingibing,  Mieh. 

GraTea,  Alpheua.  Iowa  Falla,  lo. 

GraTea,  Joamh  S.,  Boaooa,  In. 

GraTea,  N.  Z.,  Mlddlabaiy,  Tt. 

GraTea,  Roawell,  Antioeh,  0^. 

Gray,  Otdrin,  Geoeva,  Kaa. 

Gray,  D.  B.,  Aatoila,  Or. 

Gray,  Jamea,  Serille,  O. 

Gray,  John,  LawrenceviUe,  M.  T. 

Gray,  Matthew  S.,  Amamnth,  Ont. 

Gray,  Thomaa  M.,  Derby,  Ot. 

Greeiy,  Edward  H.,  ClarMnoat,  N.  H. 

Greely,  Stephen  8.  If.,  Oawago.  N.  Y. 

Green,  Albro  L.,  HarriariUe,  N.  Y. 

Green,  J.  P.,  A.  M.  A^  Sandtokh  Ukmda, 

Green,  J.  S.,  A.  M.  A.,  8amdwieh.JMandi, 

Greene,  Hour  S.,  Ballani  Vale.  MaM. 

Greene,  Joeeph  K.,  A.  B.  a  F.  lL^W$$Um  Tmh^M. 

Greene,  John  M.,  South  Hadky,  Maaa. 

Greene,  Richard  U.,  Spriagfleki,  Maaa. 

Greene,  William  B.,  Needhaa,  Mmi. 

Greenwood,  John,  Bethd,  Ct. 

Gregg,  Jamea.  Uubbardaloa,  Mieh. 

Gregoiy,  Daniel  S^  New  HaTen,  Ct. 

QregoiT,  Lewia,  Weat  Amoabuy,  Maaa. 

Grey,  Aaahel  R.,  OoTentnr,  Yt. 

Qridiey,  Frederiek,  StraMnd,  Ct. 

Gilffln,  Edward  H.,  BnrUagton,  Yt 

Gilffln,  GeoxBB  U.,  Milfbxd,  Ct. 

Griflln,  Nathaniel  H..  Wil^matown,  Mw. 

Oilfflth,  Eran,  New  York. 

Gilfflth,  G.,  New  Oambffia,  Mo. 

Griffith,  Jamea,  Utiea,  N.  T. 

Griffith,  John  R.,  Floyd,  N.  Y. 

Griffith,  S.  R.,  Berkahin,  N.  Y. 

Qriffitha,  Griffith,  Cincinnatt,  O. 

Qrigga,  Lorerett,  Briatol,  Ct. 

Grigga,  L.  S.,  Owatonna,  Minn. 

Qromrenor,  Charles  P ,  Uanterbniy,  Ct. 

GroaTenor,  M.,  Cincinnati,  O. 

Grout,  Aldin,  A.  B.  0.  F.  M  ,  South  A/Hca. 

Grout,  Henry  M.,  Weat  Springfield,  Maaa. 

Grout,  Lewla,  Weat  Brattleboro',  Yt. 

Grout,  Samuel  N.,  Inland,  lo. 

GroTer,  B.,  Aurora,  O. 

OroTer,  N.  W.,  Mantorrille,  Minn. 

Grow,  Jowph,  Ottawa,  111. 

Gruah,  Jamea  W..  Uopkhiton,  N.  Y. 

Guernsey,  JeMV,  Dubuque,  lo. 

Guild,  Chariea  L.,  Milfi>rd,  Kan. 

Guild,  Kuftia  B.,  GalTa,  111. 

GuUrk,  John  T.,  A.  B.  G  F.  M.,  North  China, 

Gvlick,  L.  H.,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  Sandwich  Island». 

GuUck,  Peter  J.,A.B.C.F.M.,  Sandweh  Iskmdt. 

Gulliver,  John  P.,  Galeaburg,  111. 

Gumey,  John  H.,  New  Braintree,  Maaa. 

Hackett,  Simeon,  Temple,  Me. 

Hadley,  Jamea  B.,  Campton,  N.  H. 

Haines,  T.  V.,  North  Hampton,  N.  H. 

Hale,  Benjamin  E.,  Bek>it,  Wia. 

Hale,  John  G.,  Eaat  Poutei^y,  Yt. 

Haley,  Frank,  Concord,  Maaa. 

Hall,  Alexander,  Collinsrille,  Ct. 

Hall,  Edwin,  Jr.,  New  Hartford,  Ct. 

HaU,  Elliot  C,  Otto,  N.  Y. 

Hall,  E.  Edwin,  Guilford,  Ct. 

Hall,  Gordon,  Northampton,  Maai. 

Hall,  Heman  B.,  Dover,  0. 

Hall,  Henry  L.,  Auburn,  Me. 

Hall,  Jamea,  Bums,  Wia. 

Hall,  James  E.,  Quincy,  Maaa. 

HaU,  Jeffries,  Cbeetetfiekl,  N.  H. 

Hall,  Ogden,  Chatham,  Maaa. 

Hall,  Rkhard,  St.  Pftol,  Minn. 


168 


i9t  of  Cangreffotiimal  MlnuterM. 


[Jan. 


HaU,  Robert  V.,  Newport,  TL 
Hell,  Samuel  R.,  BrowBl]i||l0BjVL 
Hail,  Sherman,  Sauk  BapMe,  Mliin. 
HaU,  Thomaa  A.,  Otie,  Mtm. 
HaU,  WUliaB,  Halemmea,  N.  T. 
Hall,  William  K..  Stratford,  Ct. 
Hallev,  Sben,  liberty,  Wli. 
Halllday,  Joeepii  a,  CMchBM,  Kaa. 
Hallock,  J.  A.,  SaleA,  la 
HaUock,  LeaTftt  H., BerHB,  Ot. 
Hallock,  Lather  C,  Wading  Bhw,  L.  I. 
HaUock,  WUliam  O.,  Kkntone,  M.  T. 
HaUock,  WiUiam  A..  IGO  NaaMUi  St.,  New  Toik. 
HamUton,  B.  Franklin,  North  Andover,  Maai. 
HamUton,  J.  A.,  DaTenport.  lo. 
Hamlen,  Chaunce/  !«.,  Bro(»hrii|  O. 
HamUn,  A.  N.,  wWerrlUe.  O. 
UamUn,  Cjrus,  Bellowa  Palla,  Yt 
Hamlin,  Cyme,  QnuUtrntimopU. 
Hammond,  Charlee,  Uooeon,  Maae. 
Hammond,  Heniy  u.,  Ohleago,  lU. 
Hammond,  WlUiam  B.,  Lenox,  N.  T. 
Hammond,  WUliam  P. ,  lllaniu,  Ct. 
Hancock,  Charlei,  Gatanar,  lo. 
Hand,  Leroy  S.,  Head  Glen,  IlL 
Hand,  Richard  C,  BfooUjb.  N.  T. 
Hank*,  Steadman  W.,  Lowed,  Maai. 
Hanning,  Jamee  T. ,  Mareeilleej  111. 
Harding,  Ghariee,  A.  B.  0.  F.  M.,  We$t«m  hidia. 
Harding,  Henry  F.,  Maehiaa,  Me. 
Harding,  John  W.,  Longmeadow,  Mas. 
Harding,  SewaU,  Anbomdale,  Maaa. 
Harding.  WiUard  M.,  Boeton,  Maaa. 
Hardy,  Oeorge,  Potadam  Junetion,  N.  T. 
Harker,  M.,  Peaeadero,  Oal. 
Harlow,  Ifrlwin  A.,  Wyandotte,  Kan. 
Harlow,  Lincoln,  Co«ueU  Orove,  Kan. 
Harmon,  Eiyah,  Wfaieheater,  N.  H. 
Harper,  Aimer  JPort  Byron,  lU. 
Harrington,  Kli  W.,  North  Beverly, 
Harrifl,  U.  0.,  Oharleeton,  Pa. 
Harriii,  Jamee  W.,  Gookerllle,  WIe. 
Harrln,  J.  R.,  Paw  Paw,  lU. 
Harrln,  Leonard  W.,  Oak  HID,  Ife. 
Harrle,  Samuel,  Brunawlck,  Me. 
Harrte,  Stephen,  Wfaidham.  Vt. 
Harrison,  Charles  S.,  Barlvllle.  HI. 
Harriaon,  Georgo  J.,  MUtOD,  Ct. 
Harrinon,  Joeeph,  Brooklyn,  N.  T. 
HArrimn,  Pharae,  Otisrllle,  lo. 
Harrison,  Samxiel,  Springfield.  Maaa. 
Hart,  Burdett,  PhUadelphia,  Pa. 
Hart,  E.  J.,  Cottage  Grove,  Minn. 
Hart,  Ueniy  B.,  Basthampton,  Ct. 
I[art,LU.,Wbeaton,IU. 
Hart,  John  C,  Kent,  O. 
Hartshorn,  Vaola  J.,  BnfleM.  N.  H. 
UartweU,  Charles,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  Ckima. 
HartweU,  John,  Becket,  Maas. 
Harvey,  Wheelook  N.,  New  York  City. 
Harvey,  WUUam  F.,  Webeter  City,  lo. 
Ilarwood,  James  H.,  Springfield,  Mo. 
HaskeU,  Ksa,  Dover,  N.  H. 
UaskeU,  Heniy  C,  A.  B  0.  F.  M.,  IWrJeey. 
Haskell,  John,  Jewett  City,  Ct. 
HaskeU,  WiUfaim  H.,  Westbrook,  Me. 
Uasklns,  Bei^jamin  F.,  Yktoria,  HI. 
^lasseU,  Riehard,  Windsor.  Wb. 
UastiugM,  Eurotas  P.,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  Gvyfra. 
Ilastingfl,  Frederick,  St.  John,  N.  B. 
Ifotch,  KUas  W.,  East  Berkshire.  Yt. 
ILktch,  Keubon,  Traverse  City,  Mieh. 
Hathaway,  D.  B.,  CookHi  Comers.  O. 
Hathaway,  George  W.,  Bloomfleld,  Me. 
Haven,  John,  Charlton,  Mass. 
Ilavon,  Joseph,  Chicago,  lU. 
Havens,  Daniel  W.,  East  Haven,  Ct 
HMvilond,  B.  F. ,  Akzandrla.  Mhm. 
IlavrcH,  Eilward,  PhUadelphk,  Pa. 
liaw&x,  Josiah  T.,  LitehlMd,  Me. 
Uawkes,  HoeweU,  PulnesviUe,  O. 


Hawkea,  Wfnfleld  8..  WmiM,  Ct 
Hawlqr,  Zerah  K.,  lleminH,  Ivmi. 
Hay,  Robert,  Woodbridge,  Cnt 
Hay,  WUliam,  BeUevUle,  Ont 
Hayden,  Hfanam  C,  FabMavUle,  0. 
Hayea,  Gurdon.  Mwaeatliie.  lo. 
Hayes,  Joseph  M.,  Big  ftMmjn,  Wis. 
Hayes,  Stephen  U.,  Bootti  WijfBoath, « 
Hay  ward,  Sylyanoa,  Sooth  Berwick,  Ma. 
Hayward,  William  H.,  Oasi,  lo. 
Haacltine,  Henry  M.,  P«rf;  H.  T. 
Haaen,  AUm,  A.  B.  0.  F.  M., 
Haaen,  Austin,  Jerieiio  Oentiv,  Yt 
Haaen,  Henry  A.,  Lyme,  N.  H. 
Haaen,  Timothy  A.,  South  EgHnaaA,  Ct 
Haaen,  WUliam  8.,  NorthlMdi  Yt 
Haslewood,  Webeter,  StetonvAle,  R.  I. 
lleadley,  Phineas  C.  Qnlnev,  Maas. 
Healey,  Joeeph  W.,  Now  Onoaaip  La. 
Ueaton,  Isaae  X.,  FrBmoot,  Neb. 
Hcbard,  George  D.  A.,  Iowa  (Sty. 
Helmer,  Charles  D.,  Chleaflo,  m. 
Helms,  Stephen  D.,  Uma.  lo. 
Hemonway,  Daniel.  SuSeid,  Ct 
Hemenway,  Samnel,  (lo.) 
Henderson,  J.  H.  D.,  (Or.) 
Henry,  WUliam  D.,  Jamestown,  N.  T. 
Herbert,  R.  L.,  Fklrliaven,  Yt 
Uerrick,  Edwaid  X.,  Oalehcater,  Yt 
Ilerrick,  Geo.  F.,  A.  B.  G.  F.  M.,  Weftsm 
Hcrrick,  Horace,  Wokott,  Yt. 
Herrick,  James,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  Mtadmm, 
Ilerrick,  John  R.,  Bangw,  Ho. 
Uerrick,  Samuel  E.,  Chdeea,  Maai. 
Ilenick,  WlUlam  D.,  North  Amliem, 
Herrick,  HlUiam  T.,  danodon,  Yt 
Hess,  Henry,  Elgin,  lo. 
Hces,  Kilcy  J.,  Qnid  Bapida,  Mich. 
IleUrlck,  Andrew  J^  Wcetport,  Ct 
Hewitt,  EUas,  W.,  Pecatoniea,  Ul. 
Uewlings,  George  R.,  Onaiga,  HL 
lUbbard,  David  S.,  Ossipee  Centra,  N.  H. 
Hickok,  Dormer  L.,  Bloomflekl,  O. 
Hickok,  Henry  P.,  BarUMton,  Yt 
IUcks,  George,  Kokomo,  ind. 
Hidden,  Ephrahn  N.,  Great  FhUs,  N.  H. 
Higgins,  Lucius  H.,  Lanark,  UL 
Iligley,  Ilarvey  O.,  Castleton,  Yt 
Higloy,  Uonry  M.,  Gainea,  N.  T, 
Uigley,  H.  P.,  Beloit,  Wis. 
Hill,  Edwin  a..  Grove  City,  To. 
Hill,  Ueorxe  E.,  Saxonvflfe, Maai. 
Hill,  Jawes  J.,  Orinnell,  lo. 
Ilillard,  Elias  B.,  South  Ghtstenbnry,  Ct 
Hills,  WUliam  S.,  Motfs  Comers,  K.  Y. 
Hilton,  John  Y.,  North  BrldgBwatar,  MiM. 
Iliiie,  Orlo  D.,  Lebanon,  Ct. 
lliuc,  Sylvester,  Higgannm,  Ct 
Ilionian,  Horace  H.,  Baraboo,  Wis. 
lliiuMlftle,  Cliarles  J.,  Blandford,  ~~ 
Hitchcock,  George  B.,  (Mo.) 
Hitchcock,  Henry  C,  Plato,  O. 
lUtchcock,  MUan  K.,  Wfaichendon, : 
Hoadley,  L.  Ivca. 

Ilobart,  If.  Smith,  SyTacase,  N.  T. 
Uobbs,  Simon  L.,  SonthviUe,  Maas. 
Hodges,  Jamea,  Dnrand,  IH. 
Ilodgman,  Edwhi  R.,  Wcatford,  Maso. 
HoUJrook,  Amos,  Boxixnro*,  Msm. 
Iloibrook,  John  C,  Homer,  N.  Y. 
Holloy,  Piatt  T.,  Rlv^ton,  Ct. 
HoUiday,  II.  M.,  Andnver,  Masa. 
lloUnan,  .Morris,  Deering,  N.  U. 
Ilolumn,  Sidney,  Windsor,  Mftai. 
IIolmoi«,  James,  Auburn,  rT.  H. 
lIolmcM,  John  M.,  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 
Holmes,  Otis,  Sandwich,  N.  U. 
UolmeM,  Theodore  J.,  Bast  Hartfinrdi  Ct 
Holmes,  Thomas  H.,  Clay,  lo. 
Holton,  I.  F.,  Medford,  Maaa. 
Holway,  John,  Mallet  Creek,  O. 


1869.] 


Li$t  of  Congregational  MaUtters. 


169 


Hotyoke,  Wnika  ■.,  <|alMy,  HI. 
Hmmi,  mMii,  I^rw!.  Mmi. 
Hood,  Jacob,  I^nfltU  OcntN,  1 
Hooker,  K.  CohmUim,  MaibiM,  N.  H. 
Hookv,  Bdwud  P.,  UMsd,  Hut. 
Hooker,  Mdwnd  T.,  Broad  Brook,  Ot 
Hookor,  Bdwud  W^  Nowbarfwi,  ~~ 
Hooktf,  Hoonr  B^  mtoa,  IImb. 
HooTor,  Cham,  Biwr  BmA.  L.  I. 
HopkhM,  BrMtna,  MoiihaBpMii,  1' 
Hopkina,  Haory  jTartiald,  Maak 
Hopkbia,  Mark,  WIUiMBitowB,  Ma*. 
HopkiM,  Sanmal,  StaDdlih,  Ma. 
Hopklnaon,  Bei^uain  B.,  Mlddla  HaddMB,  Ot. 
Hopl^,  Samod.  Norviek.  Ot. 
Hoppin,  Jaaaea  ML.  Nav  Hafan,  QL 
HortoD.  Vraacii,  Baixtaigton,  B.  L 
Hoelbnl,  H.  B.,  Hodaoo.  a 
Uoaftnrd,  Isaac,  Tbetfora,  Tt. 
Horibrd,  (hamel,  OUvat,  Mieli. 
Uooner,  Samori  D.,  Nantoekai,  Mas. 
Hoi«li,  Jane  W.,  jaekaon,  Meh. 
Hough,  Joel  J.,  VnuikUB,  K.  T. 
Uoi«h,  Lent  S.,  Woleott,  Ot. 
Hooghtoa,  Amaaa  H.,  8ajMl  Cofa,  lo. 
Houghton,  Jamei  C,  Chalaea,  Yt 
Houghton,  Jaaiee  D..  Adama,  N.  T. 
Uooghton,  John  C,  MonriaviUa.  Yt. 
Hoogfaton.  William  A.,  Berlin,  Maai. 
Houaton,  uiram.  Deer  Inla,  Me. 
Hovenden,  Robert,  Cbelata,  Mleh. 
HoTcy,  Qcorge  L.,  UartfimI,  Ot. 
Howard,  Jabei  T.,  Weat  Charleaton,  Yt. 
Hovard,  Martin  S.,  WUbvahaai,  Maai. 
Howard,  Rowland  B.,  larmington,  Me. 
BowaiO.  WiUiani,  North  Ouimml,  Gt. 
Howe,  weqfamtn,  Lempater,  N.  H. 
Howe,  B.  Frank,  Ttere  Uaato,  Ind. 
Howe,  Blbrldge  G.,  Waokegaa,  111. 
Howe,  Samuel,  WilUngton,  Ct. 
Ilowell,  Jamea,  Graaby,  Qoe. 
Ilowland,  H.  0.,  BlUagton,  N.  T. 
HowlaDd,  William  W.,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  Ctj^om. 
Hoyt,  Gilman  A.,  Hiawatha,  Kan. 
Iloyt,  Jamea  8.,  Port  Huron,  Mich. 
Ilovt,  Otto  S.,  New  HaTen,  Vt. 
Hubbard,  Charles  L.,  Menimaek,  N.  H. 
Htibbard,  Channcey  II.,  Bennington,  Yt. 
Hubbard,  George  B.,  AtlanU,  111. 
Hubbard,  Jamea  M.,  GrantTiUe,  MaM. 
Hubbard,  J.  N.,  Lincoln,  Cal. 
Habbard,  Thomaa  S.,  Oajarllla,  Yt 
Hubbell,  Heniy  L.,  Amherst,  Suae. 
HubbeU,  James  W.,  Milfind,  Ct. 
Hubbell,  Stephen,  North  Stonlngton,  Ct. 
HubUU,  WiUiam  S.,  Weat  Rosbory,  Mass. 
HudKon,  Alft^  9.,  Burlington,  Msas. 
Hughes,  W.  T  ,  Parisville,  O. 
HugliwD,  Simeon  S..  Newark,  N.  J. 
Hulbert,  Calvin  B.,  New  HaTen,  Yt. 
Humphrey,  Cbestpr  C,  Amity,  lo. 
Humphrey,  John  P.,  Kiat  St.  Johnabory,  Yt. 
Humphrey,  Luther,  Windham,  O. 
Humphrey.  Simon  J.,  Chicago,  IlL 
Hunt,  Daniel,  Pomfret,  Ct. 
Hunt,  L.  M  ,  Bridgeport,  Mfeh* 
Hunt,  N.  A.,  StcrUng,  iUnn. 
Hunt,  Nathan  S.,  Bonrnh,  Ct. 
Hunt,  Ward  I.,  Kden,  N.  Y. 
Hunter,  Robert  C,  NerhiTiUe,  To. 
Huntington,  Andrew,  Freehold  N.J.    ' 
Huntington,  EllJali  B.,  Stamibrd,  Ct. 
Huntington,  lleorgp.  Providence.  R.  I. 
Huntington,  Hennr  S.,  Warner,  N.  U. 
Hunl,  Albert  C,  Northlbrd,  Ct. 
Ilunl.  Fayette,  Orfbrd,  lo. 
Hunl,  Piiilo  R.,  RtMnoo,  Mich. 
Ifurlburt,  EvereU  B.,  PapiUlon,  Neb. 
Huribnrt,  Jfweph,  Fort  Atkinaoo,  lo. 
Ilurlbut,  Jtmeph,  New  London,  Ct. 
Hutchins,  Robert  G.,  Brook^n,  N.  T. 


Hutchinson,  John  0.,  Pro^viiiBea,  B.  I. 

Hyde,  Aaarlah,  Poh>,  IB. 

Hyde,  Charles,  KlHnglon,  OC 

Hyde,  Charlea  M.,  BiteflskL  MMk 

^de,  Uanrey,  Indepandst  BUI,  Ya. 

Hyde,  Henry  F.,  Pomfrat,  Ot. 

Hyde,  James  T.,  Anaooia,  Ot. 

Hyde,  NathanWl  A.,  ladknapatti,  bd. 

Hyde,  Silas  8.,  Batttoo  Hatbor,  MMi. 

Hyde,  William  A.,  Ijb»,  Ot. 

Ide,  Alexis  W.,  Weat  Bfadw,  Mi 

Ida,  Jacob,  Weat  Madwaj,  IUb. 

Ide,  Jacob,  Jr.,  MaiidMd,  MaM. 

nsley.  Horatio,  South  Vraamrt.  Me. 

IngaUs,  Alfred,  SmithTiUa.  If .  T. 

IngersoU,  Bdward  P.,  IndiMMpolta,  lad. 

IrSand,  Williaa,  A.  B.  0.  F.  M.,  Somik  AfHtm, 

Irons,  WiUiam,BaerlfaigarMn,0. 

Isham,  Austin,  Rozbviy ,  Ot. 

"ires,  Alfred  B.,  Casttaa,  Ma. 

ackson,  Bm\jsmin  f .,  Ohariasioa,  B.  0. 

ackson,  John,  Otsego,  Mtoh. 

ackson,  Samuel  0.,  Andovvr.  Maai. 

ackson,  Samuel  N.,Moiitmi,Qaa.  • 

ackson,  WilUam  C,  DraMabb,  Maaa. 

acobus,  Isaae,  Jnnetkm  City,  Kan. 

aggar,  Bdwin  L.,  South  DeoAakl,  Maa 

amea,  Horace,  Lowell,  Maai. 

ames,  William,  Woodhaven,  LJ. 

ames,  WUliam  A.,  Chaliea.  Yt 

ameson,  B|rfiraim  C,  SaUsbuiy,  Maaa. 

ameson,  James,  MagnoBa,  Wla. 

ameson,  Thomas,  Ksetsr,  N.  H. 

eflerds.  Forest,  South  Boatim.  Moai. 

eflhrs,  Deodate,  Kafaunaaoo,  MIoh. 

enkins,  J.  H.,  Lebanon,  O. 

enkins,  John  J.,  Palmyra.  O. 

enkins,  John  L.,  Gainaatlila,  N.  T. 

enkins,  Jonathan,  L.,  Ambant,  Mua. 

enkins,  Thomas,  Johaatown,  Pa. 

inney,  BUsha,  Galesbuig,  HI. 
nnings,  Isaac,  Bennington  Oantvs,  Yt 

^nnhigs,  William  J.,  Coveatry,  Ct. 

ennlnon,  Edwin,  Winchester,  N.  H. 

eiris,  F.  B.,  Hasomanle,  Wk. 

essup,  Henry  G.,  Amherst,  Maas. 

eesup,  Lewis,  ikNith  Adams,  Mass. 

ewett,  George  B.,  Salem,  Mass. 

ewctt,  John  E.  B.,  Pepperell,  Mass. 

ewett,  Merrirk  A.,  Tenw  Haute,  Ind. 

ewett,  Spofford  D.,  Middlelleld,  Gt 

ewctt,  William  R.,  Flnherville,  N.  H. 

ocelyn,  Simeon  S..  New  York  CHy. 

ohns,  R.  B.,  Hartford,  Ct 

ohnson,  Albion  H.,  I^dngton,  Me. 

ohnnon,  Alfred  P.,  PaolaTKan. 

ohnmn,  K-lwin,  Baltimore,  Md. 

ohniton,  Gideon  8.,  Hale,  III. 

ohnttuu,  J   A.,  Santa  BartNua,  Cal. 

ohnttuu,  JoMpU  B.,  Oxbridge,  Mass. 

ohuHon,  Jof«(>pli  R.,  Ilamdon,  Ya. 

ohn8<)n,  Sauiuul,  Newaric  Yalley,  N.  T. 

ohniion,  T.  Henry,  Rehobotb,  Mass. 

ohnH>n,  Wilbur,  Mndwicb,  Ma»s. 

obnitton,  John,  East  Ashford,  N.  Y. 

ohniiton,  J.,  (Can.) 

one8,  Uoni>uiiin  T.,  Aurora,  111. 

onofl,  Cadwalder  D.,  Old  Man's  Creek,  lo. 

onen,  Daniel  J.,  Walnut  Hilis,  O. 

one«,  Darius  B.,  Grinnell,  lo. 

oncH,  David,  Arena,  Wis. 

oueK,  David,  RlchTille,  N.  Y. 

oncri,  D.  Jerome,  Fairte,  lo. 

ones,  Bben  D.,  isyraeuse,  0. 

one9,  Elijah,  Minot,  Me. 

one?,  Elirflia  C,  Southingtoo,  Ct 

ones,  E.  W.  New  York  Mills,  N.  Y. 

ones.  Franklin  C,  Franklin,  Ct 

onee,  George  M..  Callao,  Mo. 

ones,  Htrvey,  wahannaea,  Kan. 

ones,  Henry,  Bridg^Nirt,  Ct. 


160 


List  of  Congregational  Ministers. 


[J 


Johm,  Heniy  W..  HlnghMHi  Umi. 

JoDM,  J.  D.,  GoUlasmt,  DL 

Jones,  JaMe  H.,  Anfewip,  M.  T. 

Jonet,  J:  J.,  New  Ymk  OUar. 

JoDM,  John  A.,  f  omtoo.  lo. 

Jon«a,  John  X.,  Newb«ii|k,  O. 

J<»w,  John  U.,  IMamM,  O. 

JoBflt,  Jonathtn,  WjomlBf  VAlkyt  Wli. 

Jones,  Joseph  !!.•  PoHImm,  Ind. 

Jones,  J.  8.,  Boebester,  Wis. 

Jones,  L.  H.,  ,  Nsb. 

Jones,  R.  QirasTn,  UtlM,  N.  T. 

Jones,  Sunuel,  Middls  Qnnrllls,  M.  T. 

Jones,  Thomas,  Augusta,  Mich, 

Jones,  Thonuui,  Rsmsen,  N.  T. 

Jones,  Thooias  O.  Ta  Haqaa,  Pa. 

Jonis,  Thomas  E.,  Sbensbiuy.  Pa. 

Jones,  T.  Newton,  North  Bfsadlng,  Mass. 

Jones,  Thomas  W.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Jonesi  Warren  O.,  flalsm,  Ot. 

Jones,  WUUam  L ,  Xorika  City,  Oal. 

Jordan,  Ebenem  8.,  Oomberland  Gaatra,  Me. 

Jordan,  VHlllam  T.,  Andorer,  Me. 

Jodiseh,  Frederick  W.,  OraadTtow,  lo. 

Jndklns,  Bew^swin,  Keoknk,  lo. 

Jodson,  Gould  C,  West  Brook,  N.  T. 

Judson,  Philo,  Boekj  Hill,  Ct. 

Judson,  SjlTsnus  M.,  Sjrlrania,  O. 

Karr,  WuIiAm  8.,  Keens,  N.  H. 

Kean,  J.  B.,  Comwallis,  N.  8. 

Kedxls,  Adam  8.,  Dexter,  Mieh. 

Keeler,  0.  A.,  East  Brans,  N.  T. 

Keeler,  Seneca  Bf.,  Smyrna,  N.  Y. 

Keeler,  Seth  H.,  Mt.  Vernon,  N.  H. 

Keene,  Luther,  VrankUn,  Haas. 

Keep,  John,  OWUn,  O. 

Keep,  John,  Sheboygan  Vails,  Wis. 

Keep,  John  R.,  HarBbrd,  Ct. 

Keep,  Theo.  J.,  Oberlin,  O. 

Kellogg,  Krastus  M.,  Maaehester,  N.  H. 

KeUogg,  Biartin,  Oakland,  GaL 

Kellogg,  Sylvanus  U.,  Wayne,  DL 

Kels^y,  Henry  8.,  Mobile.  Ala. 

Kolsey,  Lysander,  Cktlumtras,  Ou 

Kelso,  Samuel,  Bryan,  O. 

Kemp,  George  8..  West  Newfleld,  Me. 

Kendall,  Henry  A.,  Mast  Ooneofd,  N.  H. 

Kendall,  Reuben  S.,  Yemon,  Ot. 

Kendall,  8.  C,  MlUbrd.  Mass. 

Kennedy,  Joseph  B.,  ChandleniUe,  HI. 

Kent,  Cephas  U.,'lUpton,  Vt. 

Ketchum,  OnriUe,  Oentre  Lisle,  N.  Y. 

Ketebum,  Silas,  Bristol,  N.  H. 

Kcyes,  Kuiisoll  M.,  Conneant,  O* 

Kidder,  A.,  Mondovi,  Wis. 

Kidder,  Corbin,  Orland,  Ind. 

Kidder,  James  W.,  Brady,  Mich. 

Kidder,  John  8.,  Rockford,  Mich. 

Kilboum,  James,  Racine,  Wis. 

KimbaU,  Caleb,  Medwar,  Mass. 

Kimball,  a«orge  P.,  Whsaton,  HI. 

Kimball,  James  P.,  Falmouth ,  Mass. 

Kimball,  John,  Washington,  D.  a 

Khnball,  Reuben,  North  Conway,  N.  H. 

KimbaU,  Woodbwry  8.,  Dexter,  Me. 

Kincaid,  William,  RushTiUe,  N.  Y. 

King,  Beriah,  Oak  Grove,  Wis. 

Khig,  Henry  D.,  (lo.) 

King,  Jonas,  A.  B.  C.  V.  M.,  Qrttee, 

King,  Stephen,  Ryckmaa's  Comer,  Ont. 

Kingman,  Matthew,  Amherst,  Mass. 

Kingsbury,  John  D  ,  Bradina,  Mass. 

Klngibury,  J.  W.,  Quecchy,  Vt 

KiDgsbury,  WillUm  U.,  wWt  Woodstock,  Ct 

Kingsley,  DaTid  H.,  Elk  Grove,  lU. 

Kingsley,  J.  C,  OleTelaad,  O. 

Kinuey,  £a«  D.,  South  .KUUngly,  Ot. 

Kinney,  Martin  P.,  Boekford,  llL 

Kirk,  Edward  N.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Kirkland.  EUas  B.,  Homestsad,  Mich. 

Kitchcl,  Harvey  D.,  Middleboiy,  YL 


Knapp,  Ablathar,  St.  Catherine,  Mo. 

Knapp,  George  C,  A  B.  C.  V.  M.,  JFIsifiW  Tm 

Knarles,  D.  B.,  Salt  OMsk,  Msb. 

Knight,  Elbridge,  Maple  Ofove,  Me. 

Knight,  Merrfcfc,  Eoeky  HUl.  Ct. 

Knight,  P.  8.,  Oregon  City,  6r. 

Knight,  Bkhaid,  South  Hadley  VnBii, 

Knouse,  William  H.,  Cotebogae,  L.  I. 

Knowles,  David,  Wlftoa,  lo. 

Knowlton,  Viaaeis  B.,  Alstsad,  M.  H. 

Knowlton,  Stephen,  West  Medway,  r 

Knox,  William  J.,  Aagwta,  K.  Y. 

Kribs,  Ludwick,  Colpoy*a  Baj.  Ont. 

Kyto,  FeUx,  Lnraberiand,  V.  Y. 

Kyte,  Joseph.  Sandy  Point,  Me. 

Labaroe,  Boniamin,  Andover,  Ham, 

Labaree,  Bei^Jamln,  Jr.,  A.  B.  0.  F.  M.,  Ntatmi 

Labaree.  John  C,  Randolph,  Mass. 

Ladd,  Aldon,  Roxbury,  Vt. 

Ladd,  Daniel,  East  Burke,  Vt 

Ladd,  Horatio  O.,  OUvet,  MIeh.    , 

La  Due,  Samuel  P.,  Plymouth,  lo. 

Laird,  James,  Guildhall,  Vt 

Laird,  James  H..  North  FaMMd,  O. 

Lamb,  Edward  K.,  Bootstown,  O. 

Lancashire,  Henry.  Whitehall,  N.  T. 

Lancaster,  Daniel,  New  Yoric  City. 

Landfinr,  Rodolphns,  Haitted,  Ct 

Landon,  George  M.,  Tvempelaan,  Wb. 

Lane,  Daniel,  Belle  Plalae,  lo. 

Lane,  James  P.,  Andover,  Maai. 

Lane,  John  W.,  Whately,  Mass. 

Lane,  Larmon  B.,  Wellington,  O. 

Langpaap,  J.  Uenry,  Newton,  lo. 

Langworthy,  Isaao  P.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Lanphear,  Orpheus  T.,  Beveriy,  MaM. 

Lasell,  Nathaniel,  Brentwood,  N.  H. 

Lathrop,  A.  C,  Cfleanwood,  Wis. 

Laughlin.  Arthur  D.,  Bevler,  Mo. 

Laurie,  Thomas,  Chelsea,  Mass. 

Lawrence,  Amos  E..  Stoekbridge,  Mass. 

Lawrence,  Edward  A..  Marblehead,  IfftT" 

Lawrence,  John,  Wlltnn,  Me. 

LawMU,  Francis,  Belolt,  Wis. 

Leach,  Oephas  A.,  foimlleld,  IlL 

Leach,  Giles,  Rye,  N.  H. 

Leach,  Joseph  A.,  Keene,  N.  H. 

Leavitt,  George  R.,  Lancaster,  MaM. 

Lcavitt,  Uarvcnr  F.,  Middlebttry,  Vt. 

Loavitt,  Jonathan,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Leavitt,  Joshua,  New  York  City. 

Leavitt,  William,  MinneapoUs,  Minn. 

Leavitt,  William  8.,  Northampton,  Mass. 

Lo  BoMiuet,  John,  Danbury,  N.  H. 

Lee,  Hiram  W.,  Bainbridge,  N.  Y. 

Lee,  Samuel,  New  Ipswich,  N.  H. 

Leu,  Samuel  H.,  Greenfield,  Mass. 

Leed«,  Samuel  P..  iUnover,  N.  H. 

Loete,  Theodore  A.,  BlandJbrd.  Mass. 

Lcfflngwell,  Lyman,  Ontario,  111. 

LclanJ,  John  H.  M.,  Leverett.  Mass* 

Leonard,  D.  L.,  Darlington,  W^is. 

Leonard,  Edwin,  MUton,  Mass. 

Leonard,  Hartfiird  P.,  Westport,  Mass. 

Leonard,  Julius  Y.,  A.  B.  C.  It.  M.,  Wtttem  IW 

Leonard,  Lemud,  Odell.  111. 

Leonard,  Stephen  C,  OnerHn,  O. 

Lewis,  Edwhi  N.,  Ottewa,  IlL 

Lewis,  E.  E.,  Bethel,  Vt 

Lewis,  E.  R.,  PottsviUe,  Pa. 

Lewis,  Elisha  M.,  Hudson,  Mich. 

Lewis,  George.  (Blass.) 

Lewis,  J.  T.,  Oshkosh,  Wis. 

Lewis,  Rkhard,  Lanaric  Village,  Ont. 

Lewis,  Wales,  Pitteton,  Me. 

Lewis,  WiUiam  8.,  Pleaaanton,  Mich. 

Liggett,  James  D.,  Leavenworth,  Kan. 

Lightbody ,  Thomas,  MUbum,  IlL 

LilUe,  Adam,  Toronto,  Ont. 

Lincoln,  John  K.^Bangor,  Me. 

Lindsley,  Charles  &,  Sonthport,  Ot. 


1869.] 


List  of  Congregational  MtniBterB. 


161 


Undij,  Asmi,  North  Bsvun,  Ot. 

UtttflAild,  (Mm,  BiMol,  lb. 

litta,  PialiBBr,  Hglii,  mwu 

liTvnaon,  Aaioo  B.,  LriMDoa,  Ct. 

Urla^rtoo,  W.  W. ,  A.  B.  C.  f.  M. ,  WuUm  IWJbtf . 

UrlnirtOM,  Ctanei,  U.  S.  Cammd^  (MMi-) 

LUml,  John.  PoaMnj.  O. 

Lknrd,  Wlllkm  A.,  Monto,  111. 

Loeko,  Wm.  ■..  A.  B.  0.  F.  M.,  ITcftem  IWfajf. 

Loekwood,  BwdMnhi,  Bteiwleh,  Ot. 

Loi«,  Wftlter  R.,  Trogr,  M.  T. 

Loogiij,  lfo0M  M.,  Oneavtllo,  TIL 

Loomia,  A.  L.  P.,  mk  Horn,  Wii. 

Loomia,  BUhn,  litlkton,  IbM. 

LoomSs,  Ueory,  Ir.,  Wo&Mhft  Jifaui. 

Loomi*.  Theion,  MnomooM,  vHi. 

Loper,  Stephen  A.,  Mlddto  Haddun,  Ct 

Lord,  Chftrlfli,  BneklAnd,  Mmb. 

Lofd,  ChariM  S.,  Chaftor,  Yt. 

Lord,  DanM  B.,  LoteBon,  Oi. 

Lord,  Daniel,  BrldsaBort,  Ci. 

Lord,  John  IL,  Newbniy,  Tt 

Lord,  Nathmn,  HaiMnar,  If.  IL 

Lord,  Thomaa  N.,  Umerlek,  Me. 

Lord,  William  H.,  Montpelier,  Yt 

Loring,  Anuua,  Andover,  3le. 

Loring,  Ueniy  8.,  Anhenl,  lie. 

Loring,  Joeeph,  north  Bdfleeomb,  ICe. 

Lorins,  LctI,  Saxton'a  Blvar,  Yt. 

Lothrop,  Charlei  D..  Amherat,  Maaa. 

Longhead,  James,  lurrla,  111. 

LounabuiT,  Heniy  A.,  Boston,  Maaa. 

Lore,  WUUam  De  L..  MllwMikee,  Wis. 

lowing,  Uenzy  D.^donnsnut,  Pa. 

Lowrejr,  John  B.,  HarriMm,  lo. 

lovrio,  Samoel  B.,  Newton.  Maaa. 

Locaj.  Hamrt,  Mount  Morria,  Mieh. 

Lure,  Leonard,  Weatfbid,  Maaa. 

Lam,  Samnel  Y.,  Lodi,  N.  J. 

Lnmaden,  W.,  Yankkek  Hill.  Ont. 

Ljrman,  Addison.  Kelloa,  HI. 

Lyman,  Charles  N.,  Dimlap,  lo. 

Lyman ,  Darid  B. ,  A.  B.  C.  V.  M. ,  Sa$tdwiek  hkmds. 

Lyman,  Bphraim.  Northampton,  Maaa. . 

Ljman,  0«orge,  (Mass.) 

Lyman,  Oike,  Marlboro*,  N.  H. 

Lyman,  Huntincton,  Forest  Qrove,  Or. 

Lyman,  Solomon,  Baiathampton,  naas. 

Lyman,  Timothy,  Killinprorth,  Gt. 

Lyon,  Amai  B.,  Bristol,  Yt 

Lyon.  James  U.,  Central  Falla,  R.  L 

Ifacatlum,  Dsnid,  (Ont) 

Uacdonald,  Alexander,  Montreal,  Que. 

Marhin,  Charlea,  Brownatown,  Mich. 

Mack,  Jnelah  A.,  PeoHa,  lU. 

Magill,  SeogroTe  W.,  Cornwall,  Yt. 

Magoun,  George  F.,  Qrlnnell,  lo. 

Malian,  Asa,  Adrian,  Mieh. 

Mallory,  W.  W.,  Memphis,  Tenn. 

Maltby,  Rrastus,  Taunton,  Mass. 

Maudeli,  WUIiam  A.,  Cambridge,  Bfaaa. 

Manly,  J.  Q.,  Toronto,  Ont. 

Mann,  Asa,  Bath,  N.  U. 

Mann.  Joel,  New  llaTeo,  Ct 

Manning,  Abel.  Oottitown,  N.  H. 

Manning,  Jacoo  M.,  Boaton.  Maas. 

Manning,  J.  H.,  Brookline,  N.  H. 

Manning,  Samuel,  Thompson,  O. 

Manson,  Albert,  Quasqneton,  lo. 

Manw«U,  Beojamfai  F.,  Mattepolsett,  Maaa. 

Marble,  WUllam  U.,  Waterloo,  lo. 

Marden,  A.  L.,  Piermont,  N.  II. 

Manlen,  George  N.,  Orland,  Me. 

Markbam,  Benben  F.,  Newart,  111. 

Mariing,  Francis  II.,  Toronto,  Ont 

Marsh,  A.  F..  Bocheater,  N.  H. 

Marsh,  Abraham,  Tolland,  Ct. 

Manh,  Charles  E.,  Summer  Hill,  lU. 

Marsh,  D.  Dana.  Georgetown,  Maaa. 

Manh,  Dwight  W.,  Roehoater,  N.  Y. 

Marsh,  Frederick,  Wfaicheater  Centre,  Ct 

NEW  SERIES.  —  VOL.  I.  NO.  1. 


Manh,  John  T..  HarpMOrid,  N.  T. 
Marah,  Joseph  ^elaon,  N.  H. 
Marsh,  Lorlng  B^  Upper  Aqoabogna,  L.  I. 
Marsh,  Samuel,  Underiilll.Yt 
Marsh,  Sidney  H.,  Fortit  Orofv,  Or. 
MarUn,  Bei^^unhi  N^  New  Toffk  C^. 
Martin,  George  W.,  SaafBrtlea,  N.  T. 
Martin,  Moaes  M^  Preaeott,  Wte. 
Martin,  SanJbrd  8. ,  Newfaigtoo,  Ot. 
Martin,  Solon.  West  Fkirlae,  Yt 
Manrin,  AbUah  P.,  Whiehandoo.  Mam. 
Marrin,  DaVid  W.,  Wagrmonth,  O. 
Marrhi,  Blihn  P.,  Wellaa^T,  Ma^. 
Marrin,  Sylvanna  P.,  Woodb^dge,  Ct 
Maaon,  Edward  B..  RaTenna,  O. 
Sfaaon,  Jamea  D.,  Ifason  G!^,  lo. 
Maaon,  Javan  K.,  Thomaaton,  Me. 
Maaon,  Stephen,  Marshall,  Mkh. 
Mathews,  Luther  P.,  Cokabnrg,  lo. 
Mataon,  Hennr.  Nelaon,  O. 
Matthews,  Caleb  W.,  Son  Pndrle,  Wis. 
Maynard,  Joahna  L.,  WllUffton,  Yt 
Maynard.  Ulric,  Oaatletoo,  Yt. 
SCayne,  Nicbotaui,  Beetown,  Wis. 
McArthur,  Henry  P.,  QiMriUa,  HI. 
McCall,  Salmon,  8aybrook7Ct. 
McClennlng,  DanM,  Watarfbrd,  Yt 
McCoU,  £.  C.  W.,(Ont) 
McCollom,  James  T..  Medlbid,  Maas. 
McCollom,  William  A.,  Comefl  Orore,  Kan. 
McCord,  Robert  L.^ulon,  111. 
MeCorroick,  T.  B.,  Princeton,  Ind. 
McCuUy,  Charles  0..  UalloweU.  Me. 
McCune,  Robert,  Kelly's  laknd,  O. 
McCutcban,  J.,  Rugglea,  O. 
McEwon,  Robert,  New  London,  Ct. 
McFarland,  Hcniy  H.,  Brooklyn,  N.  T. 
McFarland,  M.  Q.,  Mattawan,  Mieh. 
McGee,  Jonathan,  Nashua,  N.  H. 
McGill,  Anthony,  Ryekman^s  Comer,  Ont. 
McGinley,  William  A.,  Newburvport,  Blasi. 
McGregor,  Alexander,  BrockTlIie,  Ont. 
McGregor,  Dugald,  Manilla,  Ont. 
Molntire,  CharlM  C,  Pontiae,  Mich. 
McKay,  James  tf.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
McKay,  WllUam,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
McKeen.  Silas,  Bradftml,  Yt 
McKenxle,  Alexander,  Cambridge,  Maai. 
McKUUran,  John^Dantille,  Que. 
McKinnon,  Neil,  TiTvrton,  Ont. 
McKtnstrr,  John  A.,  Richfield,  0. 
McLaln,  Joshna  M.,  Aurora,  HI. 
McLaughlin,  Daniel  D.  T.,  Morris,  Ct. 
McLean,  Allen,  East  Orange,  N.  J. 
McLean,  Charles  B.,  Morrtt,  Ct. 
McLean,  James,  Menasha,  Wis. 
McLean,  John  K.,  Springfield,  Til. 
McLeod,  Hugh,  (^olebrook,  N.  II. 
McLeod,  Nonnan,  Denrer,  Col.  T. 
McLoud,  Ahson,  Topsfleld,  Mass. 
McNab,  William,  Meredith,  N.  T. 
McVlcar,  Peter,  Topeka,  Kan. 
Mead,  Charles  M.,  Andorer,  Biaas. 
Mead,  Darius,  New  York  Ci^. 
Mead,  Hiram,  Nashua,  N.  IL 
Means,  George  J.,  Howella,  N.  T. 
Means,  James  H.,  Dorchester,  Mass. 
Means,  John  C,  Roxbunr,  Mass. 
Mears,  DaTid  O.,  Nmrth  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Meeks,  John  A.,  Findlay,  0. 
Mellen,  William,  A  B.  C.  F.  M.,  South  Africa. 
MHlisb,  John  H.,  DayrUIe,  Ct. 
MelTin,  Charles  T^  Sun  i^rairle,  Wis. 
Merriam,  George  F.,  Mason  Ylllage,  N.  H. 
Merriam,  Joseph,  Randolph,  0. 
Merrill,  Bei^jamin,  Pembroke,  N.  H. 
Merrill,  E.  W.,  Cannon  Falls,  Minn. 
Merrill,  George  R.,  Henrlette,  N.  Y. 
Merrill,  James  G.,  Mound  City,  Kan. 
Merrill,  James  U.,  Andorer,  Masa. 
Merrill,  John  L.,  Aeworth,  N.  H. 

11 


162 


lilt  of  Omgreffotional  WmsUrt. 


[Ji 


Merrill,  Oirllle  W. ,  Anamow,  lo. 
Merrill,  Sunnel  H.,  Portiuid,  M«. 
Merrill,  8elmh  £.,  Europe. 
MerriU,  ThomM,  MiiaU,  lo. 


Merrill,  Tranian  A.,  BeniBidsta 

Merriman,  DaiM,  Norwich,  Ct. 

Mprrlman,  Willkm  B.,  Rlpon,  Wit. 

Merritt,  Elbridge  W.,  Wiliiaiiiiri>iug,  Uaat. 

Merritt,  WUiiam  C,  Didlu  City,  lU. 

Morrv,  Thomas  T.,  Nonmv,  Me. 

Merehon,  J.  R.,  Newton,  lo. 

Mershon,  Stephen  L.,  Bfrmingfaam,  Ot. 

Morwin,  Nathan  T.,  Tnunhnll,  Ct. 

Mcrwin,  Samuel  J.  M^  Wilton,  Ct 

Blcemer,  William  S.,  uodMn.  Mkh. 

MidiUeton,  Jamee,  Bloia,  Ont. 

Mighill,  Nathaniel,  Brattkbovo'  Yt 

Mile*,  Daniel  A.,  Forest  Oroifv,  ()r. 

Milee,  Kdward  C,  West  fhtaaonth.  Ma. 

Miles,  George  H.,  81.  Charies,  Mhm. 

Miles,  Jamee  B.,  Charleatown,  Mass. 

Miles,  Blilo  N.,  Qeneaeo,  lU. 

Miller,  Daniel,  Olen  Arbor,  Mkh. 

Miller,  Daniel  R.,  Lisbon,  111. 

Miller,  Oeorge  A.^^Port  Lejdan,  N.  T. 

Miller,  John  R^  WUUamabnrg,  M 

Miller,  Robert  D.,  Ibwl^,  Mass. 

Miller,  Rodnej  A.,  Worcester,  Ma. 

Miller,  Samuel,  Sherburne.  N.T. 

.Miller,  Simeon,  Iloljoke,  Mass. 

Miller,  William,  Mt.  Cavmel,  Ct. 

MlUerd,  Norman  A..  Sheb<^nn,  Wk. 

Mlllikan,  SUas  F.,  Morrison, lU. 

Millikcn,  Charles  K,  Uttleton.  N.  H. 

MUlu,  Charles  L.,  Jamaica  Phdn,  Mass. 

Millii,  llcnry,  Independence,  lo. 

Miner,  Edward  0..  Qenera^Wls. 

Miner,  Ileniy  A.,  Monroe,  Wis. 

Miner,  Nathaniel,  Salem,  Ct. 

Miner,  Orid,  Oreenbnsh,  N.  T. 

Miner,  Samuel  K.,  Monroe,  Wis. 

Mi'nildinc,  A.  II.,  Prairie  Home,  Mo. 

Mitchell,  Ammi  R.,  Warsaw,  III. 

Mitchell,  DaTid  M.,  Waitham,  MaM. 

Mitchell,  J.  M.,  Genesee,  Wis. 

Mitchell.  Thomas  G.,  Madison  Bridge,  Me. 

Mohley,  Hanly,  Fbttbosh,  L.  I. 

Monroe,  James,  Oborlin,  O. 

3ionroe,  Thomas  B.,  Mt.  Vernon,  O. 

Montague,  Enns  J.,  Oconcftnowoc,  Wis. 

Montague,  Molsar,  Allen's  GroTe,  Wis. 

3Iontaguo,  Philetus,  Potsdam  Junction,  N.  T. 

Muntcith,  John,  Jr.,  St.  Louis.  Mo.  % 

Montgomery,  G. F.,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.^CtntnU  TWrJtvy. 

aiontgomory,  John  A.,  Dwlgdit,  111. 

Mooar,  George,  Oakland,  Cai. 

Mood>-,  Kli,  Montague,  Mass. 

Moody,  Howard,  Cant^buiy,  N.  H. 

Moore,  Henry  D. ,  CincinnaU,  0. 

Moore,  Humphrey,  MUlbrd,  M.  H. 

Moore,  Jamee  D.,  Central  Village,  Ct. 

Moore,  JuMin  P.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Moore,  Mason,  Lee,  N.  U. 

Moore,  William  E.  B.,  Bolton,  Ct. 

Mr»orB,  WUliam  H.,  Berlin,  Ct. 
Mordough,  John  H.,  Minot.  Me. 
Biorehouse,  Charles  M.,  Union  Qrore,  Wis. 
Morgan,  C-alcb,  Murphy,  Cal. 
Morgan,  Charies,  East  Troy,  Wis. 
Morgan,  Darid  S.,  Worthington,  Mass. 
Morgan,  John,  Oborlln,  0- 
Morgan,  John  F.,  Lawrence.  Kan. 
Morgan,  Stilhnan,  Bristol,  Yt. 
Morloy,  John  H.,  Magnolia,  lo. 
Moriey,  Sardis  B  ,  Pittsfleld,  Mass. 
Morong,  Thomas,  Ipswteh,  Mass. 
Morrill,  Stephen  S.,  HlUsboro'  Bridge,  K.  H. 
Morrill,  John,  Pecatonka,  111. 
Morris,  Edward,  Brodhead,  Wis. 
Morriii,  Myron  N.,  West  Hartfiml.  Ct. 
Morri«i,  Richard,  Allen's  Grore,  Wis. 


Morrison,  Nathan  J.,  Olivet,  Mkh. 

Morrison,  Samuel,  Portland,  Me. 

Morse,  Alftt»d,  Austin,  BUna. 

Morse,  Charles  F.,  A.  B.  0.  f .  M.,  Wcsfsm  IW 

Morse,  Darid  S.,  Kalaaaaoo,  Mtelu 

Horse,  Grosrenor  C,  OxBsshoraer  fkDs,  Kan 

Morse,  Henry  C,  Union  atv,  Mkh. 

Morss,  Geone  H.,  Centreme,  Maais. 

Morton,  Alpha,  West  Auburn,  Me. 

Morton,  WfiUam  D.,  Huntington,  Ot. 

Mulder,  William,  LunMbing,  Mkh. 

Munger,  Theodore  T.,  HaTenUl,  Maw 

Munroe,  Bei^amln  F^.  Alamo,  Mkh. 

Mnnsell,  Joseph  R.,  Harwkh,  Maes. 

Mnnson,  Frsckrkk,  Patebogne,  L.  !• 

Munson,  Myron  A.,  Pittrfind,  Tt. 

Murdock,  DaTid,  New  MlUbrd,  Ct. 

Murphy,  Thomas  D.^ranby,  Ct 

Murray,  WilUam  H.  H..  Boston,  Mam. 

fifyers,  John  C,  Cambndge,  0. 

Nail,  James,  Detroit,  Mkh. 

Nason,  John  H.,  Apulia,  N.  T. 

Noedham,  George  F.,  WashlQgton,  D.  C 

Nelson,  John,  Leicester,  Blais. 

Nelson,  S.,  Maseena,  N.  T. 

Newcomb,  George  B.,  Wokottrllk,  Ct. 

Neweomb,  Luther, SyraeuseiMo. 

Newell.  Wellington,  Brewer  VWage,  Me. 

Newhall,  Ebeneaer,  Cambridgeport,  Maais. 

Newman,  Charles,  Lanesboro*,  Maaa. 

Nkhols,  Amml,  Bralntrae,  Tt. 

Nichols,  Cyrus,  Cakdonk,  Wis. 

Nkhols,  Charles,  New  Britain,  Ot. 

Nkhols,  Charles  L.,  PownaL  110. 

Nichols,  Danforth  B.,  Washington^  C. 

Nkhols,  Washington  A.,  Chicago,  111. 

Nkll,  Henry,  West  StodLbridge,  Maas. 

Nobk,  Edward  W.,  Truro,  Mass. 

Nobk,  Franklin,  Brooklyn,  N.  T. 

Norcross,  Flarius  T.,  Unkn,  Me. 

Noreross,  S.  Gerard,  Turner,  Me. 

North,  Simeon,  Clinton,  N.  Y. 

Northrop,  Bennet  F.,  Griswold,  Ot. 

Northrop,  Bhtlsey  O.,  Hartford,  Ot. 

Northrop.  J.  A  ,  OtlsriUe,  lo. 

Northrop  J.  H.,  MIllTllk.  N.  J. 

Norton,  Edward,  Montague,  Mass. 

Norton,  Franklin  B.,  Jaoesrilk.  Wk. 

Norton,  John  F.,  FitiwiUiam,  N.  H. 

Norton,  Smith,  ChurchriUe,  N.  T. 

Norton,  Thomas  S^  Northbridge  Centre,  Xaai. 

Norton,  Willkm  W.  New  Rkhmond,  Wia. 

Nott,  Samuel,  Warenam,  Mass. 

Noyos,  Daniel  J.,  Hanorer.  N.  H. 

Noyes,  Dankl  P^Boston,  Mass. 

Noyes,  Gordon  W.,  Fair  Uaven,  Ct. 

Noyes,  James,  Higgannm,  Ct. 

Noyce,  Joseph  T.ri.  B.  CI.  F.  M.,  Madmm. 

Nutting,  George  B. .  A.  B.  0.  F.  M.,  Cmtrul  2krib 

Nutting,  John  K.,  MontkeUo,  lo. 

Nutting,  Ruflis,  Saline,  Mkh. 

Olds,  Abner  D.,  Lenox,  0. 

Oliphant,  Darid,  St.  Look,  Mo. 

Olmstead,  F.  W.^East  Dorset,  Vt. 

Orcutt,  Samuel,  WllUams'  Btidfe,  N.  T. 

Onlway,  Jairus,  Buckingham,  Ct. 

Ordway.  Samuel,  Kewaase,  III. 

Orton,  James,  Brighton,  N.  T. 

Orris,  \nillam  B.,  AtlanU,  lU. 

Osbom,  Cyrus  P.,  Bristol,  R.  I. 

Osbom,  William  H.,  GrandriDe,  Mkh. 

Osunkerhine,  P.  P..  Penetangukhene,  Ont. 

Otk,  Israel  T.,  Exeter,  N.  H. 

Overton,  A.  A.,  Arena,  Wk. 

Orktt,  George  A.,  TUeottriUe,  Ot. 

Owen,  Evan,  Ridgewaiy,  Wk. 

Owens,  Owen,  Long  Creek,  Jo. 

Owens,  Thomas,  Utka,N.  T. 

Packard,  Abel  K.,  Anoka,  Minn. 

Packard,  Alpheos  8.,  Bnmswkk,  Me. 

Packard,  Charke,  Waldoboro%  Me. 


1869.] 


lAd  of  Congregatioiud  SEnistert. 


Tukud,  TlHiiptalla,  £Mh  DwMd,  Hi» 
PxUnk,  QWK  A.,  (ftiiMintUt.  UL 
I^e,  AInh  O..  BcKm. 

PK>,  B.  Ontin,  LAhob,  H*. 


:^,ii:i 


. ,  -^ i«,ii.  i 

Maer,  CbHiM  B.,  SikM,  HwK 
hiDMr,  Unrd  B.,  OiiB^  Dak. 
ntBv,  BdirtB  B^SMtthUn,  HiM. 
FUbht,  Owcb  T.,  Polk  (Mr,  b. 
Mbk,  Jom  H.,hHlMd,  lU. 
Pitanv,  Kbt,  N«r  Toik  CMt. 
FtlBv,  miBKa  S. .  Wdb  Bhnr,  Tt. 
PhU,  Jofa>  D.,  A.  B.  O.  P.  M.,  iwJwIdl 


Put)  X>lnnl» 


hriLer,  > 


■  [  DoiTgra,  Hhl 


.,  A.  B.  a  F.  H.,  SatdmUk  U. 

■:.  'lUrltonl.'ci. 

1.',  A.  ™'P.  M.;  &a*BM  «. 


r*rkn,  Hanoi. 
Hrksr,  JMui  D. 

^rkBff  LeooBnl  _     ...._ ,  ._. 

'PKriLer.LBDBiM  5.,  Dnn,  :<.  H. 

farimt,  haetat  H.,  Oaliibwg,  DL 

Puker,  Kuwall,  tJortk  AduBiK,  Mksh. 

Puker,  Bvnll  !>.,  HutatUn,  Kan. 

Pkriur,  WIlHMa  W.,  Oiotsn,  Hik 

P>rka,  Wooatw,  Bdbrt,  lb. 

WiklnoDil,  Kojia,  MUUm,  T». 

PhUb  ,  JoBatlua  B.,  SM^tDIo,  la. 

PumaW,  Bdn;.  TolHla,  0. 

tVnsaJM,  Hoimce  H.,  Elk  Onn.  WIl 

I'mnnglM,  Mawo  P.,  A.  B,  C.  1.  M. ,  gnilini  Dirkfy. 

Pure;,  FVrlcrB  'Thm  (Mu.Hkih. 
^KTTT*,  D',  Pmruenn ,  Po. 
Panou,  Bsuluntn,  Ionia,  Hkb. 
Puoni,  Bn^mlo  P.,  BoaUm,  Hun. 
Puvtn*,  Bbeaam  Q^  Drtt,  K.  B. 
PKJ4DIW,  HfoiT  v.,  P]rTirnniJfl,  " — 

Pu»h!  Joho'u.,  NortkAotoB,  Ko. 
Puwiu,  WIIUuiL.,  LMaj.  K.  T. 
Pircitdce,  Qtarwe  C,  BatkTk,  HI. 
ParMdn,  HuiMl  H.,  Tork,  b. 
Patrb,  Knftu,  OnOulo,  Ind. 
Pilrhla.Jobn.OiriMa,  Mkh. 
Purick,  Ilflirj  J.,  Vat  NmMi.  lbs. 
PUlRi,  WUUiiin  A. 


I>>naa,  VUUhd  IT.,  Chk^D,  111. 
PipM,  JcKiph  n^  LkwraMx,  KuL 
P>TnD,  BdnH  P.,  K«t,  Gt. 
Pmbodj,  Albat  B^  SMbnmk,  N.  B 
Pfabodr,  ClwriH,  KlUot,  Ho. 
FnboOj ,  GlurlH.  at,  LobK,  Ho. 
P«bgil7,JoaWi  KorthSUBitlitd.C 
Pa«ck,  W.  H..  iBiUiu  Imain,  Oat. 


PMinon,  Bud  H.,  Polo,  IB. 

Pmm,  AuoB  Q.,  WaMAav,  Tt. 

Pww,  GUM,  Gbutatloa,  B.  O. 

P«!k,  DnU,  anndirtwd,  Mtm. 

P«k,  WUtHB,  IIAkU,  V.  T. 

Peekbun,  Jimf\i,  Xl^M,  Ibm. 

ToUh,  Obuto*,  OoMB|i*W.  ObL 

Poot,  /  W.,  lie.) 

PM,  14>MB  B.,  A.  B.  C.  P.  IL,  China. 

PM,  BtaDbn  D.,  Own,  la. 

PUn,  Ckuta  M.,  MIMMM,  Mu. 

PiOan,  Amrw  B.,  W*m  PUnM,  N,  T. 

PUnalM,  Pnorii  H.,  iHt  AHUni',  Ikn. 

PaltoB,  d«ern  A.,  BMhI,  Ct 

PondMoD,  UaBiT  O-,  ObcHk,  U. 

PuMd,  CkulM  H.,  Obo^,  O. 

PonOckl,  tmmtaa,  Kiam,  m 

Puflald,  T.  B.,  i.  ».«.  r.  M.,  KiJWk 

PeDDdl,  Lawlo,  WtM  Btoakbii^  Onatn,  Hkw. 

Pnulngtas  Jum  V.  0.,  PoctliBd,  Mo. 

PnuHTOT,  Andm  L.,  Vlali,  DL 

FnMTlu,  FhUhi,  Hobnn,  Hfam. 

PnUw,  AiM  K  P.,  Wuo,  Mu. 

PnMu,  BnOU"!"  >-,  Kfauotoa,  Mo. 

PaUn*,  Ed^,  Pbooti,  H.  T. 

P«Wu,  fnoofa  B.,  JoMkB  PIilB,  Mm. 

PirklDi,  Indoitak  T^  Maw  Bnan,  Ot. 

Pnklu,  Ovitta  A.,  Goriu,  Ma. 

PaiUoa,  Oaorga  Q.,  KUter,  Mo. 

Ptrkliu,  Juatla,  A.B.  0.  P.  M.,  Nutattew. 

PcrUni,  J.  W.,  Him  Ckacw,  rfla. 

Partlna,  Jonaa,  Bnlntava,  lbs. 

Peikiaa,  Sidnaj  R.  B.,  QUnm,  Tt. 

Panin,  Uralaua,  Naw  BMWb,  GL 

Ptnr,  DaTld,  Wonaator,  Tt. 

Port,  DaiU  O.,  Baitow,  0. 

Pott,  John  A.,  antUbtJ  TUl»,lb. 

P«R7,  John  B.  OnbrMca,  Mui. 

PaiTT,  Bulpk,  A^mmTMaa*. 

Patan,  AbaMoa,  Vmw  Tort  O^. 

PettaiiRUI,JohDH.,ABtnaii,&MMa. 

PatlanilU,  H.  B.,  LitUa  Mask,  la. 

PaMbona,  Ira,  frvt  fltallOnl,  CI. 


?.  P.  M.,  IVnWy. 


(ii,A«ln,ABiloT.c,M«i. 

pa,  S.  WalUn  Lob  CauCn,  lU. 

pa,  Wlnthrop  H.,  Houlh  Bgmmot, ; 

Ipa,  Qtargt  W.tColumbiw  O. 
Ipa,  Lcbbi^aa  B. .  OrcUB,  ItaaL 
i».  S..Kaiiu«i,  V.  T. 

BatUa  Creak,  Hkh. 

W..BIPw.,Ill. 

'd.,Kiipln,'col.  Tar. 
kV.  Mt.  Phuut,  la. 


Pblppa) 

Phlppa, ^,.„™.,« 

PIcktU,  C>nu,  BnaeM,  Ct. 


n  N.  J. 


iD.,VpaUaiiti,Hkb. 
iB.A.B.C.P.H., 

iaDlE]U.,Nljrtb<Md, 


B.  C.  i.  M.  SaKm  Trnttf. 


I>,  gonlh  Nnmlk,  C 


164 


lAtt  of  Congregational  Ministers. 


[Jan. 


Piatt,  M.  Fajett0,  Padfle,  To. 

Piatt,  H.  S.,  N<nrUi  TlMland,  N.  J. 

Piatt,  William,  Utka,  Mich. 

Plumb,  Albert  H.,  Ohalaea,  lfa«. 

Plomer,  Alezaader  R.,  IndfoMirj,  Me. 

Poage,  O.  O.,  Wfttembeif,  lo. 

Pollard,  George  A.,  A.  B.  G.  V.  M^  BoiUm  IWfajf. 

Pomeroy,  Edward  N.,  Blga^.  T. 

Pomeroy,  Jeremiah,  South  DeorlMd,  Maat. 

Pomeroy,  Lemuel,  Muaeoteh,  Kan. 

Pond,  Bet^jamln  w.,  Ohariemont,  Mmb. 

Pond,  Cluuincmr  N.,  Medina,  0. 

Pond,  Enoch,  Bangor,  Me. 

Pond,  J.  Erarts,  PlatterlUe,  Wli. 

Pond,  Theodore,  (N.  T.) 

Pond,  Theodore  S.,  A.  B  C.  F.  M. ,  Eastern  Tkrkey. 

Pond,  WUliam  C,  San  Frandaoo,  Oal. 

Poor,  Daniel  J.,  Bomeo,  Mkb. 

Pope,  Charlee  U.,  Benieia,  CaL 

Porter,  Chariee  S.,  Boaton,  Ma«. 

Porter,  Edward  O.,  Lexington,  Ma«. 

Porter,  Giles  M..  GamariUo,  lo. 

Porter,  J.,  Prairie  dn  Chlen.  Wia. 

Porter,  James,  Toronto,  Ont. 

Porter,  Jeremiah,  Brownarille,  Teona. 

Porter,  Nelson  D.,  Vermillion,  O. 

Porter,  Noah,  New  HaTen,  Gt. 

Porter,  Samuel  F^  Lodi,  O. 

Porter,  WiUiam,  Beloit,  Wis. 

Porter,  William,  Webeter  Grow,  Mo. 

Porteus,  WiUiam,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Poet,  Aorelian  II.,  Geneva,  111. 

Post,  Martin,  Sterling,  HI. 

Post,  Truman  M.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Potter,  Daniel  F. ,  Topeham,  Me. 

Potter,  Edmund  8.,  Greenfield,  Mass. 

Potter,  William,  Windham,  0. 

Potwin,  Lemuel  8.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Potwin,  Thomas  S.,  East  Wfaidsor  HIU,  Ot 

Powell,  E.  P.,  Adrian,  Mich. 

Powell,  J.  J.,  LockelbM,  Gal. 

Powell,  J.  N.,  Rosondale.  Wis. 

Powell,  Llewellyn  R.,  Alliance,  0. 

Powell,  Bees,  Delaware,  O. 

Powers,  Uenry,  Danbuiy,  Gt. 

Powers, Philander 0.,  A. B.C. F.M.,  CeniH  T%arkey. 

Powers,  WiUiam  B.,  lU.  (N.T.) 

Powis,  Henry  D  ,  Quebec,  Que. 

Pratt,  Almon  B.,  (Mich.) 

Pratt,  Andrew  T.,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  Central  IVirikey. 

Pratt,  Charles  H.,  Brooklleld,  Mo. 

Pratt,  Edward  II.,  Eaut  Woodstock,  Gt 

Pratt,  Francis  G.,  Bfiddleboro*,  Mass. 

Pratt,  George  H.,  Harvard,  Mass. 

Pratt,  Henry,  Dudley,  Mass. 

Pratt,  Horace,  Orfinrd,  N.  H. 

Pratt,  J.  Loring,  Strong,  Me. 

Pratt,  Miner  G.,  Andover,  Mass. 

Pratt,  Parsons  8.,  Dorset,  Vt. 

Pratt,  Theodore  C.,  Hampstead,  N.  H. 

Preston,  E.  J.,  (lo) 

Preston,  Ira  M.,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  CMboan. 

Prentice,  John  H.,  Penfleld,  0. 

Price,  DaTid,  Newark,  O. 

Price,  H.  R.,  New  London,  0. 

Price,  John,  Elmore,  Neb. 

Price,  Newell  A.,  Simsbury,  Gt. 

Pritchard,  D.  E.,  Rome,  N.  T. 

Prudden,  George  P.,  New  Havon,  Gt. 

Pugh  Thomas,  Dawn.  Mo. 

Pnllar,  Thomas,  Hamilton.  Gnt. 

Pullen,  Henry.,  Sboplere,  Wis. 

Pulsifer,  Daniel ,  Danbury ,  N.  H. 

Punchard,  George,  Boston,  Mass. 

Purkis,  G.,  Waterviile.  Que. 

I*utnam,  Austin,  New  Haveo,  Gt. 

Putnam,  George  A.,  Yarmouth,  Me. 

Putnam.  Hiram  D.,  West  Goneord,  N.  H. 

Putnam,  John  M.,  Yarmouth,  Me. 

Putnam,  Rufhs  A..  Pembroke,  N.  U. 

Quint,  Alonao  H.,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 


RadeliffB.  Leonard  L.,  yiroq[aa,  Wia. 
Rand,  SdwanI  A..  South  Boston, " 
Rankin,  Edward  B.,  Fairilekl,  Gt. 
Rankin,  J.  Barnes,  Ghariestown,  MaM. 
Rankin,  S.  G.  W.,  QlaaisnbnyJX. 
Ranney,  Timothy  B.,  HoUand,  vL 
Ransom,  Galrin  N.,  LowiU,  0. 
Ransom,  Gyrenius,  Wadham*s  liUi,  M.  T. 
Rawaon,  George  A.,  BataTia,  111. 
Bawaon,  Thomas  R.,  Albany,  N.  T. 
Ray,  Bei\Jamin  F.,  Hartford,  Vt. 
Ray,  Charles  B.,  New  York  City. 
Raymond,  Alfred  G.,  New  Haven,  Gt. 
Raymond,  Edward  N.,  Newaygo,  Mfch. 
Read,  Herbert  A.,  MandianrMteh. 
Reed,  Charles  E.,  Makten,  Mass. 
Reed,  Frsderiek  A.,  BMt  Taonton,  MaM. 
Reed,  Glover  G.,  Aurora,  O. 
Reed,  Julius  A.,  Davenport,  lo. 
Reed,  L.,  Musk^jan,  Mich. 
Reed,  Myron  W.,  Columbus,  Wis. 
Reid,  Adam,  Salisbury,  Gt. 
Reikie,  Thomas  M.,  BowmanvtUe,  Ont. 
Relyea,  Bei^iamin  J.,  Westport,  (?t. 
Reynolds,  WUliam  T.,  North  BLaven,  CI. 
Rfa»,  Charles  B.,  Danvers,  Mass. 
Rice,  Ebeneaer  W.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Rice,  Walter,  Rc^yalston,  Mass. 
Rich,  A.  Judson,  Westminster,  Maai. 
Rich,  Alonv>  B.,  Beverly,  Mass. 
Richards,  Austhi,  Nashua,  N.  H. 
Richards,  Charles  U..  Maditoa,  Wis. 
Richards*  George,  Bridgeport,  Ct. 

Richards,  J.  DeForest, .  Ala. 

Richards,  John  L.,  Big  RoGk,IlU 
Richards,  Jacob  P.,  Keoaanqua,  lo. 
Richards,  Samuel  T.,  New  York  CItj. 
Richards,  W.  M.,  Berlin,  Wis. 
Richardson,  Albert  M.,  Ctoreland  Bast,  0. 
Richardson,  AlTah  M.,  Lioebrook,  Mass. 
Richardson,  Charles  W.,  Ganaan,  N.  H. 
Richardson,  D.  Warren.  Mlddletou,  Maas. 
Richardson,  Ellas  H.,  Westfleld,  Mass. 
Richardson,  GUbert  B..  Sheeparot  Brldca, 
Richardson,  Heniy,  Giiead,  Me. 
Richardson,  Uennr  J^  Lincoln,  Mass. 
Richardson,  MerrUl,  Worcester,  Mass. 
Richardson,  Blartin  L.,  Sturbrldge,  MaM. 
Richardson,  Nathaniel.  Biddeford,  Ma. 
Richardson,  WiUiam  T..  KelloggSTlUe,  O. 
Richmond,  Thomas  T.,  West  Immton,  ~~ 
Rickett,  J.  H.,  West  Dover,  Vt. 
RiddeU,  Samuel  H.,  Tamworth,  N.  H. 
RiKg««,  Alfred  L.,  Beloit,  Wis. 
Robbins,  Alden  B.,  Muscatine,  To. 
Bobbins,  El^ah,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  Somih 
Robbins,  SUas  W.,  East  Haddam,  Ct. 
Roberts,  Bennet.  Buckingham,  lo. 
Roberts,  George  L.,  TrBmonVIU. 
Roberts,  Hiram  P.,  Peru,  HI. 
Roberts,  Jacob,  East  Medway,  Mass. 
Roberts,  James  A.,  Berkley,  Mass. 
Roberts,  James  G.,  Jacksonville,  HL 
Roberts,  M.,  Remaen,  N.  Y. 
Roberts,  Thomas  E.,  Swanaej,  N.  H. 
Roberts,  WUliam,  Turin,  N.  Y. 
Robic,  Beojamin  A.,  WaterviUe,  Me. 
Robie,  Edward,  Greenland,  N.  H. 
Robic,  Thomas  8.,  Salmon  Falls,  N.  H. 
Robinson,  Ebeneaer  W.,  Waahlngton,  D.  O 
Robinson,  Harvoy  P.,  Highland,  Kan. 
Robinson,  Henry,  GuUford,  Ct. 
Robinson,  Reuben  T.,  Winchester,  MaM. 
Robinson,  Robert,  Owen  Sound.  OnL 
Robinson,  WUliam  A.,  Barton,  Vt. 
Rockwoodt  George  A  ,  Garthan,  N.  T. 
Rockwood,  Gilbert,  (N.  Y  ) 
Rockwood,  L.  Burton,  Boston,  Mass. 
Rockwood,  Samuel  L.,  North  Weymov^, 
Rodman,  Daniel  S.,  Hartford,  Gt. 
Roe,  A.  D.,  Alton,  Minn. 


1869.] 


litt  qf  Congreffotionai  BSniutert. 


165 


Boe,  J.  P.,  Oahkodi,  Wli. 
BoiBn,  IdMo,  GbMlaiMitiit,  N.  T. 
BosBn«  Omc  "  •«  Bsltiiit  N>  H* 
Bosan,  Hcary  M^  DaHoo,  Miuk 
Bofen,  Imm,  ffknatBgloaa  lUi 
BogMS,  JohB,  DirbvJUMi  Tt. 
Bonn,  L.,  lywu  wit. 
Bood, DftvU, A. B. 0. F  M.^SniI4 4/Hm. 
Bood,  n— IB,  Haaofiir,  N.  H. 


Boot,  Dttvld,  dbdieitD,  HI.' 

Bool,  BdwMd  ir^W<tMr,B.  L 

Boot,.JwBM  P.*  PMiy  Omtn,  If>  T* 

Boot,  Ibrvfai,  BIklMiiB  Chrowt,  IIL 

Bopw,  Wmfem  L.,  Andom,  Ifaii. 

Boobora,  B.  &,  GUmeotte,  Me. 

Bom,  WnUiai  F^  Wwlud,  Mfeh, 

Bom,  Wimm  W.,  PfteduL  lU. 

Bon,  A.  HMCiiMn,  Bprinfflili,  0. 

Bom,  John  A.,  litem.  It. 

Boonee,  JoMpo  8.  JMo.) 

Booad^aBW  X^  Srooadlsni,  H.  T. 

BoiiM,TboBM  Hm  JMiiMtoWtt,  N.  T. 

BowB,  Aaron,  Ooioaw,  mall. 

BowlMid,  Bunnri,  Ftemlngton,  Fk 

Boj,  JoMBh  ■MOUoMm,  uL 

Bojoo,  Lb  jL,  CrotOB,  0> 

Boddoek,  GharlM  A.,  ChinebTllIo,  K.  T. 

Koddock,  Xdwiud  8  ,  WiMt  Qraoec,  N.  T. 

EaimBJi,  MoMi  T.,  flrabornton,  M.  H. 

BimmU  XtekM,XMtBMido^,liMfc 

BnMca,  Fxusk,  BiookljB,  N.  T. 

BoMdl,  Hnuy  A.,  GoMwMk,  Ct. 

BoMdl,  WUliMB,  CIomImmI,  O. 

BoMdl,  WIIHmb,  WMhIngton,  D.  0. 

BumoU,  WlUiM  P.,  MMDphlt,  MlBh. 

KiwtMlt.  Honiy  F.,  BodbinT.  Yt 

Babln,  Jool  0.,  PMftloniM,  lu. 

SiOifai,  Lowiii,  Tampleton,  Mmi. 

BiAifd,  Goont  B..  BarifaigUm,  Yt. 

iSahkr,  DavldD.,  SlMOid,  Van. 

HallentKoh,  Hhut,  Inuring  Bidgo,  lo. 

SatanoQ,  XbMMMr  P.,  Btloit,  Wik 

Salmon,  John,  Wanriek,  Ont 

Bailor,  Oharlw  C,  MtauNapoUi,  Minn. 

Baiter,  John  W.,  ManaBola  Oentie,  Ot. 

Salter,  WUUan,  BorUnffam,  lo. 

Banuon,  Aomo  J.,  8t.  Albana,  Yt. 

Bamnri,  Bobert,  W«0t  Hawley,  Man. 

Banboro,  Bn^amin  T.,  Frwport,  Me. 

Banbome  JSkorge  B.,  Northboron^.  Man. 

Banden,  Oamdon  M.,  Hlnadale,  IIL 

Sanders,  Marshall  D.,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  Ce^Um. 

Bandemn,  Akmio,  Qoodrlch,  Mich. 

Sandenon,  Homy  u.,Cbarlestotni,  N.  H. 

BanderMn,  John  Q.,  Bngby,  Ont. 

Sandenon,  Bteplien,  Sweden,  Me. 

SanJbrd,  BaaUi,  Bast  Bridgefvater,  Man. 

Sanfind,  DaTid,  Medwajr,  Man. 

Sanfbrd,  Bnoch,  Baynhani,  Man. 

Sanlbrd.  WilUam  H.,  Worenter,  Man. 

Sande,  John  D.,  Wataga,  Dl. 

Saigent,  George  W.,  Badne,  Wla. 

Saiipnit,  Boger  M.,  Fannington,  N.  H. 

Savage,  George  8.  F.,  Chieago,  HI. 

Sarage,  John,  Tipton,  MIeh. 

Sarage,  Minot  J..  Fnuningham,  Man. 

Savage,  WUUam  H.,  Hofllaton,  Man. 

SaTage,jniUani  T.,  FnnkUn,  N.  H. 

Sairtn,  TbeophUnf  P.,  Manoheater,  N.  H. 

Savtell,  XU  N.,  Benton  Sprinn,  N.  T. 

Sawyer,  Beidamin,  Sawboiy,  Mna. 

Sawyer,  Daniel.  Sooth  Merrimack.  N.  IL 

Sawyer.  BnftM  M.,  Mlddleboro*  Man. 

Beaka,  Jacob,  Piainfleld,  N.  H. 

SehadBer.  O.  A.,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  Western  Turheff. 

Sehearer,  John,  Sherrill'f  Monnd,  lo. 

Schloeaer,  George,  Pazton,  lU. 

Sehwan,  P.  A.,  GieenfMd,  Man. 

Bcotfbrd,  John,  OUvet,  Mich. 

Seott,  ChnriM,  Weat  Onmmington,  BCan. 


Beott,  G.  R*  W.,  Newport,  N.  H. 

SooTllle,  Saranei,  Norwich,  N.  T. 

Sendder,  Xrarts,  Gmt  BarrlBgton.Man. 

Seabniy,  Bdwin,  Beat  Fatanooth,  Man. 

Beagnre,  Jamn  0.,  Wentworth,  N.  H. 

Bearie,  Rlehaid  T.,  Thatftnd,  Yt. 

Beaton,  Oharln  M.,  Chariotia,  Yt. 

Beeeombe,  Oharln,  NorthBeld,  Mfam. 

Seely,  Baymond  H.,  UaverhilL  Maai. 

Beelye,  Jnhna  IL,  Amhnat,  Man. 

Beelye,  Samnal  T.,  Xatthampten,  Maas. 

Segor,  8.  WlUud.  TaHmadn,  a 

Beiden,  Oalvln,  wyanet,  IIL 

Baniona,  Alexander  J  .North  Baitnata,  Man. 

BenloM,  Joieph  W.,  Dnrfaaa  Oantra,  Ot. 

Benkma,  Samoel,  Kfaaea,  Mieh. 

Befwanoe,  MUton  L.,  OrweU,  Yt. 

Bewail,  David  B<^  Flyalmig,  Me. 

BewaU,  John  8^  Bnn»wld^  Ma. 

BewaU,  Jotham  B.,  BruMirtok,  Ma. 

Bewail,  Bobert,  Btoqghton,  Wla. 

BewaU,  William,  Norwteh,  Yt. 

Bewail,  William  8.,  81  AUiaaa,  Me. 

Seward,  Bdwin  D.,  Laeladi,  Mo. 

Boston,  WilUam  0.,  Lawls,  lo. 

-Bcymonr,  B.  N.,  H«rinnl«  OaL 

Beymonr,  Oharln  N.,  Brooktyn,  Ot. 

Bcymonr,  Heniy,  Beat  Hawkgr,  Man. 

Shalbr,  A.  8.,  BeriUe,  O. 

Bhaiv,  John,  SerUle,  0. 

Bhanki,  Philip,  qgewaland,  iMtnUa, 

Sharpe,  Andnw,  OoUamar,  0. 

Bhattoek,  Amoe  F.,  Darham,  Me. 

Bhattnck,  Oalrhi  8.,  Xmarald  Grore,  Wta. 

Bhaw,  Bdwin  W.,  LeaUa,  Mieh. 

Shaw,  Lather,  TiallmadgB,  0. 

Shedd,  Charlaa,  Wadda,llhm. 

Sheldon,  Oharln  B.,  fcrelrinr,  Minn* 

Bheldon,  Nathan  W.,  Gray,  Me. 

Sheldon,  Btawnrt,  Laiiidii«,  Mich. 

8hq«rd,  Thomaa.  Briitol,  R.  L 

Bhepley,  David,  Tannouth,  Me. 

Shenniui,  Oharln  8^  NangUnck,  Ot. 

SherrUl,  Bdwin  J.,  Baton,  Que. 

SherriU,  FranUin  G.,  OalUbarnla,  Mb. 

ShenrlU,  Samuel  B.,  BeUevue,  0. 
Sherwin,  John  0.,  Menomonie,  Wla. 
Shipherd,  Fayette,  Oberiin,  0. 
Shipherd,  Jacob  R.,  Ghlc4(o,  UL 
Shipman,  Thomaa  L.,  Jewett  Oity,  Ct. 
Shorev.  H.  Allen,  Oldtown,  Me. 
Shnrtleir,  Daniel,  Brownington,  Yt. 
Sim,  Alexander,  Franklin,  Que. 
Skeele,  John  P.,  Hartford,  Ct. 
Skinner,  Alfred  L.,  Bockaport,  Me. 
Skinner,  Thomaa  N.,  Brighton,  lo. 
Sleeper,  WUUam  T.,  Sheman  MUIa,  Me. 
Sloan,  Samuel  P.,  McGregor,  lo. 
Small,  Uriel  W.,  Liabon,  HI. 
Smart,  WUUam  S.,  Albenv,  N.  T. 
Smith,  Andrew  J.,  Boothbay,  Me. 
Smith,  Aaa  B.,  Sonthbury,  Ct. 
Smith,  Am  D.,  Hanover,  N.  H. 
Smith,  Aaro  A.,  Lowell,  Yt. 
Smith,  Bcialeel,  Hanover  Centra,  N.  H. 

Smith,  Buel  W., Blaaa. 

Smith,  Borrit  A.,  Mendota,  HI. 

Smith,  Carloe,  Akron,  O. 

Smith,  Charlea,  Andover,  Man. 

Smith,  Oharln  B.,  Oohaant,  Maaa. 

Smith,  Oharln  S.,  Montpelier,  YL 

Smith,  Bben,  Sallabury,  Yt. 

Smith,  Bdwanl  A.,  Chnter  Depot,  Man. 

Smith,  Bdward  P.,  New  York. 

Smith,  Edwin,  Barre.  Man. 

Smith,  Edwin  G.,  (IIL) 

Smith,  B.  Goodrich  Waahhigton,  D.  0. 

Smith,  Bl^ah  P.,  Wayne,  lo. 

Smith,  Franda  P.,  Acton,  Me. 

Smith,  George,  Big  Book,  lo. 

Smith,  George,  Bpaom,  N.  H. 


166 


Liit  of  Congregational  Ministers. 


[Jan. 


Smith,  Qeorgp  M.,  Lmmhe,  lfa«. 

Bmitb,  Oeoige  N.,  A.  M.  A.,  Northport,  lOefa* 

Smith,  Heorr  B.,  Newlown,  Gt. 

Smith,  In  H.«  Ttmeka,  K«n. 

Smith,  Irem  W^  upfODTllle,  Pa. 

Smith,  Ime  B.,  A%oaqiilii,  III. 

Smith,  Luiah  P.,  Foateaelto,  N«b. 

Smith,  JamM  A.,  UnkmtlUe,  Gk. 

Smith,  James  M.,  Sabola,  lo. 

Smith,  Ja«.  W.,  A.  B.  0.  F.  M..  Seuuhnek  lOandM, 

Smith,  J.  Mornn,  Gmnd  RmUU«  Mich. 

Smith,  John  O,  A.  B.  0.  F.  II.,  Oyfon. 

Smith,  John  F.,  A.  B.  0.  F.  M.,  Wultm  Turie]f. 

Smith,  Jndion,  ObMUn,  0. 

Smith,  Lowell,  A.  B.  C*  F.  M.,  Sandwiek  Islands. 

Smith,  Locioi,  StnmnTlUe,'0. 

Smith,  M.,  Ginciniuitt,  0. 

Smith,  Matthew  BU,  Wureafbug,  Mo. 

Smith,  Moms,  PlalaTUle,  Ot. 

Smith,  Oscar  M.,  StvykenriUe,  N.  T. 

Smith,  8.  K.,  WaterriUe,  Me. 

Smith,  Stephen  8.,GhieacOi  IQ* 

Smith,  Wilder,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Smith,  William  A.,  Ann  Ari>or,  MIeh. 

Smith,  William  8.,  Alden,  lo. 

Smith,  William  8^  West  Newton,  Man. 

Smith,  William  W.,  LtetoweU,  Onft. 

Smyth,  Egbert  G.,  Andover,  Mail. 

Snell,  W.  W.,  Rushford,  Minn. 

Snider,  Solomon.  Wrozeter,  Onft. 

Snow,  Aaron,  Miller^s  Place,  L.  I. 

Snow,  Boi^jamin  O.,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  Murontsia. 

Snow,  Frai^  U.,  Lawrenee,  Kan. 

Snow,  Boswell  R.,  Elgin,  IIL 

Snow,  WilUam  F.,  Lawrence,  Mass. 

Snowden,  R.  Bavard,  Redwood,  GaL 

Somes,  Arthur  A.,  West  Warren,  Man. 

Soulo,  Charles,  Freeport.  Me. 

Sonthffite,  Robert,  Ipswich,  Mass. 

Southworth,  Alden,  South  Woodstoek,  Gt. 

South  worth  Benktmin,  Hanson,  Man. 

Southworth,  £■,  Falminra,  Wis. 

Southworth,  Francis,  Portland,  Me. 

Spalding,  George  B.,  HartifiDrd,  Gt. 

Spalding,  Samuel  J.,  Newburyport,  Man. 

Sparhawk,  Samuel,  Pittsfleld,  Vt 

Spaulding,  George,  West  Ean  Glaire,  Wis. 

Spaulding,  LeTi,  A.  B.  G.  F.  M.,  Ceyton, 

Spaulding,  I^sander  T.,  Essex,  Gt. 

Spaulding,  WilUain,  Hanover.  N.  H. 

Spear,  Charles  Y.,  Pittsfleld,  Mass. 

Spell,  William,  Central  Citr,  lo. 

Spehnan,  Levi  P.,  Portland,  Mich. 

Spence,  Edwin  A.,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 

Spencer,  Judmn  O.,  Be  Peyster,  N.  T. 

Spenrr,  Asa  Morgan,  0. 

Spettlgue,  Charies.  Newmaricet,  Ont. 

Spoooer,  Charles  C.,  QrandriUe,  Mich. 

Spoor,  Orange  U.,  VermontriUe,  Mich. 

Spring,  Lererett  W.,  Fitehburg.  Mass. 

Spring,  Samuel,  Bast  Hartford,  Gt. 

Squier,  Ebeneier  U.,  Middlebury,  Vt. 

Squire,  Edmund,  Dorchester,  lues. 

Staats,  Henry  T.,  Orange,  Gt. 

Stanley,  Charles  A.,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  North  CMna. 

Stanley,  Richard  C,  Lewiston,  Me. 

Stanton,  George  F.,  Gardner.  Mass. 

Stanton,  Robert  P.,  GreenrilJe,  Ct. 

Starbuck,  Charles  C.,  A.  M.  A.,  Kingston,  W.  I. 

Starr,  Milton  B.,  Satlcoy,  Gal. 

St.  Clair,  Alanaon,  Whitehall,  Mich. 

St.  John,  Samuel  N.,  Georgetown.  Ct 

Steams,  Jesse  O.  D.,  Clearwater,  Minn. 

Steams,  Joeiah  H.,  Epping,  N.  U. 

Stearns,  William  A..  Amharst,  Maai. 

Steele,  Joseph,  Middlebnry,  Vt.    • 

SteTens,  Alfred,  Westminster,  Yt. 

SteTens,  Asahel  A.,  Peoria,  111. 

Steyens,  Cicero  C,  Crown  Pcrfnt,  N.  T. 

Sterenn,  Henry  A^  No.  Bridgewater,  Masf. 

Sterens,  Henry  M.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 


Sterens,  Jemmiah  D.,  AIleB*s  Giov«,  Wit. 
Sterens,  Moody  A.,  Ashbomham.  Mass. 
SteTenson,  John  B»,  Baton  Bapkli,  lUdli. 
Stieklaad,  William  B.,  OrtonTlUeli. 
Stickle,  A.  C,  DaTls  Lake,  Ark. 
Stiles,  Edmund  R.,  Brighton.  0. 
Stirling,  George,  Keswlek  RUgSt  V,  B. 
Stoddard,  James  P.,  Byron,  lu. 
Stoddard,  Judson  B^  South  MerUsn,  OC. 
Stoddart,  William,  Boseobd,  Wis. 
Stone,  Andrew  L.,  Sui  Francteo,  OaL 
Stone,  Benjamin  P.,  Goneord,  N.  H. 
Stone,  Collins,  Hartlbrd,  Gt. 
Stone,  Edward  P.,  Boston,  Maw. 
Stone,  George,  Novth  Troy,  Yt. 
Stone,  Harrey  M. ,  Laoonla,  N.  H. 
Stone,  James  P.,  Ludlow,  Yt. 
Stone,  John  F.,  MonHielier,  Yt. 
Stone,  Leri  H.,  Pawlet,  Yt. 
Stone,  Rkhard  G.,  Bunker  HOI,  HL 
Stone,  RoUin  8.,  Brooklyn,  N.  T. 
Stone,  Timothy  D.  P.,  AaM.bet,  Man. 
Storer,  Henry  G.,  OakUU,  Me. 
Storrs,  Henry  M.,  Brookj(yn,  N.  T. 
Storrs,  Richard  8. ,  BralntrBe,  Mass. 
Storrs,  Rtohard  8^  Jr.,  Bro6k|yB,  N.  T. 
Storrs,  Sylrester  D.,  Gleowood,  lo. 
Stowe,  CalTin  E.,  Haitfbrd.  Gt. 
Stowe,  John  M.,  Sullinui,  N.  H. 
Stowell,  Ab^ah,  Peteiriiam,  Mass. 
StoweU,  Alexander  a.  (Mass.) 
Strasenburg,  George,  Madrid.  N.  T. 
Stratton,  Howard  W.,  Huntsbunr,  0. 
Stratton,  Royal  B,  Womrtar,  mSm. 
Stratton.  Samuel  V^JMb^  IU. 
Street,  George  E.,  Wlsoasiet,  Me. 
Street,  Owen,  Lowell,  Mass. 
Streeter,  Sereno  W.,  Union  Ctty,  Midi. 
StrlckUnd,  E.  F.,  Dowagtae,  Ifieh. 
Strickland,  Mieah  W.,Rwntlssyale, Pa. 
Strieby,  Michael  B.,  Newaric,  N.  J. 
Stroes,  H.  M.  H.,  FkmMtrllle,  Mian. 
Strong,  Charies,  Angola,  N.  T. 


Strong,  DaTld  A.,  Goleralne,  Maai 
Strong,  Edward,  Pittsfleld,  Masa. 
Strong,  Klnathan  B..  Waltham,  Msat. 
Strong,  Guy  C,  South  Boston,  Mieh. 
Strong,  Jacob  H.,  Tonington,  Gt. 
Strong,  James  W.,  Faribault,  Minn. 
Strong,  John  C,  Chain  Lika  Centre,  Mbm. 
Strong,  Joseph  D.,  Hyannis,  Mass. 
Strong,  Stephen  C,  So.  Natlck,Ma«. 
Stuart,  Robert,  Orfbrd.  lo. 
Sturges,  A.  A.,  A.  B.  O.  F.  M.,  JMtflrsneaia. 
Sturgos,  Thomas  B.,  Oreenfleld  Hill,  Gt. 
Sturgess,  Frederick  B.,  Skowbegan,  Ma. 
SturteTant,  Julian  M.,  JaeksonTtlle,  IlL 
SturteTant,  Julian  M..  Jin.  Hannibal,  Mo. 
SturteTant,  William  H.,  WWt  TIsbury,   ~ 
Sumner,  Charles  B.,  Monson,  Mass. 
Swain,  Leonard,  Prortdenoe,  R.  L 
Swallow,  Joeeph  E.,  Groton,  Gt. 
Sweetser,  Seth,  Woroeater,  Bfasi. 
Swift,  Alfred  B.,  Bnosburg,  Yt. 
Swift,  Aurelius  8  ,  Pittsfldd.  Yt. 
Swift,  Eiiphalet  T.,  Denmarlc,  lo. 
Swift,  H.  B.,  Rome,  lo. 
Switaer,  Christopher  J.,  Hampton,  Ot. 
SylTester,  Charles  8.,  Feeding  Hills,  Maa. 
Sykes,  Lewis  B.,  Buton,  Mien. 
Sykes,  Simeon,  Pleasant  River,  N.  8. 
Tade,  Ewing  0..  Chattanooga,  Tenn. 
Talbot,  BenlJamin,  Iowa  City.  lo. 
Talcott,  Daniel  8.,  Bangor,  Me. 
Tallman,  Thomas,  Thompson,  Ct. 
Tappan,  Bei^Jamin,  NorrUgewock,  Mo. 
Tappan,  Charles  L.,  Brighton,  111. 
Tappan,  Daniel  D^  Wakefleld,  N.  H. 
Tarboz,  Increase  N.,  West  Newton,  T 
Tarleton,  Joseph  W.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Tatlock,  John,  WUUamstown,  Mass. 


186d.] 

T»lcir, 


iMt  tf  OmgrtgaiMmal  WnUten. 


r,  Mmrt,  BMMalM,  M.  T. 

r,  Bphnta,  Hart)  Bnw,  H.  T. 
■v»f ,  jHi  In  »«■«■*,  Uih. 
X^lcr,  JmahA,  JOBhton,  Ot. 

«Mto,  JJbvt  K- Klttii^  MM*. 
TM^  WwlB,  MMdl  OnM,  Htaa. 

Vmbv,  atnij  p.,  OnM  Ul«.  C 
noBir,  Vnack  T.,  lIuAMa,  lb 


7,  OaTln.  MoHL      ^ 

Art,  JaMa>^  aoBth  Wfflwntt,  Ml 
IW>t>li(ii7,  Qmos  a.,  FMtkad,  lb. 
TCvkAmr,  Own  r^  Odwt,  lU 
n>ch«,  0KmOI«*  Turk  Cttr. 

ThrtcW,  T>ter,  Cwha  CndL.'cil. 
Hmjit,  ChbI  C.,  A.  >.  C.  f .  ML,  Oaml  IWl«r. 
TbaTn,  IMTtd  H.,  Xwt  WtadMc,  Ot. 
Ttajw,  ■■     ■     ..     ■■■■  .,\m,.1i.Mp. 


noapaoa,  Uovud  S.,  Bon 

». g^  John,  Bnliacd,  j» iii. 

n,  John  C,  IHehiUk,  O. 
-    '--  *  P.,  N«w  YtA  atT, 

«v,  Watfbonutfi,  R.  H. 
■n,  Boal^T  Td^,  CoL  Th. 
4VjHW«a,  vna  C,  DMfvIE,  Uleb- 
naB|»n,TtHiiDuV.,AB.C.r.lI.,JVwUCU 


ThmU,  SuHHl  R..  i^  Hupa'  lU. 
TtaoTbcr,  Edmid  Q  ,  WslpDiB,  TUm. 
TbDnloD,  EU,  VlU  Klxr^Vw. 
Tbnnloo,  Jobo  B.,  NavbiuT,  Han. 
tbupioB,  Riehinl  B.,  Buiafitd,  Ct. 
ThDrMon,  SUphan,  VaanpsrI,  Ha. 
Riirlns.  Bdmid  P.,  Bgaton,  lir*~ 
Thjnf,  John  U.,  Sontta  Looda 
nidm,  LDdw  L.,  CkMMoa,  T 


-,  ^-  — , ,.jmDnu|a,i 

nndcT,  lla»li^,SIOU  CUT,  la. 

ntaooib,  Fbillp,  Unaifcli,  Ma. 

TUmb,  Blatiliaii,  Vtn>dii((gB, 


nitu,  loam  I 
Tab^,  AlVaik, 


I  H.,liPuk«r>t.,tbulMtcnni,Uui. 


Todd,  DmU,  PRHldnaa,  ID 

Todd,  Jamaa  D.    •-■■— 

Todd,  Joha,  Ji 

TiiiU,  Iiiliii.niiMiMi-a 
Tadd,Jo1u,Iah«yIo. 


J.L.,01 

fliiaiiHin.  millaail .  Ifiwillmi.  Miw 
Te^thikar,  Hum*,  Manr  Swmlb. 
Topltf,  StapbMi,  OraBnO,  01. 
Toin;,  Chwtaa  0^  OaOHla,  TL 
Tomf ,  Ohulia  W^  TiintiK  0. 
Totiar,  HaciT  A.  P.,  BortlaclDa,  n. 
Ton*)',  JM^ih,  HartnuTTt. 
ToRv,  VataoB  V.  JomhUa.Ia. 
Towoa,  J  Ilia  h  H.,  uliwliln.  Ot. 
Imcj,  Oalab  B,  WSM^  K.  B. 
Insf  >  In.  Tama,  Wh. 
IBOT,  Joaiph,  BarcriT,  Mm. 
mat,  Oaoan,  IIMIBa>,  lh«. 
Inik,  JohaXu  B.,  B^ak,lfaM. 
TiMt.  BaMi  B.,  BMtao,  Mm. 
TilBbla,  WmiaB  J.  JlHtlMlnis,  0. 
Tnaboh,  H.  Okv.  ^tted,  Ot. 
Took,  JaiwT  W.,  ]aii«tt  OCT,  OL 
TncUr,  Kb«i^  Union  OHr.  bd. 

HoMuHHi. 

-^ /  lL,VMa1r,ia. 

Tanar,  Hm-^s,  BBilakfc,  Iba. 
TtDbItt,  Joh^  Chaw»  Itafc^  K.  T. 
Tuiiar,  Ab,  Dnuwuk,  i» 

TDnar!  Joriah  W^  Wknckj.  »■■•• 
Tomar,  WUlkB  #.,  HutlM,  Ct. 
TBlbUI,  Bdward  B.,  OoDSord,  lU. 
TathlU,  Qaona  M.,  St.  Johni,  Mkh. 
TdhIk,  tt-UUun  O.,  Wtra,  Hua. 
Tubui7,  PmokBii,  BraiuloB,  Vt. 
7wliilD(,  KInila;,  CaDbrMiFport,  Mhi. 
'-'-lug,  WUUui  F.,  S(.  LoBb,  Mo. 


TwtubJl.'jMapli 
TvlIeboU,  JoaUn  a,,  kmbb 
Tduhall,  Bojal,  KliiaBtDa, 
TjW,  Anjory  H.,  Talmoalii 


Tylar!  0*ai»  P.,^iiekjport,  Ha. 
Trkr,  John  ■.,  Ttnalud,  N.  J. 
Tjter,  JoaUh,  A.  B.  C.  T.  H.,  ftniM  AfKia. 
Tf  Lar,  HoM  C.,  Aso  Ariwr,  Mkeh. 
nicr,  WUUam,  Anbnrikdala,  Mua. 
•tjin,  WUUmb  S.,  ABlnnt,  Uaa. 
Utaltr,  Oooia,  CortlnlUe,  Ha«. 


UDdsrwood,  Joaash,  Bardwiek,  Vt. 
DiuwoMh,  Joaapb,  Baetntoini,  Out- 
Upbui>,TkoiDai  C,  Kauabonkpon,  H*. 
Dpaon,  HaniT,  Kav  Pnatdn,  Ct. 
UpiOB,  Jobo  iL,  HoooM,  10. 
DtlcT,  Baawl,  Cooaoid,  R.  H. 
Vaill,  Eleiuj  II.,  Poithad,  He. 
TilU,  Hnnui  h.,  UiobBaU,  Ct. 
TaUl,  Joaoph,  Mnar  Dapot,  Haaa. 
VaiU,  Wiuluo  K.,  ShntiAnrT,  Haia. 
ValcaUoa,  Palar,  Da  Ifoto,  WU. 
Tan  ADtnrp,  JotaD,  Ion  ralla,  lo. 
Tan  Aakcn.ll^maa  IL.  Nair  Baltloen,  Kk 
Van  Djka,  SaDoi]  A.,  ObaupalBi,  III. 
Tan  tardea,  Cbaria,  BhwItTHm*. 
Tan  Wag»T,  Jaaxa  H.,  Atdino,  ■■>. 
Trite,  Cbilatkn  P.,  lAUtac,  lo. 
Teonli«,  O.  B.,  is.  Mbi.  li^  OhMl* 


168 


List  of  Congregational  JlinUters, 


[Jan. 


Yennilye,  Robert  G.,  HArtfindf  Ct. 

Yetter,  John,  OberUn,  0. 

TintoD,  John  A.,  Soath  Boston.  Ma«. 

Tirgin,  Samuel  II.,  SomoiTiUe,  Mum. 

Tom,  James  O.,  ProTfdence.  R.  I. 

Walnwright,  Oeorge  W.,  Cmppewa  Valli,  Wii. 

Waite,  liiram  H.,  WoodViUe,  N.  T. 

Wakefield,  William,  Harmar,  0. 

Wakeman,  M.  M.,  ratmenbuzg.  lo. 

Walcott,  Jeremiah,  W.,  Ripon,  Wli. 

Waldo,  Leri  F.,  Oneida,  HI. 

Waldron,  Daniel  W.,  Saat  Wmnoath,  Haft. 

Wales,  Henry  A.,  Klmwood,  R.  I. 

Walker,  Aldace,  Wallingford,  Vt. 

Walker,  Arery  S.,  FairbaTen,  Maas. 

Walker,  Charlee,  Pittafbrd,  Vt. 

Walker,  Elkanab.  UiUaboro',  Or. 

Walker,  Oeorge  ?.,  Little  Oompton,  R.  L 

Walker,  Oeorge  L.,  New  HaTen,  Ct. 

Walker,  Oeorge  W.,  Wanaeon,  0. 

Walker,  Horace  D.,  Bridgewater,  Ifaa •. 

Walker,  James  B.,  Benionia,  Mich. 

Walker,  James  B.  R^  Wlnsted,  Ct. 

Walker*  Townsend.  Ooahen.  Mass. 

Walker,  William,  A.  B.  C.  V.  M.,  Gaboon, 

Walker,  WilUam,  Ashippun,  Wis. 

Wallace,  Cyrus  W.,  Blanehester,  N.  H. 

WaUace,  P.  W.  Rochester  Bfills,  HI. 

Walsh,  Alexander  H.,  Nonralk,  0. 

Ward,  Earl  J.,  Orafton,  Vt. 

Ward,  J.  Wilson,  Jr.,  Rochester,  MaM. 

Ward,  James  W  ,  Lakerille,  Mass. 

Ward,  Joseph,  Tank  ton.  Dak.  Tar. 

Ward,  R.  8.,  Warren,  Vt. 

Warner,  Aaron,  Amherst,  Mass. 

Warner,  Oeorge  W.,  Canaan  Four  Comers,  N.  T. 

Warner,  James  K.,  (Wis.) 

Warner,  LjmAu,  Rockford,  lo. 

Warner,  Olirer,  Boston,  Mass.  • 

Warner,  Pliny  F.,  Como,  111. 

Warner,  Warren  W.,  Crary's  Bfills,  N.  Y. 

Warren,  A.,  Roscoe.  Ul. 

Warren,  Israel  P.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Warren,  James  H_,  San  Fzmncisoo,  Cal. 

Warren,  Le  Roy,  Elk  Rapids,  Biiob. 

Warren,  Waters,  Three  Oaks.  Mich. 

Warren,  William,  Oorham,  Me. 

Washburn,  Asahel  C,  Syracuse,  N.  T. 

Washburn,  Oeorge  T.,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  Madura, 

Waterman,  Alfred  T.,  Mtddletown^t. 

Waterman,  James  H.,  Pewaukee,  Wis. 

Waterman,  Thomas  T.,  Monroe,  Ct. 

Waterman,  William  A.,  Cameron,  Mo. 

Waters,  Otis  B.,  Benaonia,  Mich. 

Watkins,  WUliam,  Quincy,  Wis. 

Watson,  Charles  C.,  Dorer,  N.  H. 

Watson,  Charles  P.,  CowansTiUe,  Que. 

Watson,  Cyrus  L.,  Oakalla,  111. 

Watson,  Thomas,  Wilmington,  N.  T. 

Watts,  James,  Hartford,  111. 

Watts.  Lyman  S.,  Bamet,  Vt. 

Waugh,  D.  Darwin,  Edinburg,  0. 

Webb,  Edwin  B.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Webb,  Wilson  D.,  Areola,  lU. 

Webber,  E.  E.,  Durant,  lo. 

Webber,  Oeorge  N.,  Biiddleburr,  Vt. 

Webster,  John  C,  Wheaton,  111. 

Webster,  Robert  M.,  Brandon^  Wis. 

Weidman,  Peter,  Muscatine,  lo. 

Welch,  Moses  C,  Mansfield.  Ct. 

Waller,  James,  Slaine,  N.  Y. 

WeUington,  Horace,  West  Hartford,  Vt. 

Wellmiui,  Joshua  W.,  Newton,  Mass. 

Wells,  Edward  P.,  East  Maehias,  Me. 

Wells,  Oeorge  H.,  Amboy,  III. 

Wells,  Oeorge  W..  Moscow  Mills,  0. 

Wells,  James,  Dedham,  Me. 

WeUs,  John  H.,  Kingston,  R.  I. 

W»lls,  MUton.  B«irer  Dam,  Wis. 

Wells,  Moses  11.,  Lyndon,  Vt. 

Wells,  Noah  H.,  Peekskill,  N.  Y. 


WeDs,  Roftis  P.,  Southampton,  Maaa. 

Wells,  Spencer  R.,  Dundee,  Mieh. 

West,  James  W.,  Toniea,  111. 

Westlake.  John,  Westfleki,  Wis. 

Westenrelt,  WilUam.  OberUn,  0. 

Weston,  Isaac,  Cnmoeriand  Osntre,  Me. 

Weston.  James,  Staodiah,  Me. 

Wetherby,  Charles,  West  Wlnsted,  Ct. 

WethreU,  Isaao,  Ludngton,  Mass. 

Wheaton,  Leri,  Poplar  Orova,  lU. 

Wheeler,  Charles  U.,  Chicago,  HI. 

Wheeler,  Crosby  H. ,  A.  B.  G.  F.  M.  ,JEulsn»  Tkrbep. 

Wheeler,  F.,  Chicago,  IlL 

Wheeeler,  Joseph.  Albion,  Ont. 

Wheeler,  MeUncthon  O.,  Korth  Wobnm, 

Wheeler,  OnriUe  0.,  Sonth  Hero,  Vi. 

Wheelock,  Edwin,  Cambridge.  Vi 

Wheelock,  Ruftis  A.,  Danby,  N.  Y. 

Wheelwright,  John  B.  JSonth  Paris,  Ms. 

Whipple,  Oeorge,  Nsw  York  City. 

White,  Oeorge  H.,Brookfldd,  Vt. 

White,  Isaac  C,  Newmarket,  N.  H. 

White,  James  C,  Chicago,  lU. 

White,  James  8.,  Marshall,  Mich. 

White,  John,  (lo.) 

White,  John  W.,  CUnto^,  lo. 

White,  Lorenao  J.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

White,  Lyman,  PhilUpston,  Mass. 

White,  Orin  W.,  Strongsrille,  O. 

White,  Orlando  H.^ew  HaTen.  Ct. 

White,  Samuel  J  ,  Walton,  N.  Y. 

White,  PUny  H.,  CoTen^  Vt. 

Whitehni,  John,  South  WUbraham, 

Whiting,  Edward  P.,  BaUeTue,  lo. 

Whiting,  Lyman,  Dubuque,  lo. 

Whitman,  Alphonso  L.,  TiTert<m,  E.  I. 

Whitman,  John  S.,  Sprague,  Ct. 

Whltmore,  Alfred  A.,  Bany,  lU. 

Whitney,  John,  Canaan  Four  ConMa,  N.  Y. 

Whiton,  James  M.,  Lynn,  Mass. 

Whiton,  Samuel  J.,  Wittsmburg.  lo. 

Whittemore,  WiUiams  H.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Whittier,  Charles,  DennysriUe,  Me. 

Whittlesey,  Eliphalot,  Washington,  D.  0. 

Whittlosey,  Elisha,  Waterbury,  Ct. 

Whittlesey,  Joseph,  Berlin,  Ct. 

Whittlesey,  >Iartin  K^Ottowa,  lU. 

Whittlesey,  WilUam,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Wickos,  Henry,  Deep  Rirer,  Ct. 

Wickes,  Thomas.  Marietta,  0. 

Wickham,  Josepn  D.,  Manchester,  Vt. 

Wickson,  Arthur,  Toronto,  Ont. 

Wight,  Daniel,  Ashbumham,  M 

Wilcox,  Asher  H. ,  Preston,  Ct. 

Wilcox,  Luman,  BarlriUe,  lU. 

Wilcox,  Philo  B.,  Otiafield,  Me. 

Wild,  Asel  W.,  Oreensboro',  Vt. 

Wild,  Daniel,  Fahiield,  Vt. 

Wild,  Edward  P^  Craftsbury,  Vt. 

WUder,  Edwin,  FUnt,  Mich. 

WUder,  Hyman  A.,  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  South  Africa. 

Wilder,  J.  C,  Charlotte,  Vt. 

Wilder,  Moses  H.,  Meriden,  Ct. 

WUkinson,  Reed,  Toledo,  lo. 

WUkes.  Henry,  Montreal,  Que. 

Wlllard,  Andrew  J.,  Burlington,  Vt. 

WiUard,  Henry,  Plainriew,  Minn. 

WiUard,  James  L.,  WestrUle,  Ct. 

WiUard,  John,  Hartford,  Ct. 

WiUard,  Samuel  O.,  Colchester,  Ct. 

WiUcox,  O.  Buckingham,  New  London,  Ct.   * 

WUlcox,  WiUiam  H.,  Reading,  Mass. 

Willey,  Charles,  Oreenfield.  N.  H. 

Willey,  Isaac,  Pembroke,  N.  H. 

WiUiams,  Beojamin,  NeLjon,  N.  Y. 

Williams,  Chas.  H.,  64  Bowdoin  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

WUliams,  C.  H.  8^  Concord,  Mass. 

WilUams,  Edwin  B.,  Wanaw,  N.  Y. 

WUliams,  E.  8.,  Northflcld,  Minn. 

T\llUam8,  Francis,  ChapUn,  Ct. 

WUUams,  Francis  F.,  East  Biarshfleld,  Mass. 


Litt  qf  Congregatitmdl  3Snidert. 

Wood,  Honn,  OUnB,  H.  H. 
Wood,  John,  BiutlM,  Oat 
irood,  Jirim,  Wotkben?,  N.  H. 
Wood,  WIU  0,  iMMTlDt,  HkM. 
Wood^WUllHi,  A.B.O.  r.  JLjJJi 


WsodbniT,  tmk  F^nbil,  Wob. 
VootOmr,  i^ml,  CUHnBfUl*,  MHi. 
Woodbnn,  VobMr,  liMiH,  Ifaa. 
VoodMf,  Onald  L.,  Wat  Ana,  Ok 
Woadhgll,  0«c|«  L- Oank,  Is. 
WOOdboD,  Joha  1.,  tnnnn  I..  T. 
WoiidliaU,Hdaid,I 
WOOdBBd,  Hinj  A.,  nnyni 
WooDbhb,  J.  M.,  CbttO,  OU. 


W)Bdw!willkB|WHnn,lh.  ' 
ViMa,  C.  HuBta,  BiookllM,  Ham, 
WlaUr,  Alakna,  Rh  Hutftm,  CL 
WW.  tikTfS,  Soolh  Hkfu,  Weh. 
WInnU,  brtlH,  inniUMmJMik 

WtS^rjBlull.,H*wHkT«ii,Ot. ' 
Wolntt,  iuoal,  CtoTdud,  O. 
WolesU,  8.  T.,  A.  H.  A.,  BtehmoBd,  ADMia 
VolcoM,  WIUkB,  Mnit,  Mich. 
Wood,  AM  8.,  gmwloii  Bridn,  N.  T. 
Vood,  CbMlM  W.,  tluiBiUo,  Hub. 
Vsod,  ViBBnla,  Builiiatiin,  B.  1. 
IToad,  Ooono  L,  St.  Ctood,  Mfam. 


WoodwoMh,  Htonr  D.,WiiSbrd,  Mom. 
Woodwocth,  HoiHi  %,  miwtaa,  CL 
Woodaortb,  WUH^  W.TBdSai&n,  Ml 
Woolar,  Joi^h  J.,  IMiUBtCt. 
WDDlnr,  'nMed<in  B.,  KavBina.CI. 
Woiwtat,  Snid,  Mdnn,  la. 
WonMUr,  Luc  b.rAnbDiiid*)(,  Hhi. 
Wenvttr.  John  H.,  Burdivton,  VL 
WoR«lJ.  BhJuhIii  #.,  Onterta,  lU. 
i<  <  "'  alapcrt^o. 

\Wi..-  ,■      \.i .    .llln[DO,WlL 

Wrtjut!  Eii.™'Br  H  i  ^Trtch,  Km*. 
WiM,  Iphniuii  M.,lBIT?lUl,Ct. 
Wijbl,  Oeorxif  t-.nxknku.Vt. 


Wlllluii  3  .'<}lut«tuT,  Ct. 

,AitoiwD..Moao«,IlJ. 

.JaM>>D.,  WllDBlOrOTB.tU. 

.....s.,>u,il.oo,N.  Y. 

>.  N'a>l>;Li,l.'f  T.,YnvKnUW,  S.  T. 

\ll...ll  A  ,T"flDB,  wit 

IulinK..I]i>|iklnUui,H.  H. 
^jiuTicI,  ^^^Ib  Hmuoiid.  K.  T, 
Clu-UtupLi/r,  Dppu  Aiiubocu,  V,  S. 


170 


OyngrtgatMvui  Quarterfy  Record. 


[Jan. 


GONOBEOATIONAL  QUARTERLY  RECORD.— 1868. 


BBTHEL.  Mkh.,  Oct  21 
BIRD'S  GBXBK,  Wli.,  Oet.  16. 6 
BLOOMTIELD,  Ind.,  Nor.  15, 11  l 
CALMAR,  lo.,  Oct.  6. 9  mcmbsM. 
GHBBAN8B,  111.,  Oct,  S7, 14  mflmlian. 
OHICAQO,  m,  Oct.  11,  tiM  Bethuqr  Ch.,  16 

mrailwrf. 
OmCAOO,  m..  Not.  92,  tht  LwTltt  81.  Ch.,  iO 

nmnben. 
CLBAB  GRBBK,  lo.,  Oct  28,  tht  V«U^  Ch.,  9 

Picinbcw. 
BURSKA,  Kad.,  Oct.  26, 10  BMmlMn. 
HAMILTON,  Mo.,  flept.  27. 12 mambcarfl. 
HARTFORD,  Mo.,  Oct.  11,16  memben. 
LAWRENOB,  MMi.,  Oct.  14,  tho  fvM  Ch.,  86 

nmnbon. 
NEW  HAVEN,  Mioh.,  Oet.  20, 17 
BATICOT.  C«L.  10  mwibin. 
8T.  JOSEPH,  Mo. 
TONOANOXIE.  Km.,  Sept.  28, 16  . 
TYSON'S  MILLS,  lo.,  11  mamUn. 
YIENNA,  Kan.,  Dae.  6, 10 
WSNTW0RTH,Io.,12 


DOUQLAS,  TRUMAN  0.,  ow  the  Ch.  in  0mm, 

lo.,  Oct.  28.    SennoQ  bj  Bor.  Burael  P. 

Sloan,  of  McOvHEOP. 
DRAKB,  ELUS  R..  owr  the  Ch.  ia  Wajluid. 

M«M.,  Not.  10.    Sennon  br  Rot.  Btoinnd 

K.  Alden,  d.  i>.,  of  South  Botton.    Ordals- 

teff  Pnjor  by  Rot.  Bfaethan  B.  Strong,  of 

Wiltham. 
GERRT,  ELBRIDGB.  to  the  worit  of  tho  MinlllKy 

in  Wett  R>nde»h,  Yt. .  Sept.  24. 
GREGORY,  LEWIS,  over  the  Ch.  in  W.  Amee- 

bury,  Maw.,  Oct.  16.     Sennon  bj   Rot. 

Jamea  W.  Habbeil,  of  MiUbtd,  Ct. 
HAMUN,  CYRUS,  onr  the  Ch.  in  BeUom  Valle, 

Yt.,  Oet.  9.    Sanwrn  ^7  Rer.  Joeeph  ▲. 


MUfUnXSt  QSDAXnSD. 

BALE.  ALBERT  G.,  orer  the  Ch.  in  Mdroee, 
MafB.,  Deo.  8.  Semon  bj  Rbt.  Jnlliu  H. 
Seelye,  n.  d.,  of  Amherat  OoUmm.  Ordain- 
ing Pmyer  bj  Rer.  Bdwin  B.  Webb,  b.  b., 
of  Boeton. 

BLAKESLEB,  NEWTON  T.,  orer  the  Ch.  in  At- 
wator,  0.,  Nor.  11.  Sennon  by  Rer.  Jamea 
Shaw,D.D.,  of  Windham.  Oiduning  Pnyer 
by  Rer.  Hemrr  L.  Hltchcoek,  d.  B.,  of  Weet- 
em  Reeeiie  CMlMfe. 

BLANCHARD,  ADDISON,  orer  the  Ch.  hi  South 
Bridgton,  Me.,  Sept.  9.  Sennon  by  Rer. 
Darid  B.  Sewall,  of  Fiyebmv. 

BLISS,  DANIEL  J.,  over  the  Ch.  in  Holland, 
Mass.,  Dee.  9.  Sennon  by  Rer.  Ariel  E.  P. 
Perkins,  of  Ware.  Ordaining  Prayer  by 
Rer.  Samoel  I.  Curties,  of  Union,  Ct. 

CAMPBELL,  GABRIEL,  to  the  woric  of  the  Min- 
istfy  in  St.  Anthony,  Minn.,  Oct.  27.  Ser- 
mon bT  Rer.  Abel  K.  Packard,  of  Anoka. 
Ordaining  Prayer  by  Rer.  Richard  Hall,  of 
St.  Paol. 

CLARK,  ALBERT  W.,  orer  the  Ch.  in  GUead,  Ct., 
Not.  ^.  Sermon  by  Rer.  Joeeph  C.  Bod- 
well,  D.  D.,  of  Hartford  Seminary.  Ordain- 
ing PravOT  by  Rot.  Frederick  D.  ATory,  of 
Cwnmbm. 

CLARK.  DBWrrr  S.,  orer  tlie  1st  Br.  Ch.  in 
CUnton,  Blase.,  Not.  11.  Sermon  by  Rer. 
Eden  B.  Footer,  D.  n.,  of  Lowell.  Ordaining 
Prayer  by  Rot.  Ebeneaer  Cutlor,  d.  d.,  <^ 
Woroeeter. 

COGSWELL,  J.  S.,  at  Zmnbrota,  Minn.,  Not.  16. 
Sennon  by  BeT.  William  B.  Dada,  of  Lake 

COREY,  PHILIP  D.,  to  the  work  of  the  Ministry 
in  Hartford,  Ct..  Oct.  4.  Sennon  by  Rot. 
Robert  G.  Vennilye.  n.  n.,  of  Hartford  Sem- 
inary. Ordaining  Prayer  by  ReT.  William 
L.  Gage,  of  Hartford. 

CURTIS,  ETHAN,  oTer  the  Ch.  in  Camden,  N.  Y., 
Oct.  14.  Sennon  by  Rot.  John  C.  Holbrook, 
n.  D. ,  of  Homer.  Ordaining  Pr^er  by  ReT. 
William  B.  Hammond,  of  Lenox. 


Leaeh,  of  Keene,  N.  H.    Onklniag  rnrair 

^  Rer.  Alfred  Stereaa,  oTw^AnlMtar 

Weat. 
HARLOW,  R.  KENDRICK,  to  the  woric  of  the 

Mfaiistty  hi  MIddlebonmgh,  Maaa.,  Oct.  15. 

Sermon  by  Rer.  Orpheoa  T.  Lanphoar,  of 

BoTerly.    Ordainlnff  Prayer  by  Ber.  Baflw 

M.  Sawyer,  of  lOdSeboroagh. 
HABBI80N,  JAMBS,  onr  the  Bithaoj  Ch.  ha 

Chicago,  m.,  Deo.  17.    Sermon  by  Rer. 

FranUin  W.  Fkft,  B.B.,  of  Chloafo  8«Hd- 

HATEUL^AY,  DANBBL  B.,  to  the  woric  of  the 
Ministry  hi  Wadawortt,  0. .  Nor.  17.  Ser- 
mon byReiT^Axehlbnld  8.  Shaftr,  of  SoTiUe. 

HAWKES,  WINFIELD  8.,  ofer  the  Ch.  in  Wap- 
ping  (So.  Windaor),  Ct.,  Not.  12. 


by  Rcfr.  William  Barrowa,  n.  i».,  of  Readinf , 
Maes.  Ordaining  Pnjer  br  Ber.  Robert  G. 
Yermilye,  d.  n.,  of  Hartford  Seminary. 

HOLBROOK^  M.  K.,at  KeUy*e  Uknd.O.,  Not.  11. 
Sermon  by  Rot.  Jnalfai  X.  TwIeheU,  of 
MansiMd. 

LORD,  DANIEL  B.,  OTer  the  Ch.  in  Goshon  (Leb- 
anon), Ct.,  Oct.  16.  Semon  by  Rot.  Mer- 
rick Knight,  of  Rocl^  Hill.  Ordaining 
Prayer  by  Rot.  Safanon  MeCall,  of  Sarbrook. 

MARSH,  CHARLES  B.,  oTer  the  Ch.  in  Smunor 
HiU,  ni.,  Oct.  16.  Sermon  by  Rer.  William 
W.  Rose,  of  Pittsfleld. 

McLEAN,  ALLEN,  OTer  the  Grore  St.  Ch.  in  B. 
Orange,  N.  J.,  Oct.  14.  Sermon  by  Rot. 
OllTor  B.  Daggett,  d.  d.,  of  Yale  College,  Ct. 
Ordaining  Prayer  by  Rct.  Leonard  Bacoo, 
D.  n..  of  Yale  College. 

MERRIMAN,  DANIEL,  oTer  the  Broadway  Ch. 
in  Norwich,  Ct.,  Sept.  80.  Sermon  by  Rot. 
Edwards  A.  Park,  n.  n.,  of  AndoTer  Semi- 
nary, Mass.  Ordaining  Prayer  by  Rot. 
AlTan  Bond,  n.  n.,  of  Norwich  Town. 

MOORE,  N.  SCHUYLER,  to  the  work  of  the  Mln- 
Istry  In  Brooklyn.  N.  Y.,  Not.  11.  Sermon 
by  ReT.  Robert  Gf.  Hntchlns,  of  Brooklyn. 
Ordaining  Prayer  by  Rot.  Frank  Rnaadl. 

OBER.  WILLIAM  F.,  to  the  work  of  the  Mlnietry 
In  Mkldleboroogh,  Maes.,  Oct.  16.  Sennon 
by  ReT.  Orpbeoi  T.  Lanphear,  of  BeTeriy. 
Otdainlng  Prayer  by  ReT.  Rolhs  M.  Sawyer, 
of  MIddleborongh. 

PALMER,  CHARLES  M.,  OTer  the  Ch.  hi  Harrla- 
Tille,  N.  H.,  Dec.  8.  Sennon  by  Rot.  Wil- 
liam S.  Karr,  of  Keeae.  Ordaining  Prayer 
by  ReT.  Rufhs  Case,  of  Jafllirey. 

POMEROY,  EDWARD  N.,  over  the  Ch.  in  Riga, 
N.  Y.,  Not.  11.  Sermon  by  ReT.  Dwight 
K.  Bartlett,  of  Rochester. 

PORTER,  EDWARD  G.,  OTer  the  Hancock  Ch.  in 
Lexington,  Mass.,  Oct.  1.  S^mon  by  Rct. 
Jamea  H.  Maana,  of  Doreheat«r.    Ocdaining 


1869.] 


QmffregaUmal  Quarterly  Jteeard. 


171 


rooag, 


Psmr  hf  Btr.  SuM  B.  Cadj,  B. ».,  of 

AriingtoB. 
PUTHAM ,  HllUM  D.,  our  th*  Ch.  In  W.  Oob- 

oord,  N.  H.,  Oet.  S8.      Botiboii  by  Rer. 

Mltaa  P.  Bthbui,  b.  b.,  of  DuinM,  r 

Ozdaininff  Pnmr  dj  Roit.  Jolin  K.  T< 

B.  >.,  of  uookutoo. 
BXBATTON,  8AMUCL  f .,  to  tho  nofk  of  tho 

lliaMi7iaLU^IU^8«pl.l4.    Swuumby 

B«r.  VkoBkUn  w.  IWr,  d.b..  of  Cblcago 

8«BiBonr.    OfiatBtagPfajor  dj  Bot.  Job- 

othott  BUBBtaofd,  of  wIimUod  GoUmb. 
•nn»IS8|  IBIDniOK  B.,  ofw  Um  Ch.  in 

SkowlMgan,  Mo.,  Oet.  1.    Sannoa  bj  Ber. 

Jolm  O.  IWn,  ». ».,  of  Both. 
TATLOB,  JOmi  P.^ovw  tho  Booth  Oh.  In  Mid- 

dlatowB,  Ot>i  Mot.  IS.     tarmon  1^  Ber. 

■dwordt  A*  nriC|  »•  »*»  9i  Andofw  tani- 


TBNNBT,  klNBT  M.,  orw  the  TUlogo  Ch.  hi 
Pnrahitw,  MtM.,  Get.  SL  Samoa  bj 
BoT.  Bdwoidt  A.  Pltfk,  s. ».,  of  Andoror 


THOU  MOB.  VBANK.  to  tho  work  of  tho  MiaSrtry 
to  BprlnglMd,  mam.,  Nor.  IS.  8iRiiOB  by 
Bar.  Bwy  M.  Ponooi,  of  Bprincflold«  Or- 
dotatag  Ptajor  hgr  Bar.  Bataaai  O.  Back- 
to^han,  >.  :o.,  of  optlagfiold. 

TBCMIPSON.  WILLIAM  A.»  orar  tho  Oh.  to  Ooa- 
«^,  Maaa.,  iiapt.  80.  Sannon  by  Bar.  Wil- 
Baan  Thompaan,  b.  a.,  of  Hartlbad  Sami- 
aoiy,  Ot.  OrdatotogPnyorbyBeT.Oharlaa 
Lflwi,  of  Baoktaad. 

TIBBT,  JAMBS,  to  tho  work  of  tha  Mtoiafary  to 
Ikadoolo,  Miah.,  Oet  7. 

VmaiM,  BAMIJKL  H.,  over  tho  Broadway  Ch.  to 
SooMrvilla,  Maai.,  Oet.  97.  BenaoabyBoT. 
Joeob  M.  Maaatog,  a.  s^  of  Boatoa.  Or- 
datotag  Prayor  by  Bar.  Jaaiea  B.  MUoa,  of 
Charleatowa. 

ITABB,  J.  WIL90N,  Jr.,  to  tha  work  of  the  Mto- 
Istiy  to  Middleboroofh,  Maai.,  Oct.  16. 
Sermoa  by  Rot.  Orptusua  T.  Laophear,  of 
BoTwly.  Ordatoiag  Prayer  by  Bar.  RuAia 
M.  Sawyer,  of  Mkldleboroagh. 

WOOD.  WILL  C,  orer  the  Gh.  to  Laaaarille, 
Maaa.,  Oet.  la.  Seraioa  hr  Ber.  Neheaiiah 
Adaais,  a.  o.,  of  Boetoo.  Ordaining  Prayer 
by  BeT.  Uaiah  C.  Tliacher,  of  Gloueeater. 

WBIGIIT.  W.  B.  C,  oTor  the  Plymouth  Ch.  ia 
Philadelphia.  Pa.,  Oct.  1.  Sermon  by  Ber. 
William  B.  Browa,  of  Newark,  N.  J. 


xnrisTXBs  ihstalled. 

AUSTIN,  BoT.  SAMUEL  J^  oter  the  Ch.  to  War- 
rea,  Maaa.,  Not.  19.  Sermoa  by  BeT.  Jnllaa 
U.  Seelye,  a.  a.,  of  Aailierat  College.  la- 
atalUng  Prayer  by  Bot.  Joaeph  Vaill,  a.  a., 
of  Palmer. 

BBAN,  BeT.  DAVID  M.,  OTer  the  Ch.  to  Webater, 
Maaa..  Dec.  10.  Sermoo  by  ReT.  Albert  H. 
Plnmb,  of  Cheb«a.  Installiag  Prayer  by 
BeT.  MHlUam  T.  Brigga,  of  Eaat  Douglas. 

BBLDBN,  Rot.  HENRT.  OTer  the  Ch.  in  Park- 
TiUe,  L.  I.,  Not.  80.  Sermoa  by  Rot.  A1- 
aion  Underwood,  of  IrTingtoa,  N.  J.  In- 
atalling  Prayer  by  Rot.  Samuel  Baylira,  of 
Brooklyn. 

BISCOB,  ReT.  THOMAS  C.  OTer  the  Ch.  io  Uz- 
bndge,  Mass.,  Dee.  2.  Sermoo  by  ReT. 
WlUiuB  A.  Stearni,  a.  a.,  of  Amherat  Col- 
kge.  laatalliag  Prayer  by  ReT.  Heaiy  B. 
Giooker,  a.  a.,  of  Boatoa. 

BRADFORD,  Rot.  BENJAMIN  ¥..  oTer  the  Ch. 
to  Ch&rlotte,  Mkh.,  Oct.  27.  Sermon  by  ReT.. 
Sereno  W.  Streeter,  of  Union  City. 

BB08S,  ReT.  HARMON,  orer  the  Ch.  in  Ottumwa, 
Io.,  Oct.  29.  Sermon  by  ReT.  WilUam 
Salter,  a.  a.,  of  Bariiagtoa. 


OLABK,  Rer.  ISAAO,  ofor  tha  let  01k  to  Aurora, 
111.,  Sept.  15.  Bonaoa  by  Ber.  Joel  Oraat, 
ofBrlatol. 

DIOKBBSON,  BoT.  ORSON  0.,  orer  tha  Oh.  to 
Booaaboro,  Io..  Sept.  17.  Sermoa  br  BeT. 
Samuel  D.  Goearaaia. a., of  Oriaadl.  la- 
atalliag Prayer  by  Bar.  Samuel  J.  Whitoa, 
ofWittamboif. 

BBBS,  Rer.  BDWARD,  ow  the  Ch.  to  Ottawa, 
Oat..  Sept.  10.  SccBioB  by  Rot.  Prancia  H. 
Marlmg,  of  Toronto.  LMitalllag  Prayer  by 
Rot.  Keaneth  M.  Venwfek,  <tf  Kiagitoa. 

PAT,  ReT.  HBNBT  0.,OT«r  thaCh.toHubbard- 
atoa,  MaaiL,  Sept.  80.  Sermoa  by  BeT. 
Morthaer  Buko,  a.  a. ,  of  Taaatoa.  laatall- 
tog  Prayer  by  Bar.  Lewia  Sabto,  a.  a.,  of 
TampletoD. 

IBBBMAN,  Rer.  JOHN  B.,  orar  the  lat  Oh.  to 
Barkhamated,  Gt.,  Sept.  16.  Sermon  by 
BoT.  Qoorga  W.  OTiatt,  of  TaleottriUe.  Ia- 
atail^  Prayar  by  Bot.  William  H.  Moore, 

HASKELL,  Ber.  THOMAS  N..  orer  tha  New  Bag- 
land  Ch.  to  Aurora,  Hi.,  Dee.  16.  Sermon 
by  Bot.  Joaaph  HaToa,  a.  a.,  of  Ohioago 


HOLMES,  ReT.  HBNBT  M..  orer  the  Ch.  to 
Oreeowleh,  N.  T.,  Dee.  2.  Sermon  by  Bar. 
William  S.  Smart,  of  Albaay. 

HOWARD,  Rer.  MARTIN  S.,  otw  the  Ch.  to 
Wilbraham,  Maas^  Oet.  29.  Sermoa  by 
ReT.  WUUam  S.  Tyler,  a.  a.,  of  Amherat 
College.  laatalliag  Prayer  by  Rot.  Joaeph 
YailL  a.  a.,  of  Pataaar. 

JBNKINS,  ReT.  JONATHAN  L.,  OTer  the  lat  Ch. 
to  AoihevBt,  Maaa.,  Sept.  91.  Sermon  by 
Rot.  Horace Buahnellj).  a.jOf  Hartford,  Ct. 
laatalltog  Prayer  by  Bot.  WUliaa  S.  Laon- 
axd,  of  Daaa. 

JOHNS,  BOT.  B.  B.,  Ofar  the  Talcott  St.  Ch.  to 
Hartfbfd,  Gt.,  Oct.  22.  Sermoo  by  ReT. 
George  B.  Spaidiag.  of  Hartford.  laatalliag 
PraTer  by  ReT.  Robert  Southgato,  of  Hart- 
ford. 

LAWRENCE,  Rot.  EDWARD  A.,  a.  a.,  OTer  the 
8d  Ch.  to  Marblehead.  Maaa.,  Not.  18.  Ser- 
moa by  ReT.  Joha  Cottoa  Smith,  a.  a.,  of 
New  York  City.  loataUing  Prayer  b/  Rer. 
AbUah  R.  Baker,  of  Doreheator.  ^ 

LONGLBY,  ReT.  MOSES  M;.  OTer  the  Ch.  to 
Green VUle,  111.,  Sept.  27.  Sermon  by  ReT. 
Henry  M.  Tapper,  of  WoTerley.  Installing 
Prayer  by  Rer.  Henry  D.  Piatt,  of  Brighton. 

LYMAN,  ReT.  CHARLES  N.,  OTer  the  Ch.  to 
Dunlap,  Io.,  Dec.  16.  Sermon  by  Rot. 
Hiram  P.  Roberta,  of  Council  Bluin.  In- 
stalling Prayer  hj  Bot.  Reuben  Gaylord,  of 
Omaha,  Neb. 

MERWIN,  ReT.  SAMUEL  J.  M.,  OTor  the  Ch.  to 
Wiltoo.  Ct.,  Oct.  20.  Sermoo  by  Rot.  Gorw 
don  Hall,  o.  a. ,  of  Northampton,  Maaa.  In- 
stalling Prayer  by  Rot.  Edward  E.  Raakin, 
of  Fairfield^ 

BIURRAY,  Rev.  WILLIAM  H.  H.,  oTor  the  Park 
St.  Ch.  in  Boston.  Mass..  Not.  11.  Sermon 
by  ReT.  Edward  N.  Kirk,  a.  a.,  of  Boatoa. 
Installing  Prayer  by  Rot.  George  W.  Bhig- 
den,  a.  d.,  of  Boaton. 

NORTON,  ReT.  JOHN  F.,  orer  the  Ch.  in  Flta- 
wUliam,  N.  H^  Sept.  28.  Sermon  by  ReT. 
Augustus  C.  Thompaon,  o.  a.,  of  Rozbury, 
Mass.  Installing  Prayer  by  ReT.  Ebeneaar 
W.  Bullard,  of  Koyalston,  Mass. 

ROOT,  ReT.  EDWARD  W.,  oTer  the  Ch.  to  Wea- 
teriy ,  R.  I.,  Not.  11.  Sermon  by  Ret,  Jamea 
G.  Voee,  of  ProTidence. 

SALMON,  ReT.  JOHN,  oTer  the  Churchea  to  War- 
wick  and  Forest,  Ont.,  Sept.  26.  Installtog 
Prayer  by  Rot.  Jamea  A.  R.  Dickaoa,  of 
LondoB.       

SBOTH,  ReT.  EDWIN,  OTor  tha  Ch.  to  Barra, 


^ 


172 


Congregational  Quarterly  JUcard, 


[Jan. 


Hmii.,  Oct.  29.  Sermon  by  Bat.  Junei  M. 
Wblton ,  of  Ljnn.  IiutalUng  Prayer  by  Ret. 
David  Peck,  of  SonderlAiul. 

STONE,  TIMOTHY  D.  P.,  over  the  Ch.  in  Amir 
bet,  MMi.,  Not.  17.  Sennon  by  Rer.  Mi- 
not  J.  Savage,  of  Tramingham.  Inatalling 
Prayer  by  HeT.  Qerage  N.  Anihooy ,  of  Marl- 
borough. 

SWIFT,  ReT.  ELIPHALBT  T.,  over  the  Oh.  In 
Denmark,  lo.,  Ocl.  21.  Sennon  by  Rer. 
Ileniy  B.  U(^mee.  of  Bliddlelown. 

TOBREY,  Rer.  CHARLES  0.,  over  the  Ch.  In 
Georgia,  Tt.,  Dee.  16.  Sermon  by  Rer. 
Joseph  Torrey,  of  Hardwiok. 

WALKER,  ReT.  AVERT  8.,  onr  the  lat  Ch.  In 
VairhaTen,  Mass.,  Oct.  2B.  SarmonbyReT. 
Joshua  W.  Wellman,  d.  d.,  of  Newton.  In- 
atalling Prayer  by  ReT.  LeancUur  Cobb,  of 
Ijlarlon. 

WALTER,  ReT.  OEOROB  L.,  OTor  the  Centre  Ch. 
in  New  HaTen,  Ct.,  Not.  18.  Sermon  by 
ReT.  Goorge  N.  Boardman,  of  Bingham pton. 
N.  Y.  Inatalling  Piaijer  by  Rer.  Leonard 
Bao<m,  D.  D.,  of  Yale  College. 

WALKER,  ReT.  T0WN3END,  over  the  Ch.  In 
Goshen,  Mass.,  Se^t.  29.  Swmon  by  ReT. 
Edward  Clark,  of  Chesterfield. 

WILLARD,  ReT.  SAMUEL  G.,  oTer  the  Ch.  in 
Colchester,  Ct.,  Sept  28.  Sennon  by  Rst. 
EUlridge  Mix,  of  Orange.  N.  J.  Installing 
Prayer  by   ReT.   Robert    P.   Stanton,  of 

GreeneTlUe. 

WINDSOR,  ReT.  JOHN  H.,  OTer  the  Ch.  in  Graf- 
ton, Mass.,  Sept.  29.  Sermon  by  ReT.  Eg- 
bert C.  Smyth,  of  Andonsr  Seminary.  In- 
stalling Prayer  by  Rer.  Lewis  F.  Clark,  of 
WhitinsTille. 

WINES,  ReT.  C.  MAURICE,  OTer  the  HarTard  Ch. 
In  Brookline,  Mass.,  Not.  12.  Sermon  by 
ReT.  Enoch  C.  Wines,  d.  d.,  of  New  Yore 
City.  Installing  Prayer  by  Rer.  George  W. 
Blagden,  o.  d.,  of  Boston.        ' 


LIYERMORE,  Rot.  AARON  R.,  from  the  Ch.  In 

Goshen  (Lebanon),  Ct.,  Oct.  15. 
LYMAN,  ReT.  CHARLES  N..  from  the  Ch.  in 

Canton  Centra,  Ct.,  Sept.  21. 
SEYERANCE,  ReT.  MILTON  L.,  from  the  Ch.  in 

Boecawen,  N.  H.,  Dec.  22. 
SMITH,  ReT.  EDWIN,  from  the  Chestnut  St.  Ch. 

in  Lynn,  Mass.,  Oet.  8. 
SMITH,  ReT.  ISAAC  B.,  from  the  Ch.  in  Algon- 
quin, HI.,  Not.  10. 
TAYLOR,  Rer.  JEREMIAH,  n.  B.,  frtm  the  1st 

Ch.  in  Middletown,  Ct.,  Oct.  20. 
TURNER,  ReT.  ASA,  from  the  Ch.  in  Denmark, 

Io.,Oct.  21. 
WARREN,  Est.  LE  ROY,  from  the  Ch.  in  Elk 

Rapids.  Mich.,  Oct.  28. 
WOLCOTT,  Rer.  JOHN   M.,  from   the  Oh.  In 

BUnbeth,  N.  J.,  Oct.  U. 


MJLN18TEH8  XABSIED. 

BALE  —  PULSIFER.  In  Newton  Comer,  — ., 
Dee.  1,  ReT.  Albert  G.  Bale,  of  Melroaa,  to 
MlM  Mary  C  Pnlsifcr. 

BARTLETT  —  BAR3T0W.  In  ProTidaae«,B.I., 
Not.  26,  ReT.  Edward  O.  Bartiett,  to  Miss. 
Anna  J.,  daughter  of  Hon.  Amos  C.  Bar- 
stow.  

GERRY  —  CHURCH.  In  West  Randolph,  Tt., 
Sept.  24.,  ReT.  Blhridge  Gorry,  to  Silas  Ln- 
eia  L.  Church. 

RICHARDS  —  MINER.  In  Charles  dty,  lo., 
Not.  18,  Rst.  Charles  H.  Richards,  of  Mad- 
ison, Wis.,  to  Miss  Marts  M.,  dan^tar  of 
ReT.  A.  Miner. 

STUR6ESS  —  INGLEB.  InMaehias,Me.,Oct.  8, 
ReT.  Frederick  X.  Storgess,  of  Angosta,  to 
Miss  Mary  X.,  dan^iter  of  Dea.  Wimam 
Inglee,  ofM. 


PA8T0M  DISKISSED. 

AUSTIN,  Rer.  SAMUEL  J.,fh>m  the  Ch.  in  Ox- 
ford, Mass.,  Not.  9. 
BARBOUR,  ReT.  WILLIAM  M.,  from  the  Ch.  In 

Peabody,  Mass.,  Oct.  15. 
BARTLBTT,  ReT.  WILLIAM  A.,  from  the  Ehn 

Place  Ch.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  9. 
BOARDMAN,   Rct.  JOSEPH,  from   the  Ch.  In 

Hopkinton,  Mass.,  Sept.  24. 
BULLARD.  Rot.  EBENEZER  W..  from  the  1st 

Ch.  In  Royalston,  Mass.,  Sept.  29. 
CARRUTHERS,  Rot.  WILLIAM,  from  the  Maple 

St.  Ch.  in  DanTers,  Mass.,  Sept.  28. 

CHESEBROUGH,  Rst.  AMOS^  from  the  Ch.  In 

Glastenbury,  Ct.,  Oet.  22.    (To  take  effect 

Not.  12  ) 
DAVENPORT,  ReT.  WILLIAM  W.,flrom  the  Ch. 

In  West  KilHngly,  Ct,  Sept.  22.    (To  take 

effect  Sept.  80.) 
DEBnXG,  ReT.   ALONZO   T.,  from  the  Ch.  In 

Swanton.  Yt ,  Oct  21. 
DIMMOCK,  ReT.  SAMUEL  R.,  fh>m  the  Ch.  in 

Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  Oet  18. 
DODGE,  Rct.  JOHN  W.,  fitun  the  Ch.  in  Hamp- 
ton, N.  H.,  Not. 
FOSTER,  R«T.  ADDISON  P.,  Arom  the  Appleton 

St.  Ch.  in  Lowell  Mass.  Not.  16. 
HBALEY,  ReT.  JOSEPH  W.,  ftt>m  the  Tabernacle 

Ch.  in  Chicago,  HI.,  Oct.  16. 
HILLS,  R»T.  \nLLIAM  S.|from  the  Ch.  at  Mott's 

Comer,  N.  Y.,  Not.  22. 
HOWARD,  ReT.  MARTIN  S.,  from  the  Ch.  in 

GroTeland*  Mass.,  Oct.  8. 


MIHItTEBB  DXCEASXD. 

ANDREWS,  ReT.  LORRIN,  in  Honolulu,  Sand. 

Isl.,  Sept  29,  aged  74  years. 
REALS,  Rct.  DAYID,  hi  Southwick,  Mass.,  Sept 

28,  aged  89  years. 
BROWN,  ReT.  THADDEUS  H.,  In  N.  Woodstock, 

Ct., Oct.  19,  aged  80  years. 
CHASE,  ReT.  BENJAMIN  C.  In  Foxerolt,  Me., 

Oct.  18,  aged  49  years. 
CRAIO.  ReT.  WHKELOCK,  in  Nenlbhatel,  SwIts., 

Not.  28,  aged  44  years. 
FOSTER,  ReT.  BENJAMIN  F.,  In  Dununerston, 

Vt.,  Not.  2,  aged  66  years. 
MUNGER,  ReT.  SENDOL  B.,  In  Bombay,  Ind., 

July  28,  aged  65  years. 
PAGE.  ReT.  BENJAMIN  ST.  J.,  In  Warran,  O., 

Not.  9,  aged  58  years. 
PARKER,  ReT.  LUCIUS,  In  Larimer;  Neb.,  Sept. 

24,  aged  61  years. 
PERRY,  ReT  JOHN  A.,  In  OulUbrd,  Me.,  Oet  16, 

aged  65  years. 
POOR,  ReT.  EBENEEEB,  in  Lawrenee,  BlaM.,  Oet 

18,  aged  72  years. 
SMITH,  ReT.  HORACE,  in  Richfleld,  0.,  Not.  20, 

aged  70  years. 


insmEBV  WIVES  deceabsd, 

DENISON.  Mrs.  LAURA  A.,  wUb  of  Rer.  Andrew 

C,  In  New  Britain,  Ct.,  Aug.  8,  aged  85 

years. 
PAINE,  Mrs.  SARAH,  wUb  of  Rer.  WUUam,  n.9., 

in  Holden,  Mass.,  Oct  8,  aged  67  years. 
THACHER,  Mrs.  HENRIETTA ^wlib  of  Rer.  Mo- 

see,  in  Mnnson,  HL,  Nor.  28^  afsd  78  jsui* 


1869.]  :Ediion'  TaSU.  178 


EDITOBS'  TABLE. 

Thb  foniier  editon  are  glad  to  welcome  Mr.  Samuel  Bamfaam  to  fheir  corps.  Hia 
general  icbolaiihip  and  his  editorial  experience  will  donbtless  be  ftdlj  appreciated  bj 
the  sabscribers  to  the  Qaorterfjf. 

Thb  Qurterhf  i^fesents  to  the  readers  of  this  number  an  unfamiliar  appearance. 
Entering  upon  a  second  decade,  we  hare  thooght  best  to  make  snch  improvements  as  an 
experience  of  ten  years  has  suggested.  Instead  of  double  columns,  we  have  adopted  the 
usual  "  Quarteriy "  page,  though  ours  is  larger  than  common,  and  our  type  one  siae 
smaller.  Using  paper  of  the  same  large  size,  we  get  a  better  margin,  and  still  give  con- 
nderable  more  matter  than  is  usual  on  each  page.  We  add  two  hundred  pages  to  the 
former  four  hundred  of  each  Tolume ;  and  make  our  price  two  dolkant  a  year.  The  extra 
half-dollar  will  hardly  pay  for  the  added  paper,  without  the  composition.  We  have 
selected  better  paper;  and  our  printing  will  still  be  done  at  the  Uniyersity  Press,  Cam- 
bridge, which  for  general  good  taste,  skill  in  proof-reading,  and  beauty  of  work  is  un- 
surpassed in  the  country.  Although  our  price  is  unprooedentedly  low,  yet  a  good  list 
will  enable  us  to  nyeet  expenses,^ and  work  without  pay. 

In  succeeding  numbers,  our  leading  biographies  of  persons  recently  deceased  will  be 
accompanied  by  portraits  on  steel,  engrayed  in  the  best  style,  and  expressly  for  our  use. 
In  this  foatnre  we  believe  we  are  alone.  Our  statistics  are  acknowledged  to  be  un- 
rivalled. Whatever  are  our  other  departments,  we  shall  still  endeavor  to  occupy  ground 
claimed  by  no  other  periodical,  and  to  interfere  with  none. 

The  annual  statistics  in  this  number  are  more  complete,  and  more  clear  in  details, 
than  ever  iKifore.  The  labor  of  years  has  now  enabled  os  to  secure,  by  correspondence 
and  otiierwise,  statistics  which  we  believe  nneqaallcd  by  those  of  any  other  denomination. 
Mach  of  their  increased  value  is  due  to  the  steady  improvement  in  the  several  State  pub- 
lications. To  the  respective  Secretaries  we  render  our  warm  thnnks  for  their  hearty 
cooperation.  Our  permanent  helpers  are  now  found  in  every  Province,  State,  and  Ter- 
ritory, from  Nova  Scotia  to  California ;  and  our  circulation  is  equally  extensive.  • 

Our  "  Quarterly  Record,"  it  will  be  noticed,  is  now  arranged  alphabetically,  to  facili- 
tate examination. 

Wb  have  on  hand  a  small  number  of  full  sets  of  the  QftaruHy^  bound  in  uniform  style 
at  $  17.50  a  set,  —  or  unbound,  at  $  1S.50.  These  ten  volumes  complete  the  first  series, 
and  would  be  a  very  valuable  addition  to  every  church  and  Sabbath  school  library ; 
wbUe  for  cleigymen  and  laymen,  who  desire  to  have  for  reading  or  reference  the  most 
complete  repository  of  denominational  facts  and  statistics  to  be  had,  these  volumes  have 
a  value  pot  to  be  overestimated. 

EspxciAL  attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  the  price  of  the  Qaorfer^jf  is  $2.00  a  year  iv 
ADTAN CB,  but  wiU  be  sent  to  all  our  subscribers,  without  re-ordering,  on  their  expressing 
swish  to  have  us  do  so.  In  remitting  this  small  amount,  we  must  request  our  sub- 
scribers not  to  send  their  own  checks  on  their  own  banks.  It  costs  us  from  an  eighth 
to  a  quarter  of  the  subscription  often  to  collect  them.  Send  bills,  postal  orders,  or  drafts 
on  New  York  or  Boston. 

Thb  New  Year  never  fails  to  bring  to  the  editors  warm  commendations  of  the  Qtuirterlg; 
indeed,  few  renew  their  subscriptions  without  a  kind  and  complimentary  reference  to  its 
value.    Such  expressions  always  cheer  us,  and  we  are  grateful  for  them.    A  few  ex- 


174*  Editore  TabU.  [Jan. 

tracts  froQi  letters  whose  auihors  ^hall  be  nameless  will  show  the  general  spirit  which  we 
believe  is  entertained  by  onr  patrons. 

Sajrs  one  cleiig3rman :  — 

"  The  denomination  owe  a  deep  and  lasting  debt  to  those  who  hare  oondnirted  this 
publication.    It  is  a  serriee  that  the  churches  cannot  dispense  with." 

Another :  — 

"  Ton  work  gfoond  needing  to  be  worked,  well ;  and  I  tmst  everj  Congregational 
minister,  and  verj  many  Congregational  men,  nnordained,  will  bid  yon  God  speed,  and 
send  you  the  extra  fiffy  cents,  as  I  do,  without  grumbling.  I  am  glad  you  ask  more, 
for  it  will  help  you  to  do  more  for  the  most  practicable  church  polity  and  institntiona  in 
the  world." 

Another :  — 

"  If  it  were  to  be  made  as  well  worth  $3.00  per  year  as  it  has  been  worth  $  1.50,  it 
would  probably  be  quite  as  well  sustained,  and  its  patrons  would  feel  richer,  and  perhaps 
a  little  prouder,  of  such  a  Quarterly,  bearing  the  significant  title  of  *CongngaiumaL' " 

A  distinguished  layman  remarks :  — 

"  I  value  it  hi^y.  Such  a  work  should  be  well  sustained  by  onr  Congregaiional 
brethren." 

A  cleigyman  writes :  — 

"  I  have  always  regarded  the  Qmgrtgaiionai  Qattrterfy  as  a  very  interesting  and  osefiil 
publication,  and  its  meni$  have  been  wdl  mutained.  It  is  just  such  a  periodical  as  intdli- 
gent  laymen  in  our  churches  need;  and  if  they  would  b^n  to  take  it,  they  would  not 
be  willing  to  do  without  it" 

Throuor  the  kindnesf  of  onr  friends,  and  by  reason  of  specific  arrangements  by 
ourselves,  we  have  many  more  articles  on  hand  than  can  appear  in  the  January  number, 
as  their  authors  generally  desure !  But  as  three  numbers  yet  remain  for  the  year,  the  ac- 
cumulation of  material  is  very  pleasing,  and  also  gives  an  excellent  opportunity  for 
judicious  selection  in  the  interest  of  our  readers.  There  is  no  better  evidence  that  die 
Quoaierlji  is  held  in  high  esteem  than  the  fact  that  so  many  of  the  ablest  writers  in  onr 
denomination  volunteer  their  aid  in  this  material  manner. 

It  is  necessary  to  repeat  a  hint  previously  given,  that  those  who  send  obituary  no- 
tices should  make  them  short,  and  limit  them  to  facts  and  dates,  as  these  are  what 
the  public  wishes  to  know.  The  simple  fact  that  a  man  was  a  minister  of  the  gospel 
should  be  prima  facte  evidence  that  he  was  an  exemplary  Christian,  and  faithfhl  in 
the  performance  of  his  duties ;  and  if  writers  would  bear  this  in  mind,  there  would  be 
space  in  the  Quarterlg  for  many  more  obituaries  than  it  is  now  possible  to  insert. 

Wrilb  reading  Horace  Greeley's  "  Recollections,"  noticed  on  page  79,  we  came  upon 
many  things  exactly  consonant  with  onr  editorial  thinking.  Among  these  were  his 
views  of  the  Puritans  in  some  of  their  social  aspects ;  and  although  we  claim  no  "  apoa- 
tolic  succession,''  we  do  claim  to  be  in  the  true  line  of  political  and  religious  descent, 
and  are  glad  to  quote  a  single  paragraph  from  the  book  mentioned,  as  appropriate  to 
our  pages,  and  especially  because  the  present  generation  has  been  made  familiar  with 
caricatures  of  the  Puritans. 

Those  who  have  rejected  the  principles  of  our  forefathers  have  sought  to  stig> 
matize  those  principles  by  giving  offensive  portraitures  of  the  Puritans  themselves, 
and  then  representing  these  repulsive  caricatures  as  the  legitimate  result  of  their 
religious  principles.  Thus  the  community  has  been  Uught  that  the  first  settlers 
of  New  England,  although  a  conscientious  and  God-fearing  people,  were  destitute 
of  all  agreeable  and  genial  traits, — so  austere  in  their  manners,  and  severe  in  their 


1869.]  JEditore  TaiU.  175 

discipline,  that  the  children  were  afraid  of  their  parents,  the  people  in  awe  of  their  pas- 
tors, and  none  were  allowed  any  sonrces  of  et^jojnient  except  the  singing  of  psalms. 
So  persistently  hare  these  representations  been  made,  that  many  in  onr  day  seem  to 
think  that  the  only  way  to  secore  a  high  so^  cnltnre  and  tme  esthetic  grace  is  to  dis- 
card entirely  the  doctrines  of  the  Puritans  and  the  forms  of  worship  in  which  they 
engaged.  These  facts  inrest  with  special  interest  Mr.  Greelejr's  testimony  on  this 
snlject.  As  a  descendant,  on  the  maternal  side,  from  the  Scotch-  Iri^h  who  emigrated 
to  diis  country  and  settled  in  Londonderry,  N.  H.,  in  1719,  he  has  made  the  history  of 
that  people  a  study ;  and  having  himself  separated  from  their  frdth,  his  testimony  in 
their  &Tor  is  the  more  significant.    His  emphatic  words  are  as  follows :  — 

".The  current  notion  that  the  Puritans  were  a  sour,  morose,  ascetic  "people,— object- 
ing, as  Macanlay  says,  to  bear-baiting,  not  that  it  gare  pain  to  the  bear,  but  that  it  gave 
pleasure  to  the  spectator,— is  not  justified  by  my  recollections,  nor  by  the  traditions 
handed  down  through  my  mother.  The  pioneers  of  Londonderry  were  so  thoroughly 
Puritan  that,  while  their  original  framed  and  well-built  meedng-house  was  finished  and 
occupied  in  the  third  year  of  the  settlement,  when  there  were  none  other  but  log  huts  in 
the  township,  nearly  a  centuiy  elapsed  before  any  other  than  a  Presbyterian  or  Orthodox 
Congregational  sermon  was  preadied  ther^n,  and  nobody  that  was  anybody  adhered  to 
any  rival  church,  down  to  a  period  within  the  memory  of  persons  still  living.  '  The 
Westminster  Shcrter  Catechism,'— a  rather  tough  digest  of  Calvinistic  theology,  which 
aroused  my  infantile  wonder  as  to  what  a  dreadful  bore  its  Unger  counterpart  must 
be,  —  was,  within  my  experience,  r^nlarly  administered  to  us  youngsters  once  a  week, 
as  a  portion  of  our  common-school  regimen ;  and  we  were  required  to  affirm  that '  God 
having,  out  of  his  mere  good  pleasure,  from  all  eternity  elected  some  to  everlasting  life,' 
&c.,  &c.,  as  though  it  were  next  of  kin  to  the  proposition  that  two  and  two  make  four. 
If  there  was  anywhere  a  community  strictly,  thoroughly  Puritan,  such  was  Londonderry 
down  to  at  least  1 800,  as  she  mainly  is  to-day.  And  jet  there  was  more  humor,  more 
play,  more  fun,  more  merriment,  in  that  Puritan  community,  than  can  be  found  any- 
where in  tliis  anxious,  plodding  age." 

A  COURSE  of  lectures  on  the  early  history  of  Massachusetts,  by  members  of  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  is  in  progress  in  this  city.  Rev.  George  £.  Ellis, 
D.  D.,  a  prominent  Unitarian  clergyman,  whose  ability  none  will  question,  in  the  two 
lectures  he  has  delivered  in  this  course  has  uttered  some  strong  words  for  the  Puri- 
tans, in  vindication  of  some  of  their  acts  which  too  many  in  our  times  delight  in 
holding  up  to  indiscriminate  condemnation.  Thus  of  Roger  Williams  Dr.  Ellis  says, 
that  if  he  had  had  his  way,  a  grievous  wrong  would  have  been  visited  on  the  colonists ; 
that  his  mature  judgment  showed  him  the  folly  of  his  course,  when  the  imitation  of  it  by 
some  of  his  own  associates  in  Rhode  Island  led  him  to  ask  for  sympathy  and  aid  from 
^iassachusetts.  In  regard  to  the  Quakers  he  remarks,  that  the  modem  misapprehen- 
sion, leading  to  positive  injustiQe  to  the  colonists  in  the  popular  mind,  arises  from  iden- 
tifying modem  Quakers  with  the  sort  of  persons  whom  our  fathers  had  to  deal  with 
under  that  name.  "  The  indecent,  ignorant,  and  pestering  disturbers  of  early  Massa- 
chusetts have  scarcely  a  single  point  of  affinity  with  the  dignified  and  highly  esteemed 
Friends  of  our  day.  Our  Cithers' cared  little,  if  at  all,  for  their  theology ;  but  dealt  with 
them  on  the  score  of  their  lawlessness,  and  their  offensive  speech  and  behavior."  We 
merely  quote  enough  to  show  the  general  tone  of  the  lectures  on  these  subjects ;  and  we 
feel  that  it  is  worthy  of  record,  that  we  are  indebted  to  Dr.  Palfrey,  in  his  admirable 
History,  and  to  Dr.  Ellis,  two  prominent  Unitarians,  for  some  of  the  fairest  presenta- 
tions of  early  Biassachusetts  history  yet  given  to  the  public 


176  Ameriean  Oongregatumal  AsaoeiaUon.  [Jan. 


AMERICAN  CONGREGATIONAL  ASSOCIATION. 

During  the  last  three  months  valaable  additions  have  been  made  to  the  Library. 
Among  these  are  "  Johannes  in  Eremo/'  hy  Cotton  Mather,  it  being  the  life  of  John 
Cotton,  John  Norton,  John  Wilson,  John  Davenport,  to  which  are  added  the  life  of 
Thomas  Hooker,  ind  "  The  Answer  of  Several  Ministers  in  and  near  Boston,  to  that  Case 
of  Conscience,  whether  it  is  Lawfal  for  a  Man  to  marry  his  Wire's  own  Sister  1 "  Brandt's 
History  of  the  Reformation,  4  vols,  in  two,  folio ;  Quick's  "  Sjnodicon  in  Gallia 
Beformata,'*  2  vols.  fol. ;  Anderson's  Defence  of  Chnrch  Gk>vemment ;  Sewel's  History 
of  Quakers ;  two  vols,  of  Calvin's  and  three  of  Willet's  Commentaries,  fol. ;  Genealog- 
ical Register  con^pleted ;  some  imperfect  works  of  the  Mathers,  books  and  pamphlets  ; 
John  Cotton  on  the  Canticles ;  Parable  of  the  Ten  Vii^ns,  by  Thomas  Shepard  ;  Dor- 
chester Church  Documents;  History  of  Stamford,  Ct. ;  White's  Memoirs  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church;  "Mather  Papers"  from  the  Historical  Society;  New 
Haven  Hbtorical  Society,  Vol.  I.,  besides  many  others  which  kind  friends  have  sent  us. 
We  have  received  Vols.  I.  and  II.  of  Caiamy's  Defence  to  complete  our  set ;  but  we 
very  much  want  Vol.  L  of  his  history,  or  "  Account  of  the  Ministers,  Lecturers,  .... 
who  were  ejected,"  &c,  and  Vol.  I.  of  his  '*  Continuation  "  of  his  "  Account."  Some- 
body has  these  volumes  we  so  much  need ;  and  it  would  be  a  great  fiivor  and  a  public 
benefit  to  have  them  here.  We  lack,  in  our  Library  set  of  the  Vermont  Chronicle,  Vol. 
I.,  Nos.  3,  8,  25,  36.  39,  44,  46 ;  Vol.  IIL,  No.  44 ;  Vol.  IX.,  No.  4 ;  Vol.  XIIL,  No. 
28 ;  Vol.  XVII.,  No.  12 ;  Vol.  XXVL,  Nos.  25,  84 ;  Vol.  XXVII.,  No.  28 ;  Vol. 
XXVIIL,  No.  39;  Vol.  XXIX.,  No.  48;  Vol.  XXX.,  Nos.  29,  48;  Vol.  XXXIX., 
Nos.  6,  8,  15;  Vol.  XLL,  Nos.  13,  32,  34,  45,  47 ;  Vol.  XLIL,  Nos.  10,  26,  31,  34, 
35,  36,  39,  41,  42,  50  :— New  England  Puritan,  Vol.  I.,  Nos.  1-27  inclusive,  also  29, 
44 ;  Vol.  VIL,  Nos.  6,  6  :  — New  York  Observer,  Vol.  I.,  No.  13  ;  Vol,  III.,  Nos.  32, 
37,  38,40:  —  Canadian  Independent,  Vol.  L  (bi-monthly,  newspaper  form),  we  lack 
all  but  No.  7 ;  Vol.  II.,  all;  Vol.  III.,  No.  21 ;  Vol.  IV.,  No.  19;  Vol.  V.  (monthly 
magazine),  No.  2,  August:  —  Iowa  News  Letter,  Vol.  I.,  No.  2 ;  Wisconsin  Puritan, 
Vol.  I.,  No.  2;  Vol.  III.,  No.  4;  Vol.  IV.,  No.  8 :  — Common  School  Journal,  Vol. 
IX.,  Nos.  7,  12,  20;  Vol.  XII.,  No.  2;  Vol.  XIV.,  No.  21 :  — Christian  Examiner, 
1866,  Nos.  1,3;  1867,  No.  6  ;  1868,  Nos.  1,  2,  3  :  —  Continental  Monthly,  Nos.  7,  8,  9, 
10,  11,  12,  13,  15,  16,  18,  20,  21,  22 :  — Evangelical  Magazine,  (London,)  1843,  Jati. 
and  Feb.;  1844,  June;  1847,  Oct.;  1849,  April;  1851,  April,  May,  June,  Sept,  and 
all  since  1851  :  — Historical  Magazine  (N.  Y.),  Vol.  III.,  Nos.  10,  12 ;  Vol.  V.,  No. 
11 ;  Vol.  VI.,  Nos.  2,  3,  12;  Vol.  VII.,  Nos.  1,  2,  4,  5,  7.  8,  10,  12;  Vol.  VIII.,  all; 
Vol.  IX.,  Nos.  1,  3,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10,  11,  12;  Vol.  X.,  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8, 
9,  11 ;  and  all  since :  — Sermons  before  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.  1820, 1828,  1831,  1839. 

These  are  a  few  of  our  special  and  immediate  wants  to  complete  nearly  perfect 

sets  for  our^  shelves.    Any  help,  by  gift  or  exchange,  would  be  gratefully  received.  — 

Let  it  be  everywhere  understood  that  all  books  and  pamphlets  are  valuable  here  I 

Duplicates  are  the  basis  for  exchanges ;  and  few  thin^  are  printed  that  are  not  worth 

preserving  in  any  public  library  of  reference.    Send,  as  below,  at  our  cost,  all  that  is 

not  needed  where  it  is.    Above  all,  —  the  money  for  this  building  is  the  great  want. 

Congregational  principles,  economy,  success,  necessities,  alike  call  for  the  building.    Let 

the  donations  come  I 

ISAAC  P.  LANGWOUTHY, 

Cor.  Sec,,  40  Winter  St,,  Boston. 
Dec.  31,  1868. 


1868.]  Amerietm  Ckitgngatiomal  Umim.  177 


AMEEIOAN  CONGREGATIONAL  UNION. 

Thb  nnfUiiMi  of  tlie  Unioii,  •■  ftmisUiig  a  mediiim  of  oonummiaitioo  between  all 
ports  of  tlie  great  field,  and  ae  a  {nromoter  of  fraternal  eympath j  and  general  good 
mderrtandiogy  beeomee  more  and  more  apparent  It  is  aoeompUibhig  more,  it  is  be- 
liered,  tlie  preeent  jear  than  in  any  former  year  for  the  nni^  of  the  dmrobes.  Its 
special  irork  of  aiding  in  boflding  houses  of  worship  is  also  growing  on  its  hands. 
Since  the  statemeBt  pnUisbed  in  the  October  namber  of  the  Quarterly,  appropriations 
have  been  paid  to  tlie  following  charefais:  — 

liission  Coogrngarinwsl  Chnreh,  Leavenworthy          JToiisas,  $800 

•*               ^               •'       HigUaad,                jEonsos,  500 

KamoB  (loan),  400 

MimmrL  600 

JfMwm  (loan),  600 

Iowa,  500 


M 


«i 

BigUand, 
Gnienwood, 

H 

M 

Maoott, 

M 

U 

JefferMn, 

M 

U 

Batch  Creek, 

M 

H 

Algona, 

N 

M 

Viroqaa, 

M 

8|MiBg  TaUqr, 

If 

M 

I^errUNug, 

nankSn  •*  "       Batch  Creek,  Iommi,  aoo 

ioHO,  S50 

IFiiiooiMiii,  iOO 

400 


/Vum,  400 

FsnaoN^  500 

$4,950 

At  this  date  the  Union  stands  pledged  to  >!^^-f£rdUirfiftetNior«.  We  beg  onr  brethren 
to  take  notice  of  this  foci.  Besides  theee,  other  applications  are  in  onr  hands,  on  which 
as  yet  no  action  has  been  taken.  Nothing  can  be  more  certain  than  Aat  a  just  regard 
to  Christfs  cause,  to  the  devdopment  of  our  Congregational  principles,  and  to  the  high- 
est good  of  our  country,  demands  of  us  a  generous  response  to  these  appeals  for  help. 
The  fact  that  so  much  can  be  accomplished  by  the  small  gift  of  from  three  to  fire  hun- 
dred dollars,  that  by  contributing  eyen  so  small  a  sum  as  this  an  indiWdual  or  church 
may  yirtnally  build  a  Christian,  sanctuary,  would  seem  to  be  enough  to  open  the  heart 
and  hand  of  Christian  liberality.  Will  not  every  church  and  pastor  be  determined  to 
bear  a  psrt  in  the  sending  of  fiftif  thmuand  doBan  to  the  treasury  of  the  Union,  for  the 
meeting  of  the  earnest  appeals  for  aid  which  are  steadily  coming  in  ?  The  trustees  of 
the  Union  look  with  incressing  confidence  to  the  churches  for  the  amount  now  needed. 
They  are  greatly  encouraged  by  many  indications  that  both  ministers  and  churches  are 
coming  to  understand  how  closely  connected  this  work  is  with  the  present  well-being 
snd  prospectiTe  extension  of  our  churches,  and  are  assigning  it  a  leading  place  on  their 
list  of  benevolent  contributions.  We  trust  that  the  coming  three  months  will  bring  in 
ridi  retnriM. 

Will  not  those  who,  remembering  that  they  are  mortal,  are  msking  a  final  distribution 

of  what  Gk>d  has  given  them,  provide  at  lesst  for  the  building  of  one  Christian  sanctuary 

ss  their  best  monument  ? 

RAYPALBCEB, 

C.  CUSHING. 

Booms  of  the  American  Congregational  Union,  No.  49  BiUe  House,  New  York. 

Bev.  Bat  Palmer,  D.  D.,  Cormponding  Seertian/^ 

49  Bible  House,  NewXork. 

Bev.  C.  CuBBiNO,  Corrmpfmding  Seenlary, 

16  Tremont  Temple,  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

N.'A.  Calkihs,  TVeaswrtr,  146  Grand  Street,  New  York. 
NBW  8KRIE8.  —  TOL.  I.  NO.  1.  12 


/ 


178  G-eneral  A»sociatim$  and  Oot^ereneei.  [Jan. 


THE  GENERAL  ASSOCIATIONS  AND  CONFERENCES, 

WITH  THE  KAMBS  OF  THEIR  PERMANENT  OFFICERS,  AND  THE  8E86IOK8  TO 

BR  HELD  IN  1869. 

MAnrs,  OswnuL  Cohfikihoi  op. — OrgulMd  Janouy  10, 1826. 

Officers:  Rer.  Alfred  B.  Itm,  OMtineJffodentor;  Est.  D&rld  Cktrlaiid,  Bethel,  OorrMpondiiig  Seer»- 
tary ;  Dea.  Blnathan  F.  Daren,  Bangor,  Recording  SecreUiy  and  Chairman  of  Committee  of  PubUcatton. 

Next  meeting:  Baogor,  Hammond  St.  eh.,  Tneaday,  Jnne  22,  at  9  o*oloek,  a.  k. 

Nkw  Haxpsbibb,  Gurx&AL  Abcooution  op.  — OrganiMd  Jane  8, 1809. 

Offhen:  ReT.  Geofge  M.  Adama,  Portnnoath,  Seoratuy ;  Rer.  William  R.  Jewett,  TlihierTiUe,  Statia- 
tieal  Secretary. 

iVexf  tneeting:  Keene,  "  A>arth  Toeeday  of  Aagaat,"  al  10  o*eloek,  a.  k. 

Tbkmont,  OunuuL  Gohtkiitiok  op  CoKoaiQATtoKAL  IfnxtrsBS  Ain>  Chusokh  Dr.— OzBulaBd  Jane 
21,1793. 

Officers:  Rer.  AldaeeWalkar,  WaUingflbzd,Regiater;  Rer.  Ifiira  H.  Bylngton,  WindBor,  Correfpooding 
Seoretary. 

Next  meeting:  Brandon, "  third  Tnesdaj  in  Jane,**  al  —  o*clock,  a.  k. 

MAsaAOBVSKTTS,  OursftAL  AM0OUTI05  OP  TBI  CoKOKMATiONAL  CflumoHn  op.— Oivaniaed  Jane  29, 
1808,  as  a  ministerial  body  ;  including  also  Conftrenees  of  Chnrehes,  Jane  16, 1808,  by  onion  of  the 
Association  and  GsifiaAL  Coxpianroi  (irUeh  was  organisBd  September  12, 1800). 

Qfieers:  Rer.  Alonio  H.  Qaint,  n.  D.,  New  Bedford,  Secretary  ;  Rer.  James  P.  Kimball,  Falmoolh, 
Registrar ;  S.  T.  Farwell,  15  ComhiU,  Boaton,  Treaaora'. 

Next  meeting:  Wobnm,  "  third  Tuesday  of  Jane,**  at  4  o*elock,  p.  m. 

RaoDB  IsLAiro  CowoeboatiovaIi  Cohpbbbhob. —Organised  May  8, 1809. 

Officers :  Rer.  Goorge  Huntington,  Proyidenee,  Stated  Secretary ;  brad  H.  Bay,  Propidanee, 
Next  meeting:  Little  Compton,  Tuesday,  Jane  8,  at —  o*elock,  -.  M. 

CoxNBOTiouT,  Obitbbal  AssooxATioir  OP.  —Organised  May  18, 1709. 

Officer:  ReT.  William  H.  Bioore,  Berlin,  Registrar,  Statistical  Secretaxy,  and  Tteaiuiei. 
Next  meeting:  West  HiTen,  Tuesday,  June  15,  at  11  o'clock,  a.  m. 


Ossbbal  Oonpbbbkob  op.  — Organised  Nopember  12, 1867. 


Officers:  Not  reported. 
Next  meeting:  Not  reported. 

Nbw  Tobk,  Gbmbbal  Assocution  op. — Organised  May  21, 1884. 

Officers:  ReT.  Bdward  Taylor.  Binghamton,  Secretary ;  ReT.  L.  Smith  Hobart,  Syraonae,  Btatistiea! 
and  Publiskiing  Secretary ;  ReT.  Stephen  S.  N.  Greeley,  Oswego,  Treasurer. 

Next  meeting:  Potsdam  Junction,  Tuesdsj,  October  19,  at  2  o'clock,  p.  m. 

There  is  a  Wblsh  AssociAnov,  including  the  churehea  giTon  in  their  taUe.    Rer*  B.  Baplea,  Water- 

Tllle,  Scribe. 

Nbw  Jbbsit. — The  Conftrenoe  is  connected  with  the  General  Association  of  New;  York. 

Pairif  STLTAiriA.  —  No  General  Association.  Fourteen  chnrehes  are  connected  with  the  Gensfral  Abso- 
olation  of  New  York,  and  one  with  the  General  Conlbrence  of  Ohio. — The  Covobioatiohal  Assocu- 
TiON  op  Wbstbbii  PtjTMSTLTAinA  will  meet  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  Februaiy,  at  Randolph,  G^wted 
Co.,  A.  B.  Rods,  Rockdale,  Reoister.— The  Pbkhstltaku  Wblsh  Cokgbboatiovaj;  Assooiatiob  meets 
in  the  autumn.  Rot.  L.  WiUuuns,  Oliphant,  President ;  ReT.  Thomas  Jenkins,  Johnstown,  Vleo-Pres- 
ident;  Rot.  B.  R.  Lewis,  PotUTille,  Secretary. 

BiSTBicT  OP  Coluxbia,  Assooiatiov  op.  — Oiganised  May,  1867. 
Officer:  ReT.  B.  W.  Robinson,  Washington,  ScribOb 
Next  meeting:  (?). 

Oaio,  CoMOBBaATtONAL  CoNPBBSKOB  OP.— Organised  June  24, 1862. 

Officer:  ReT.  Lysander  Kolsey,  Columbus,  Register,  Statistical  Secretary,  and  Treasurer. 
Next  meeting:  Akron,  "  second  Tuesday  of  June,"  at  7  o'clock,  p.  h. 


Wblsh  Assoounoir.-  Officer:  Rer.  Dapid  DaTies,  Bfiddlebury,  Scribe. 


Nexttrueting:  No  report. 


1869.]  QmarA  Jkuoriwtim^M^  jQw^mmm.  179 


Ihbzajta,  OnuAi  Anoounov  of  na  GoB«BiaAno«AL  GnmoHit  avb  MnrnraM  nr.  —  Oigaaiaa4 
Mmreh  13, 1868. 

Aint  au^lHV;  IndiMmpolli,  Tluuidtej,  M^  SO,  at  71  o>olodc, ».  H. 


lUDiou,  OnnauL  Amoomikmi  ov.^Oipatod  Jibm  H,  18lf(C 


toM2entiu7 '*  iiMttSng. 

llioH»AH,OiirnAiAsidflaTiwof.-^6f|ifiiliriitO«IA^  ^ 

OJUtr:  B«r.  PhUo  B.  HwiL  Bomipo,  BeowlMy  aod  TreMonr. 


OosnsaATiOHALCoirTaiTiOHorwiMNiMV^'-'OqiMiiMOtloli^  . 


OJUen:  Bfer.  Oharleg  ir.Qunp,  Food  dv  lie,  Staled  Olerk  and  Treamrw^  B«r.  Bum  J.  Montifat, 
Oeonooiowoe,  FeraiannA  and  Stattotioal  Ctack. 


■omaorAy  OarnAi  9QRmt«iiMr ai  Oovmarai  ^.— 4)i|aiiii9d  OalQl«r  ll,  IfW. 

QgUtn:  Bmw.  Aam^lnm  tolkr,  Roelwflnr,  OorrMpondloff  Bwretaiy;  Eer.  L.  8.  CblHP,  Ovatgoiia, 
RMocding  Sacwfcaiy ;  Bar.  Obarlat  Seecombe,  Norlhilald,  Statlftleal  Saervtaijr. 

JKtxf  mMtbtg :  Ovateoiia,  TbiMdaj,  Oetobor  14,  at  7  o'eloek. 

y    •       • 
Iowa,  QiimuL  Anoounoir  of.—OfgaolBBd  Havembar  6, 18(10. 

Ate  iNMtMf :  Demnatk,  Wedaaiday,  June  S,  at  7  o*olMk,  ».&•'*.••:  -    •  ■ 


Knsonai,  0nmi&  OoMSMMiavA&  Ooirmn«m  av.-^Oipalnd,  Oetobit  H,  IStt. 
Q|Im»».-  Bwr.  BdwlA  B,  Turaar,  Haimibal,  flaonlaiy  and  Tvaanav. 
iVtei  flMalMV:  SaiWia,  WadMfdaj,  October  SO,  at  7  o'aloek, ».  M. 

Kav«as,  OanaAi  AfsooLOioi'  or.— OigaaiaMl  Angort,  1858. 
i^feov.*  Bar.  GwMrfe  i.  Bebkwlfh,  Oktba,  fltalMl  Otek;  Bar.  Lawli  BodmO,  T^vrfta,  Statlttiial 

iVext  m«ettfif :  Lawrence,  "  Seoond  Wedneeday  of  Maj^>  at  7i  o*eloek,  v.  h. 

NnaASKA,  CoKOEWATiONAL  AasoiSATiOH  cw. — Orgaolied  Angiut  8, 1857. 
OJUen:  Bar.  BoawiU  foeter,  NebvukaOlty.  Hodetator ;  Bar.  0.  G.  BUbee,  FontaneUt,  Stated  Cleck. 
Next  mtetimg:  Fremont,  "  Second  Thnadagr  in  Jane,"  in  tlia  **  araning.** 

CoioaAiK)  OoKrntxxoB  or  CoK«BfOAnoHAL  CBvmoAis. — Organiaed,  Mareh  16, 1868. 
OJUtr:  Bar.  William  H.  Phippe,  Bmplfe,  Olerk. 
Mttiings :  "  Fint  Toeeday  in  May  and  Norembar." 


The  Boost  MomriAiN  AisooiAnoir  or  OovoBBOAnoiiAi.  nnciims  wai  otouilnd  at  Oentnd,  Odl., 

Maieh  17, 1868. 

Ousoir,  GoiraataAifOKAii  Assaounoir  or.— (^tfuilaed,  1848  (?). 
OJUtr:  Gheatar  N.  T^ny,  Satan,  Begistiar. 
ykn  uueting :  Salam,  '*  tUid  Thonday  of  Jane,**  at  (9  o'clock,  a.  h.  ?) 

Caupomra,  OnnauL  Asioounoir  or.— -OivanlaBd  October,  1867. 
OJUers:  Bar.  Jamee  H.  Warren,  San  Fiaaeiaeo,  Begiatrar  and Treafoier ;  Bar.  WHUam  0.  Pond, Pela- 


JVesf  wuttiMg :  Ban  Ftandaoo,  Oreen  St.  alu*  Wedneeday,  Oatober  d^at  10  o*cIock,  a.  k. 

OsTAUO  A9i»  Qvnio,  CoKOMEOAflnoirAL  Uhior  or  (formerly  GoKamxaATiQiiAL  Umoii  or  Canada).— Or- 
ganiaed, 1868. 

OJIeers:  Bar.  Fnuieia  H.  MazUng,  Toronto,  Ont.,  Seeretaxy,  Treaiorer;  Bar.  William  W.  Smith,  Ua- 
towel,  Ont^  StatSetioal  Seczatazy. 

Next  nutting:  Montreal,  Qua  ,  "  Wedneedi^r  after  the  first  Sabbath  in  June,"  at  7|  o*eloek,  p.  m. 

Nota  Sootu  Airo  New  BamrswiOK,  OoifoaiOAnoirAL  Union  or. — Oiganind  — -  1847. 
OJUtr:  Bar.  Bobert  WUaon,  Shefllaid,  N.  B.,  Secretary. 
Next  nutting:  No  rtpctU 


M 


180 


Q-em&ral  AModatianii  tokd  dinger  encu. 


[Jan. 


ADDITIONAL  OFFICERS  AT  THE  SESSIONS  OF  1868. 

Minri.— Dm.  JoMph  S.  Wbeelwrlf^t,  Bttagoc,  Tntfonr;  Dmu  WUUim  8.  Daaiiatt,  Bangor,  Auditor. 

Niw  EUxpsrauu^Btr.  Idwud  A.  lAwmoe,  i>.]».,  OrUvrd,  Ifodenttor;  Bar.  I.  B.  OlaggBtt,  I^yad»> 
borough,  Serilw ;  Ber.  H.  A.  Hana,  l4nB«»  iiilitant  Stdba. 

Tbhoiit.— BtT.  Alfttd  SfetfWM,  WertalMtor  Watt,  Modaimftor:  B«v.  WHUmb  A.  Bobinaoo,  Barton, 
Scriba ;  Bar:  WUUam  8.  Palmar,  Walla  Blfor,  Aaaiataal  Sarlba. 

MASiAOHUsarrs.— Hon.  Oharlia  T.  BnaiaU,  OambrMga,  Bfodarator ;  Bov.  Albart  H.  Cnrrtar,  I^yna,  Aa- 
alstant  BegUtrar. 


Bbodb  laLAim.— Bar.  JasMa  G.  Yoaa,  Pwwrtdanoa,  Bfodarator:  Bar.  HiauT  A.  Walaa,  Proridnoa, 
8eriba ;  Bar.  lormMi  H.  Blaka,  Bttar  Paint,  A«litnnt  Seriba. 

OommonooT.— Bar.  BUahaO.  Joaaa,  Sontldngton.  Modaratav;  Bar.  Bdwin  Hall,  Jr.,  Haw  Hartted 
Oentn,  Seriba;  Bar.  Saaniil If .  BaiMm, Neir BEaTW,  Aniataat  Serfba. 

—  CoMViBiiroi. — iVbf  repofUd. 

Niw  Tore.  —Dan.  Samoal  Hobnaa,  Haw  Toik,  Modnator ;  Bar.  Bdwin  Ttqrlor,  Binghamfton,  Sailba ; 
Bar.  Loelen  W.  Ohanaj,  Batland,  Aariatant  Beriba. 

Ohk».  ^Bst.  Pro£  John  H.  HBa,  Obarttn,  Modarator ;  L.  f .  KaUan,  Olavalaad,  and  Bar.  J.  H.  Janklaa, 
Labanon,  Ooribta. 

IiszAHA. — Bar.  B.  frank  Howe,  Terra  Haata,  Modarator ;  O.  G.  Codington,  Tana  Haute,  Seriba. 

lUOfOu.— Bar.  John  P.  anUlvar,  Ohkago,  Modnator;  Bar.  Bdwln  N.  Lawta,  Ottawa,  Seriba ;  Bar. 
Qeorge  W.  Phlnn^,  Bl  Paao,  Aaaiatant  Smba. 

MiaHWAir.— Bar.  Nathan  J.  Morrlaon,  OUrat,  Modantor ;  Bair.  BUaor  Andiwa,  Alkgan,  Serfba ;  Jaaaa 
B.  Porter,  Lanalng,  Aaalataat  Serlbe. 

Wuooiraxv.— Hon.  W.  EL  Ohaadkv,  Wtadaer,  Mbdnrater ;  Bar.  0.  H.  Bkfaaidi,  Madiaon,  Clark. 

MxMHiaoTA. — 8.  W.  Pnrber,  Cottage  Chtyre,  Moderator ;  Bar.  WUUam  LeaTltt,  MlnneapoUa,  Sorlba. 

Iowa. — Qor.  Samnel  H.  MarriU,  McGregor,  Modarator ;  Ber.  John  K.  Nntting,  MontloeUo,  Scribe ;  Bar. 
Jamea  B.  Chaas,  Council  Blufii,  Aariatant  Seriba. 

MuBOOSL—Bar.  John  Montalth,  Si.  Lonia,  Modarator;  Baaeon  B.  J.  Cartttdga,  Hannibal,  Aaaiatant 

Secretary. 

KAXSAa.— T.  Dwigkt  Thaehar,  lAwvenea,  Moderator. 

Obiook.— Ber.  P.  S.  Knight,  Ongon  Citj,  Moderator. 

CAUfounA.  ~Ber.  Andrew  L.  Stooe,  n.  n.,  San  Branoiaco,  Mbdnrater ;  Bar.  W.  C.  Pond,  Petaluma,  and 
Bey.  J.  N.  Hubbard,  Lincoln,  Seribei. 

Ohtabxo  ahd  QuiBio.  ~Ber.  B6bart  BoUnaon,  Owen  Sound,  Out.,  Chairman. 


ORDER  OF  MEETINGS  IN  1869. 


Penn^fhrania,  Weatem, 

Tueadaj,      Februarj  9. 

MaaMohmetta, 

Tueaday, 

June 

16. 

Colorado, 

Tueidaj,      May 

4. 

Conneetlout, 

Tueeday, 

June 

15. 

Kaosaa, 

Wedneadaj,  May 

la. 

Oregon, 

Thuiaday, 

June 

17. 

Michigan, 

Wedneaday,  May 

19. 

Maine, 

Tueaday, 

June 

82. 

Indiana, 

Thnraday,    May 

90. 

NewHampahira, 

Tueaday, 

Auguat 

94. 

TlUnoia, 

Wedneaday,  May 

96. 

Wlioonafai, 

Wedneaday 

,  October 

6. 

Iowa, 

Wedneaday,  June 

9. 

Oalifbmia, 

.Wedneaday 

,  October 

e. 

Bhodeldand, 

Tueaday,      June 

8. 

MInnaaota, 

Thuraday, 

October 

14. 

Ohio, 

Toesday,      June 

8. 

New  York, 

Tueaday, 

October 

19. 

Ontario  and  Quebec, 

Wedneaday,  June 

9. 

Mlaeouri, 

Wedneaday, 

October 

99. 

Nebraaka, 

Thunday,    June 

10. 

t  Nora  Scotia  and 
I  New  Brunawick, 

lio  ftpoft. 

Vermont, 

Tueaday,      June 

u. 

TiiL  N).  v."  V 

/^...JW^  ^^^j^ 


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I     p 


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1 

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f 

'd 
1 


S 


e 


a 

18 

is 

18 

it 

:r 


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I        ■  «••« 


TC'^.^C  ^.'jS.y-rf 


THB 


Congregational  ^uarterlg* 


Whole  No.  XLII.  APRIL,  1869.  Vol.  XI.  No.  2- 


WILLIAM  THEODORE  DWJGHT. 

William  Theodore  Dwight  was  the  seventh  son  and  child  of  Rev. 
Timothy  Dwight,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Mary  Dwight,  the  second 
daughter  of  Benjamin  Woolsey,  Esq.,  of  Dosoris,  Long  Island.  He  was 
horn  in  Greenfield,  Conn.,  June  15,  1795,  the  year  in  which  his  father 
was  chosen  and  inaugurated  President  of  Yale  College.  At  the  age  of 
eight  he  was  sent  to  an  academy  at  Litchfield  South  Farms,*  and  two  years 
later  to  a  classical  school  in  Fairfield.  With  these  exceptions,  he  remained 
at  his  father's  home  and  under  his  eye  until  the  death  of  the  latter  in  1817. 
The  son's  childhood,  youth,  and  early  manhood  were  thus  passed  under  in- 
fluences peculiarly  favorable.  No  one  was  more  competent  to  train  his 
mind  and  heart  than  his  father ;  and  the  social  circle  to  which  thus  early 
young  Dwight  was  introduced  was  one  of  unusual  intelligence  and  refine- 
ment. 

At  the  age  of  twelve  he  was  ready  to  enter  Yale'  College,  and  was 
admitted ;  but  his  father  wisely  held  him  back  two  years.  Even  then  he 
was  one  of  the  youngest  of  a  class  which  graduated  with  seventy  members. 

As  a  boy  and  youth  he  was  playful,  —  fond,  especially,  of  athletic  sports, 
and  was  noted  for  agility.     His  temperament  was  ardent,  and  he  had  a 

*  Now  called  Morris,  Conn ,  in  honor  of  James  Morris,  Esq.  Sereno  E.  Dwight  was 
an  assistant  teacher  in  the  school  when  his  younger  brother  was  there,  and  Mr.  Morris 
was  the  principal.  "  The  inflnence  of  this  gentleman  upon  the  intellectual  and  religions 
character  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  village  was  so  happy  and  so  long  continued  that  it 
was  said,  and  no  doubt  justly,  that  'the  people  of  South  Farms  had  grown  handsomer 
in  Squire  Morris's  time.' "  —  Memoir  of  Sereno  E,  Dwight,  D.  D.,  p.  xix. 


Sntered  according  to  Act  of  Congren,  in  the  j«ar  1869,  bj  Samuil  Burxham,  for  the  j^prieton, 
the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  DiBtriot  Court  of  the  District  of  MeiaaehaietU. 

NEW   SERIES.  —  VOL.   I.   NO.   2.  13 


182  WtUiam  Theodore  Dwigkt.  [April, 

fine,  fall  flow  of  spirits.  He  formed  strong  attachments,  and  was  a  true 
friend.  A  bright,  strong,  frank  face  indicated  a  genial  temper,  an  open 
heart,  and  quick  perceptions,  with  resoluteness  of  purpose.  Conscience  was 
a  power  within  him  naturally  strong  and  carefuUy  cultivated.  College 
classmates  older  than  himself,  and  more  sedate,  were  attracted  to  him  bj 
his  high  sense  of  honor,  regard  for  law,  and  puntj  of  character.  ^  He 
was  always  prompt  and  exact  in  his  lessons,"  writes  one  of  them ;  '^  ambi- 
tious to  appear  well,  and  in  every  respect  a  fine  fellow.  He  soon  attracted 
myself  toward  him,  and  we  had  many  delightful  walks,  conversations,  and 
discussions.  I  wondered  that  he  should  have  felt  so  much  interest  in  me — 
then  a  professed  disciple  —  while  he  made  no  pretensions  to  piety.  But 
there  was  always  a  manliness  and  uprightness  in  his  character  that  was 
very  much  to  my  taste  and  feelings." 

Beside  the  regular  exercises  of  his  class,  young  Dwight  pursued  at  this 
time  a  course  of  study  in  English  Literature  and  General  History.  Infor- 
mation, as  well  as  sssthetic  tastes  and  resources,  were  thus  acquired  which 
were  in  subsequent  years  a  pure  source  of  pleasure  not  only  to  their  pos- ' 
sessor,  but  to  those  admitted  to  his  friendship.  An  unusually  exact  and 
retentive  memory  enabled  him  with  facility  to  repeat,  after  nearly  half  a 
century  had  passed  away,  long  passages  from  authors  whose  productions 
had  not  been  seen  during  these  intervening  years,  but  which  had  been  pe- 
rused with  avidity  in  the  still  %ir  of  these  earlier  and  delightful  studies. 

Other  sources  of  culture  congenial  to  his  inherited  fondness  for  exact 
knowledge  were  opened  in  occasional  tours  made  in  the  company  of  his 
father  to  the  leading  villages  and  cities  of  New  England.  A  series  of  let- 
ters, written  by  him,  has  been  preserved,  in  which  he  narrates  the  incidents 
of  one  of  these  journeys,  taken  at  the  beginning  of  his  Sophomore  year  in 
college.  They  show  with  what  industry  and  accuracy  he  aimed  at  this 
early  period  to  acquire  information. 

At  the  same  time  he  was  faithful  to  the  special  studies  of  the  college 
coarse.  He  maintained  with  ease  an  honorable  position  in  hb  class,  and 
was  assigned  an  oration  at  graduation. 

Soon  after  leaving  college,  owing  to  the  failure  of  his  eyes,  Mr.  Dwight 
was  obliged  to  suspend  for  a  season  his  literary  pursuits.  His  time,  how- 
ever, was  not  wasted.  Obtaining  a  situation  in  one  of  the  banks  of  New 
Haven,  he  acquainted  himself  with  the  various  forms  of  business  there 
transacted,  and  added  to  his  store  of  knowledge.  After  two  years  spent  in 
this  way,  his  eyes  improving,  he  assisted  his  father  as  an  amanuensb ;  and 
with  this,  and  other  studious  pursuits,  filled  up  the  next  two  years. 

In  1817  he  was  appointed  tutor  in  Yale  College,  and  served  with  effi- 
ciency and  success  two  years.  During  this  period  he  edited,  with  an  elder 
brother,  the  series  of  sermons  known  as  ^^  Dwight's  Theology,"  and  aided 


1869.]  Jmiam  Theodore  Ihrighi.  l88 

in  the  |irep«ntkm  of  the  Memoir  which  Accompanied  their  publication. 
The  fifth  and  dosing  volume  of  this  edition  appeared  in  1819. 

£i  the  antmnn  of  this  year  Mr.  Dwight  removed  to  Philadelphia,  and 
entered,  as  a  student  of  law,  the  office  of  Charles  Cbauncey,  Esq.,  then  one 
of  the  most  prominent  members  of  the  legal  profession  in  that  dtj. 

In  November,  1821,  <m  motion  of  Mr.  Chauncej,  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  and  at  once  engaged  successfally  in  the  management  of  three  causes 
before  the  highest  criminal  court  of  the  State.  Alluding  to  these,  he 
writes  to  an  intimate  friend:  ''So,  jon  see,  mj  dihiU  has  been  prettjr 
snooessfuL  There  is  one  onlj  very  trifling  circumstance  connected  with 
an  these  causes;  i.  e.  I  get  no  fee  in  them  alL  .  •  •  •  However,  they 
have  all  contributed  to  make  me  known,  and,  in  the  end,  may  be  productive 
of  considerable  benefit*"  In  the  same  vein  he  alludes  to  his  ofike  as  ''a 
very  good  one.  No.  70  South  Sixth  Street,  fronting  the  Court-House  Yard,** 
and  adds:  ''It  is  in  the  midst  of  a  row  of  houses  whose  front  roams  on  the 
lower  story  are  lawyers'  offices,  and  which  have,  therefore,  been  emphati- 
eally  called  Poieert^  or  SlarvaiiaH  Bow.  So  that  my  destiny,  yon  see,  is 
settled  at  the  outset.'*  Nominally  the  period  of  education  for  the  pulpit  is 
lotkgst  than  for  the  bar;  but  in  reality  the  lawyer  must  pass  through  a 
more  protracted  probation.  Usually,  for  several  years  after  he  is  admitted 
to  practice,  he  has  few  clients,  inferior  causes,  and  is  gratified  if  in  those  of 
greater  moment  he  may  appear  as  junior  counsel.  Ample  leisure  is  thus 
afibrded  for  continued  careful  study  combined  with  observation  and  an 
incipient  and  disciplinary  practice.  The  young  minister  too  often,  on  the 
contrary,  steps  from  the  lecture-room  of  the  seminary  into  the  )>ulpit  and 
the  sole  care  of  a  large  and  cultivated  parish.  He  must  do  the  work  of 
an  athlete  before  his  brawn  and  thews  are  toughened  by  a  single  prelimi- 
nary-wrestle. Mr.  Dwight  was  subjected  to  the  severe  discipline  usually 
attendant  upon  admission  to  the  honors  and  emoluments  of  the  profession 
which  he  had  chosen.  His  'previous  training,  principles,  and  aims 
prompted  to  thoroughness. 

*'My  probation  as  a  lawyer  in  this  great  citj,"  he  writes,  under  date  of  Jan.  24, 
1829,  <*  tills  world  of  180,000  persons,  hss  been  lingering  and  painful.  With  no 
relative  in  Philadelphia,  and  with  a  temperament  unfitted  prematurely  to  secure 
Inisiness  by  bustling  amid  tiie  crowd  and  by  fiictitious  notoriety,  I  have  remained 
devoted  to  my  profession,  and  slowly  but  gradually  acquiring  a  name.  That  in 
^the  end  I  shall  succeed,  and,  should  my  life  be  spared,  reach  as  high  an  elevation 
mm  my  wishes,  I  finnly  believe;  but  the  protracted  period  must  first  be  passed, 
^md  I  am  now  passing  it  with  more  and  more  vigorous  assurance  every  year  of 
'^ikimate  success." 

Before  the  ten  years  in  which  he  continued  at  the  bar  expired,  he  entered 
cm  the  fulfilment  of  these  hopes.    He  became  known  as  one  of  the  '*  best 


S 


184  WiUiam  Theodore  Drnght.  [April, 

• 

read  "  members  of  his  profession,  and  was  esteemed  and  trusted  as  a  wise 
counselbr  and  able  advocate.     Saocess  and  distincUon  were  assured. 

Mr.  Dwight  had,  also,  at  this  time,  become  widely  and  favorably  known 
through  several  productions  of  his  pen.  In  1827  he  published,  by  request, 
an  oration  delivered  in  the  Hall  of  the  Musical  Fund  Society,  Philadel- 
phia, on-  the  character  and  influence  of  the  American  Bevolution.  This 
address  was  favorably  noticed,  at  the  time,  in  the  North  American  Re- 
view, and  called  forth  a  letter  of  commendation  to  its  author  from  Chief 
Justice  Marshall.  Two  articles  which  appeared  in  the  Christian  Spec- 
tator —  one  in  vindication  of  the  character  of  Cromwell,  the  other  on  the 
Codification  of  Laws  —  also  attracted  attention.  In  the  former  article, 
a  view  of  Cromweirs  character  was  presented  which  is  now  widely  ac- 
<;epted,  but  which  then  found  few  advocates.  This  paper  is  still  of  inter- 
est as  one  of  the  ablest  discussions  of  its  theme.  It  reveals,  also,  the  lead- 
ing characteristics  of  its  author's  mind ;  particularly  his  command  of  an 
eloquence  often  fervid  and  impassioned,  and  yet,  at  the  height  of  its  move- 
ment and  glow,  guided  and  fed  by  reason  and  truth. 

At  this  period  in  Mr.  Dwight's  life,  —  two  years  subsequent  to  the  prep- 
aration of  the  article  on  Cromwell,  and  when  distinguished  success  as  a 
lawyer  was  within  reach,  —  a  change  occurred  in  his  feelings  and  aims 
which  altered  the  course  of  his  life.  The  author  of  a  recent  valuable 
work  on  personal  religion  *  refers  to  this  transition  in  these  terms :  — 

**  A  very  intimate  friend  of  mine  —  a  lawyer  by  profession  and  a  man  of  irre- 
proachable morals  —  was  the  subject  of  a  fearful  struggle. 

**  He  was  so  exemplary  in  his  habits,  and  so  punctilious  in  his  observance  of  the 
outward  duties  of  religion,  that  most  of  his  acquaintances  (professional  as  well  as 
personal)  supposed  him  to  be  an  avowed  disciple  of  Christ  During  a  season  of 
unusual  interest  in  the  subject  of  religion,  two  or  three  of  his  nearest  friends  were 
particularly  moved  in  his  behalf.  And  though  his  high  intellectual  endowments,  his 
stem  integrity,  and  his  social  standing  were  all  arrayed  in  opposition  to  his  hum- 
bling himself  and  becoming  as  a  little  child,  the  Spirit  of  God  overcame  them  all ; 
and  a  fiercer  tumult  of  feeling  it  haa^  never  been  my  lot  to  witness  than  that  of 
which  the  bosom  of  my  dear  friend  was  the  theatre  for  tome  two  or  three  weeks. 
Familiar  as  he  was  from  childhood  with  the  doctrines  of  revelation,  and  accustomed 
as  he  was  to  the  discharge  of  the  outward  duties  of  a  religious  life,  —  including  those 
of  the  most  private  devotional  nature,  —  he  was,  nevertheless,  a  stranger  to  the 
power  and  malignity  of  *  the  strong  man  armed '  that  possessed  the  castle  of  his 
heart,  until  the  approach  of  *  a  stronger  than  he '  to  dislodge  him ;  and  this  caUed 
them  into  terrific  exercise.  When  the  hour  of  submission  came,  and  my  friend 
found  peace  and  joy  in  believing,  the  reality  of  the  transformation  was  as  dis- 
tinctly marked  as  it  would  be  in  an  Ethiopian  who  should  change  his  skin,  or  in  a 
leopard  who  should  shed  his  spots.** 

♦  Higher  Rock,  by  Frederick  A.  Packard,  of  Philadelphia,  p.  211. 


1869.]  WUlum  Theodore  IhrigkL  186 

Another  life-long  friend,  Bev.  Dr.  Skinner,  Professor  in  Union  Theologi- 
cal Seminary,  has  described  the  same  change,  with  its  attendant  circum- 
stances. After  expressing  in  a  lett^  to  the  writer  his  high  appreciation  of 
Mr.  Dwight's  intelligence,  cultare,  and  inherent  nobleness  of  character,  Dr. 
Skinner  proceeds  as  foUows :  -^ 

**  He  WH  mj  hearer  more  than  eleven  yean ;  and  the  anticipaiUon  of  his  pret- 
ence in  my  andience  was  alwajs  to  me  a  special  stimulant  and  a  regulative 

power  in  my  preparations  for  pulpit  work I  think  my  ministry  was  not 

spiritually  profitable  to  him  until  the  spring  of  1881.    He  was,  so  far  as  I  know, 
more  tender  to  the  personal  bearing  of  divine  truth,  when  he  first  came  to  the  city, 
than  he  was  afterwards,  until  then.    At  my  interview  with  him,  immediately  after 
his  arrival,  he  desired  me,  with  tears,  to  be  faithful  to  him  in  pastoral  attentions ; 
but  when  some  years  afterwards,  at  a  season  of  special  awakening  in  the  church, 
I  conversed  with  him  intimately  on  the  state  of  his  soul,  I  thought  some  of  my 
remarks  were  scarcely  welcome  to  him.    He  was  reserved  and  distant,  and  I  soon 
withdrew.  Perhaps  my  manner  was  not  altogether  right,  but  I  was  quite  discour- 
aged, and  did  not  soon  repeat  this  kind  of  conference  with  him,  and,  probably, 
should  never  have  done  so,  had  he  not  taken  the  initiative  at  his  conversion. 
There  was  a  poweriul  revival  of  religion  in  the  church  when  this  occurred.    He 
bad  become  engaged  to  be  married  to  a  member  of  our  communion,  an  eminently 
pious  and  estimable  young  lady  ;  she  became  intensely  anxious  for  him,  and  not 
lefs  so  for  herself,  as  espoused  to  a  man  whom  she  regarded  as  unregencrate. 
She  called  on  me  to  confer  with  me  about  him,  and  about  her  duty  in  respect  to 
him.    We  had  a  Wednesday  evening  gathering  at  which  there  had  been  very 
remarkable  manifestations  of  the  Holy  Spirit's  presence.    Though  I  knew  he  was 
not  interested  in  night-meetings,  and  did  not  like  such  extemporaneous  addresses 
as  I  was  wont  to  make  at  them,  I  advised  her  to  induce  him,  if  possible,  to  attend 
this  service,  and  to  keep  a  fast  with  reference  to  his  conversion  at  it.    She  followed 
my  advice.    At  the  next  occasion  of  it,  if  I  remember  well,  ^Ir,  Dwight  was 
among  the  attendants ;  he  sat  remotely  from  the  desk,  in  the  shade ;  and  I  did 
not  see  him  until  the  preliminary  devotions  were  .finished ;  and  I  should,  perhaps, 
not  have  noticed  him,  but  for  the  green  spectacles  which  he  wore  to  soften  to 
his  delicate  sight  the  brilliance  of  the  chandeliers  by  which  the  room  was  lighted. 
I  was  startled  with  surprise,  having  forgotten  that  I  had  given  the  advice  to  my 
young  friend,  of  which  I  have  spoken,  an(rnever  having  seen  him  before,  I  think, 
at  a  night-meeting ;  but  now  it  occurred  to  me,  with  great  force,  as  a  motive  and 
as  implying  an  obligation  to  carry  out,  if  possible,  by  the  grace  of  God,  the  object 
of  it     It  was  on  arising  to  speak  that  I  first  saw  Mr.  Dwight.    Instantly  I  deter- 
mined, agitated  as  I  was  with  concern,  to  make  my  remarks  bear  directly  on  the 
single  point  of  his  being,  through  the  power  of  the  Spirit,  here  and  now,  brought 
to  Christ    I  believe  God  enabled  me  to  form  the  determination,  and  assisted  me 
in  fnlfillinji;  it    My  impromptu  address  was  short ;  bnt,  though  I  knew  not  this  till 
the  third  day  afterwards,  it  was  efiectual.    We  had  a  meeting  the  ensuing  Friday 
evening,  when  I  waa  to  preach  our  weekly  lecture.    I  had  no  thought  of  seeing 
Mr.  Dwight  among  my  hearers ;  but  on  entering  the  house  I  was  again  troubled 
by  seeing  him,  not  as  before,  sitting  at  a  distance  in  the  shade,  but  close  to  the 


186  WUOam  Theodore  IkrigkL  [ApriU 

pulpit,  directly  under  the  Uaie  of  a  durnddier.  Hii  appeacanee  indieatedt  pal- 
paUy,  that  lie  was  deeply  excited;  and  I,  too,  was  excited,  as  I  have  not  often 
been,  with  a  sense  of  my  responsibility,  and  with  fiMir  that  I  was  not  prepared  to 
meet  it  I  had  premeditated  a  discourse  on  Acts  xiiL  41 :  '  Behold,  ye  despisers, 
and  wonder  and  perish ;  for  I  work  a  work  in » your  days,  a  work  which  ye  shall 
in  no  wise  believe  though  a  man  declare  it  unto  you.'  My  purpose  was  to  alarm, 
if  possible,  persons  who,  at  such  a  season  of  grace  as  God  had*  granted  to  our 
church,  were  without  concern  for  their  salvation.  As  respected  what  I  asnmed 
was  Mr.  Dwighf s  case,  I  thought  this  a  very  unseasonable  design ;  but  I  was  shat 
up  to  it ;  I  could  treat  no  other  theme.  The  perturbation  of  my  mind  disqualified 
me  fttHn  treating  this  aright,  and  I  was  greatly  discontented  with  my  lectnie. 
My  manner  seemed  to  myself  harsh  and  severe,  and  to  the  last  degree  unsuitable 
to  persons  in  the  state  of  feeling  of  which  I  was  sure  Mr.  Dwight  was  the  subject. 
In  accents  of  unusual  alarm  and  terror  I  thundered  the  divine  indignation  against 
the  indifferent ;  but  my  principal  endeavor  in  the  discourse  was  to  set  forth  the 
surpassing  glory  of  the  work  of  God,  then  going  on  amongst  us ;  whence,  to  its 
practical  despisers,  the  infinite  peril  denounced  in  the  text ;  and,  as  Bppexnd  the 
day  following,  I  was  in  this  part  of  my  labor  speaking  a  word  not  out  of  season  to 
him  who  that  night  engrossed  my  anxiety.  I  dismissed  the  assembly  with'  the 
liveliest  self-dissatisfaction,  tliinking  I  had  abused  one  of  the  best  opportunities  of 
doing  good  ever  afforded  me.  The  next  morning,  at  about  eight  o'clock,  Mr. 
Dwight  called  at  my  house,  and  told  the  servant  to  ask  me  if  I  could  see  him 
during  the  day ;  and,  if  I  could,  to  say  at  what  hour  he  should  call  again.  I  re- 
quested him  to  come  to  me  at  eleven  o'clock.  He  was  in  my  study  punctually  at 
that  hour;  but  he  sat  several  minutes  in  silence,  weeping  profusely,  his  face 
swollen  with  previous  emotion,  and  his  whole  frame  indicating  sorrow  such  as  1 
have  hardly  seen  in  my  whole  experience  in  the  ministry.  At  length,  with  a  suf- 
fused countenance,  and  with  a  low,  hesitating  voice,  he  said :  *  I  have  scarcely 
slept  since  Wednesday  night;  I  was  induced  to  attend  the  meeting  by  my 
firiend ;  till  that  evening,  I  had,  it  seems  to  me,  never  heard  the  gospel ;  my  feel- 
ings have  been  strange  and  wonderful ;  I  know  not  how  it  is  with  me,  but  your 
sermon  last  night  was  a  perfect  balm  to  my  soul.'  I  was  astonished,  but  he  went 
on  to  say  that  it  was  the  transcendent  glory  of  the  work  of  the  Spirit,  as  depicted 
in  the  discourse,  that  gave  him  consolation ;  and  I  thought  that  a  spiritual  appre- 
hension of  this,  even  under  my  imperfect  representation  of  it,  might  sufficiently 
explain  his  new  experience.  I  could  have  no  doubt  that  he  had  been  bom  of  the 
Holy  Spirit.  Our  conversation  continued  for  some  time.  He  at  length  left  me, 
happier  than  I  can  tell,  to  go  on  with  my  preparations  for  the  pulpit  on  the 
morrow.    Truly  I  was  *  like  them  that  dream.' "  * 

♦  Shortly  before  his  last  illness  Dr.  Dwight  wrote  to  the  author  of  this  letter :  *'  Your 
preaching  came  fully  up  to  my  wishes  and  my  needs ;  and  bad  I  never  heard  you 
it  may  bo  that  I  should  never  have  cherished  the  hope  of  eternal  life."  He  was  wont 
aUo  to  refer  with  the  deepest  gratitude  to  the  Christian  training  of  his  earlier 
years.  "Few  pious  fathers,"  he  remarks  in  his  Memoir  of  his  brother,  the  Rev. 
Serono  E.  Dwight,  D.  D.,  whose  religious  history  presents  many  striking  points  of  resem- 
blance to  his  own,  "  have  been  able  so  to  present  to  their  childreu  the  character  and 


I860.]     '  WUliam  13ieodareJ)wiffht.  18T 


""Mr.  Dwight,^  Dr.  Skinner  adds,  ""at  onoe  abandoned  hit  calling,  with 
proepeeto  of  wealth  and  eminence  from  it  not  ofteu  sarpaasedy  and  conse- 
crated himself  to  Christ  in  the  work  of  the  ministry."  The  decision  was 
in  accordance  with  predilections  of  mnch  earlier  origin.  While  a  stodent 
of  lawy  he  wrote  to  an  intimate  firiend :  — 

^  When  I  think  at  times  of  the  temptations  incident  to  my  prafesnon,  and  the 
iireligioos  throng  aroond  me  moving  with  the  speed  of -time  toward  the  day  of 
retribution,  and  of  my  own  guilty  character,  the  light  to  which  I  have  been 
blind,  and  the  blessings  I  have  forgotten,  I  ahnoit  recoil  from  everything 
around  me,  and  long  for  some  land  where  I  could  fly  and  be  at  rest  I  know, 
there  is  but  one  remedy  for  these  aod  all  other  troubles.  *  Acquaint  thyself  with 
GrOD,  and  be  at  peace,'  is  the  only  hope,  the  only  certainty  of  deliverance.  I  en« 
deavor  faintly  and  sinfully  to  direct  my  thoughts  toward  the  fountain  of  life ;  but 
h  is  not,  from  my  unbelief^  opened  to  my  thirsty  souL  Could  I  taste  and  drink 
its  living  waters,  I  feel  as  if  I  would  not,  could  not  remain  here  longer,  but  would 
consecrate  myself  to  the  labors  of  a  minister  of  Christ" 

And  in  another  letter :  — 

''It  is  almost  at  times  my  conviction  that  the  profession  of  law  is  not  the  path 
of  duty  for  me^  while  my  impenitence  forbids  me  to  pursue  another."  * 

These  desires  were  for  several  yean  held  in  check  by  increasing  interest 
in  the  profession  which  had  been  chosen,  bat  revived  with  great  strength 
when  hopes  of  personal  piety  began  to  be  cherished.  '  They  did  not  imply, 

government  of  God  as  constitnting  the  motives  to  a  life  of  holiness  and  fiiith  as  was 
erer  done  by  President  D  wight  in  the  boeom  of  his  own  family.  The  result,  through 
the  Divine  blessing,  was  what  may  be  antidpated  in  every  nteh  otue,  ^-that  this  son 

grew  ap  from  the  earliest  childhood  to  fear  God  and  keep  his  commandments 

The  child  who  is  bom  and  nurtured  within  a  pious  atmosphere  ....  may  be  truly 
converted  long  before  bo  himself  imagines  it  In  such  cases  tlie  outward  change 
—  which  is  the  only  evidence  of  the  indwelling  grace — is  often,  for  a  considerable 
period,  scarcely  perceptible.  Indeed,  happier  were  it  for  oar  chnrches  generally,  happier 
for  Christian  parents  and  for  their  children,  were  the  training  to  be  ever,  steadily  directed 
to  just  such  anticipated  results.  The  family  would  then,  as  it  were,  universally  become, 
as  it  is  yet  destined  to  become,  the  nursery  of  the  Church,  and  the  great  primary  design 
of  its  institution  be  visibly  accomplished."  This  law  by  which  regenerating  grace  is 
connected  with  Christian  nnrturo  is  illustrated  in  the  history  of  the  family  of  which 
these  two  sons  were  members.  On  their  father's  side  such  a  transmission  and  descent 
of  piety  may  be  traced  through  at  least  seven  generations,  following  the  line  of  the  eld- 
est sons,  and  as  far  back  as  trustworthy  information  is  at  hand.  Each,  it  is  believed, 
was  baptized  in  infancy,  trained  in  the  fear  of  God,  received  into  the  visible  Church,  and 
characterized  by  consistency  of  Christian  life.  Following  another  line,  the  same  suooes- 
sion  may  be  traced  through  at  least  ten  generations.  In  still  other  lines  the  facts  are 
similar,  so  for  as  any  evidence  is  accessible.  One  or  two  apparent  exceptions  have  been 
found,  on  investigation,  to  confirm  the  rule. 

*  Letters  to  Joseph  D.  Wickhom,  Esq.,  now  Rev.  Dr.  Wickhiun,  dated  January  6 
and  February  24, 1820. 


I 


190  WtObm  Theodore  Jhriffit  [A|Nrn, 

hannless  m  a  doTe  — was  proviog  that  wliat  men  eall  -the  fboKshnesB  of 
preaehing  is  still  the  power  of  God.  A  few  miles  awaj,  at  Branswicky  its 
oomparatiTelj  ancient  church  was  rejoiciDg  in  its  deliveranoe  from  threat- 
ening error  throagfa  the  recent  settlement,  as  its  religions  teacher,  of  the 
beloved  pastor  who  still  pifesides  where  he  was  first  installed,  —  then  fresh 
from  the  chair  of  Sacred  Literature  at  Bangor;  and  Bowdmn  CoU^e— 
with  the  leanied  and  i^ons  Allen  at  its  head,  and  roond  him  a  body  of  hard- 
working, earnest,  Christian  men,  in  the  prime  of  life,  only  one  of  whom 
now  reioains,  with  eye  still  bright  and  heart  still  jonng,  to  link  the  future 
to  the  past  —  was  annually  gathering  to  itself  the  fk>wer  of  the  youth  of 
Maine.  While,  at  Bangor,  the  Maine  Charity  School,  offspring  of  Kiah 
Bailey's  and  Father  Sawyer's  prayers  and  toil,  enriched  by  the  recent  ac- 
cession of  Professors  Bond  and  Pond,  was  aspiring  to  rank  with  the  older 
theological  seminaries  of  the  land,  and  was  rapidly  securing  that  hold  on  the 
afiectiond  of  the  churches  which  has  been  worth  to  it  more  than  princely 
endowments.  It  was  a  time,  also,  of  political  progress,  of  increased  com- 
mercial activity,  of  the  development,  still  far  from  completion,  of  the  re- 
sources of  the  vast  forests  and  full-flowing  streams  of  the  State ;  and  no 
less  was  it  a  season  of  religious  movement  New  churches  were  forming. 
More  than  half  of  the  Congregational  ministers  were  missionaries.  Within 
two  years,  the  membership  of  the  churches  had  received,  mainly  through 
the  influence  of  revivals  of  religion,  accessions  which  were  counted  by 
thousands.  The  beneficent  missionary  career  of  Father  Sewall  was  not  yet 
closed,  some  of  the  two  hundred  and  fifty-seven  towns  in  which  he  labored 
not  as  yet  having  been  visited.  Great  revivals  still  were  expected,  and 
were  to  come.  The  Maine  Missionary  Society,  vigorous  at  the  outset,  and 
favored  now  with  the  services  of  Eliphalet  Gillett, — unwearied  in  labors 
and  courteous  in  manners  as  he  was  fa^n  and  logical  in  speech,  — never 
before  was  so  efficient.  Ten  years  earlier  the  Christian  Mirror  had  been 
started ;  and,  to  the  strength  and  point  of  the  leaders  of  its  able  editor.  Dr. 
Cummings,  and  the  grace  and  charm  of  the  frequent  contributions  of  the 
Missionary  Secretary,  it  was  adding  in  its  weekly  columns  the  glowing  rec- 
ord of  successful  labor  for  Christ,  and  the  best  thoughts  and  enterprising 
plans  of  the  most  active  and  efficient  laymen  and  pastors. 

Such  was  the  field  and  the  companionship  into  which  Mr.  Dwight 
entered  as  he  left  his  office  and  the  Court-House  on  Independence  Square, 
and  became  a  minister  of  the  gospel  in  what  was  then  the  remote  and  new 
State  of  Maine.* 

His  preparation  for  the  duties  of  his  station  had  been   gained  in  an 

F  *  I  have  allndsd  to  a  fow  prominent  cler^ymea  of  the  Congregatioiial  order.  By 
minitters  of  other  denominatioiu,  also,  Mr.  Dwight  was  cordialljr  welcomed,  and  sas- 
tolled  to  them  and  their  sacoesaora  agreeable  and  fraternal  relations.    Were  it  germane 


I860.]  WaUmm  TImdm*  IktiJifiitJ  US 

ummhI  mmyifh/A  h  ms  dMtwgh.  Willi  Am  iMdiog  ptiBeijilM  of  tkAi: 
New  BngkMwl  tlMologj  be  had  been  ocmTenHHit  hom  muAf  yoath.  The 
BaUe  wee  •  lezt-book  with  whksh  he  was  remerkahlf  iuniiUur.  Hie 
Imgnietie  tniaaig  aooa  emhreeed  the  atadj  of  the  Hidmw  langu^pe* 
Be«de  what  Dr.  Boahnell  haa  fiolieitoiisly  atjled  the  eanopkial  mmisterial. 
flituea,  he  peawaaed  others  which  are  quite  aa  Important  te  soeeeaB:  modi 
knowledge  of  meni  praotice  in  ^leaking  witfaont  a  nuunnacripty  fiuniliari^. 
witb  history,  e  ''greal  cooncienoe,'*  «id  an  intereit  in  the  troths  of  tha^ 
gospel  which  waa  wellnigh  abaorbing.*  A  few  of  the  miaistera— and. 
perhapa  as  manj  of  the  most  prominent  laymen  in  the  region  to  which  he. 
finaDf  eanae — were,  at  first,  somewhat  fearftil  lest  bis  habit  of  thoag^ 
might  eeTor  too  strongly  of  what  were  regarded  as  the  iunovations  of  the 
New  Ha?en  thedbgy;  and  upon  his  examination  before  the  coonoil  there 
waa  aeaoe  eagerness  to  question  him  on  these  points;  bat  the  wisdom,  de** 
cision^  and  biUieal  character  of  his  replies  soon  madean  end  of  this,  and 
frens  the  beginning  be  had  the  foil  confidence  of  a  ministiy  which  neyer 
baa'been  divided  nor  enfeebled  by  wrangling  OTor  minor  differences  of 
opinlsB.t 

Al  the  beginning  of  his  ministry,  and  for  several  years,  Mr.  Dwi^ 
pveaelMd  three  times  on  each  Sabbath,  and  always  at  least  once  extempore.* 
Thia  latter  method  was  followed  from  conviction  of  its  expediency  both  for 
preadier  and  hearer.  Throogfaont  his  ministry  he  combined  it  with  tha 
use  of  written  sermons,  and  ontil  toward  the  dose  of  life  preached  usually 
half  of  the  time  from  a  brief  plan.  He  rarely  attempted  to  write  more 
than  one  sermon  a  week.  This,  in  the  later  yearfr  at  least  of  his  settle- 
laent  in  Portland,  was  prepared  with  great  uniformity  on  Thursday,  Fri* 
day,  and  Saturday  of  each  week.  Ordinarily  the  subject  of  each  dis* 
oeurse  was  so  clearly  defined  in  bis  mind  that  from  the  first  sentence  to 


to  my  purpose,  I  should  be  pleased  to  allade  more  fully  to  their  'services  also  in  the  min- 
istiy o^the  gospel  in  Maine.  The  Baptists,  in  particular,  at  a  time  somewhat  earlier  in 
the  biatorj  of  this  portion  of  New  England,  seem  to  have  been  peculiarly  useful  ia 
keeping  aliTe  in  the  eommnnity  the  spirit  of  evangelical  piety. 

*  Under  date  of  January  16,  1832,  while  supplying  the  pulpit  of  the  Pine  Street 
Church,  Boston,  he  writes  to  his  college  class-mate,  Rev.  Dr.  Barstow  of  Keene,  New 
Hampshire :  *'  I  am  already  far  more  devoted  to  my  present  pursuits  than  to  my  former 
ones.  ....  My  feelings  and  tastes  are  in  one  sense  almost  entirely  altered.  Religion, 
dinetly  or  indirectly,  engrosaes  my  mind,  perhaps  too  exclusively  for  the  greatest  nse- 
fiihwae.  •  .  •  •  My  thoughts  rest  on  scarcely  anything  but  what  it  immediately  oonp 
aected  with  the  duty  of  one  who  has  taken  up  the  cross." 

t  The  same  month  in  which  he  was  installed  Mr.  Dwight  was  invited  to  preaeh 
before  the  Maine  Conference  of  Congregational  Churches.  As  usual  in  those  days,  the 
sendee  was  held  at  fife  o'clock  in  the  morning.  An  editorial  notice  of  the  sermon  in 
the  ChriiUan  Mirror  begins  thus :  "  Our  engagements  prevented  m  from  sharing  in  this 
privilege,  hot,"  ete. 


192  TmUm  fOeodare  Dwight.  [A^prQ^ 

the  last  he  wrote  steadily  on,  and  left  little  or  no  occasion  for  aobee- 
quent  alteration  or  revision.  He  aimed  always  at  thoroughness  and 
clearness,  and  at  a  certain  solidity  and  uniformity  of  excellence.  He  spent 
little  or  no  time  in  elaborating'  special  passages.  Few  ministers,  it  is  be- 
lieved, secure  a  greater  degree  of  completeness,  both  as  respects  the  range 
of  subjects  and  the  method  of  discussion.  All  of  the  prominent  topics  of 
theology  appear  in  the  titles  of  his  sermons,  and  each  is  presented  in  the 
way  of  clear  definition  and  formal  argument.  He  thus  gave  to  his  people, 
as  have  many  other  New  England  pastors,  a  body  of  divinity.  He  was, 
however,  by  no  means  confined  to  this  method  of  sermonizing.  The  rich 
variety  of  the  Scriptures  appears  in  the  themes  selected,  as  well  as  in  the 
modes  of  presentation.  He  thought  highly  of  expository  preaching,  and 
practised  it  A  series  of  biographical  discourses  was  early  begun,  and  was 
continued  through  his  ministry.  Free  use  was  made  of  the  historical  por- 
tions of  the  Bible,  and  of  incident  and  parable.  More  than  one  twentieth 
of  the  texts  of  his  written  sermons  arc  from  those  books  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment which  are  formal  histories.  More  than  three  times  as  many  are  from 
the  Prophets  and  Psalms ;  nearly  five  times  as  many  from  the  Gospels  and 
Acts.  Dr.  Dwighfs  first  sermon  was  upon  Christ  a  Witness  to  the  Truth. 
He  believed  thoroughly  in  the  adaptation  of  the  truth  to  promote  the  sal- 
vation of  men.  This  truth  he  understood  to  be  the  system  of  religions 
doctrine  which  is  revealed  in  the  Scriptures  as  the  supreme  directory  of 
man's  faith  and  conduct  His*  idea  of  the  preacher's  work,  accordingly, 
was  that  of  clear  exhibition  and  earnest  inculcation  of  this  truth.  Hjs  own 
ministry  of  the  Word  was,  in  a  marked  degree,  a  teaching  ministry.  Its 
aim  was  the  translation  of  the  Bible  into  human  conduct;  the  thorough 
furnishing  of  his  hearers  for  every  good  work.  He  believed  in  the  com- 
prehensiveness and  completeness  of  the  Scriptures;  that  they  embrace  all 
the  principles  of  religion  and  morality,  and  are  fitted  to  govern  human 
conduct  in  every  relation  of  life.  He  entered,  therefore,  into  the  field  of 
what  is  sometimes  called,  with  very  vague  notions  of  the  meaning  of  the 
phrase,  political  preaching.  And,  in  general,  he  claimed  and  exercised  the 
liberty  of  reviewing  any  subject  which  seemed  to  him,  at  the  time,  to  affect 
the  religious  interests  of  his  people  sufficiently  to  require  Attention,  whether 
this  subject  was  called  civil  or  political  or  ecclesiastical,  or  by  any  other 
name.  His  successive  Thanksgiving  and  Fast  Day  discourses  constitute 
a  series  of  admirable  expositions  of  topics  which,  from  the  nature  of  onr 
institutions,  it  is  peculiarly  incumbent  on  the  pulpit  to  discuss.  It  was  his 
habit,  also,  on  the  first  Sabbath  of  each  year  to  review  the  more  important 
events  which  had  occurred  in  his  parish  during  the  preceding  year,  and  also 
those  which  appeared  to  be  of  general  moral  and  religious  significance  in 
current  history.     His  information  was  unusually  wide  in  range  and  accn- 


1869.]  Wmm  TkmKhn  JDm^^  IW 

•  I 

f 

zito-ip  deteiQ%miid  tbete  cftrts  were  peeulkuijjiutniodveaiid  atiiiiqktiiif. 
He  abo  delivexedy  on  SiMwIh  eTemDgp,  lectnreiy  or  oonnee  of  leetaree,  on 
topiet  i|i  wluch  there  was  aa  existing  iatttmrt,  and  which  snstaiDed  an  im- 
portam  relatioD  to  fmblie  moralt  aii4  the  religioiis  welfiire  of  the  eem- 
mmiitjr.  These  lectures  were  often  ^ezoessivelj  thronged.*'  Carrjii^ 
ont.  the  same  ideas  that  the  preacher  is  a  teadier,  and  that  he  Ahonld 
tiain  his  hearers  to  oseftihiess  in  the  kingdom  of.  Christ  bf  snpf^jing 
them  with  information  respecting  its  present  condition  and  demands, 
I>is.  Dwight  informed  himself  thofooghlj  respecting  the  leading  bener- 
dent  movements  of  the  daj.  Domestie  and  foreign  missionsi  espe- 
cialljy  ooeapied  much  of  his  thooght*  Some  of  his  most  effective  ser- 
.moDS  and  addresses,  at  home  and  abroad,  were  Uie  reenU  of  these  inves- 
tigatioQS  and  reflections. 

Wiuk  his  preaching  thus  had  breadth  and  soope»  it  had  one  centre,-^ 
Christ  and  Him  crucified.  The  remoter  topics  were  tmly  oecasiooallj  and 
nupdiy  introduced.  Those  which  are  immediatelj  and  vittdly  connected 
witli  the  salvation  of  the  soul  constituted  the  burden  of  "the  preacher*s 
message.  Upon  all  questions  pertinent  to  ministerial  fidelitj  to  the  Cross 
Dr.  Dwight  held  a  very  stringent  theory.  The  promotion  of  holinesiy 
Ifaroogh  iaith  in  a  crucified  Redeemer,  was  the  one  characteristic  and  con- 
trolling purpose  of  his  preaching.  To  this  everything  was  subordinated. 
It  BMHiIded  the  style  of  his  discourses,  infusing  a  certain  seriousness  and 
simplicity  inconsistent,  with  elaborate  ornament  and  merely  sssthetical 
illttstilition.  It  shaped  the  course  of  his  daily  life,  withholding  him  from 
any  use  of  time,  or  gratification  of  intellectual  and  literary  tastes,  which  he 
eoncmved  might  divert  him  from  the  one  great  aim  of  his  profession.  It 
controlled  the  selection  of  themes  for  the  pulpit  and  lecture-room.*  Run- 
ning over  the  subjects  of  his  sermons,  each  expressed*  in  a  few  definite 
words  on  the  first  page  of  the  manuscript,  it  is  noticeable  how  oflen,  and 
in  what  varied  ways,  attention  is  called  to  the  character  and  law  of  God, 
to  human  responsibility,  sinfulness  and  guilt,  to  the  provisions  of  redemp- 
tion, to  the  intimate  connection  between  Christ  and  every  man,  to  the  con- 
ditions of  salvation,  and  the  duties  of  disciples,  and  the  awards  of  eternity. 
■It  is  of  interest,  also,  to  observe  bow  the  tone  of  the  preaching  mellows  with 
ripening  experience,  —  how  the  gospel  comes  signally  and  supremely  into 
prominence  as  alone  able  to  do  what  the  law  cannot  accomplish,  —  how 
the  newer  formulas  are  modified  and  limited  by  the  older  faith,  —  how 
Cluistianity  stands  out  clearly  in  its  main  fisicts  and  truths,  superior  to 
ethics,  superior  to  any  merely  governmental  scheme,  and  most  manifestly 
divine  in  those  very  doctrines  which  are  to  the  Jews  a  stumbling-block 
and  to  the  Greeks  foolishness.  No  New  England  clergyman,  probably, 
would  have  been  more  prompt  than  Mr.  Dwight  to  repel  the  thought  of 


IM  WiUtM  ThBoddre  Jktigkt.  [AprB, 

• 

anj  approttcih  in  bit  tMudiing  to  mjwtkasBL  He  r^oed  in  fiie  dear  ttid 
definite  fonns  ef  trathi  and  in  the  New  Sdiool  eoneeptaons  of  free  agenqr. 
Yet  in  his  caflOi  ai  in  nanj  othen^  the  power  of  a  deep  inward  lifoi  in  eom- 
mnnion  with  the  Bedeemer,  nourished  hj  those  tridiM  wliich,  among  tiie 
sacred  writersy  the  Apostle  John  seems  to  hare  been  pecnliarfy'  qaalified  to 
set  forth,  swept  liim  far  beyond  the  ethieal  formnlas  and  the  abstnot 
propositions  hy  which  diyine  troth  is  sometimes  ctrcomscribed  as  well  as 
defined.  This  religions  expansion. and  growth  of  so  dear  and  yigorons 
an  intellectoal  nature  as  Dr.  Dwight's  is  tcxj  suggestive.  Professor 
Thduck  has  recmtlj  expressed  the  opinion,  in  View  of  the  later  develop- 
ments  of  religions  thought  among  his  countrymen,  that  mysticism  will  again 
become  i»«Talent  in  Germany  as  the  reconciliation  of  reason  and  piety. 
Without  surrendering  to  mystidsm  in  any  of  its  historical  forms,  we  may 
accept  it  as  a  safe  criterion  of  the  depth  and  power  and  permanence  of 
any  theological  system,  whether  or  not  it  can  fairly  and  consistently  find 
room  for  and  asomilate  the  doctrine  of  a  religions  lifb,  which  is  bom  of 
God  and  perpetuated  by  his  indwdling  grace,  which  is  not  a  mere  snbjee- 
tive  feeling,  but  invokes  an  objective  testimony  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  so  that 
there  is  an  immediate  sense  and  assurance  of  divine  things,  and  a  real  and 
living  communion  with  God.  And  it  is  an  illustration  of  the  oomprehen- 
siveness  of  Dr.  Dwighf  s  mind  and  ministry  that,  with  a  lawyer^s  trainii^ 
and  an  inborn  love  of  statistics  and  facts  and  dear  definitions,  and  the  dida 
of  common  sense,  he  seems  also  to  have  been  strongly  attracted  to  those  of 
the  older  writers  who  have  much  to  say  of  an  inward  and  divine  life,  and 
of  sweet  and  spontaneous  afiections  of  the  soul  toward  God,  and  of  spiritual 
sentiments  and  tastes  and  feelings  which  His  Spirit  alone  exdtes  and  satis- 
fies, so  that  his  preadiing  was  characterized  as  much  by  warmth  and  glow 
of  reUgious  feeling  as  by  didactic  clearness  and  method,  and  was  thus  not 
merdy  the  deKvery  of  a  message,  but  a  testimony  in  the  Spirit. 

For  pastoral  labor  Dr.  Dwight  had  no  natural  predilection.  He 
esteemed  it,  however,  an  indispisnsable  part  of  ministerisil  duty,  and 
systematically  perftnmed  it  A  natural  courtliness  of  manners  aiid  air  of 
self-respect  interposed  n  somewhat  palpable  barrier  between  himself  and 
those  who  had  no  serious  purpose  to  accomplish  by  an  interview  with  him. 
But  no  one,  probably,  in  real  need  of  any  sort,  ever  was  repelled  or  dis- 
heartened by  him.  On  the  contrary,  he  sought  out  sudi,  and  was  abnn- 
dant  in  the  labors  of  benevolence.  In  these  he  derived  inestimable  assist- 
ance from  Mrs.  Dwight,  whose  overflowing  sympathies  -and  friendliness  of 
manner  often  opened  hearts  that  might  otherwise  have  been  dosedi 

Dr.  Dwight  early  entered  with  spirit  into  the  system  of  ecdesiastieal 
conferences  by  which  the  Congregationalism  of  Maine  combined  its 
churches  for  aggressive  missionary  operations.    Bardy,  during  lus  entire 


1869.]  .W9lkm  Titoiore  ^mitkt.  196 

minifltrf ,  wii  lie  absent  from  the  emnial  and  jemimnmal  meetiDgs  of  the 
CiiiiiberleiidCbontjCbnferenoey  or  fh)m  the  State  C^^  Hib 

tfrnming  as  a  kwjer  and  style  of  mind  qualified  htm  to  be  an  infloential 
membor.  of  anj  deliberatiTe  body*  He  was  often  ealled  to  serve  as  the 
moderator  of  ecclesiastical  eooncils.  Some  of  these  have  had  nnosoal  im- 
portance in  the  histoiy  of  Congregationalism.  One  soch  was  the  conndl 
OMiTened  in.the  city  of  New  Y<»k  to  listen  to  the  complaints  of  aggrieved 
members  of  the  Chnrchof  the  Pilgrims^  —  a  coancil  whose  deebion,  it  has 
been  afiirmed  by  high  aothorityy  saved  at  the  time  the  interests  of  Ooogrs- 
gationalism  in  that  city  and  vicinify.  The  same  qoalities  led  to  his  election 
ss  President  of  the  National  Convention  of  Congregattonalists  held  at  Al- 
bany, New  York,  of  the  Maine  Missionary  Society,  of  the  Oongregatienal 
Idbrary  Association,  of  the  Board  of  Visitors  of  the  Andover  Theological 
Seminary,  and  of  the  Portland  Benevolent  Sociefy.  He  was  also  a  usefiil 
member  of  the  Board  of  Overseers  of  Bowdoin  College,  and  of  the  Ameri- 
am  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions,  and  of  other  literary 
and  benevolent  organizations. 

His  repntation  for  practical  wisdom,  and  the  respect  entertained  for  his 
dmracter,  brought  upon  him  the  harden  of  a  laige  correi^ndence.  Pas- 
tors and  members  of  churches,  firom  Nova  Scotia  to  ^^^rginia  and  the  for 
West,  applied  to  him  for  counsel  in  oases  of  private  conscience  or  ecclesias- 
tical discipline.  The  amount  of  li^r  thus  performed  was  yery  great,  and 
its  usefulness  beyond  estimate. 

The  leading  traits  of  Dr.  Dwigbt's  character  and  ministry  have  ap- 
peared in  this  rapid  review  of  his  public  labors.  Some  personal  qualities 
and  characteristics  seem  to  deserve  further  notice.  It  remains  to  indicate 
these,  and  to  complete  the  narrative  of  his  life. 

In  stature  he  was  above  the  average  height  His  step  was  elastic,  his 
gait  unusually  rapid,  and  his  whole  carriage  expressive  of  energy.  His 
countenance  was  a  mirror  to  his  thoughts  and  emotions.  His  eye,  not  par- 
ticolarly  bright  in  repose,  glowed  with  intelligence  and  ardent  feeling  when 
he  was  engaged  in  discourse.  There  was  that  in  the  muscular  lip  and 
spirited  nostril  which  expressed  unusual  force  of  will.  While  the  capa- 
dous  forehead,  with  the  white  locks  of  later  years,  and  the  often  beaming 
radiance  of  his  face,  marked  him  in  any  assembly  as  a  man  of  superior 
intelligence  and  purity. 

Hq  inherited  from  his  father  a  love  of  accurate  and  diversified  informa- 
tion, a  very  retentive  memory,  and  an  aptitude  for  logical  and  impressive 
discourse.  He  had,  in  a  marked  degree,  the  power  of  disentangling  com- 
plieated  questions ;  of  grasping  strongly,  and  readily  applying,  great  princi- 
ples ;  and  of  expressing  his  thoughts  in  exact  and  efi*ective  forms  of  speech. 
He  possessed,  also,  a  vigorous  and  cultivated  imagination,  which  not  seldom 


196  WiOUm  iOeodare  JDwigkL  [April, 

earried.him  in  preaohin^  and  eepeoiillj  in  extempore  diaoooney  bj  a  few 
bold  Btrokeii  far  above  tbe  krel  of  ordinary  argument  He  was  ibnd  of 
poetry,  and  bad  large  stores  of  it  in  memory.  He  was  equally  fond  of  tbe 
exact  sciences,  espedally  astronomy  and  meteorology.  During  most  of  bis 
ministMal  life  be  kept  a  record  of  tbe  weatber.  He  wrote  out  and  deliv- 
ered  lectures  on  tbe  Nortbem  ligbts.  Meteors,  and  Volcanoes,  and,  witb 
tbese,  one  on  tbe  Biver  Bbine,  and  another  on  Genius.  He  bad  a  keen 
relisb  for  a  good  novel,  and  perbaps  as  strong  a  taste  for  books  of  travel  and 
researcb.  For  tbe  science  of  tbeology  be  bad  a  yet  more  decided  predis- 
position, and  assiduously  cultivated  it  As  President  of  tbe  Board  of  Visit- 
ors of  tbe  Andover  Tbeological  Seminary,  be  often  attended  tbe  tbeological 
as  well  as  otber  examinations  tbere,  and  bigbly  enjoyed  tbe  dear  and  sbarp 
doctrinal  analysis  whicb  appeared  in  the  recitations  of  tbe  students*  His 
own  questions,  on  tbese  occasions,  have  not  infrequently  been  commended, 
both  in  public  and  private,  fbr  their  point  and  pertinency. 

In  early  life  be  appears  to  have  prized  purity  of  conscience  above  every- 
thing else.  From  tbe  time  that  he  yielded  fully  to  its  demands,  reinforced 
as  they  were,  we  may  believe,  by  the  personal  pleadings  and  strivings  of 
tbe  Author  of  the  conscience,  be  walked  freely  in  the  light  which  before 
bad  often  oppressed  and  tortured.  The  ineffable  purity  of  the  Divine 
Character  became  full  of  attraction  to  him.  If  I  were  to  seek  fbr  a  single 
phrase  by  which  to  define  the  strongest -impression  his  own  character  was 
fitted  to  convey,  I  should  turn  without  hesitation  to  the  word  holiness, — the 
holiness  which  finds  so  remarkable  an  utterance  in  tbe  one  hundred  and 
nineteenth  psalm.  His  sense  of  justice  was  naturally  acute.  Injustice, 
private  or  public,  individual  or  national,  when  known,  seemed  not  only  to 
excite  but  to  lacerate  his  spirit  His  indignation  was  something,  at  times, 
terrific^ 

It  was  not  easy  for  him,  I  think,  to  enter  readily  into  other  persons* 
methods  or  habits  of  thought  when  they  differed  widely  from  his  own.  Yet 
he  was  a  man  whose  sympathies  were  deep  and  full.  Upon  the  subject  of 
suffering,  especially  physical  pain,  he  was  sensitive  almost  to  a  morbid 
degree.  He  had  endured  severe  pftin  himself,  at  different  seasons  of  pro- 
tracted sickness,  and  he  suffered  nearly  as  much,  it  sometimes  seeined,  in 
sympathy  with  others.  Out  of  these  peculiarities,  in  part,  came  the  chief 
trial  of  his  religious  life.  How  to  harmonize  God's  revelation  of  himself 
in  bis  providence  with  his  character  as  revealed  in  his  Word ;  how  to 
explain,  in  consistency  with  his  benevolence,  the  long  ages  of  suffering  and 
permitted  wrong,  —  these  questions,  in  their  various  aspects,  often  wrung 
and  tortured  his  spirit  They  did  not  overcome  his  faith,  but  only  because 
of  Calvary. 

Any  sketch  of  Dr.  Dwigbt's  character  would  be  very  imperfect  wbicb 


fidled  to  noiioe'lils  Independence.  He  was  nataraOj  self-reliaint,  fearleM, 
and  bold.  His  deliberation  and  conscientionsness  in  forming  his  opinions 
cmnUned  to  make  him  positive  and  determined  in  asserting  and  maintain- 
ing them.  Yet  the  natural  pmse  and  symmetry  of  his  character  appeared 
here  also.  With  an  ardent  and  impulsive  temperament,  he  was  noted  fbr 
eantion  and  prudence.  It  was,  Indeed,  a  task  which  he  did  not  always 
accdfmpKsh  to  turn  his  sometimes  vehemently  excited  feelings  into  the 
channels  of  self-control,  and  trust  and  quietness  of  spirit  Yet  he  was  an 
uhnsaally  prudent  and  safe  counsellor,  and  particularly  regardfbl  of  the 
rights  of  others.  To  be  wise  as  a  serpent,  he  once  remarked,  is  required 
tit  his  ministers  by  our  Saviour  before  a  dovelike  harmlessness. 

With  these  qualities  were  united  great  simplicity  and  honesty  of  charac- 
ter. He  seemed,  indeed,  to  be  entirely  fVee  from  the  slightest  taint  of 
dnpHdty.  The  discovery  of  it  in  others  produced  a  recoil  and  revolt 
of  feeling  which  found  instant  expression  in  his  countenance.  Special 
pleading  in  a  theological  discussion,  or  a  sermon,  was  his  abhorrence. 
This  waSy  in  part,  an  |nstinct  of  his  nature.  It  was  also  the  fruit  of  pro- 
found moral  conviction, — the  conviction  that  only  (jrod  can  regenerate  the 
human  soul,  that  his  saving  power  flows  through  the  channels  of  truth,  and 
that  only  he  who  loves  the  truth,  and  strives  in  ail  things  to  be  himself  at 
one  with  it,  can  be  a  chosen  minister  of  Grod. 

Dr.  Dwight*s  distinguishing  excellences  as  a  preacher  sprang  from  the 
intellectual  and  moral  qualities  which  have  been  enumerated.  He  had  the 
power  of  making  all  that  pertains  to  the  being  and  government  of  God, 
and  to  the  salvation  of  the  soul  from  sin,  seem  ineffably  great.  He  dwelt 
more  than  is  common  now,  if  I  mistake  not,  on  the  attributes  and  perfeo-. 
tions  of  the  Most  High,  and  exhibited  these  in  distinct  and  intimate  con- 
nection with  the  daily  duties  of  his  hearers.  Many  of  his  sermons  are 
peculiarly  fitted  to  make  plain  to  thoughtful  minds  the  distingaishing 
characteristics  of  a  religious  life,  and  to  encourage  and  strengthen  believers 
in.  their  efforts  to  attain  personal  holiness.  In  all  iiis  preaching  a  predomi- 
nant aim  was  to  enlighten  and  quicken  the  conscience,  and  he  excelled  in 
the  use  of  the  convincing  and  convictive  truths  of  the  Scriptures.  He 
sought,  also,  as  one  deeply  sensible  of  his  responsibility  to  God,  to  derive 
all  his  religions  teaching  from  the  inspired  Word,  and  his  sermons  were 
thus  characterized  by  the  simplicity  and  directness  and  solemnity  of  a 
Divine  message.  ^  My  ministry/'  he  wrote  to  Rev.  Dr.  Skinner,  toward 
the  close  of  his  life,  '^has  been  a  long  one.  ....  One  conviction  has  been 
comfortable  to  me  during  its  continuance,  and  it  comforts  me  still,  —  that  I 
have  preadied  the  truth.  Of  this  I  feel  assured.  Nor  has  my  minUtry 
been  without  much,  in  its  results,  which  has  been  God*s  approbation  at  the 

KXW  8SBIS8.  —  VOL.  L  NO.  2.  14 


19&  TFSBiam  Theodore  Hwig^.  [AprH, 

time,  and  will  be  throa|^  hb  grace  hereafler*    Nerer,  fi>r  one  boor,  have 
I  regretted  mj  reliaquishment  of  the  bar  for  the  desk." 

As  a  platform  speaker,  and  apoo  occaskms  where  the  higher  qaalitiea  of 
oratorj  are  demanded.  Dr.  Dwight  maj  justlj  be  ranked  among  the  most 
eminent  of  his  contemporaries  in  the  clergy  of  New  England.  Like  most 
men  of  vigoroas  intellecti  he  had  great  power  of  feeling.  He  was  qiri<^ 
aUoy  to  discern  the  main  points  of  anj  cause  whidi  he  wished  to  plead. 
The  themes  upon  which  he  ordinarily  spoke  took  strong  hold  of  his  mind 
and  heart.  His  conceptions,  always  clearly  defined  to  his  own  mind,  often 
had  a  massive  greatness  and  impressiveness.  The  winged  word  seemed 
ever  ready  to  speed  and  guide  the  polished  shaft.  The  range  <^  his  in- 
formation and  the  accaracy  of  his  memory  readily  supplied  all  needed 
illustration.  And  when  his  emotional  nature  was  profoundly  stirred,  this, 
with  his  copious  diction  and  ready  control  of  rich  and  expressive  forms  of 
speech,  gave  a  rhythm  and  movement  to  his  eloquence  in  a  high  degree 
nuyestic  and  commanding.* 

*  Among  the  mora  noteworthy  of  these  addresses  may  be  mentioned  several  made  at 
meedngs  of  the  American  Board  at  New  Haven,  Hartford,  Providence,  and  Brooklyn, 
006  at  an  anniTersary  of  the  American  Home  Missionary  Socie^  in  New  York  City,  and 
various  speeches  at  meetinfi^s  of  the  Maine  Conference  of  Congregational  Chorches  held 
in  the  cities  of  Augusta,  Bangur,  Portland,  and  Biddeford.  Through  the  care  of  the 
secretaries  of  the  American  Home  Missionary  Society,  one  of  these  addresses  appears  to 
have  been  taken  down  as  it  fell  from  his  lips.  In  introducing  it  to  the  readers  of  the 
Christian  Mirror,  so  cool  and  competent  a  judge  as  its  editor.  Rev.  Dr.  Cummings, 
remarked :  "  We  deem  it  no  compliment  to  say,  that,  for  weighty  thought  and  forcible 
expression,  indeed,  for  all  the  characteristics  of  vigorous  eloquence,  Burke  or  Webster 
might  be  proud  to  own  it."  The  late  Professor  Shepard,  of  Bangor,  a  practised  critic 
of  public  speaking,  once  referred  with  great  interest  to  a  speech  made  by  Mr.  Bwight  at 
Augusta  in  1846.  The  Annual  Report  on  the  State  of  Religion  within  the  Conference 
had  been  somewhat  disheartening.  The  point  of  the  address  was,  that  there  was  occa- 
sion for  humility,  but  none  for  despondency.  "  He  had  scarcely  begun,"  wrote  the 
editor  of  the  Mirror,  "  before  we  entirely  forgot  our  office,  or  that  it  was  our  duty  to 
hear  for  others,  as  well  as  for  ourselves."  Another  speech  of  unusual  efiectireness  I 
remember  to  have  heard  at  Bangor  in  1854.  It  was  the  time  of  the  Nebraska  outrage. 
Professor  Shepard  wrote,  the  week  previous,  to  Dr.  Dwight,  requesting  him  **  to  pre- 
sent a  resolution,  with  some  remarks  on  the  matter."  In  consequence,  probably,  of 
other  engagements,  Dr.  Dwight  appears  to  have  gone  to  the  conference  with  no  special 
preparation.  A  resolution,  if  memory  serves  me,  drawn  up  by  Professor  Shepard,  and 
seen  by  the  speaker  only  a  short  time  before  he  presented  it,  guided  his  remarks. 
The  resolution  wo  carefully  drawn,  each  clause  making  a  new  and  cumulating  argu- 
ment. Following  its  order,  Dr.  Dwight  spoke  with  legal  accuracy  of  the  breach  of  faith 
involved ;  then  set  forth  in  clear  outline,  by  an  analysis  of  its  codes,  the  system  of 
slavery;  then  depicted  the  honors  involved  in  its  extension  and  perpetuation;  then 
arrayed  agdnst  it  the  patriot's  love  of  country,  by  showing  its  deadly  hostility  to  the 
Union,  and  the  dishonor  to  which  it  subjected  us  in  the  eyes  of  other  nations ;  and  then, 
rising  to  a  plane  of  thought  and  feeling  on  which  be  always  moved  with  ease,  held  the 
crowded  and  excited  audience  wellnigh  breathless  while  he  pleaded  the  sanctions  of 


1869.]  WUKam  Theodore  Dip^  199 

The  Hwriogieal  views  of  Dr.  Dwight  were  those  whidi  are  well  known 
as  t&e  later  New  England  and  Edwardean  theology.  He  accepted^  in  gen* 
eraly  the  modifioadons  of  earlier  opinions  which  appear  in  the  writings  of 
the  jomger  Edwards.  To  the  exegetical  labors  of  Ifoses  Stnart  he  often 
expressed  very  graal  indebtedness.  Tlie  attempts  whidi  were  m^  in 
his  younger  days,  not  withoat  subsequent  repetition,  to  impugn  the  ortho-> 
dmcy  of  Dr.  Taylor,  of  New  Haven,  met  with  no  fiivor  from  him ;  and*  he 
admired  the  deamess  and  vigor  with  which  this  distinguished  theologian 
and  preadier  opposed  the  dogma  that  sin  is  the  necessary  means  of  the 
greatest  good,  and  the  cogent  reasoning  by  which  he  maintained  the  oW* 
gatioD  of  immediate  repentance  of  sin.  Yet  as  early  as  the  year  1888 
he  expressed  gratification  at  the  proposal  to  establish  a  review  in  New 
York  designed  to  oppose  ^  New  Haven  divinity," — ^for,"  he  wrote,  ^it 
will  make  New  Haven  men  more  guarded,  and  they  need  pressure  of  thai 
MyrC"  From  the  peculiarities  ci  Dr.  Emmons's  system  he  stood  at  a  musli 
wider  remove ;  *  and  yet  further  away  from  any  scheme  which,  in  endeav* 
oring  to  find  room  for  holy  exercises,  displaces  the  divine  efficiency.  Jn 
matters  of  ecclesiastical  polity  he  was  from  preference  a  Congregationalist, 
but  had  no  sympathy  with  any  efibrts  to  resolve  this  form  of  polity  inte 
Tirtaal  independency.t 

Dr.  Dwi^t  re»gned  his  pastoral  charge  in  consequence  of  infirm  health 
snd  domestic  afiliction.  His  ministry  was  prosecuted  in  one  community. 
Perhaps  if  he  had  been,  at  the  time,  a  younger  man,  he  would  have 
responded  favorably  to  some  one  of  the  overtures  which  were  made  to  him 
from  several  theological  seminaries,  and  accepted  a  professorship  of  didactic 

eternal  jnetiae,  and  the  demands  of  that  kiogdom  which  is  righteoomeit  and  tnith. 
Opiniona  in  the  conference  had  been  somewhat  divided,  thongh,  perhaps,  with  svl^ 
Kantial  agreement  on  the  main  question.  After  .Dr.  D wight's  address  there  waie  aUs 
qiieecheSy  bnt  they  were  all  on  the  same  side. 

In  preparing  for  these  addresses,  often  highly  polished  and  felicitous  in  style  and  dio- 
tbn^'Dr.  Dwight,  it  is  believed,  made  no  use  of  the  pen. 

*  The  -views  expressed  in  an  able  article  on  the  Theological  System  of  Dr.  Emmoni^ 
in  the  American  Theological  Review  for  January,  1862,  seemed  to  him  just  and  im- 
portant. 

t  In  184S  a  committee  of  the  General  Conference  of  Maine  published  "A  Manual  of 
Congregationalism."  The  chairman  of  this  committee  was  Bev.  Dr.  Pond.  In  Sec- 
tions XII.  and  Xm.  occur  these  statements :  *'  The  mutual  relatioii  and  fellowship  of 
the  churches  were  strenuously  maintained  by  the  fathers  of  New  England.  They  ab- 
horred any  such  independency  as  imtiiated  the  individual  ehnrch."  .  .  .  .  "  The  admet 
of  a  properly  convened  ecclesiastical  council,  though  not  absolutely  binding,  is  justly 
entitled  to  great  weight,  and  should  not  be  rejected  bnt  for  die  most  cogent  reasons. 
Nor  is  it  true,  as  is  commonly  said,  that  Congregational  oonncik  are,  in  all  cases,  wunbf' 

advwny  bodies Important  questions  are  mbmUed  to  ikem  to  decide,  ....  This  is 

always  the  case  with  ordaining  councils."  These  were  substantially  Dr.  Dwigbi's 
opinions. 


WaUam  Timbre  Ikri^.  [April, 

tbaologf.  Yet  he  deprecated  freqoflBcj  of  changeB  in  iheminiiteri^ 
And  the  dose  of  his  pastorate  in  the  oitj  of  PcnrUand  strikingly  evinced  the 
peenliar  power  which  is  secared  hy  permanency  in  the  ministry.  The 
pohtic  jonmab  notioed  his  withdrawal  with  no  ordinary  expressions  of 
regret  They  spoke  of  his  moulding  hand  as  felt  by  the  people  of  the  city, 
of  his  elevated  example  and  patriotic  services,  of  his  departure  as  a  loss 
and  affliction  which  would  be  felt  not  only  by  his  own  church,  but  by  the 
eommnnity  of  churches,  the  city,  and  the  State.  When  the  farewell  dis- 
eonrse  was  delivered,  hundreds  from  other  congregations  than  his  own 
went  away,  unable  to  gain  admissiiHi  to  the  densely  crowded  dinrch. 
Especially  signiflfcant  was  «  letter,  addressed  to  the  retiring  pastor,  bearing 
the  names  of  many  of  the  most  intelligent  and  prominent  citisens  of  Fort* 
land,  ^  freely  and  cheerfully  signed  without  distinction  of  sect  or  party.** 
The  main  portion  of  this  communication  deserves  a  place  here,  both  as  an 
expression  of  the  esteem  which  was  generally  entertained  for  Dr.  Dwight 
by  those  familiar  with  his  public  career,  and  as  a  testimony  to  the  value  of 
a  persevering  and  permanent  occupancy  of  the  pastoral  office. 

"  PoxTLAxn,  April,  1 864. 
"  RswKBKD  Ain>  Dear  Sir  : — 

**....  Daring  a  period  of  near  one  third  of  a  century  in  which  you  have 
lived  among  us,  your  earnest  and  ftithfal  miniBtratbns  in  the  pastoral  office,  your 
nawsaried  efforts  in  the  nudntenanoe  of  good  order,  your  uniform  support  of  the 
lastftnrions  of  piety  and  sound  religious  instruction,  have  constitated  you  a  con- 
spicuous i»llar  in  our  social  edifice,  and  endeared  you  to  all  the  friends  of  good 
government  and  a  well-regulated  society. 

^  At  any  time,  and  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances,  the  withdrawal 
from  a  community  of  a  long-tried,  earnest,  and  exemplary  Christian  man  is  deeply 
fell  and  lamented ;  but  it  is  more  particularly  so  at  this  time,  when  the  elements 
ef  society  are  stirred  and  confused,  and  the  Church  and  the  State,  more  than  ever, 
need  the  wise  counsels,  the  undiminished  effi>rt8,  and  the  fervent  prayers  of  every 
tnie  Christian  and  philanthropist  At  this  peculiar  juncture  our  town  can  ill  afford 
to  part  with  a  citizen,  and  our  churches  with  a  pastor,  whose  rich  experience,  long 
and  feithfrd  service,  and  exemplary  walk  have  given  ardor  to  hope,  and  confidence 
to  virtue,  and  strengthened  the  silver  cords  which  bind  together  the  substantial 
intsrests  sf  a  free  and  intelligent  people. 

*  We  venerate  the  man  whose  heart  is  warm, 
Whose  hands  are  pore,  whose  doctrines  and  whose  life 
Cofaicident,  exhibit  ladd  proof 
That  he  Is  honest  in  the  sacred  canse.' 

^  Ton  will  not  therefere  wonder.  Dear  Sir,  that,  entertaining  such  sentiments, 
we  should  feel  a  deep  and  abiding  sorrow,  which  is  shared  by  oar  whde  com- 
munity, in  parting  with  a  feitfafbl  minister  of  the  gospel,  and  a  devoted,  patriotic 
dtiaen ;  and  we  adk  you  to  receive,  in  the  same  sfnrit  with  which  it  b  tendered. 


1869.  J  Wittum  Theodore  DwigU.  201 

ibis  expreBflion  of  our  grateftil  appreciation  of  your  life  and  eharaetery  and  onr 
earnest  desire  and  prayers  that,  irhereTer  in  the  providence  of  God  your  lot  may 
be  cast,  yon  may  find  friends  not  less  grateful,  and  a  people  not  less  devoted  and 
attached,  than  those  from  whom  you  are  about  to  depart,  and  who  now  with 

sincere  regret  most  affectionately  take  their  leave  of  you 

^  Yonr  fidthful  friends, 

^  Wm.  Willxs,"  and  many  others. 

Upon  leaving  Portland,  Dr.  Dwight  renoioyed  to  Andoveri  Mass.,  where 
he  spent  the  sammers  of  the  two  following  yearst  visiting  Philadelphia 
daring  the  intervening  winter.  He  continued  to  preach  nearly  every 
Sabbath,  supplying  a  portion  of  the  time  the  pulpit  of  the  Seminary  Chapel 
at  Andover  and  that  of  the  Tabernacle  Church  in  Salem.  As  an  illustra- 
tion oi  the  continued  vigor  of  his  mind  and  its  resources,  it  may  be  men- 
tioned that,  on  being  requested  to  deliver  an  address  at  the  inauguration  of 
Bey.  J.  Henry  Thayer  as  Professor  of  Sacred  Literature  in  the  Andover 
Theological  Seminary,  he  at  once  prepared  a  learned  and  appropijate  dis- 
course, scarcely  turning  to  a  single  book,  and  with  no  respite  from  continu- 
oas  writing  save  such  as  was  rendered  necessary  by  his  tremulous  hand 
and  other  physical  infirmities.* 

*  The  following  is  a  list  of  Dr.  Dwigbt's  pnblislied  orations  and  sennons :  — 

1.  An  oration  before  the  Washington  Benevolent  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  delivered 
in  the  Hall  of  the  Musical  Fund  Society,  February  22. 1827.    Philadelphia,  1827. 

2.  Beligion  the  only  Preservatiye  of  National  Freedom.  A  Thanksgiying  dis- 
course.    1836. 

3.  The  Church  the  Pillar  and  Ground  of  the  Truth.  A  sermon  delivered  before  the 
Maine  Minsionarj  Society.     1839. 

i.  A  sermon  at  the  organization  of  the  Bethel  Church,  Portland.  Christian  Mirror, 
October  15,  1840. 

5.  A  discourse  on  the  Death  of  President  Hardson.    1841. 

6.  A  discourse  on  tlie  Rightfulness  and  Expediency  of  Capital  Punishment     1843. 

7.  An  address  delivered  before  the  Association  of  Alumni  of  Yale  College.    1844. 

8.  The  Adaptation  of  the  Truth  to  promote  the  Salvation  of  Men.  A  discourse  de- 
lirered  at  the  installation  of  Bev.  Oren  Bikes  over  the  Trinitarian  Congregational 
Church  and  Sodety  in  Bedford,  Mass.     1846. 

9.  An  address  delivered  before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society,  Alpha  of  Maine,  in 
Bowdoin  College.    1849. 

10.  Characteristics  of  New  England  Theology,  A  diicourse  delivered  at  the  First 
Public  Anniversary  of  the  Congregational  Board  of  Publication,  at  the  Tremont 
Temple,  Boston.    1855.  * 

11.  The  Pulpit,  in  its  Relations  to  Politics.  A  discourse  delivered  in  the  Third 
Congregational  Church,  Portland,  November  20,  1856,  and  January  18,  1857.  Port- 
land, 1857. 

12.  A  discourse  on  Spiritualism,  delivered  in  the  Third  Parish  Church,  Portland, 
April  26,  1857.    Portland,  1857. 

13.  The  Work,  and  the  Workmen.  A  discourse  in  behalf  of  the  American  Home 
Missionary  Society,  preached  in  the  city  of  New  York  May  8,  1859.    New  York,  1859. 


202  William  Theodore  Jhright.  [April, 

Daiing  the  sammer  of  1865,  a  spot  in  the  back  of  the  neck,  which  had 
been  sensitive  since  his  subjection,  early  in  his  ministry,  to  a  severe  attack 
of  rheumatic  fever,  became  peculiarly  tender,  with  symptoms  of  inflamma- 
tion. The  pain  continued  to  increase  and  spread,  and,  for  several  months, 
was  oflen  intense.  Throughout  these  trying  experiences,  he  was  sustained 
by  a  calm  trust  in  the  wisdom  and  love  of  God,  and  in  his  mercy  through 
Jesus  Christ 

In  September,  the  disease  in  its  progress  at  times  clouded  his  mind. 
On  Saturday  and  Sunday,  the  twenty-first  and  twenty-second  of  October, 
it  became  apparent  that  the  end  was  near.  Daring  most  of  the  time  he 
lay  seemingly  not  cognizant  of  what  was  occurring  around  him.  Early  in 
the  evening  of  the  last  day  he  suddenly  raised  himself,  and  uttered  the 
words,  '^  I  am  dying."  From  that  time,  several  hours  before  he  expired, 
he  appeared  to  be  in  perfect  possession  of  all  his  mental  faculties.  He 
spoke  with  difficulty,  but  responded  with  entire  intelligence  to  questions,  to 
verses  of  Scripture  and  stanzas  of  hymns,  and  suggested  some  of  these 
himself.  A  little  after  nine  o'clock  his  eye  lighted  up  with  a  look  of 
mingled  surprise  and  love,  and,  after  dwelling  a  moment,  as  if  in  farewell, 
on  his  children  by  his  side,  rested  seemingly  on  some  object  unseen  by 
those  around  him.  For  several  minutes  his  gaze  deepened  in  intensity. 
Mingled  reverence,  humility,  delight,  and  love  filled  it  with  a  light  which 
did  not  seem  to  be  of  earth.  It  overspread  his  entire  countenance,  making 
it  radiant  This  continued  several  minutes.  Then  he  closed  his  eyes  and 
^'fell  asleep."  Among  his  last  utterances  were  the  words,  ^^I  go  with 
Jesus."  * 

14.  The  Nationality  of  a  People,  its  Vital  Element  An  oration  delivered  in  the  new 
City  Hall,  before  the  city  goyemment  and  citizens  of  Portland,  July  4«  1861.  Portland, 
1861. 

Dr.  Dwight  also  published,  in  1851,  a  Memoir  of  Sereno  Edwards  Dwight,  D.  D., 
Pastor  of  Park  Street  Church,  Boston,  and  President  of  Hamilton  College,  in  New 
York. 

*  Two  commemorative  discourses  were  preached  on  occasion  of  the  death  of  Dr. 
Dwight ;  one  by  Key.  Dr.  Carrnthers,  to  a  large  assembly  in  the  Second  Parish  Church, 
Portland ;  the  other  by  Rev.  Henry  A.  Boardman,  D.  D.,  in  the  Tenth  Presbyterian 
Church,  Philadelphia.  Appreciative  and  appropriate  minutes  were  adopted  by  the 
Cumberland  and  General  Conferences  of  Maine.  Bev.  Dr.  Barstow,  of  Keene,  New 
Hampshire,  his  college  classmate  and  life-long  friend,  also  paid  a  tribute  to  his  memory 
in  the  Congregadonalist  for  November  17,  1865. 


1869.]  JBarlieit  Ordination  in  the  Dutch  Ohurdi  in  this  Countn/.  208 


EABLIEST  ORDINATION  OP  A  MINISTER  OF  THE  DUTCH 

CHURCH  IN  THIS  COUNTRY. 

[This  omkras  scimp  of  •celetiastlcal  history  iodicates  in  a  rery  pleasing  manner  the  kindlj 
relations  subsisting  of  old  between  the  Pnrltans«and  the  venerable  Chuich  of  Holland  bi 
America.] 

The  Rev.  Edward  A.  Collier,  pastor  of  the  Reformed  Protestant  Datch 
(%nrch,  as  it  was  lately  called,  of  Kinderhook,  New  York,  in  a  historical 
discoarse  entitled  **  The  Hallowed  House,"  preached  there  December  8, 
1865,  gives  the  following  account  of  the  ordination  of  the  first  minister: —  . 

'*  The  first  pastor  was  Rev.  Johannes  van  DiiesBen,  a  younger  brother  of  Rev. 
Petms  van  Driessen  of  the  Albany  Charch.  There  was  then  in  the  coantry  no 
ecclesiastical  body  of  our  denomination  superior  to  the  Consistory.  It  had  been 
eostomary  to  apply  to  Holland  when  an  ordiuned  minister  was  needed.  Mr. 
Van  Driessen  had  completed  his  preparatory  studies  in  Holland,  but  had  not 
been  ordained.  The  difficulty  was  obviated  in  this  way.  Mr.  Van  Driessen,  re- 
ettving  a  letter  of  recommendation  to  the  Faculty  of  Yale  College,  proceeded  to 
New  Haven ;  a  Congregational  Council  was  then  assembled,  and  by  this  body 
Mr.  Van  Driessen  was  duly  examined  and  ordained.  A  copy  of  the  credentials 
they  gave  him,  written  in  Latin,  u  preserved  in  our  records.  The  first  pastor  of 
our  charch  thus  came  accredited  by  a  sister  denomination.  Mr.  Van  Driessen's 
pastorate  commenced  in  1727,  and  lasted  about  eight  years.  According  to  stipu- 
lation, only  two  thirds  of  his  labors  were  given  to  this  church,  the  remainder  of 
his  services  were  devoted  to  those  residing  upon  the  Livingston  manor  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  county." 

Through  the  kindness  of  a  friend,  who  has  transcribed  the  certificate  of 
ordination,  I  am  enabled  to  present  it  to  the  readers  of  the  Congregational 
Quarterly.  The  Latin  is  not  of  the  first  water,  but  I  give  it  as  it  stands, 
with  the  exception  that  one  or  two  obvious  mistakes,  probably  of  transcrip- 
tion into  the  records,  have  been  corrected. 

"  Omnibus  in  Christo  fidelibus  hie  et  ubique  has  presentes  inspecturis 
salutem  in  Domino.  Vobis  notnm  sit  quod  nos,  Neo-Portensis  in  Colonia 
Connecticut  ensi  comitatus  Presbyteri,  undecim  numero,  totidemque  Eccle- 
siarum  pastores,  in  unam  ad  Constitutum  prsedicta  Colonia  Associationem 
formati,  nnumque  in  locum  in  aula  sc.  [scilicet]  gymnasii  Yalensis  con- 
venti,  Dominum  Johannem  van  Driessen,  ...  [a  word  lost]  Lngdoni 
Batavorum  educatum,  ac  nobis  examine  sufficienti  caute  exploratum,  testi- 
monio  item  de  morum  probitate  ecclesiastico  bene  cognitum,  in  officiom 
et  ad  munus  ministerii  Evangelic!,  precibus  ad  cocleste  numen  animatis 
admotis  manuumque  impositione,  et  Domini  nostri  Jesu  Christi  altissimi 
nomine,  avocavimus,  segregavimus,  et  ordinavimus;  ac  in  peculiare  ser- 


204  Harlieit  Ordination  m  the Ihttch  Chwi^qfihis  (hwntry.  [ApriU 

Titiom  Christianoruniy  Honoratissimi  D.  D.  Livingston  et  Benselaar  Dom- 

inatum  incolentium,  cordate  commendamos  et  renudelciamas : 

^  In  cujus  rei  testimoninm  has  literas,  moderatoris  hqjas  Assodationis 

ejosdemque  scribao  nominibus  signatas  et  finnatas,  omnes  onice  Toluimus 

ac  dedimus. 

*  Jonathan  Abnold,  Scnbct, 

*  Samuel  Bussell,  Moderator/* 

The  ministers  of  the  Association  of  New  Haven  county  were  then 
about  fifteen  in  number.  The  moderator  was,  no  doubt,  Samuel  Russell,  of 
Branford  (Harvard,  1^1),  whose  ministry  continued  from  1687  to  1731,  and 
not  his  son  Samuel  Bussell,  of  North  Guilford  (Yale,^1712),  whose  ministry, 
began  there  in  1725,  and  was  terminated  by  death  in  1746.  The  scribe, 
Jonathan  Arnold  (Yale,  1723),  was  minister  of  West  Haven  from  1725  to 
1734,  who  then,  on  becoming  an  Episcopalian,  left  his  parish,  received 
the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  from  Oxford,  and  died  in  1739. 

The  other  mmisters  of  the  association,  as  well  as  I  can  make  them  out, 
besides  the  three  already  named,  were  Joseph  Noyes,  New  Haven  ;  Isaac 
Stiles,  North  Haven ;  Samuel  Whittelsey,  Wallingford  ;  Samuel  Andrew, 
Milford ;  Jared  ElKott,  Killingworth  ;  Thomas  Ruggles,  Guilford ;  Jona- 
than Merrick,  North  Branford ;  John  Hart,  East  Guilford ;  Joseph  Moss, 
Derby;  Jacob  Hemingway,  East  Haven;  Samuel  Hall,  Cheshire;  and 
John  Southmayd,  Waterbury.  Nearly  all  of  these  ministers  are  com- 
memorated by  Dr.  Sprague  in  his  *^  Annals,"  and  especially  in  the  first 
volume.  The  records  of  the  association  (now  represented  by  the  New 
Haven  East)  for  that  early  time  are  lost,  so  that  there  is  no  other  record 
of  their  doings  in  this  ordination. 

The  place  of  meeting  was  the  first  college  building,  erected  in  1718,  and 
situated  near  the  comer  of  Chapel  and  College  streets,  not  far  from  the 
latter  street  This  building,  named  after  Grovemor  Yale,  gave  name  at 
length  to  the  institution  itself. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  Church  of  Holland  kept  the  power  of  ordina- 
tion in  its  own  hands  for  a  long  time,  and  the  Consistory  of  the  particular 
church  was  the  highest  authority  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church  on  this 
side  of  the  water.  Hence  the  necessity  that  Mr.  Van  Driessen  should 
either  go  back  to  Holland  for  ordination  or  get  it  from  another  ecclesiasti- 
cal body.  Even  when  in  1747  the  classis  of  Amsterdam  approved  of  the 
Coetus,  that  union  had  only  advisory  power,  unless  specially  allowed  by  the 
authorities  in  Holland,  to  ordain  ministers.  The  Coetus  sought  more  in- 
dependence,  and  an  opposing  party,  called  the  Conferentie,  warmly  resisted 
their  views.  The  Coetus  party  procured  in  1770  a  charter  for  Queen's, 
now  Rutger's  College,  which  they  intended  to  make  a  place  ^  for  the  train- 
ing of  a  ministry  for  the  Dutch  Churches  in  America."    The  efforts  of 


John  H.  LiTingston  in  Holland  to  procure  more  self-subsistenee  for  the 
church  here,  and  in  America  to  bring  about  a  state  of  amity  between  the 
Gietus  and  the  Conferentte,  more  than  any  other  cause,  led  to  the  union  of 
^e  Dutdi  Churches  about  the  year  1772.  But  the  present  organiaalion 
of  the  Dutch  Churdi  belongs  to  the  year  1792. 

It  may  occur  to  some  one  to  ask  why,  wh«i  ordination  was  sought  for 
Mr.  Van  Driessen,  application  was  not  made  to  the  pre^ytery  of  Long 
ledand,  rathw  than  to  the  Puritans  of  Connecticut,  whose  churclm)rdar 
made  them  more  remote  lelatiyes  of  the  Church  of  .Holland  ?  Some  yean 
before  1727  there  was  a  presbytery  of  Long  Island,  one  of  Philadelphia^ 
and  one  of  Newcastle,  of  which  the  two  latter  had  already  become  united 
in  a  Synod.  The  reason  why  Mr.  Van  Driessen  did  not  apply  to  these 
Presbyterian  btethren  cannot  be  found  in  a  d£fierent  standa^,  for  at  that 
time  they  had  no  formulary  of  faith  to  which  they  required  assent  Could 
the  reason  be  in  a  jealou^  existing  between  the  old  Dutch  settlers  and  the 
Englbh  of  the  Colony  into  whose  hanids  the  dominion  had  passed  ?  Or 
was  the  reason  the  greater  importance  and  respectability  at  that  time  of 
the  established  Church  of  Connecticut  ?  Or  was  it  a  traditional  friend- 
finess  between  the  Church  of  Holland  and  the  Puritans  who  had  once 
enjoyed  protection  there  in  their  exile  from  their  own  country  ?  Or  was 
it  nothing  more  than  that  Patroon  Tan  Rensselaer  happened  to  hare  a^ 
quaintances  at  New  Haven  ?  For  it  ought  to  be  remarked  that  the  Latin 
certificate  of  ordination  knows  nothing  of  Van  Driessen  as  the  minister  of 
Kinderfaook,  but  only  as  a  minister  in  the  Van  Rensselaer  and  Livingston 
manors. 

These  questions  are  left  to  some  one  better  versed  in  American  Eccle- 
siastical history  than  the  writer  to  answer. 


USE    OF    HYMNS. 

To  fix  choice  Scriptures  firmly  in  our  mindy 
And/hew  us  where  wejhall  thofe  Scriptures  find : 
To  move  the  mind  to  meditate  and  pray  ^ 
And  train  up  Children  in  a  Godly  way; 
To  plant  the  doctrine  of  our  Catechifm^ 
And  root  up  Errors^  Herefie^  and  Schifm; 
To  purge  prophanene/Sy  and  create  an  Ocean 
Of  Love  and  Loyalty  y  and  due  Devotion, 

Pre£ioe  to  William  Barton't  "  Six  Centories  of  Select  HymDS,**  etc 
London.   s688. 


206  The  Serif^ural  Diae&nate.  [April, 


THE  SCRIPTURAL  DIACONATE. 

The  word  ^  deacon,"  which  has  heen  Anglicized  by  ecclesiastical  usage, 
occurs  in  the  New  Testament  under  three  forms,  the  nouns  didKoms  and 
dtoKovia  and  the  verb  duucoMiy.  If  we  may  regard  these  three  as  in  effect 
but  one  word,  it  is  found  in  the  original  text  one  hundred  and  one  times. 
The  usual  meaning  of  the  word  may  most  readily  be  shown  by  merely 
citing  a  few  of  the  passages  in  whibh  it  is  found.  Mark  ix.  85 :  ^  If  any 
man  desire  to  be  first,  the  same  shall  be  last  of  all,  and  servant  [dc^ixopot] 
of  all."  Acts  zii.  25 :  '^  Barnabas  and  Saul  returned  from  Jerusalem,  when 
they  had  fulfilled  their  ministry  [rijv  tuuutplav]"  explained  in  Acts  xi.  80. 
Mark  x.  45  :  ^  The  Son  of  Man  is  come  to  minister  [dcoroi^craft]."  Eph.  iii. 
6, 7 :  '^  The  Grospel,  whereof  I  was  made  a  minister  [duucorop]."  CoL  i.  24, 
25  :  '^  The  church,  whereof  I  am  made  a  minister  [duucoyop]."  1  Cor.  iii. 
5  :  ^  Who  is  Paul,  and  who  is  ApoUos,  but  ministers  [diaKoyoi]  ?  "  Eph.  vi. 
21 :  ^  Tychicus,  a  faithful  minister  [dukonoF]."  Rom.  xvi.  1 :  ^  Phebe, 
which  is  a  servant  [dtoxovoir]  of  the  Church."  1  Cor.  xvL  15  :  ^'  The  house 
of  Stephanas  ....  have  addicted  themselves  to  the  ministry  [duutoMcv] 
of  the  saints."  Eph.  iv.  11,  12 :  ^ He  gave  some,  apostles;  and  some, 
prophets ;  and  some,  evangelists ;  and  some,  pastors  and  teachers,  ....  for 
the  work  of  the  ministry  [dcoxop^ar]."  1  Cor.  xii.  5 :  "  There  are  differ- 
ences of  administrations  [diacpco-ciF  duucopi&p  clo-r]." 

These  few  passages  may  illustrate  sufficiently  the  use  of  the  word  in 
the  New  Testament  It  applies  to  service  in  general,  or  to  any  special 
charge  defined  by  the  connection,  as  in  the  second  passage  quoted.  It  is 
used  to  describe  the  nature  of  our  Lord's  mission.  It  becomes  then  the 
current  term  for  Christian  work,  and  is  applied  indiscriminately  to  apostles, 
evangelists,  pastors,  and  the  most  obscure  laborers  in  the  Church.  It 
belongs  alike  to  men  and  women,  and  in  one  instance  is  given  to  an  entire 
family.  It  covers  every  variety  of  service  which  was  rendered  in  the 
Church,  according  to  the  diversity  of  the  Spirit's  gifts. 

The  inference  is  that  the  word,  as  usually  employed  in  apostolic  days,  is 
not  a  specific  term  naming  a  particular  office  in  the  Church,  but  is  a  general 
term  for  Christian  service.  There  are  instances  in  which  the  general  idea 
is  limited  by  the  connection,  as  where  Paul  says,  ^  I  thank'  Christ  Jesus 
....  for  that  he  counted  me  faithful,  putting  me  into  the  ministry  [ctr  dui" 
Koviap]"  (1  Tim.  i.  12.)  So  we  speak  of  a  civil  officer  as  "serving"  well 
or  ill,  but  "serving"  does  not  become  the  technical  name  of  his  function, 
nor  does  iioKovia  become  the  technical  name  for  the  apostolate,  though  in 
this  instance  the  meaning  of  it  is  limited  to  Paul's  service. 

The  general  use  of  the  word  is  best  exhibited  in  the  passage  cited  from 


1869.]  The  Seriptwral  DkicandU.  207 

1  Gor.  ziL  5.  duupt^it  dcMopidv  tUrly  L  e.  There  is  in  the  Chorth  a  diTer- 
Aty  of  senriees,  to  all  of  which  beloogs  the  term  dimanfUu  With  this  gen- 
eral oaage  of  the  term  stndmits  of  the  Scriptares  are  quite  familiar. 

ll  is  eutently  supposed,  however,  that  in  some  instances  the  word,  as 
vsed  in  die  New  Testammt,  has  a  special  and  technical  sense,  referring  to 
ad  eederiaslieal  office,  which  i^yes  sancUon,  character,  and  name  to  the 
wmStm  diaoooafeei* 

If  we  were  to  limit  onr  investfgatioo  to  the  English  Tersion,  we  coold  not 
dooht  the  correctness  of  this  view,  for  we  have  there  the  very  phrase,  ''the 
office  of  deacon."  Bat  it  i^  erident  that  oar  translatorB  looked  at  the  sacred 
text  throttgh  the  light  of  an  existing  ecclesiastical  office,  and  followed  the 
example  of  their  psedecessors  in  similar  service,  by  combinittg  on  certain 
passages  the  lahor  of  translati<m  with  that  of  exposition.  If  they  had 
always  treated  tiie  word  dukoMw  in  the  same  way,  always  transferring  the 
Greek  word  without  trandation,  or  always  translating  it  '^ servant"  or 
^  nnnister,''  a  reader  of  the  English  New  Testament  would  not  suspect,  much 
less  take  it  for  granted  as  now,  that  the  word  in  Scriptural  usage  was  ever 
restricted  to  a  technical  sense.  Our  translation  has  practically  forestalled 
invest^tion  upon  those  passages  where  the  word  **  deacon "  occurs,  and 
even  the  most  careful  students  can  scarcely  rid  themselves  of  the  prepos- 
sessions established  and  confirmed  by  the  English  version.  But  it  is  re- 
nsrkable  that  in  the  New  Testament  only  two  passages  occur  where  our 
translators  venture  to  limit  the  meaning  of  the  word  to  a  technical  sense. 
One  of  these  is  in  Phil.  i.  1 ;  the  other  covers  several  verses  in  1  Tim.  iii. 

Before  examining  these  passages,  it  should  be  noticed  that  they  are  the 
bd  dasiici  of  the  technical  diaconate  in  the  New  Testament.  No  other 
passages  woald  support  a  technical  construction  without  the  help  of  these. 
Still  less  would  any  other  passages  require  a  technical  meaning  upon  the 
word  as  used  here.  The  entire  argument  for  a  technical  diaconate  in  the 
Isnguage  of  the  New  Testainent  virtually  rests  upon  these  passages.  A 
fair  exegesis  must  make  a  technical  construction  of  terms  here  not  only 
probable,  but  inevitable,  so  as  to  exclude  any  other  sense,  or  the  evidence 
from  Scripture  of  a  distinct  ecclesiastical  office  under  the  name  duucovia 
altogether  fails.  Of  course,  if  the  deacon  is  plainly  introduced  to  us  here, 
we  can  get  a  glimpse  of  him  in  several  other  places ;  but  if  not,  he  can 
nowhere  be  distinguished  from  others,  who  compose  the  throng  of  the 
servants  of  our  Lord  and  his  Church.  The  question  is  not  whether  a 
restricted  and  technical  sense  of  the  word,  elsewhere  unquestionable,  is 
possible  or  probable  here ;  but  whether  such  a  sense  contrary  to  the  pre- 
vailing USU8  loquendi  is  here  necessary. 

The  Epistle  to  the  Philippians  begins  thus : ''  Paul  and  Timotheus  .... 
to  the  saints  in  Christ  Jesus,  which  are  at  Pbilippi,  with  the  bishops  and 
deacons  [avp  tviaKonois  ica\  dicucSvoit]*** 


SOS  The  Sirtpturdl  IHaeomaU.  t^pnl, 

In  onr  krrM6gatioQ  tiie  first  word  Ui«t  comes  before  ns  brings  into  laew 
Fanl's  preference  fbr  descriptivoy  rather  than  denominative^  terms  in 
addressing  men  who  are  laden  with  ecclesiastical  responsibilitj.  That  the 
word  knmAtnw  refers  to  the  pastcm  cannot  be  questioned.  Bat  that  the 
term  had  become  at  this  stage  in  the  development  of  the  nomendatnre 
of  the  Chnreh  a  temdnui  Uehmeutj  the  name  of  the  pastor,  is  a  snpposiUon 
without  evidence,  and  against  such  evidence  as  exists.  The  name  for  thf 
pastor  in  apostoHc  dajs- was  frpwfivrtpog.  The  apostle  Paul  is  the  only  one 
of  the  writers  or  speakers  in  the  New  Testament  who  applies  the  word 
iwhicmnf  to  Christian  ministers ;  and  he  apparently  substitutes  a  descrip- 
tive term  for  the  current  name  of  the  office,  in  order  to  give  prominence 
to  the  nature  ci  the  duty  involved.  A  significant  illustradon  of  this  habit 
of  Paul  is  feund  in  the  record  of  his  interview  with  the  Ephesian  elders 
at  Miletus,  Acts  xz.  The  historian  of  the  Acts  writes :  *^  He  sent  and 
called  for  the  elders  [n^  vpfvpvripow],^  their  technical  name.  Paul, 
in  addressing  them,  says :  **  Take  heed  to  all  the  fiock,  over  which  the 
Holy  Ghost  hath  made  you  overseers  [^tmrKdirovf],"  a  descriptive  term, 
chosen  in  Paul's  practical  earnestness  to  ^knphasize  the  nature  of  the 
elders'  duty.*  The  word  hrifntAtrws  is  correctly  translated  here;  and 
there  is  no  reason  why  it  should  not  be  translated  in  the  same  way  in 
PhiL  i.  1. 

It  has  been  taken  for  granted  that  in  this  latter  passage  the  one  word 
[hn(rK6troit]  is  used  technically,  and  then  inferred  that  the  other  [duucJimf] 
is  also.  But  the  assumption  is  groundless,  and  the  inference  inconclusive. 
The  absence  of  the  article  must  not  be  overlooked,  for  the  presence  of  it 
would  have  afforded  an  argument  which  cannot  be  spared  in  the  attempt  to 
demonstrate  a  technical  use  of  the  terms  in  question.  Contrast  the  indefi- 
nite language  of  Paul,  kmaK&noit  kcX  duucSpoit,  general  terms  without  the 
article,  with  the  definiteness  of  our  translatiofi,  **  the  bishops  and  deacons,** 
technical  terms  with  the  article.  Observe  also  to  the  same  effect  the  con- 
trast in  the  passage  above  cited  from  Acts  xx,  where  the  English  version  is 
faithful  to  the  Greek,  "the  elders,"  v.  17,  and  " overseers,"  v.  28.  Re- 
specting the  force  of  the  article,  Winer  says,  "  When  6,  ^,  t6  is  employed  as 
strictly  an  article  before  a  noun,  it  marks  the  object  as  one  definitely  con- 
ceived, whether  in  consequence  of  its  nature,  or  the  context,  or  some  circle 

*  Other  iDstances  of  Paal's  preference  for  descriptiTe  terms,  a]:^1ied  to  the  elders  in 
place  of  their  official  name,  appear  in  Rom.  xii.  8  and  1  Thess.  t.  IS,  ^  npoUmtfuvos^ 
Gal.  yi.  6,  r^  Kcmixovyrt ;  1  Cor.  xii.  28,  didaincoXoi.  If  the  Bpistle  to  the  Hebrewa 
be  considered  Pauline,  add  Heb.  xiti.  7,  r»v  fjyovfUvwf*  The  same  preference  for  d^ 
scriptive  terms  often  appears  in  English  usage,  especially  when  allusion  is  made  in  pub- 
lic prajrer  to  pas^rs  or  missionaries. 


1869.]  The  Seripimral  JHaeonaU.  £09 

of  ideas  awtuned  as  known." *  ^This  use  of  the  article,'*  Winer  adds,  ^is 
common  to  the  Greek  with  all  languages  that  possess  an  article."  t  It  is  a 
principle  of  universal  grammar.  ^ 

Bespectiiig  the  omission  of  the  artide  when  it  should  naturally  be  used, 
Winer  sajs,  '^This  omission  only  takes  place  when  it  produces  no  am- 
biguitjy  and  leaves  no  doubt  in  the  mind  of  the  reader  whether  the  object 
is  to  be  understood  as  definite  or  indefinite.! 

If  we  knew  that  the  words  were  used  with  technical  definiteness,  the  omis- 
sion of  the  article,  though  not  what  we  should  expect,  could  be  explained 
with  tolerable  satisfactoriness.  But  even  then  we  should  have  to  admit  that 
the  anarthrous  use  of  the  word  bujM&vtns  made  its  meaning  obscure.  As 
it  is,  the  omis^on  of  the  article  is  fatal  to  any  alignment  that  undertakes- 
to  demonstrate  a  technical  use  of  these  terms.  It  is  one  thing  to  ao* 
count  for  the  omission  of  the  article  on  the  presumption  of  a  technical  use 
of  an  appellative,  but  quite  another  thing  to  establish  such  a  presumption. 
And  it  must  be  manifest  that  if  a  word  in  current  use  as  a  general  term, 
and  as  jet  only  thus  used,  is  to  be  restricted  to  a  special  and  technical 
meaning,  some,  naturally  the  first,  instances  in  which  this  restriction 
occurs,  need  to  be  so  plainly  marked,  that  there  can  be  no  ambiguity.- 
Surely,  if  an  order  for  perpetuity  in  the  Christian  Church  hinges  upon  one  or 
two  instances  of  the  technical  use  of  a  common  term,  the  necessity  for 
marking  that  use  beyond  the  possibility  of  a  doubt  is  immensely  increased ; 
and  it  imperatively  forbids  to  the  writer  ordinary  indulgence  in  looseness 
of  expression. 

But  it  may  be  hastily  argued,  that,  since  the  first  word  refers  to  a  special 
and  well  defined  office,  though  not  under  its  technical  name,  therefore  the 
second  refers  to  another  office,  special  and  equally  well  defined.  This 
does  not  follow. 

For  let  it  be  remembered  that  the  word  hioKovoi  is  applied  to  "  ministers,** 
its  Latin  equivalent,  the  regular  clergy,  more  frequently  than  to  any  other 
class  in  the  New  Testament ;  then  let  it  be  supposed  that  Paul  wished  in 
his  address  to  bring  distinctly  before  the  elders  the  nature  of  their  duty 
under  its  twofold  aspect  of  oversight  and  service,  the  language  found  is 
exactly  what  he  would  have  been  likely  to  use ;  and  such  a  wish  is  emi- 
nently characteristic  of  Paul. 

♦  Grammar  of  the  Idiom  of  the  New  Testament.  Seventh  edition.  Translated  by 
Profesaor  Thayer.  Andover,  1869.  Page  105.  Examples  given  by  Winer:  Luke 
ir,  20,  ry  xmrjp^Tji,  "  the  beadle,"  Winer's  translation.  Passim  7  KpLCiSt  tj  ypatfiri^  1} 
>  vmnipla^  6  n€ipd(mvt  to.  x^^  ^''^-  ^^  contrast  with  this  use  of  the  article  observe 
the  efRicX  of  its  omission  in  giving  the  wider  meaning  to  words  which  are  sometimes 
narrowed  to  a  technical  sense,  e.  g.  -1  Tim.  v.  1 :  npea-pvrtpcp  firj  €irin\ri(/js,  "an  old 
man,"  as  rendered  in  the  Douay  version, 
t  Grammar,  p.  107.  I  Ibid.,  p.  119. 


210  Th§  Sary^tural  JHaamaU.  [A^peB, 

It  it  not  improbable,  certainly  not  impossible,  that  both  terms  apply  to  the 
elders  of  the  Giarch.*  The  instrdctions  of  oar  Lord  in  Lake  xzii  26, 
6  iyovfupog  in  6  hmKovmv^  would  very  natnraUy  lead  his  disciplea  to  apply 
the  word  tmomn  to  thdr  spiritoal  diiefo.  The  principle  stated  in  Winer's 
New  Testament  Grammar,  p.  128,  ^The  article  is  used  when  each  of 
the  connected  noons  is  to  be  regarded  as  independent,"  confirms  this  intar- 
pretation.t 

Another  interpretation  of  the  passage  (whether  more  or  lees  probable 
than  the  foregoing  is  not  important  for  our  present  purpose,  but)  more 
probable  than  the  one  in  our  translation  is  to  regard  hfurxAwo^s  as  referring 

•  For  other  infltanoet  of  two  or  more  appellatiTet  applied  to  the  same  rabjeet,  see 
Col.  iv.  7  :  Tvx*ti^  6  iefonfr^  Mkifi6t  kbI  wurr^  dufjeoyot  jcol  owSovXot ;  1  Theair 
iii.  S :  Tifto^ffoy  t6p  adcX^y  ^fjb&y  ml  didicovov ;  1  Fet,  ILIS  :  M  r^  wotfuwa  al  M- 
munr^*  Contraat  the  anarthrona  uae  of  the  appeUatiTet  in  Phil  1. 1  with  the  ase  of  die 
article  to  designate  and  distingaish  technical  terms,  that  oocnr  in  snooesiioa ;  a.  g.  Maik 
xiT.  53  :  o2  apxuptif  icai  ol  wptafivrtpoi  nai  ol  ypa/tftaTtig* 

t  Clement  of  Bome,  commonly  regarded  as  a  contemporary  of  the  apostle  Paol,  in 
his  use  of  the  word  dtdttavoty  applies  it  to  the  elders ;  and  in  no  instance  in  his  writfaigs 
can  a  plausible  exegesis  be  made  ont  in  fkTor  of  a  Umitation  of  this  term  to  any  other 
office  than  the  bishopric  In  1  Cor.  zlU.  (the  passage  carrently  regarded  aa  di^ 
closing  *'  the  diaconate ")  he  writes :  "  The  apostles  preached  to  us  the  Gospel 
from  the  Lord  Jesns  Christ ;  Jeans  Christ  from  God.  Christ  then  was  sent  froM 
God,  and  the  apostles  from  Jesns  Christ.  Both  therefore  were  instituted  in  an  orderly 
way,  according  to  the  will  of  God.  Having  therefore  reoeiTcd  their  commissions,  they 
went  forth.  And  thus  preaching,  thej  appointed  their  first  fruits  to  be  OTerseers  and 
ministers  [ontrKorrovs  Kcti  duucomvs]  of  those  who  should  afterwards  believe.  And 
this  not  as  an  innoTation ;  for  from  manj  ages  it  had  been  written  about  oTerseers  and 
ministers.  For  thus  in  one  place,  saith  the  Scripture,  jcaracrr^o'tt  rovr  iwuricotnvt 
airr&v  iv  diKoioavyjj  koL  rovt  dicucoyovs  avr&w  cV  frtWci."  Here  the  only  semblance  of 
allusion  to  two  distinct  ecclesiastical  orders  is  in  a  passage  from  Isaiah,  where  is  a 
manifest  instance  of  Hebrew  parallelism,  both  phrases  more  naturally  than  otherwise 
referring  to  the  same  persons.  The  evidence  that  Clement  makes  no  distinction  b»> 
tween  the  persons,  to  whom  the  two  terms  apply,  is  confirmed  by  comparing  his  quota* 
tion  with  the  language  of  the  Septuagint,  Isa.  Ix.  17 :  d«o-»  rovt  Spxoyras  aov  tp 
flprivju  KoX  Tovs  iwta-Koirovs  irov  cV  duccuoavvQ.  In  quoting  he  is  not  exact  in  language, 
though  sufficiently  so  in  idea.  The  word  tuucovovt  replaces  the  word  Sipxovrat^  which 
would  not  have  happened,  if  the  writer  had  referred  to  a  subordinate  order.  He  used 
the  word  as  we  use  '*  minister." 

In  chapter  xliv.  Clement  alludes  again  to  the  same  officers  mentioned  here  [ro^ 

irpo€tpfrjfi§vovs]  and  ascribes  to  them  the  honors  and  the  duties  of  the  bishopric. 

Contrast  with  this  use  of  terms  the  language  of  the  (so  called)  Ignatian  Epistles, 
most  of  which  are  regarded  as  either  written  or  interpolated  at  a  later  age,  and  in  the 
interest  of  a  later  ecclesiosticism.  £.  g.  Ep.  ad  Trail.,  shorter  form,  chap.  iii.  "  Let 
all  reverence  the  deacons  as  an  appointment  of  Jesns  Christ,  and  the  bishop  as  Josua 
Christ  ....  and  the  presbyters  as  the  Sanhedrin  of  God  and  assembly  of  tha 
apostles.    Apart  from  these  there  is  no  Church,    [rovr  duucovovs  —  t6p  iiriaKoirop  — 


to  die  eMetty  and  huMwt  as  Tefenrhif  to  Hiosd  Tarious  iervants  of  die 
CImrdi,  in  soma  sabordinate  eapadty,  whose  gifts  and  fimctions  (and 
te^uri^  names,  if  thej  bad  anj)  differed  widely,  bat  eonld  most  coiiven- 
iett^  be  grouped  under  the  general  term  that  the  apostle  uses.  The  word 
dhoHrfiNow,  if  not.  eoinddent  in  its  applicadon  with  hfum&mH!^  most  probablj 
osvtsn  Eoodia,  Sjmtjdie,  dement,  and  the  ^ other  fellow-laborers"  men- 
tfoned  m  diapter  fifth  of  the  EfnsUe,  men  and  women  who  represented  the 
htmpknn  iuatan&p  in  the  eharch  at  Philippi.  l!%e  apostle's  regard  for 
tllese  Mibordinate  laborers  in  the  wotk  of  the  Gospel^  and  his  disposition  to 
address  himself  to  thenl,  appear  in  the  last  chapter  to  the  Romans,  where 
he  menUons  bj  name  Priscilla,  Aqaila,  Marj,  Urbane,  Tryphena,  Trj- 
phoea,  and  Persia,  aseribing  to  them  efficiency  in  Christian  worik* 

This  is  die  nearest  approach  that  by  any  fair  exegesis  can  be  made  to  a 
tedinical  constmction  of  the  term  in  this  passage ;  and  it  is  far  ienoagh 
from  sQch  a  constmction,  to  destroy  the  validity  of  any  argument  npon  it 
in  fiiTor  of  a  ^stinct  order  of  officers,  existing  at  that  time  in  the  Church, 
mdor  the  name  diilMMi. 

Hie  other  passage,  npon  which  our  translators  hare  given  ns  their  com- 
ment In  fkvor  of  a  technical  constmction  of  the  word  dt/A/emfosf  is  in  1  Tim. 
i&  8-18,  wherein  the  qualifications  and  attainments  of  the  diacohate  are 
aelfiyrth. 

In  tiie  earlier  part  of  the  diapter  Paul  gives  instraction  respecting 
^  the  office  of  a  bishop."  And  to  the  English  reader  no  room  is  left  for 
question,  that  the  writer  names  two  distinct  offices,  —  those  of  ^  the  bishop  " 
and  of  **  the  deacons.''  But,  as  in  Phil.  i.  1,  so  here  there  is  no  evidence  of 
a  technical  use  of  either  word.  The  apostle  does  not  say,  as  our  translators 
do,  '^  If  a  man  desire  the  office  of  a  bishop,**  His  language  is,  '*  If  a  man 
desire  oversight  **  [tn-to-ieoir^r].  There  is  no  article  here,  and  no  trace  of  a 
tedmical  usage  of  the  word.  If  such  were  intended,  the  omission  of  the 
article  would  be  unnatural.  But  that  the  writer's  thought  is  fixed  on  the 
daty  rather  than  the  rank  or  name  of  the  presbyter  appears  from  the  con- 
clttdon  of  the  sentence,  ^  he  desires  a  good  work  [koXoO  Ipyov]."  This 
allusion  to  "  oversight"  gives  a  definite  meaning  to  "  overseer"  in  the  next 
verse,  and  thus  affords  a  sufficient  reason  for  the  article  there  [t6p  cir/crieoirov]. 
The  presence  of  it  therefore  fails  to  furaish  evidence  of  a  technical  use  of 
the  word,  with  which  it  is  joined.  * 

This  passage  perhaps  marks  a  transition  in  the  history  of  the  word  from 
a  simple  appellative  to  a  terminus  technicus.  In  the  Epistle  to  Titus,  written 
about  the  same  time  with  this  or  soon  after,  we  find  the  only  instance  in 
the  New  Testament  where  the  word  seems  to  be  used  as  the  name  of  an 
office,  —  the  only  instance  where  the  translation  ^bishop"  is  justifiable. 
(Titus  i.  7.) 


212  ^The  Seriptural  DkMmate.  [Aprfl, 

Let  it  now  be  supposed  that  Paul,  in  his  letter  to  Timothy^  wished  to 
teach  that  substantially  the  same  qualities  that  the  elder  needs  for  bis 
charge  of  oversight  are  also  requisite  lor  those  who,  in  various  subordinate 
stations,  render  service  to  the  Churdiy  —  a  &ct  certainly  worthy  of  recogni- 
tion,  and  one  which  Paul's  earnest  spirit  would  naturally  prompt  him  to 
mention.  The  language  that  we  find  in  the  passage,  conmionly  supposed  to 
refer  to  a  single  class  of  officers,  is  exactly  what  on  this  supposition  we 
should  -expect,  —  J^uutivwt  nvavrnt  <r€fM9cvt9  i*  e.  those  who  are  called  to 
serve  as  well  as  {wravrtts  under  like  necessity,  by  similarity  of  reason- 
ing from  the  essential  sacredness  of  the  Christian  duuuwtm  in  all  its  forms) 
he  who  is  appointed  to  oversight,  must  be  grave. 

The  omission  of  the  article  must  be  noticed  here  again,  and  with  the 
same  significance  as  before.  It  is  an  unnecessary  and  improbable  transla- 
tion that  replaces  the  generic  term  duiK6povs,  in  its  generic  form  without  the 
article,  by  the  specific  term  ^  deacon,"  together  with  the  English  definite 
article.  And  it  is  a  most  violent  translation  of  the  verb  duueovfiy,*  that  we 
find  in  verses  10  and  13,  *'  to  use  the  office  of  a  deacon.''  £ven  the  Latin 
Vulgate  and  the  English  Douay  version .  take  no  such  liberty  as  this,  al* 
though  both  have  the  word  '*  deacons  "  (Latin  diaeonos)  in  the  context. 

Thus  far  we  have  noticed  only  the  lack  of  evidence  for  a  technical  use 
of  tlie  word  in  the  New  Testament.  An  argument  against  it  of  no  little 
force  is  found  in  the  fact  that  in  this  passage,  where,  if  anywhere^  it  has 
a  technical  meaning,  it  is  applied  to  women. 

In  our  English  version  verses  8-10  relate  to  deacons,  verse  11  to  th«r 
wives,  and  verses  12  and  18  to  deacons  again.  *  The  thoughtful  reader  finds 
here  two  causes  for  wonder :  first,  that  the  apostle  should  discuss  the  quali- 
fications of  deacons'  wives,  and  leave  altogether  the  doctrine  respecting 
ministers'  wives  for  modern  elucidation.  Is  it  a  matter  of  little  moment 
what  sort  of  a  woman  the  minister*s  wife  may  be,  while  sustaining  the  con- 
jugal relation  to  deacons  places  women  in  need  of  the  warning,  which  is 
given  with  somewhat  startling  emphasis  in  the  words  /i^  dto/SAow?  Or  is 
the  minister  presumed  to  rule  his  house  weU,  while  the  deacons  may  find 
refractory  members  in  their  wives  ? 

Again  the  apostle's  order  of  thought  is  strangely  confused,  if  our  ver- 
sion is  correct  Why  does  he  not  take  one  subject  at  a  time  ?  He  does 
not,  according  to  the  most  probable  interpretation,  refer  to  deacons' 
wives  at  all.  The  language  is,  yvvaiKa^  mvavrtii,  women  likewise,  i.  e. 
such  women  as  are  included  in  the  class  called  hioKovou 

We  know  that  the  term  biaKovot  was  applied  to  women  (Rom.  xvL.  i)  as 

•  Contrast  with  this  the  verb  Upartvdv,  which  has  no  other  than  a  technical  senaei, 
Tiz.  to  execute  the  office  of  trpcvr.    Cf.  Luke  i.  S. 


mfiLT  fit-  Arfirfitntf '  WtimmKt^^  118 


iielliMioaMi^  Vtheti|Mao.dMV«riiii^«i(;Kdll7ibili^iiB^ 
oompdledtoweawoidBiiieiidmiQlbrmytkAilie  meaiit  llie  women  too^ 
tte^  «M  of  ^kb  ivord  ytiPB?wi  WM  the  aoBi  olmo»  way  of  doing  it  Of 
eooiM  iQtb»«MM  following  the  MMO  of  MMMiii  Iknited  to  the  jnaeen* 
line  » lidr  yupenlf^diege  etending  in  eoDtnwl  with  ip||pc%mnet  mean  '^  wifo." 
Bnl »  iIk  inal  vene  of  thepertgrnph  ihe  apoetie  maf  be  nsdezptood  ai 
appljing  hie  haif^iage  tp  aHy  both  inen  and  wemen. 

l!l»ideaa  attrihotedto  Panlhjr  AisialerpiietatioooftheietwapaMeges 
in  oeiirtTineleiUj'  iniprobahle»  \nie7  are  in  aeeeidanee  with  his  eense  of 
the  ncredHkeae  of  all  Christian  service^  and  his  respect  for  the  penons  who 
were  en^lojed  in  the  minor  oObes  of  Christian  actititj-  Thej  are  oomist- 
enialsowitk  Iheihoiofa  diTorsi^of  serrieesla  the  Ctareh(l  Cor!  ziL5), 
and  the  langeage  voetployed  is  what  wonld  most  natnrallyhaYe  been  choeen 
levdieejfreBnenoftlweeideak  The  evideaoe  of  these  passages  does  not 
thetefeve  estabiiih  the  ezistenee  of  an  ard§t  4^f  dmeom  nor  an  ankr  of 
rfsBflswsiiiti  hoi  lalher  a  groi^>  of  Christian  weriiers,  both  men  and  women^ 
wheea  fundiens  and  distinctive  titles  might  hwre  been  widely  diverse.  If 
tlMte was  established  in  apostoliodays  an  oiderof  ehoreh  oiBoeis  onder  die 
title  Mnmt,  which  was  to  be  perpetaated  bj  iqiostolic  aathoritj,  it  is  nnae* 
eoHstahle  thai  we  find  no  reqoirement  to  af^poim  them^  as  we  do  respecting 
eUsNi ;  no  aecoont  of  their  appointment,  as  we  do  respecting  elders ;  and 
no  Unt  of  their  distinctive  dotiee»  thm^  we  have  fbH  and  repeated  instmc* 
tions  for  guidance  of  elders.  Many  have  regarded  St^hen  and  his  six  asso- 
cialee  as  ^  deacons."  Uodoabtedly  thej  were  didUoMMi  in  the  same  sense 
with  Clementy  and  Phebe,  and  several  others.  Bat  if  we  insbt  on  calling 
them  ^  deacons,"  it  nnist  be  by  way  of  eompensation  for  the  slight  that  they 
Bofiered  ai  the  hands  of  Lake,  who  never  gave  them  this  title.  It  certainly 
is  ronaikaUe  that,  while  the  term  dmitmfof  is  libeially  applied  in  the  New 
Testament,  it  never  happens  to  be  g^ven  to  any  one  of  ^  the  seven.**  * 

There  are  other  passages  where  some  have  seemed  to  find  allusion  to  a 

*  The  SfgnsMmt  tiiat  the  term  IkigomHf  ss  s  diitiaetiTe  nime,  sothenticating  to  pezw 
petaity  aa  eodeBiasticsl  office,  was  given  to  them,  beeaaee  the  phrase  duueoythf  rpam^tut 
wai  need  to  describe  their  fonctioo,  is  anworthy  of  serioos  answer.  The  modern 
deMOB,  retorting  to  snch  aa  argnment  for  the  charter  of  his  official  existence,  would 
preoent  a  pictare  as  pitifully  ludicrous  as  a  modem  Doctor  of  Divioity  who  should  trace 
his  title  to  the  AiA^miXm  of  apostolic  days,  and  claim  that  they  were  a  oigher  order 
of  presbyters  apt  to  teadi. 

If  it  be  argued  that  the  laying  on  of  hands  indicated  the  induction  of  the  seyen  into 
a  perpetual  ecclesiastical  office,  it  is  only  needful  to  refer  to  the  numerous  other  instances 
where  tfie  same  ceremony  could  hare  no  such  import  Dean  Alford  says,  in  his  note  on 
Acts  yi.  5 :  "  We  must  be  careful  not  to  imagine  that  we  hare  here  the  institution  of  the 
tccUgUutiad  order,  so  named.  The  distinctness  of  the  two  is  stated  by  Chrysostom,  Hom. 
zir.  p.  115.     So  also  CEcnmenius  in  loc." 

NEW  SERIES. — VOL.  I.  KG.  2.  15 


S14  The  amifitmal  DkmrnOe.  IM^i 

technieal  dtacooate  in  the  New  Testament,  tat  they  ace  not  addnoed  in 
proof  of  the  existence  of  eiieh  an  offioe,  but  only  in  eupposed  alluaion  to 
such  an  office,  when  already  preaomed  to. exist  Upon  the  word  diondn 
(1  (jOt*  xii.  5)  AUbrd  remarks :  ^  These  most  not  he  narrowed  to  eedm- 
asiieal  ardergj  but  kept  commensurate  in  extent  with  the  gifts  that  are  to 
find  scope  by  these  means."  So  also,  we  may  add,  there  is  no  Seriptoial 
warrant  for  narrowing  the  word  dtdtumtf  to  an  eoelesiastical  order* 

The  conclusion  to  which  we  come  is  that  the  diaconate  of  ecdesiastteal 
history  has  been  put  into  the  Scriptures  since  the  inspired  writers  finished 
their  work. 

Finding  without  doubt  in  that  large  varied  of  Christian  seryioes,  which 
the  apostolic  churches  recognised  and  honored,  and  in  some  cases  appointed, 
the  germs  of  the  patristic  diaconate,  the  fathers  unwarrantably  assumed  that 
what  they  had  made  a  dirtinct  and  perpetual  order  in  the  Church  was  in- 
stituted as  soch  by  the  apostles.  When  a  special  func^n  had  acquired 
exclusive  title  to  the  name  diaconate,  the  same  desire  to  make  existing  in- 
stitutions matters  of  apostolic  appointment,  which  gave  currency  to  spurious 
writings,  also  gave  currencj  to  a  forced  coDstruction  upon  the  genuine 
Scripture.  The  fathers,  who  were  children  then,  and  have  acquired  their 
paternal  honors  only  through  the  years  that  have  rolled  over  their  graves, 
sought  relief  from  the  responsibiiity  of  oi^ganizing  the  work  of  the  Chnrch 
according  to  the  necessities  of  the  times,  by  appeal  to  apostolic  precedent 
But  they  exchanged  a  lighter  (not  light)  burden  for  a  heavier  one,  and  en- 
tailed upon  succeediug  generktions  a  task  which  has  been  painfully,  not  to 
say  ridiculously,  borne. 

Ecdesiastical  ingenuity  has  spent  itself  in  search  for  the  ^  genuine  origi- 
nal **  deacon.  One  find»  him  amongf  the  mmtc/mm  and  miafUrtaoi  of  Acta  v., 
undertakers  in  behalf  of  Ananias  and  Sapphira ;  another  among  the  seven 
in  Acts  vL,  called  to  the  service  of  tables  on  occasion  of  the  jealousy  be- 
tween indigent  widows ;  another  in  the  undefined  danOJf^is  of  1  Cor.  xii.  28. 
But,  to  the  dismay  of  all,  be  proves  (Rom.  xvi.  1)  to  be  a  woman !  *  Equhlly 
discordant  are  the  results  of  ecclesiastical  ingenuity  in  making  out  the 
function  of  the  deacon.  Here  he  represents  an  inferior  order  of  the 
clergy ;  there  he  is  a  financial  officer.  In  some  places  he  is  a  grave  and 
venerable  cipher,  and  in  others  he  is  everything  or  nothing,  according  to 
the  quality  of  his  gifts  and  graces.  Thus  appearing  before  the  world,  he 
seems  a  man  of  dubious  parentage,  searching  for  his  father  and  the  inven- 
tory of  his  ancestral  estate. 

*  There  is  no  instance  in  the  Kew  Testament  which  seems  more  like  a  technical  vm 
of  the  word  than  this.  The  omissbn  of  the  article  could  be  mach  better  explained  here 
than  in  Phil.  i.  1  or  1  Tim.  iii.  8. 

Nothinii^  bnt  an  infelicity  of  gender  has  deprired  Fhebe  of  the  tide  "  deacon  "  of  the 
Chnrch  at  Cenchrea. 


n$  Seriftyrai  DiaconaU  %$  tke  wr^^vsaiian  of  the  wtnUrng  force  of  the 
(Murekf  according  to  the  ezigenetes  of  the  place  and  time^  and  according  to 
the  dioeree  gifts  of  the  S^rii, 

The  apostles  institated  but  one  orders  that  of  ^  elder."  It  it  rejure- 
•eaUfd  BOW  tij  the  ordaiiied  mtnistei;  Bal  the  minister  is  by  no  momiM  to 
hto'the  only  servaot  of  the  Ch«rdi«  We  oug^t  to  discern  the  sigos  of  the 
tifiMs,  and  see  what  needs  to  be  dcme.  We  ought  to  take  aceoant  of  the 
gMs  that  are  in  the  CSiardi,  and  see  what  material  we  hare  to  use ;  then 
we  eitght  to  ose  it  aeeordtng  to  its  adaptation.  This  reproduces  the  Seripr 
tand  Diaoonate.  Apostolic  precedent  oommends  to  ns,  not  an  amhiguens 
Mc^  aboat  which  we  maj  wrangle  fofevev^  but  the  intelligent  and  earnest 
spSritoal  indnstrj  of  those  to  whom  are  granted  the  gifts  of  ihe  Spirit 

Lei  the  deAeon  retain  his  title,  if  he  can  vindicate  his  right  to  k  bj  ren- 
dering e£Bident  service  to  the  Church.  It  is  significant  of  work,  not  of  ecde- 
slastieil  rank.  But  until  the  deacon  monopollaes  the  gifts  of  the  Spirit^  he 
eaoBiet  be  the  cole  representative  of  the  Apostolic  Diaconate ;  many  others, 
men  and  women,  may  be  his  ^^^^flotv-servants."  The  deacon  can  well 
aSiid  to  share  the  honors  and  responsibilities  of  Christian  servMjp  with 
those  whose  fnncticms  may  be  quite  different  fran  his.  Doing,  thus,  he 
gaina  more  than  he  loses ;  he  gains  aU  that  he  gives ;  he  loses  what.he  j» 
better  off  without  The  eonfession  that  his  right  to  be,  rests  upon  a  coaiH 
mission  given  to  seven  men  under  a  temperaty^  exigency  of  the  Church 
at  Jerusalem,  or  on  his  ingenuity  in  monopolizing  the  instructions  given  by 
Paul  to  various  servants  of  the  Church,  is*  a  burden  which  he  would  do 
wen  to  drop.  The  genuine  charter  of  his  office  (the  same  with  that  of 
his  untitled  fellow-servants),  so  far*  as  it  is  to  be  sought  in  apostolic  pre- 
cedent, is  in  the  custom  of  employing  and  honoring  diverse  gifts,  under 
that  diversity  of  operations  to  which  God  inspired  his  servants.  So  far  as 
bis  charter  is  to  be  sought  in  the  immediate  commission  from  above,  it 
is  in  the  present  voice  of  Divine  Providence  and  the  present  qpdowments 
of  the  Divine  Spirit  Let  the  deacon  find  here  his  charter  of  office,  and  it 
will  have  a  dignity  which  it  has  oflen  lacked.  Here  too  is  foXind  the  only 
possible  answer  to  the  question  respecting  the  place  of  those  various  Chris- 
tian activities  which  this  day  exhibits.  Their  place  is  just  what  their  value 
gives  them.*  When  there  are  no  graceless  members  of  the  Church,  and  the 
latent  gifts  of  the  Spirit  are  brought  forth  for  use  ;  when  the  Church  with  a 
quickened  spiritual  intelligence  shall  thoroughly  organize  its  forces  accord- 
ing to  the  exigencies  of  the  times,  then  the  idea  of  the  Scriptural  Diaconate 
will  be  realized. 

*  Church  committees.  Sabbath-school  teachers,  managers  of  mission -schools,  condae- 
tors  of  district  prayer  meetings,  dispensers  of  the  Charch*s  charities,  the  clerk  and  the 
treasurer  of  the  church,  much  better  represent  the  Scriptural  Diaconate  than  do  those 
deacons  who  cannot  even  tell  what  they  are  for. 


216  The  Serviee  qf  Simg.  [Afiil, 


THE  SERVICE  OF  SONG. 

Aftbb  all  the  labor  beatowed,  and  progress  made,  in  the  department  d 
sacred  music,  within  the  last  quarter  of  a  centurj,  no  part  of  public  worship 
is  in  a  less  satisfactory  state  than  the  service  of  song.  The  primitive  and 
true  idea  of  worship,  in  which  all  the  people  should  unite,  seems  to  have 
been  very  extensively  dropped,  and  a  fantastic,  or  artistic,  form  of  music 
and  singing  substituted  in  its  place.  This  is  true,  not  only  in  large  and 
wealthy  churches,  where,  in  some  cases,  nearly  as  much,  or  perhaps  more, 
is  expended  for  music  as  for  preaching,  but  in  many  of  our  small  and 
feeble  churches,  which  depend  on  the  Home  Missionary  Society  for  aid  in 
supporting  the  minister. 

It  is  easy  to  see  to  what  result  such  a  state  of  things  tends ;  and  the  fol- 
lowing account  of  **  church  choirs  in  commotion,"  in  one  of  our  cities,  is 
only  the  ripe  fruit  of  such  musical  ambition  and  competition :  — 

'*  Just  now  there  is  a  commotion  among  the  choirs  (^sOme  of  the  dty  chorelies, 
which  extends  to  the  congregations,  growing  oat  of  high  bidding  for  leading 
singers,  one  church  bidding  over  another.  One  Presbyterian  church  offered  a 
lady  who  sings  in  an  Episcopal  choir  the  sum  of  eight  hundred  dollars  per  annum 
to  change  her  position.  In  another  Episcopal  church  the  choir  is  being  recon* 
structed  on  a  basis  of  expending  some  twelve  hundred  dollan  per  year  for  music. 
In  other  churches  there  is  uneasiness  in  the  ch(»rs,  and  all  are  looking  for  simie- 
thing  better.  The  church  that  has  the  most  popular  choir  draws  tiie  laigest 
miscellaneous  audience.  One  of  the  large  churches,  for  a  time,  had  an  excellent 
choir.  Then  it  was  overcrowded,  and  pew-holders  could  not  reach  their  seats, 
much  less  obtain  them,  for  treason  of  the  crowd  of  *  run  abouts'  who  thronged  the 
aisles,  eager  to  hear  the  voluntary  operatic  anthem  at  the  opening  of  the  sMiiice. 
Since  that  choir  dissolved,  and  the  |>r»ma  donna  went  elsewhere,  there  is  no  diffi- 
culty in  finding  seats  in  the  church." 

Now,  if  all  this  were  indicative  of  real  progress  in  religious  worship,  or 
in  the  science  of  sacred  music,  there  would  be  little  objection  to  offer. 
But  it  is  quite  otherwise.  For,  both  in  the  Old  Testament  and  the  New, 
especially  in  the  latter,  sacred  music,  whether  vocal  or  instrumental, — 
though  there  is,  noticeably,  no  instrumental  music  named  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment, in  connection  with  worship,  —  is,  in  its  essential  idea,  the  offering  of 
praise  and  prayer  to  God,  by  all  the  people,  in  a  hearty,  and  necessarily 
not  in  a  particularly  artistic,  way.  That  is,  the  melody  must  be  of  the 
heart  first,  with  as  much  of  scientific  culture  as  can  be  made  available  and 
serviceable  to  the  people.  Instead  of  which,  the  aim  seems  now  exten- 
sively to  be,  to  have  some  musical  performance  —  using  the  word  deliber- 


t8m]  TheS^nMqfBm^.  lit 

atefy — wbidi  shall  be  attraedve  and  entertalniDg  to  the  oongregaddn  flntt 
to  the  minister  next,  if  it  may  be,  and  to  the  Lord  of  all  last,  if  it  ean  be. 

We  believe  in  quite  another  kind  of  serrke  of  song  for  the  boose  of  the 
Lord, — one  that  shaH  be  aectptahU  fo  CM  first,  if  it  can  be,  to  all  deyOut 
ioiads  and  hearts  next,  if  it  may  be^  and  to  thb  rest  of  the  eongr^ation  as 
ftej  may  be  able  to  reeeive  it  In  order  to  this,  therv  most  be  j>n>per 
measnres  taken  for  the  instraction  and  |>Tactree  of^  the  people^ — aH'the 
people^  old  and  youngs  male  and  female  -—in  this  part  of  pul^  worship; 
Tins  implies,  —  « 

*  (tf .)  A  competent  teacher  and  leader. 

(&)  Meetings  of  the  congregation  fbr  practice. 

(c.)  A  suitable  book  of  hymns  and  tones. 

A  good  teacher  and  leader  is  not  always  at  hand,  and  if  the  best  eannot  be 
obtained,  take  the  best  within  reach.  If  effort  is  made  eamestiy  and  prayer- 
foDy,  some  one  can  be  found,  in  almost  eveiy  community.  It  is  often  quite 
as  difficult  to  make  the  people  willing  to  learn  as  to  find  a  teadier;  But 
to  have  good  congregational  singing,  there  must  be  meedngs  fbr  pradtfce, 
which  all  should  be  iifrited  and  urged  to  attend.  The  duty  of  msldng  an 
cflbrt  to  attend  these  meetings  can  hardly  be  urged  toa  steoi^.  ~One 
tongregatkm,  in  the  vidnityof  the  writer,  meets  on  Sabbath  aftemeon, 
and  spends  an  hour  exclusively  in  singing.  Conceitiingtiiie' best  bode  of 
hymns  and  tunes  for  use  in  our  churches  there  is  more  to  say  than  tqNice 
will  allow.  It  is  a  delicate  subject,  but  it  is  also  a  veiy  practical  one,  and 
must  be  practically  met  and  considered.  There  are  some  postulates  which 
nay  now  l>e  insisted  upon,  in  reference  to  the  service  of  song. 

Congregational  singing  must  be  the  role,  not  to  the  exclusion  of  a  choir, 
bat  in  conjunction  with  it,  and  liaving  the  preoedenee  in  all  questions  of 
difibrence  between  them. 

The  book  of  song  must  contain  the  tones  as  well  as  the  hymns  to  be 
osed. 

The  tones  must  be  at  the  same  opening  of  the  book  as  the  hymns  to 
which  they  are  set,  and  subservient  to  the  hymns. 

The  tubes  should  be  used  with  the  hymns  to  which  they  are  adapted,  in 
aU  practicable  cases. 

The  greatest  possible  degree  of  uniformity  in  books  should  be  sought, 
with  careful  inquiry  for  die  best  book,  or  the  one  which  has  the  approba- 
tion of  the  best  judges. 

Entire  uniformity  in  books  is  out  of  the  question,  with  so  many  to  choose 
from.  It  is,  nevertheless,  highly  desirable  that  churches  of  the  same  de- 
nomination should  be  as  nearly  unanimous  as  possible  in  this  respect  Two 
or  three  different  books  would  be  enough  to  meet  the  wants  of  all  our 
churches.  East  and  West,  large  and  smalL    We  cannot  quite  agree  with  a 


218  Ih€  Sermee  (if  Song*  [Apili, 

learned  professor  in  one  of  oor  collegesy'that  a  hearj  pmMtj  sbonld  be 
affixed  to  the  making  of  another  hymn-book,  though  ifo  deem  it  a  great 
misfortane  that  so  manj  shonld  have  been  introdaoed  inte  oor  ohordiea. 
**A8  to  hymn  and  tune  books,*  writes  the  professor,  *^1  enjoj  a  good 
strange  tune,  or  hjmn,  bot  always  found  old  'Watts  and  Seleet'  good 
enough,  and  never  asked  mj  people  to  get  anything  new,  except '  Temple 
Melodies'  for  prayer-meetings.  This  hymn-book  business  is  sometlung  like 
nurserymen's  rage  for  new  varieties  of  grapes  or  pie-plant  The  old  Isap 
bella  and  the  old-fkshioned  pie-plant  are  good  epough.  If  we  ean'l  have 
a  convention  of  all  Congregational  pastors  and  people  to  select  three  hun- 
dred of  the  best  associated  hymns  and  tunes,  —  or  if  we  can, — I  hope  it 
will  be  made  a  capital  crime  to  put  forth  another  hymn-bo(A.  It  has 
become  a  nuisance." 

Notwithstanding  the  professor^s  earnest  deprecation,  we  have  an  ideal 
hymn  and  tune  book,  which  is  a  little  better  than  any  we  have  yet  seen. 
As  it  IB  not  printed,  and  may  not  be  for  some  time  to  come,  we  will  give  a 
brief  outline  of  its  plan. 

1.  What  it  contains. 

2.  How  it  is  constructed. 

It  contains  all  the  hymns  which  are  needful  for  Christian  worship^  not 
only  for  public  worship,  but  for  private  and  family  use.  It  has  not  only 
hymns  of  praise,  such  as  Christians,  if  perfect,  would  want,  but  hymns  of 
contrition,  confession,  and  supplication,  adapted  to  the  state  in  which  Chris- 
tians are  generally  found,  and  to  the  state  of  thoughtful  and«  penitent 
seekers  of  Christ  and  his  kingdom.  We  attach  much  importance  to  hymns 
expressive  of  the  struggles  and  conflicts  of  believers  with  their  spiritoai 
enemies  and  their  own  lingering  perverseness  and  unbelief.  All  may  not 
want  them,  but  those  that  do  should  have  them.  Yet  some  of  the  reoent 
eompilations  are  designed  exclusively  for  Christians  in  a  right  spiritoai 
state !    One,  for  instance,  omits  all  such  hymns  as 

<<  Why  is  my  heart  ao  far  from  Thee  ?  " 
"  O,  that  I  knew  the  secret  place,'* 

^  Stay,  thou  insalted  Spirit,  stay," 

• 

"  Thou  only  Sovereign  of  my  heart,"  etc. 

As  this  result  could  not  be  reached  in  the  compass  of  five  or  six  hundred 
hymns,  our  ideal  book  contains  just  one  thousand. 

It  is  systematically  arranged,  and  not  broken  into  disorder  and  confusion 
for  the  sake  of  more  perfect  adaptation  of  the  hymns  to  the  tunes.  Yery 
much  of  the  success  and  usefulness  of  a  hymn-book  depends  upon  the 
systematic  arrangement  of  its  hymns,  —  much  more  than  upon  a  full  index, 
which  is  indispensable.     But  the  people  must  know  where  to  find  the 


1869.]  The  Sendee  qf  Strng.  219 

bymiis  tbej  want^  witlioot  referring  to  namerons  and  complex  indexes. 
Thej  8oon  beoome  fiuniliar  with  the  different  daaaas  of  bjmnsy  in  difibrent 
parts  of  the  book,  and  can  readily  turn  to  them.  As  models  of  orderly 
arrangement,  we  name  ^  Giarch  Pastorals,"  by  Bev.  Dr.  N.  Adams,  **  The 
Church  Hymn  Book,"  by  Rev.  Dr.  W.  Salter,  and  **  The  Book  of  Praise,'' 
recently  issued  by  the  General  Association  of  Connecticut 

The  tunes  are  not  so  simple  and  uniform  in  movement  as  to  be  flat  and 
lifekss,  but  are,  some  of  them,  like  the  hymns  to  which  they  are  set,  majes- 
tie  and  inspiring,  —  even  without  any  words,  fall  of  sentiment  and  the  in- 
spiration of  worship.  They  are  also  found  at  the  same  opening  of  the  book 
as  the  hymns,  and  are  made  subordinate  to  the  hymns,  except  in  those 
eases  where  the  tunes,  from  their  very  nature,  transcend  all  words,  having 
a  language  and  meaning  of  their  own. 

Tried  by  this  standard,  it  would  seem  as  if  something  more  than  an  ideal 

hymn  and  tune  book  might  be  made.    There  are  some  which  approximately 

meet  the  demand.    The  result  of  so  many  works  of  the  kind,  in  the  last  few 

years,  is  not  altogether  bad.    There  has  been  real  progress,  along  with 

grave  mistakes.    It  is  settled  now,  we  take  it,  that^a  hymn-book  must  not 

be  thrown  intp  confusion  for  the  sake  of  the  tunes ;  and  that  old  tunes  must 

not  be  changed  and  simplified,  nor  thrown  aside  for  new  ones,  to  promote 

eongregational  singing.     Other  points  will  be  settled  soon,  we  trust;  for 

instance,  that  the  service  of  song  is  a  part  of  the  worskip  of  the  sanctuary, 

and  not  a  mere  entertainment  for  the  hearers;  the  false  and  superficial 

character  of  most  of  our  Sabbath-school  singing-books,  etc    The  wide 

departure,  in  our  Sabbath-schools,  from  the  hymns  and  tunes  used  in  our 

fiabbath  assemblies  deserves  serious  consideration.     The  Sabbath  school 

^  said  to  be  the  nursery  of  the  church.     It  is  in  theory,  and  should  be 

in  practice.     But  if  an  entirely  new  and  separate  class  of  hymns  and  music 

is  used  in  the  school,  how  are  the  children  trained  for  the  service  of  song 

in  the  church  ?    It  is  the  same  error  that  prevails  so  widely  in  our  Sab- 

l)ath-school  libraries.     Stories,  pictures,  illustrations,  to  the  almost  entire 

exclusion  of  books  of  direct  instruction,  have  come  to  be  the  rule,  and  the 

children  will  hardly  look  at  a  book  now  which  is  not  a  story,  and  profusely 

illustrated.     So  in  the  singinc^-books  of  the  school.     Three  fourths  of  the 

hymns  and  tunes  are  sentimental,  shallow,  short-lived,  and  tend  to  foster  a 

positive  dislike  for  the  hymns  and  tunes  of  the  sanctuary.    This  should  not 

80  be.     And  our  leading  Sabbath-school  men  are  beginning  to  see  it.    At 

a  recent  Sabbath-school  convention  in  Illinois,  Mr.  Philip  Phillips  said: 

**  I  am  heartily  in  favor  of  congregational  singing.     Real  power  and  real 

worship  lie  in  that.     I  want  to  say  that  I  am  in  favor  of  the  old  hymns  and 

the  old  tunes.     They  reihain  with  us  long  after  the  flashy  tunes  of  the  day 

are  forgotten.     When  we  come  to  die,  there  is  no  hymn  that  will  take  the 


220  The  Semee  of  Song.  \A^9^ 

place  of  '  Bode  of  Ages,  cleft  for  me,'  ^  There  is  a  fountain  filled  with 
blood.'  If  we  coald  make  a  little  change,  and  sing  in  the  church  as  we  do 
in  the  Sabbath  school,  and  use  in  the  Sabbath  school  the'hjmns  that  we  use 
in  the  church,  both  Sabbath  school  and  church  would  be  the  better  for  it." 

To  which  we  add  our  most  hearty  amen^  as  also  to  the  following  tea* 
timony  of  Mr.  B.  6.  Pardee,  on  a  similar  occasion :  ^  There  is  a  great 
deal  of  trash  afloat  in  the  shape  of  Sundaj-school  hymns.  We  ar& 
almost  bewildered  with  the  multiplicity  of  books." 

Nearly  all  of  our  hymn-books  have  a  few  hymns  for  children,  but  the 
greater  part  assume  that  the  Sabbath  schools  are  to  have  singing-bodu  of 
their  own.  The  one  which  makes  the  most  extensive  provision  fwr  the 
children  is  *"  The  Book  of  Worship,"  by  Bev.  L.  W.  Bacon.  Too  limited 
in  its  range  of  hymns  for  general  use,  this  book  comes  nearer,  in  its  gen- 
eral plan,  to  the  true  idea  of  what  such  a  book  should  be  than  any  other 
with  which  we  are  acquainted. 

Among  the  best  of  the  many  books,  in  the  department  of  church  music, 
may  be  named  ^  Songs  for  the  Sanctuary,"  by  Bev.  C.  S.  Bobinson ;  it 
as  a  work  of  great  merit,  and  the  most  extensive  of  all  our  hymn-books, 
comprising  a  grand  total  of  fourteen  hundred  and  sixteen,  including  doxol- 
ogies  and  selections  for  chanting,  of  which  there  are  seventy-four.  The 
collection  of  tunes  is  very  rich,  — above  the  congregation,  occasionally,  but 
well  suited  to  the  choir,  and  for  private  devotion,  and  in  such  variety  as  to 
satisfy  every  reasonable  demand. 

^  The  New  Sabbath  Hymn  and  Tune  Book "  is  a  great  hnprovement 
upon  the  eld  ;  but  the  hymn-book  was  made  without  reference  to  the  tunes, 
and  the  error  can  never  be  fuUy  rectified.  As  a  collection  of  hymns,  it  is, 
perhaps,  unsurpassed,  but  there  is  a  monotony  to  the  tunes. 

"  The  Book  of  Praise  "  —  the  latest  work  of  the  kind  we  have  seen  — 
has  obvious  merits,  but  also,  in  our  judgment,  some  defects,  especially  in 
its  tunes.  There  are  too  many  new  tunes,  and  new  arrangements  of  old 
tunes,  with  new  names ;  and  consequently  too  much  of  the  old  and  stand- 
ard music  is  omitted.  Yet  it  will  doubtless  be  found  an  acceptable  and 
useful  book. 

If  strange  .tunes,  without  a  name  (except  the  first  line  of  the  hymn  to 
which  they  are  set),  anonymous  in  most  cases,  with  new  adjustment  of  old 
and  familiar  hymns  and  tunes,  were  the  ,want  of  the  churches,  we  should 
name  *^  Church  Pastorals  "  as  having  the  highest  claim.*  ^ut,  with  rare 
exceptions,  it  is  with  church  music  as  with  wine,  —  the  old  is  better. 

It  is  remarkable  that  so  many,  in  such  rapid  succession,  with  such  un- 
flagging zeal  and  aflection,  should  enlist  in  the  business  of  compiling  hymn 
and  tune  books.     But  it  shows  how  deeply  rooteot  in  the  soul  is  the  gift  of 

*  Lowell  Mason  has  credit  for  17 ;  all  othem  8 ;  anonymoas  about  SCO ! 


!^w 


i  I 


mV 


1869.] 


Th$  Service  qf  Song. 


mmgg  and  how  inJBspenMbk  it  is  in  the  religioiis  life.  When  other  wc 
of  ei^|03rment  faily  when  philoaophj  and  logic  lose  their  power,  ihis  re 
fresh  and  perendaL  *^  I£  we  most  choose  h^ween  the  ereeds  an 
songs  of  the  Church  for  a  test  of  her  growth  or  decadence  in  spiritni 
says  Professor  Phelps,*  ''we  woald  select  her  songs  as  her  most  1 
ntlenuQces.'*  ''I  torn  to  mjhjmn-hook,"  says  Dr.  A.  P.  Peahodj,t 
i«lief  from  the  phiksophj  and  poetry  of  the  day."  ^  Blessed  he  Gk 
hymns,''  says  Henry  Ward  Beecher.  ^  Any  man  that  wants  to  chor 
state  of  mind  can  do  so,  if  he  is  fiuniliar  with  the  hymn-book.  I 
myself,  I  connt  the  singing  of  hymns  as  among  the  most  eminent  ws 
which  the  sonl  can  be  bronght  into  the  conscious  presence  of  Christ 
own  wilL**  With  others,  there  is  often  quite  as  much  power  in  tones 
hymns.  Who  is  not  moved  by  the  tone  ^  Bethany,"  for  insthn^ 
**  Olivet,"  or  **  Shining  Shiore,"  or  ^  Home,  Sweet  Home,"  as  well  as  I 
thrilling  words  to  which  these  tunes  are  indissolubly  married  ? 

We  conclude,  then,  that  the  interest  in  this  subject  is  not  ephei 

hot  that  it  will  maintain  a  permanent  and  powerful  influence  ii 

eharches,  and  in  aU  our  Christian  labors  and  experiences.    We  shall 

BKNre  and  more,  as  the  millennium  advances.    We  shall  sing  in  solito 

the  hoose,  and  by  the  way,  and,  above  all,  in  the  great  congregation, 

«r  without  the  mosical  accompaniments,  till  the  last  great  victory  is 

fcrated  in  the  kingdom  above.    It  should  be  our  aim  to  divest  this  a 

mgfincj  of  all  that  is  factitious  and  unworthy  of  its  high  mission,  a 

snvest  it  with  all  the  sacredness  and  spiritoal  force  of  which  it  ii 

^^qptible. 


O  Friend  of  souls,  how  well  is  me 

Whene'er  thy  love  my  spirit  calms !   } 
From  sorrow's  dungeon  forth  I  fiee 

And  hide  me  In  thy  (helt'ring  arms. 
The  night  of  weeping  flies  away 
Before  the  heart-reviving  ray 

Of  love,  that  beams  from  out  thy  breall ; 
Here  iS  my  heaven  on  earth  begun ; 
Who  were  not  joyful  had  he  won 

In  Thee,  O  God,  his  joy  and  refl ! 


169: 


*  Hynmt  and  Choin. 


t  Address  at  Amherst  CoUege,  18S 


SB  The  (Mr^k  4md  U$  JSbmManberi.  [iMii&» 


THE  CHtJBCH  AND  nS  NEW  MEMBEBS. 

The  Charch  is  the  diviiia  iDetnimeBt  hf  which  Christ  is  to  estabBdi  Us 
perfect  dominion  over  the  world.  Thrqagh  the  instmmentalitj  of  the 
OiiiTch,  he  is  to  sobdae  the  ignoranee,  the  atheissii  the  infidelity,  the  pa- 
ganism, the  superstitions,  the  false  religions,  the  irreligion,  all  the  evib  thai 
now  afflict  hnmanitj, — bj  whicji  he  is  to  sabdne  all  things  onto  himself,  so 
that  he  shall  be  all  and  in  alL  Indeed,  an  inspired  writer  teaches  us, 
when  we  eorrectlj  read  his  wmrds,  throngh  the  Charch,  Christ  is  to  make 
known  in  other  worlds  than  this,  onto  principalities  and  powers  in  heavenlj 
places,  Ihe  manifUd  wisdom  of  God.  The  Charch  is  Christ's  body,  the 
falness  of  him  that  filleth  all  in  all  It  is  the  salt  of  the  earth.  It  is  the 
light  of  the  world.  That  the  Charch,  then,  should  be  pure  and  perfect, 
what  can  exceed  this  in  importance?  How  essential  that  the  body,  the 
instrument  Uirough  which  Christ's  informing  spirit  is  to  achieve  these  sob* 
lime  results,  be  ^without  spot  or  wrinkle,'^  holy  and  without  bleodish. 
How  essential  that  the  salt  do  not  lose  its  savor,  and  that  the  light  be  vol 
dimmed  or  hidden.  Now,  it  is  ihe  immediate*  connection  of  our  subjeet 
with  the  life  and  efficiency  of  Christ's  body,  that  invests  it  with  surpassing 
interest.  His  body,  the  Church,  is  not  to-day  in  every  organ  healthy  and 
strong.  It  is  no^  in  all  respects,  fitted  to  give  expression  to  the  divine 
spirit  that  dwells  within  it,  and  to  execute  its  behests.  It  is,  in  a  measofOi 
enfeebled.  Its  movements  are  hindered  by  various  imperfections.  The 
savor  of  the  salt  is  diminished.  The  light  does  not  &hine  with  undimmed 
effulgence.  And  one  of  the  chief  causes  of  weakness  in  the  body,  of 
blemishes  on  the  Church,  —  on  a  church,  on  our  churches  generally,  —  we 
believe  is  to  be  found  in  the  want  of  fidelity  of  these  churches  to  the 
members  that  they  from  time  to  time  receive.  We  wish  to  speak  in  the 
spirit  of  the  largest  charity.  But  for  the  sake  of  Christ,  and  for  the 
truth's  sake,  let  us  candidly  ask — it  is  an  important  question  —  what 
proportion  of  the  persons  admitted  to  our  churches  on  profession  of  their 
faith,  in  the  end,  prove  to  be  an  essential  accession  to  the  spiritual  life  and 
power  of  these  churches  ?  It  is  a  humiliating  answer,  that  not  more  than 
one  fourth  hold  out  as  devoted  and  working  Christians,  burning  and  shin- 
ing lights,  ornaments  of  the  Church.  Of  the  .rest,  a  part  are  full  of  zeal 
at  first ;  they  run  well  for  a  time ;  they  raise  high  expectations,  and 
gi-ve  promise  of  great  usefulness.  But,  by  and  by,  the  influence  ^of  irre- 
ligious associates,  or  of  undue  devotion  to  business  or  pleasure,  or  of  sonle 
one  of  the  many  devices  of  the  adversary,  damps  their  ardor,  and  they 
relapse  into  a  state  of  coldness  and  worldly  conformity.     From  that  time 


1869.].  fThe  (MurOk  and  iU  Nem  Ifynberi.  288 

onward,  flie  most  tbat  can  be  sud  of  tliom  is,  thej  haye  a  name  to  Hvo. 
Anolher  plirt  give  up  all  religtoas  exercises  and  ga  badL  wholly  to  the 
worldf  and  th^  last  state  is  worse  than  their  fint. 

Now,  these  evils  so  painful  to  the  heart  of  Christ,  so  deleterions  to  our 
chordies^  in  all  respeets  so  deplinrable,  will,  in  large  measore,  be  obriatedy 
bjr  the  faithful  and  aiSMStiooate  discharge  bj  the  chnvdies  of  the  duties 
wlrich  thej  owe  to  those  who  on  snccesuve  sacramental  occasions  join 
their  ranks. 

As  ^e  first  of  these  doties,  may  be  named  that  of  knowing  these  new 
memb^s.    Wl||m  these  members  are  received,  our  churches,  bj  different 
ejq^vessioQS  indeed,  but  all  of  them,  in  a  form  ihost  impressive  and  solemn^ 
covenant  and  promise  to  watch  over  them  as  Christ  directs,  to  treat  them  in 
all  respects  as  members  of  the  Church,  and  to  welcome  them  to  their  Mr 
lowsbip  and  to  all  the  privileges  of  the  Church.    In  a  word,  they  engage 
to  take  them  to  their  hearts ;  and  by  their  prayers,  their  lympathies  and 
eforts,  to  encourage  them  and  help  them  to  become  established  in  every 
good  word  and  work,  and  to  conduct  themselves  worthy  of  a  profession 
of  religion.    This  coxrenant  embraces  much,  it  is  true.    If  it  means  any)* 
thing,  it  has  a  great  significance.    But  it  does  not  exceed  what  is  enjoined 
by  Christ  and  the  inspired  writers.    To  the  mind  familiar  with  the  Scrip* 
teres,  what  a  multitude  of  instances  will  occur  in  which  they  by  precept, 
by  figure,  by  similitude,  in  a  variety  most  beautiful  and  touching,  inculcate 
brotherly  love,  portray  its  excellences,  and  set  forth  the  relations  of  the 
members  of  the  Church  to  each  other.    The  Sweet  Singer  of  Israel  rarely 
fsfaarms  us  more  than  when  this  love  is  the  burden  of  his  song,  and  its 
^^ghtful  influences  are  represented  by  the  precious  fragrant  ointment  of 
the  East,  by  the  dew  of  Harmon,  and  the  dew  tbat  descended  upon  the 
xnonntains  of  Zion.    And  were  we  asked  to  indicate  the  grace,  a  grace 
^XNnprebensive  indeed  of  many  graces,  enjoined  by  our  Saviour,  with  singu- 
lar frequency  and  force,  upon  his  disciples,  might  we  not  answer,  broth- 
erly love  ?    As  though  all  commandments  were  comprised  in  one  com- 
mandment, and  in  the  same  breath  telling  us  what  is  the  quality  and 
the  measure  of  affection  for  each  other,  to  be  cherished  by  members  of  the 
Church,  he  says :  "•  This  is  my  commandment,  that  ye  love  one  another  as 
3  have  loved  you."    To  indicate  the  relation  which  his  disciples  sustain  to 
each  other,  to  show  how  union  with  him,  their  common  Head,  not  with- 
standing  all  social  distinctions,  differences  of  blood,  of  rank,  of  wealth,  of 
education,  brings  them  all  together  upon  the  same  high  level,  he  says : 
^  One  is  your  master,  even  Christ,  and  all  ye  are  brethren."    Then  the 
letters  written  by  the  impulse  and  direction  of  the  Holy  Spirit  to  the 
Apostolic  Churches,  —  how  they  abound  in  expressions  of  the  transcend- 
ent loveliness  and  beauty  of  this  grace.     How  the  beloved  disciple  exalts 


22t  Th€  CSicrdI  and  tZt  Nem  Memhert.  CApntf 

it  wfaen  he  ajs:  ^He  that  lovetli  not  his  btfother  whom  he  hath  Ment 
how  can  he  love  Grod  whom  he  haUi  not  seen  ?  **  and,  also^  when,  in  Ms 
old  age,  as  credible  tradition  informs  ns,  he  persists  in  repeating  to  his 
disciples  as  thej  bear  him  in  their  arms  to  the  plaea  of  pn^fer,  the  ex- 
hortation, ^  Little  children,  love  one  another,'*  and  when  adEed  his  reasons 
for  so  doing,  he  replies,  ^  Because,  when,  this  is  done,  all  is  done."  What 
can  exceed  the  pertinency  and  significance  of  the  metaphors  bj  whkh  Panl 
iUnstrates  the  nature  of  the  relation  in  which  the  members  of  the  Oinrch 
stand  to  each  other.  ''Now  je  are  the  bodj  of  Christ  and  members  in 
particular.  Whether  one  member  suffer  all  the  members  suffer  with  it,  or 
one  member  be  honored  aU  the  members  rejoice  with  iL  Te  are  mem- 
bers one  of  another.  For  we  being  many  are  one  bread.**  The  bread  is 
one,  though  composed  of  manj  grains  of  wheat.  With  what  singular 
power,  in  such  a  connection  comes  Im  word :  **  The  members  should  have 
(he  same  care  One  of  another."  To  guard  us  against  a  mistake  too  oom- 
mon,  namelj,  that  of  supposing  the  Church  tie  is  of  the  same  nature  as 
the  bond  that  unites  associations,  dubs,  lodges,  political  parties,  he  diar- 
acterizes  the  Church  as  nfamify.  As  the  family  is  made  up  of  those  bom 
into  it,  recipients  of  the  same  blood,  bearing  in  their  traits  and  appearance 
the  impress  of  the  same  parents,  identified  in  interests  with  each  other, 
naturally  honoring  and  loving  one  another,  even  so  the  Church  is  the 
fiunily  of  God.  It  is  made  up  of  those  bom  into  it  by  the  new  spiritual 
birth.  Upon  each  one  of  the  members  has  been  re-enstamped  the  efiaoed 
image  of  God.  All  being  like,  and  in  union  with  Christ,  are  like^  and  in 
union  with  each  other.  Each  one  loving  Christ  supremely,  loves  the 
fellow-members  as  those  in  whom  Christ  dwells,  ^nd  who  reflect  his 
likeness.      ^ 

Now  the  point  is  this.  Such  being  the  nature  of  the  Churdi  tie  and  re- 
lationship, it  is  very  evident  our  churches  owe  important  duties  to  their 
new  members.  Their  treatment  of  them  must  be  in  accordance  with  the 
nature  of  the  bond  that  unites  them  to  the  Church.  What  that  treatment 
shall  be  in  all  its  minor  details,  we  may  not  now  stop  to  describe.  Bui 
manifesUy  the  Church  is  bound  to  know  these  new-comers.  How  can 
the  members  edify  one  another,  watch  over  one  another,  and  love  one 
another,  as,  by  inspiration,  they  are  with  marked  frequency  and  pmnt 
exhorted  to  do,  if  they  are  not  acquainted  with  each  other's  spiritual  con- 
dition. Are  not  our  churches  too  generally  remiss  in  the  performance  of 
this  duty  7  As  we  have  seen,  the  Church  tie  is  superior  to,  it  is  more 
sacred  and  dear  than  the  bond  of  the  lodge,  the  club,  the  association. 
But  are  clubs  and  lodges  satisfied  with  less  than  the  familiar  acquaintance 
with  those  whom  they  from  time  to  time  receive  ?  How  is  it  with  our 
churches?    In  how  many  instances  they  seem  to  be  satisfied  with  the 


1869.]  The  Okureh  and  it$  New  Mmbere.  226 

sUgbtest  poftiUe  degree  of  knowledge  of  tlie  new  memben.    Very  likafy 
thej  hear  the  luuiiee  of  these  members  called  at  the  time  of  their  reo^p- 
tioDy  and  qnite  as  fikelj  at  onee  forget  those  names.    For  jrears  Chrisfians 
worship  in  the  same  sanetnarjy  and  are  accnstomed  to  sit  down  at  the  same 
communion-table,  and  jet  thej  do  not  know  each  other.    Is  this  meeting 
the  donands  of  the  Church  tie  ?    Is  this  exercising  the  high  functions  of 
brotberlj  lore  ?    Certainlj  not  as  the  disciples  and  early  churches  met 
those  demands  and  exercised  those  functions.    These  churches  felt  it  to 
be  incumbent  on  them  to  give  expression  to  the  tie  that  bound  the  mem* 
hers  together,  and  to  make  declaration  of  the  fact,  that,  m  the  Church, 
high  and  low,  rich  and  poor,  bond  and  free,  meet  together.    Thej  made 
this  declaration  in  no  formal  and  insincere  manner.    For  the  express  pur- 
pose of  knowing  each  other,  and  promoting  and  eigojing  felbwship,  thej 
instituted,  in  addition  to  the  Lord's  Supper,  which  was  celebrated  dailj,  a 
dailj  meal  of  brotberlj  love,  the  ^  Agape."    The  verj  principle  of  this 
love  feast  implied  that  the  relation  to  Christ  subordinates  to  itself  all  other 
relations.    Differences  of  station,  of  education,  of  talent,  of  wealth,  of  per- 
lonal  and  national  peculiaritj,  at  this  feast  were  forgotten.    Each  member 
was  recognised  bj  all  the  other  members  as  a  child  of  God  bj  feith  in 
Jesus  Christ.    Now  we  do  not  maintain  that  it  is  the  dutj  of  our  churches 
to  revive  in  its  precise  form  the  ancient  love  feasL    But  it  is  their  dutj, 
in  some  form  and  bj  some  means,  to  secure  the  end  contemplated  b j  that 
feast.     It  is  their  dutj  to  institute  especial  means  bj  which  thej  maj  be- 
eome  acquainted  with  their  new  members,  and  maj  know  them  personallj ; 
Abj  know  their  hopes  and  their  fears,  their  jojs  and  sorrows,  their  trials 
suid  temptations.    Thus  will  the  members  be  prepared  to  sjmpathize  with 
ifcnd  help  each  other.    Then  will  the  communion  of  saints,  church-fellow- 
ship,  mean  something.    Then  will  the  world  saj,  ^  Behold,  how  these 
Christians  love  one  another."    Then  will  the  proportion  of  professors  of 
religion,  that  in  the  end  prove  to  be  ornaments  to  the  Church,  be  greatlj 
increased.    In  this  connection,  it  is  pleasing  to  note  the  fact  that  some  of 
our  churches  are  waking  up  to  a  sense  of  the  importance  of  this  dutj. 
Some  of  them  are  holding  meetings,  appropriatelj  called  fellowship  meet- 
ings, the  object  of  which  is  to  afford  opportunities  for  the  members  to  know 
each  other.    Would  that  in  all  our  churches  it  might  become  the  custom 
for  all  the  members  to  come  together  in  an  exclusivelj  church  social 
|vathering,  as  frequentlj,  at  least,  as  new  members  are  received.    How 
liappj  in  its  influence  upon  the  new  m.embers  and  upon  the  Church  would 
be  such  a  meeting  of  Christian  welcome  and  mutual  salutation  and  congrat- 
ulation !     How  would  all  be  encouraged  and  strengthened  bj  the  free  in- 
terchange of  thought  and  sentiment  I 

Another  duty  of  the  Church  to  its  new  members  is  that  of  providing  for 
them  especial  facilities  for  instruction.    In  addition  to  the  ordinary  minis- 


226  The  Ckurek  and  iU  New  Mmben.  [April, 

trations  of  the  sanctiuurj  and  the  teachings  of  the  Sabbath  lefaobl,  lei  the 
Church  provide  for  them  —  in  a  stated  meeting  with  the  pastor,  held  with 
greitter  or  less  frequency,  as  circumstances  may  dictate —an  opportanitj  for 
familiar  instruction  upon  points  pertaining  to  the  new  relation  in  which 
they  stand.  The  qualifications  for  admission  to  the  visible  Church  of 
Christ  are  very  simple,  and  are  very  clearly  indicated  in  the  Scriptores. 
Indeed,  it  may  be  said,  there  is  but  one  indispensable  qualification,  L  e. 
heart-union  with  Jesus.  Let  one  give  credible  evidence  that  he  has  been 
bom  again,  that  he  has  been  spiritually  baptized  into  Christ,  and  has  put 
on  Christ,  and  then,  even  if  he  is  very  feeble  in  intellect,  and  his  knowl- 
edge is  very  imperfect,  even  if  he  is  a  little  child  in  years  or  in  attain- 
ments, he  is  entitled  to  admission  to  the  Church.  The  weak  in  fiiith  are 
to  be  received ;  and  a  great  wrong  is  done  to  this  class,  Christ's  lamba,  if 
their  admission  to  his  fold  is  long  delayed.  Is  it  said  persons  must  not 
come  into  the  Church  before  they  have  been  indoctrinated,  and  have 
become  strong  and  able  to  stand  fast  in  the  liberty  of  Christ  ?  What  would 
be  the  thought  of  the  shepherd,  if  he  should  exclude  from  the  fold  the 
tender  lambs  of  his  fiock,  and  thus  should  expose  them  to  storms  and  night- 
chills,  and  render  them  an  easy  prey  to  thieves  and  robbers  and  savage 
beasts,  and  should  do  it  all,  on  the  plea  that  they  are  too  weak  to  oome  into 
the  fold.  I  am  sure  we  should  not  apply  to  him  the  title  of  ^  The  good 
shepherd,**  which  our  Saviour  claims  for  himself,  and  of  whom  Isaiah,  in  a 
single  sentence,  gives  a  charming  description,  —  ^  He  shall  gather  the  lambs 
with  his  arm,  and  carry  them  in  his  bosom,"  —  and  who  proved  himself  to  be 
the  one  of  whom  the  prophet  spoke,  by  all  the  loving  words  he  uttered, 
and  all  the  gracious  acts  he  did  in  the  interest  of  the  children,  and  who, 
in  his  conversation  with  Peter,  teaches  us  that,  if  we  would  give  condu^ve 
proof  of  love  for  him,  we  may  do  it  by  feeding  his  lambs.  Now  the 
Church  should  truly  represent  Christ  to  these  weak  believers,  these  lambs. 
Its  treatment  of  them  should  be  gentle,  tender,  and  loving,  even  as  the 
gentleness,  tenderness,  and  love  of  Jesus.  If  they  are  weak,  if  they  are 
scarcely  able  to  walk  or  to  stand  alone,  if  they  cannot  bear  exposure  to  the 
chilling  influences  of  the  world,  are  they  not  the  very  persons  who  most  of 
all  need  the  helpful  sympathies,  counsels,  encouragements,  and  prayers  of 
Christians  ?  Should  they  not  be  brought  into  the  warm  and  genial  atmos- 
phere of  the  Church  ?  What  nourishment  can  be  found  so  admirably 
adapted  to  the  case  of  weak  believers,  of  even  babes  in  X>hrist,  as  that  with 
which  the  Saviour  furnishes  his  ti|ble?  By  delaying  the  admission  of 
members  to  the  Church  a  longer  time  than  is  requisite  for  them  to  afford 
us  a  reasonable  hope  that  the  new  life  has  commenced  in  their  souls,  we 
deprive  them  of  the  very  best  means  for  strength  and  growth  in  grace. 
The  apostles  did  not  require  of  candidates  for  admission  to  their  churches 
a  clear  and  perfect  knowledge  of  all  the  truths  of  the  gospel.     They  wel- 


r 


eOBMd  t»  tkenr'  fcltowdrip  poaoiit  ia  whose vmlncki  waw.  pei  WHnumtng 
awny'^efKors  and  iUse  nations*  -  Sadk«i  g&ve  evideaee  ef  iwyiiig  aao^^ad 
oC J«ni%  09fiii  llMigk  thej  litti  gamed  bulbar fwiiai  iuio«rl0dge  of  xei^^ons 
deQlniie%  llie  ajftortleB  baplkei  into  the  name  of  Jeeiak  .  SajB.lfaaiidery 
fiai»  iqmOei  believed  thaaew^dmae  firinoiple  of 4ifb  inpazted  bj  Cbmat 
ttttbe  fedeaned  ireold  laoold  tlimr  whole  liTot  to  a  ooMfenaily  ^  the  kws 
of  4!!hffitl  aad  Ihb  Ungdom.^    Bat  4he  Ofanvohr  has  ael  dbeharged  ila  wiude 
dat^  to  these  joaog  diodploB  when  it  has  reeeiTed  4hem  ta  its  eommimioo. 
&^  ia  soleiiiiilj  boandi  lo  eaie  .for  them,  and  te  ^iscdse  thai  eif^edal  oare 
erer  theon  whidi  their  pecnUar  circmnsldttpea  denwuML    ItJswboimd  to 
ssnmder  their^  joi^  the  weahness  of  their  faith,  and  tiie^:iiX4)eifeetie&  of 
iMr  kaowiedgOy  and  to>  provide^  in  a  manner  silch  as  we '  have  iadiealedy 
kisltticlions  e8|>eciall7  adapted  to  them  as  ^membws  tf  the  Chnrdu    Let 
the  Ghnrdi  mrraaga  ibr  theman  oppertnally  of  meeting  ^e  pastor  at 
appointed  seasoiis>  for  such  instriiolions»<<and  not^bf  eompulsiont  but  bj  in* 
fiiatioo,  and  by  the^nse  of  soeh  aaeans  as  CShristian  hfwe  will  dietate  seeure 
Afeir  attendaaoe  upon  the  meeting.    Then  a»j  the  jwong  and  those  who 
ate  by  no  meanS'  strong  or  perfeet  Ghristiaa%  with  aafetj)  .indeed^  with 
WMinlest  blessing*  to  Uie  Chared  and  to  the  indiiridiials  diemsel¥esy  be 
vaeetred  into  the  Qmrch  and  admitted  ta  the  tabkrof  the  Lord. 
-^   One  more  du^  is  that  of  ofiering  to  new  mfmben  some  definite  and 
andtaye  toorib  to  do  for  Christ    That  Christ  ei^ieets  the  members  of  his 
idbiirches  to  be  something  more  than  passiTe  recipients  of  blessings;  that 
Im  expects  them  to  be  eameti  wo^ken  m  his  vineyardi  imparting  to  others 
"ttat  which  they  liave  freely  received,  holding  A>rth  the  word  of  life,  — < 
^ese  are  propositions  which  we  certainly  need  not  argne  to-day.    Idleness 
In  the  Ch  rch  of  Christ  is  sin.    This  is  no  new  doctrine.    The  gospel  is 
^W  of  it.    £very  genuine  Christian  Church  is  a  band  of  laborers  in  the 
"vineyard  of  the  Lord.    It  is  much  more  thffln  this  indeed.    But  it  is  this 
^  least     For  a  moment  think  how  admirably,  by  its  composition,  this 
iMnd  of  laborers  is  fitted  to  do  the  work  of  Christ    In  this  work  are 
comprised  many  kinds  and  forms  of  labor.    It  demands  laborers  of  differ- 
ent gifts,  temperament,  degrees  of  strength,  ages,  and  of  both  sexes.    In 
sh(»t,  it  demands  laborers  of  just  such  diversities  of  gifts,  qualifications, 
aad  adaptations  as  those  associated  in  onr  churches.    How  largely  this 
diversity  contributes  to  tlie  glory  and  beauty  of  Zion !    The  gifts  and 
graces  of  each  member  are  supplemented  and  set  off  by  their  union  with 
those  of  all  the  other  members,  even  as  each  one  of  the  prismatic  colors, 
beaotifol  in  itself,  becomes  mamfold  more  beautiful  in  combination  with  the 
others,  as  we  see  them  exhibited  in  the  rainbow,  or  a  sunrise  or  sunset ;  or 
as  each  separate  note  in  music,  although  it  may  he  sweet  and  perfect  in 
itself^  is  fully  appredated -and  affi^rds  the  greatest  measure  of  delight  only 
when  we  hear  it  in  harmony  with#ill  the  other  notes.     Like  the  blending  of 


.Tk§  (ShoffA  ami  At  JSfmJtmttn*  IM^ 

colon  ia  the  imiabow,  and  the  hmmaaj  of  ooviidt  la  oraiic  dMNild  be  tiie 
oombinatkNi  and  eo^ponlion  of  labon  m  the  Chordi.  Clnist  hao  a  ^o- 
eifie  work  soitad-to  eadi  laemberi  let  tlMi  laember  be  yoaager oli^«ele 
or  faaale,  strong  or  weak,  and  a  wwk  whiob  moit  be  done  bj  that  meia- 
ber,  or  it  will  be  left  wboUjr  c^-partiallj  aadaae.  Now,  il  ie  tka  4017 of 
every  obnreh  to  reeognusoy  and  to  aet  in  aeoorckmoe  wlth»  ibis  tratb ;  and 
bj  so  doing  to  let  it  be  anderetood  bftbose  ikrho,  fima  time  te  tiaie  fropose 
to  join  its  ranks,  that  thej  are  expected  to  coom  into  the  Chardi,  sot  to 
fidd  their  arms  and  sit  down  as  idlen,  but  to  laori^  and  never  cease  work- 
ing antil  thej  hear  from  the  Master-*^  Well  done;  eater  into  Ae  jdf^ef 
your  Lord*''  More  than  this.  The  Qmrdi  shoald  have  its  work  ofgaa- 
ized  and  systematized.  Let  the  work  be  so  distinctly  arraaged  and  laid 
oat,  that  the  new  members  will  rsadily  see  jost  what  k  to  be  done.  The 
direction^  *^  Worii  for  Christ,  cnHivate  the  Tmeyard  of  theixnd,"  is  to»gen« 
oral  and  vagne.  The  Held  is  the  wofU.  The  yonng  and  jpcgpeiieoeed 
CSiiistian  is  in  danger  of  bdag  disheartened  by  the  cUacoveiy  of  the  ez« 
tent  of  the  field,  or  of  b«ng  bewildered  by  the  mahiplicity  of  labeta  to  be 
doae.  Letthe  Chnrch^aakeacarefalsorvey  of  thevia^faid  to'beeidlli* 
Tated  and  mark  oal  plots  of  differeat  dimensioQS,  aad  aasigii  to  evaij 
member  a  work  ^*  according  to  his  several  ability.'*  By  aH  weans,  let  IIm 
new  members,  in  the  ardor  of  their  flrst  love,  hi  the  fteehness^of  Aeir 
enthasiasm,  find  in  the  Sabbath  sdiool,  in  the  work  of  home  evangeBia 
tion,  in  some  one  of  the  many  departments  of  Oaistiaa  labor,  a  doer  ef 
nsefolness  opened  for  themu  Let  th^n  ind  a  work  already  pr^aredlba 
their  hands.  Then  let  the  Qinrdi  affectionately  take  them  by  the  hand 
and  invite  them  to  enter  that  open  door,  and  engage  in  doing  that  prepared 
work*  Will  not  the  new  members  be  very  likely  to  accept  the  invitation? 
Beginning  aright  and  fincGng  the  serviee  of  Christ  inereasingly  delightfy^ 
will  they  not  be  very  likely  to  persevere  as  Uving  and  energetic  Ohvis*' 
tians?  Then,  how  will  t|^  number  of  chnBh-members  to  virhom  )00t 
Savionr  pats  the  question  ^  Why  stand  ye  hm  all  the  day  idleF*  be 
diminished  I 

In  dosing,  we  can  but  express  the  conviction  that  our  chordies  too  gen* 
orally  have  fallen  much  below  the  standard  o£  the  apostelie  aad  primltlva 
churches  by  undervaluing  the  church  tie  and  Relationship,  and  by 
too  little  efibrt  to  promote  Christian  fellowship.  How  modi  of  the 
of  our  churches  comes  from  this  fellowship,  their  power  to  promote  the 
sanctification  and  blessedness  of  Uieir  own  members,  and  their  power  to 
attract  to  themselves  fix>m  the  world  those  who  are  to  be  saved  I  Let  the 
members  of  our  churches  faithfully,  and  in  love,  disdMige  the  duties  they 
mutually  owe  to  each  other,  then  may  we  hope  the  Lord  Jeans  will  aane- 
tify  and  deanse  them,  and  present  them  to  himself  glorioos  diarehe%  not 
having  spot  or  wrinkle,  or  any  such  thipg,  hdy  and  without  blemish. 


1869.]        The  Papal  Answer  to  the  Qteat  Queetian.  229 


THB  PAPAL  ANSWER  TO  THE  GBEAT  QUESTION. 

^  What  shall  I  do  to  be  saved?"  has  been  well  styled  ^  the  great  qaes- 
tkm."  Tract  No.  5  of  the  series  issued  bj  the  "*  Catholic  Pablication 
Sode^y**  lately  established  in  New  York,  gives  the  PApal  answer  to  the 
inqnirj. 

Before  making  anj  remarks  on  it,  let  us  look  at  the  answer  itself,  as  set 
forth  in  the  tract ;  and  as  to  copy  it  in  full  would  require  more  space  than 
the  Quarterly  can  afford,  we  give  a  view  of  the  argument,  condensed  in- 
deed, but  unaltered. 

It  wears  the  form  of  a  dialogue  between  an  Inquirer,  a  Protestant,  and 
a  Papist    The  mqnirer,  believing  in  the  truth  of  Christianity,  wants  to 
know  how  to  secure  its  benefits.    The  Protestant  gives  the  Bible  answer 
(Acts  xvL  dl),  ^  Believe  on  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  and  thou  shalt  be  saved." 
Then  follows  the  question,  What  is  it  thus  to  believe  ?    Instead  of  answer- 
ing this  as  he  ought,  the  Protestant  merely  asserts  that  Protestant  (lurches 
agree  on  the  doctrine  of  justification  by  faith.    Of  course  the  inquirer  re- 
ceives no  light,  and  asks  if  this  faith  is  a  belief  in  the  doctrines  of  the 
Christian  religion.    He  is  now  told  that  such  a  belief  is  not  saving  faith, 
for  that  appropriates  the  merits  of  Christ,  not  as  the  Saviour  of  mankind, 
bat  hia  own  in  particular.    The  inquirer  replies.  If  he  is  the  Saviour  of 
mankind,  he  must  be  mine,  for  I  am  a  man.    Without  the  least  attempt  to 
oorrect  this  perversimi  of  the  truth,  he  is  simply  told  agun  that  he  must 
i^>propriate  as  his  own  the  merits  of  Christ    He  then  asks  if  being  sorry 
for  hia  sins,  and  sincerely  wishing  to  commit  no  more,  will  be  doing  this, 
auid  instead  of  being  shown  how  impossible  it  is  that  feelings  which  have 
x-eferenoe  solely  to  sin  should  constitute  faith  in  Christ,  or  being  instructed 
in  what  that  faith  consists,  he  is  merely  told  that  not  his  own  dispositions, 
l>at  faith  alone,  procures  salvation.    But  what  is  faith  ?  again  demands  the 
inquirer ;  and  he  is  now  told  that  it  is  laying  hold  of  Christ  simply,  being 
iirmly  persuaded  that  our  sins  are  all  pardoned  through  His  merits.    Then 
lie  says.  If  my  sins  are  pardoned,  they  are  so  without  my  faith,  for  faith 
cannot  affect  a  fact.    If,  on  the  other  hand,  they  are  not  pardoned,  how  can 
I  believe  that  they  are  ?    Your  faith  seems  to  me  a  thing  you  cannot  ex- 
plain, — a  baseless  enthusiasm.   I  feel  that  I  am  sincere  in  my  wish  to  please 
God,  and  that  He  will  reject  no  one  who  is  really  sincere ;  but  when  you 
deny  that,  I  know  not  what  to  do.     We  cannot  stop  here  to  discuss  either 
the  earnestness  or  the  sincerity  of  this  inquirer,  whom  the  writer  introduces 
to  us  as  an  **- earnest  inquirer."     We  can  only  say  in  passing,  that,  if  he 
regards  him  as  either  very  earnest  or  very  sincere,  his  ideas  of  earnestness 

NEW   SERIES.  —  VOL.  I.  NO.  2.  16 


280  The  Papal  Amwer  to  (he  Great  Question.        [AihiI, 

and  sincerity  are  quite  different  from  those  of  most  Protestant  mimsters. 
But  let  him  he  as  he  may,  what  Christian  minister  would  not  rejoice 
in  such  an  opportunity  to  correct  misapprehensions  of  the  way  of  sal* 
vation,  and  hring  the  truth  as  it  is  in  Jesus  home  to  his  heart  and  con- 
science ?  Yet  nothing  of  the  sort  is  attempted.  The  Protestant  is  made 
to  reply  to  all  these  :  Faith  is  the  gift  of  God ;  you  cannot  get  it  till  God 
gives  it  to  you.  I  cannot  explain  it  any  more ;  statements  than  which  it 
would  be  hard  to  imagine  any  more  unsuitable  in  the  drcnmstances,  or 
more  positively  injurious.  Surely,  if  one  wanted  to  destroy  a  soul,  he 
could  not  adopt  a  method  better  adapted  to  that  end ;  and  this  is  represented 
as  the  Protestant  answer  to  the  question,  —  but  not  by  a  Protestant. 

The  inquirer  now  turns  to  the  Papist,  who  explains  to  him  that  a  man 
is  justified  by  faith  and  works,  faith  being  defined  as  a  belief  in  the  truths 
of  religion,  and  works,  a  sincere  disposition  to  render  to  Grod  an  obedience 
of  love,  so  that  a  man  may  be  received  fully  into  Good's  fisivor  on  his  death- 
bed, though  he  does  not  live  to  perform  external  works ;  for  when  a  man 
adds  to  his  belief  regret  for  his  sins,  and  a  determination  to  serve  God,  he 
has  performed  the  greatest  of  works,  and  becomes  acceptable  to  God ;  then 
the  practice  of  good  works  confirms  this  determination,  and  is  called  the 
completion  of  justification,  because  it  hinders  a  man  from  falling  away. 

Here  we  cannot  help  asking,  If  a  man  on  his  death-bed,  who  does  not 
live  to  perform  external  works,  may  be  fully  received  into  Gkxl's  fiivor, 
what  becomes  of  the  doctrine  of  Purgatory  ?  And  if  a  man's  own  practice 
of  good  works  hinders  him  from  falling  away,  how  does  this  agree  with  his 
being  **  kept  by  the  power  of  Grod  through  faith  unto  salvation  "  ? 

The  following  is  then  given  as  the  practical  answer  of  the  Papal  Church 
to  the  great  question.  A  Catholic  is  invested  by  baptism  with  all  the  priv- 
ileges of  a  Christian  ;  then  if  he  obeys  Grod's  commandments,  he  is  always 
the  friend  of  God,  and,  like  a  native-bom  citizen,  does  not  need  to- ask  how 
to  become  a  citizen.  If  he  sins,  so  that  his  intellectual  conviction  of  the 
truth  of  religion  is  destroyed,  he  must  renew  that  conviction  by  studying 
again  the  evidence  on  which  it  is  based.  When  that  intellectual  conviction 
is  thus  renewed,  or,  if  it  has  not  been  destroyed,  then  he  must  add  to  his 
belief  the  right  dispositions  which  he  has  lost,  and  come  to  confession,  where 
he  will  receive  forgiveness.  And  this  the  inquirer  is  represented  as  re- 
ceiving for  the  true  answer  to  his  question. 

On  this  answer  to  the  great  question  we  beg  leave  to  offer  the  following 
remarks :  — 

First.  The  writer  admits  that  the  teaching  of  Protestants  and.  of  Scrip- 
ture on  this  point  is  identical ;  both  give  precisely  the  same  answer  to  the 
question.  We  confess  that  we  did  not  expect  such  an  admission,  and  we  do 
not  affirm  that  it  was  intentional.     Still,  the  identity  of  the  two  could  not 


1869.]        !l%e  Papal  Anmer  to  the  Ormt  Quettim.  281 

be  Mi  ftcth  more  dearly  than  by  makiDg  ihe  Frotestent  repeal  the  ezaefe 
words  of  the  apotde  ae  his  own  reply  to  the  inqnirj.  We  say  nothbg 
DOW  of  the  eolpable  maimer  in  which  the  Protestant  is  represented  as  re- 
fbsing  to  explain  this  reply ;  we  shall  have  a  word  to  say  about  that  in  due 
time ;  at  present  we  simply  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  his  answer  is  the 
BiUe  answer.  He  does  not  devise  an  answer  of  his  own,  bat  he  points 
the  inquirer  to  the  answer  given  by  the  Holy  GhosL  Let  that  answer 
be  criticised  as  it  may ;  it  is  not  only  Protestant,  it  is  apostolic.  If  it  is 
deficient^  the  deficiency  is  not  in  Protestant  teaching,  but  in  the  teaching 
of  the  Holy  Ghost,  which  it  reaffirms.  If  objections  are  made  to  it,  the 
objections  are  not  to  what  man  says,  bat  to  what  God  says.  The  objector 
is  fighting,  not  with  man,  but  with  God.  We  would  thank  the  writer  most 
heartily  if  we  thought  that  he  meant  to  bring  out  this  identity  of  Protestant 
teaching  with  that  of  the  Holy  Ghost ;  but  as  it  is,  we  thank  Him  who  has 
the  hearts  of  all  men  in  His  hand,  that,  even  when  he  meant  not  so,  neither 
^d  his  heart  think  so,  yet  this  Papal  writer  was  made^  in  the  all-wise 
providence  of  God,  to  bear  this  marked  testimony  to  the  scripturalness  of 
Protestant  teaching. 

Second.  The  writer  quotes  the  Bible  answer  to  the  question  only  to  set 
it  aside.    We  are  sorry  to  say  this ;  yet  the  wrong  lies  in  setting  it  aside, 
not  in  calling  attention  to  that  most  culpable  act ;  indeed,  to  point  this  out 
is  both  for  the  glory  of  God,  whose  word  has  been  so  dishonored,  and  for 
the  good  of  man,  that  they  may  ^  cease  to  hear  the  instruction  that  causeth 
to  err  firom  the  words  of  knowledge.''   (Prov.  xix.  27.)   It  is  a  serious  thing 
to  turn  one's  back  on  God's  teaching,  and  that  the  answer  of  the  apostle 
to  this  question  is  such  teaching  even  Papists  cannot  deny.    It  was  God 
who  arranged  that  the  question  should  be  put  to  the  apostle.    Grod  directed 
liim  how  to  answer  it,  and  the  writer  of  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles  was  in- 
spired by  the  Spirit  of  Grod  to  record  that  answer  in  Holy  Scripture  for 
the  guidance  of  his  Church  in  all  ages,  and  yet  in  this  tract  it  is  quoted 
only  to  hold  it  up  to  odium.    It  was  in  the  power  of  the  writer  to  have 
represented  the  Protestant  as  bringing  out  the  meaning  of  this  divine 
teaching,  or  he  might  have  represented  liis  co-religionist  as  doing  the 
aame,  but  he  has  done  neither ;  he  has  made  the  first  to  decline  its  exposi* 
tion,  and  the  last  to  substitute  another  answer  in  its  place,  and  so  proved 
recreant  to  the  truth.    If  men  misunderstood  Grod's  answer,  he  ought  to 
have  explained  it     If  they  objected  to  it,  he  ought  to  have  answered  their 
objections ;  but  instead  of  doing  either,  he  has  made  an  objector  to  bring 
forward  bis  cavils,  and  carefully  leflt  them  unanswered,  leaving  the  imprea- 
aion  on  his  readers  that  they  are  unanswerable.    Thus  his  inquirer  is 
made  to  say,  **  If  (Christ)  is  tlie  Saviour  of  mankind  in  general,  it  follows 
(that)  he  must  be  my  Saviour  in  particular,  since  I  am  oae  of  the  race  oC 


282  Tke  Papal  Jummt  to  ih$  Chrmt  Qus^mu        [April, 

mankiod.''  Saoh  a  groM  miMpprelitnsion  on^  to  have  been  expoied. 
If  the  jailer  at  Philippi,  or  any  one  ebe,  had  spoken  in  thai  waj  to  Paol, 
18  it  conoeiyable  that  he  woold  have  let  it  paM  unanswered  ?  Bat  this 
writer  has  not  a  word  to  saj.  He  sows  the  taiesi  and  Iea;?es  them  to  grow 
and  bear  what  seed  they  will.  Does  he  not  know  that,  while  God  hath 
set  fiHth  Christ  to  be  a  propitiation,  jet  that  propitiation  beeomes  avail- 
able onlj  ^throagh  faith  in  his  blood**?  (Bom.iii.25.)  Does  he  not  know 
that  a  medicine,  however  efficadoos,  mast  be  taken  bj  the  sick  man  be- 
fore it  can  avail  for  him  ?  And  what  is  his  sincerity  worth  who^  instead 
of  taking  it,  only  says,  **  If  this  is  a  care  for  those  afflicted  with  my  disease, 
it  most  care  me,  for  I  have  the  disease."  Yet  this  vrriter  makes  one  whom 
he  represents  as  an  ^earnest  inqairer**  to  speak  thus  of  the  inspured 
answer  to  his  question,  and  then  leaves  him  unreproved.  Again,  on  page  8, 
this  same  earnest  inquirer  says,  ^  If  my  sins  are  pardoned,  they  are  par- 
doned without  my  confidence,  unee  confidence  cannot  affect  a  foct.  If 
they  are  not  pardmied,  how  can  I  have  eonfidenoe  that  they  are  pardoned  ?  " 
We  will  not  so  slander  the  religions  experience  of  the  writer  as  to  suppose 
for  a  moment  that  he  believes  this  cavil  to  be  founded  in  truth.  We  will 
not  so  underrate  his  mental  powers  as  to  suf^Kise  him  unable  to  ezpoee  its 
sophistry ;  then  when  it  is  writt^  ^  He  that  believeth  in  the  Son  hath  lifo 
everlasting,  but  he  that  believeth  not  the  Son  shall  not  see  lifo^  bat  the 
wrath  of  God  abideth  on  him  "  (John  iiL  86,  Douay  version),  to  advance 
such  an  objection,  and  leave  it  unnoticed,  is  treason  to  God,  for  it  is  taking 
sides  with  unbelief,  in  its  most  ungrateful  form  of  a  refosal  to  accept  the  fiee 
forgiveness  purchased  by  the  precious  blood  of  Christ  It  is  in  a  tzact, 
professing  to  teach  the  sinner  what  he  shall  do  to  be  saved,  that  salvation 
through  Christ  is  thus  held  up  to  seem  without  a  word  in  reply.  And  if  it 
be  said,  in  apology,  that  the  writer  only  meant  to  portray  the  teadiing  of 
Evangelical  Protestants,  we  indignantly  repel  the  charge.  No  religioaa 
teacher  could  act  in  such  a  way  and  still  retain  position  among  Evangelical 
Protestants.    Even  Sabbath-school  scholars  would  know  better. 

Third.  The  writer  persistently  refuses  any  explanation  to  the  inquirer  all 
through  his  professed  delineation  of  Protestant  teaching.  Over  and  over 
again  the  ''earnest  inquirer"  propounds  the  question,  ^  How  shall  I  believe 
on  Christ?  "  and  he  is  never  answered.  Now,  we  will  not  be  so  anfiur  aa 
to  affirm,  either  that  the  writer  himself  believes  this  to  be  a  fiur  represents- 
tion  of  Protestant  teaching,  or  that  he  wishes  to  have  others  believe  any- 
thing so  manifestly  untrue,  for  if  there  is  anything  that  distinguishes  Prot- 
estant teaching,  it  is  a  disposition  to  explain  and  illustrate,  even  .to  ezoess. 
The  whole  body  of  Protestant  religious  literature  would  triumphantly 
refote  the  charge  of  refusal  to  explain  and  simplify  the  truth.  Such  a 
ehai^e  cannot  be  made  with  any  show  of  reason,  and  it  could  never  be 


1869.]        The  Papal  Amwer  to  the  Oreat  Queitian.  288 

maintahied  if  made.    If  ha  had  represantod  Protestanti  aa- explaining  too 
mnehy  there  mig^  have  heen  looie  eolor  fer  the  aeouationyhnt  none  what* 
erer  for  the  other.    Our  ohject,  howeveri  is,  not  to  defend  Proteitantinny 
Irat  to  Tinffieate  the  tmth  of  God.    lUsrepreeentation  of  an j  body  of  men 
18  a  light  matter  compared  to  a  perversion  of  liolj  Scriptare,  whidi  ia 
able  to  make  wise  nnto  (mlvation,  through  &ith  which  is  in  Qirist  Jesos* 
(2  Tim.  iiL  16.)    Whj,  then,  instead  of  anj  explanation  of  the  apostolic 
answer  to  the  qaestion,  **  What  shall  I  do  to  be  saved?*  is  this  persistent 
repetition  of  the  answer,  withoat  anj  attempt  to  commend  it  to  mind  or 
heart  ?    Suppose  that  here  is  a  sick  one  suffering  under  dangerous  disease. 
The  sufferer  is  far  from  home.    Strangers  recommend  to  him  a  strange 
phjsieian.    **  But  how  can  I  trust  m jself  in  his  hands,  when  life  and  death 
hang  on  the  issue  ?  "  he  would  say.    Suppose  now  that,  instead  of  giving  a 
satisfactory  account  of  the  character,  learning,  skill,  and  success  of  the  phy* 
sidan  they  recommend,  they  simply  repeat  the  injunction  to  trust  him,  what 
would  we  siay  of  men  pursuing  such  a  course  in  such  drcumstances  ?    Yet 
this  ia  precbely  the  course  pursued  by  the  writer  of  this  tract.    An  in- 
quirer asks,  ^  What  shall  I  do  to  be  saved  ?  "    Qod  answers  him  in  his 
Vord,  ^  Believe  in  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  and  thou  shalt  be  saved.*    He  is 
pointed  to  this  divine  reply,  and  says,  '^  I  am  only  too  anxious  to  do  so,  if 
I  only  knew  how  * ;  but  there  is  not  the  slightest  endeavor  to  relieve  his 
difficulty.    Faith  in  a  person  recommended  for  a  given  work  must  be 
baaed  on  a  knowledge  of  his  fitness  for  that  work,  and  his  readiness  to  per- 
fthn  it,  and  in  this  tract  there  is  not  the  least  attempt  thus  to  awaken  con- 
ildenoe  in  Christ    Was  it  thus  that  apostles  preached  Christ?    When 
thej  recommended  him  to  sinners  as  a  Saviour,  they  set  forth  his  qualifica- 
tions in  the  most  attractive  manner.    They  described  him  in  the  way 
sidapted  to  produce  the  faith  required^  They  showed  how  he  is  able  to 
aaive  to  the  uttermost  all  that  come  unto  Grod  by  him  (Heb.  vii.  25),  —  that 
lie  was  in  the  beginning  with  Gk>d,  and  was  Grod  (John  i.  1),  and  so  under- 
atcx>d  perfectly  all  that  was  requisite  for  our  salvation,  and  had  all  power 
to  perform  it,  —  that  he  took  upon  him  our  nature  (John  i.  14),  in  all 
things  made  like  unto  his  brethren,  that  he  might  be  our  merdful  and 
faithful  high-priest  (Heb.  ii.  17),  and  that,  having  done  so,  he  <^died  for  our 
aina  according  to  the  scriptures "  (1  Cor.  zv.*  8).    They  explained  that 
God  had  ^made  him  to  be  sin  for  us,  who  knew  no  sin,  that  we  might  be 
made  the  righteousness  of  God  in  him**  (2  Cor.  v.  21), — that  he  ^is  the 
end  of  the  law  for  righteousness  to  every  one  that  belie veth  "  (Rom.  x.  4), 
—  that  Gk>d  had  **  set  him  forth  as  a  propitiation  through  faith  in  his  blood, 
to  declare  his  righteousness  for  the  remission  of  sins  that  are  past,"  and 
"that  he  might  be  just,  and  the  justifier  of  him  that  believeth  in  Jesus '» 
(Rom.  iii.  25,  26).    They  told  how  ^  the  blood  of  Jesus  Christ  his  Son 


S84  The  Papal  Amwer  to  ih$  Cheat  Queitian.        [April, 

deaiueth  qb  from  all  sin "  (1  John  L  7).  Thej  recorded  his  ^pmaaae, 
^  Come  unto  me,  all  ye  that  labor  and  are  heavy  laden,  and  I  will  give  yon 
reef  (Matt  xi.  28),  and  again,  **  |Iim  that  oometh  unto  me,  I  wiU  in  no  wise 
cast  ouf  (John  tL  87) ;  and  showed  his  readiness  to  saye  by  his  own  words 
spoken  after  his  ascension  to  the  throne,  ^  Behold  I  stand  at  the  door^and 
knock:  if  any  man  hear  my  Toice  and  open  the  door,  I  will  come  in  to  hinii 
and  will  sup  with  him,  and  he  with  me"  (Rev.  iiL  20).  In  the  same  man- 
ner Protestants  set  forth  the  qualifications  of  Oirist  as  a  SaTioor,  and  the 
way  in  which  he  saves  us ;  yea,  it  is  their  highest  joy  to  set  him  before  men 
in  those  aspects  most  ad^>ted  to  produce  the  faith  required.  But  the  writer 
of  this  tract  does  nothing  of  the  kind.  Would  he  not  do  it  if  he  really 
wanted  dinners  to  believe  in  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  and  be  saved?  We 
would  like  to  press  this  inquiry  on  his  conscience,  knowing  how  very  soon 
he  must  need  this  Hune  Saviour  in  judgment.  We  do  not  so  underrate 
his  intelligence  as  to  suppose  that  he  knew  no  better  way  to  lead  men  to 
believe  in  Jesus  than  the  method  adopted  in  this  tract,  and  yet  ^  to  him 
that  knoweth  to  do  good  and  doeth  it  not,  to  him  it  is  sin"  (James.iv.  17). 

We  are  sorry  to  be  constrained  to  write  thus,  yet  the  reasons  for  it  will 
be  still  more  manifest  if  we  proceed  to  the  next  point 

Fourth.  The  Papal  answer  to  the  great  question,  as  he  gives  it,  is  in 
direct  antagonism  to  the  Bible  answer.  We  know  that  this  is  a  serious 
charge,  but  facts  will. show  that  we  could  not  say  less  and  be  fiiithful  to  the 
truth.  The  Bible  answer  requires  faith  in  a  person,  —  a  living,  loving  per- 
son, able  and  willing  to  save  the  sinner  who  desires  to  be  saved ;  but  this 
tract  defines  fiiith  as  a  belief  in  the  truths  of  religion,  —  abstract,  impersonal 
truths,  which  neither  feel  nor  love  nor  act  Could  any  contradiction  be  more 
complete  ?  The  one  comes  to  the  sick  man  saying,  ^  Here  is  a  divine  phy- 
sician, who  can  cure  to  the  uttermost,  -—  who  loves  to  cure.  Put  yourself 
in  his  hands,  and  know  by  experience  how  kindly  and  infallibly  he  cures." 
The  other  says,  '^  Here  is  a  system  of  medicine  according  to  which  your 
cure  may  be  effected."  The  Bible  answer  requires  no  complicated  methods 
of  application.  A  look  suffices,  as  it  is  written,  ^  Look  unto  me,  and  i>e  ye 
saved  all  the  ends  of  the  earth  "  (Isa.  xlv.  22) ;  and  Christ  himself  says,  *^  As 
Moses  lifted  up  the  serpent  in  the  wilderness,  even  so  must  the  Son  of 
man  be  lifted  up,  that  wluMoever  believeth  in  him  should  not  perish,  but 
have  everlasting  life  "  (John  iii.  14^  15).  The  Saviour  here  declares  that 
He  is  to  be  lifted  up  in  sight  of  men  by  preaching  and  otherwise  (compare 
what  Paul  says  to  the  Galatians  (iii.  1),  ^  before  whose  eyes  Jesus  Christ 
hath  been  evidently  set  forth,  crucified  among  you  "),  that  as  the  Israelites 
looked  on  the  brazen  serpent  and  were  healed,  so  sinners  might  look  unto 
Him  and  live.  Trust  in  a  person  is  so  plain  as  this  and  so  simple.  The 
sick  man  turns  to  his  physician  and  expects  to  be  healed.    The  drowning 


1869.]        Tlu  Papai  Asmm  to  the  Great  Queitian.  286 

Bum  sees  his  friend  reaching  out  his  hand  to  him,  and  the  sight  is  the  an- 
ticipatioo  of  deliverance,  and  so  '^  we  are  saved  bj  hope  ^  (Bom.  viiL  24) ;  for 
through  fiuth  .in  Christ  we  confidentlj  look  for  that  **  manifestation  of  the 
Sons  of  God,"  and  that  ''redemption  of  the  body,''  that  we  see  not  now. 
Bot  this  ''fiuth  in  the  tmth  of  religion"  is  quite  another  thing.    It  not 
onlj  has  a  difierent  object,  abstract  ideas  instead  of  a  living  person,  bat  the 
fidth  itself  is  different.    As  this  writer  calls  it,  it  is  an  "  intellectual  con- 
viction'' insteld  of  the  living  confidence  of  the  heart  that  springs  forth  in 
response  to  redeeming  love.    So  widelj  does  this  substitute  of  the  tract 
diflbr  from  the  divinely  wrought  fiuth  spoken  of  bj  PauL    But  this  is  not 
sD.    An  intellectual  conviction  of  the  truth  of  religion  alone  cannot  save. 
Every  one  feels  this  instinctively.    It  requires  neither  argument  nor  proof. 
Then  there  must  be  something  else  additional  to  secure  salvation.    What 
ihall  h  be  ?    The  tract  answers  first.  Baptism.    Here  are  its  words :  "  A 
Catholic  is  usually  baptised  in  infimcy,  and  is  thereby  invested  with  all  the 
{rivileges  of  a  Christian."    Notice  the  language.    Is  cAersdy,  that  is,  by 
baptism,  invested  with  all  the  privileges  of  a  Christian.    Then  the  answer 
to  the  question  "What  shall  I  do  to  be  saved?"  is  "Be  baptized,  and  so  be 
invested  with  salvation,"  for  that  is  one  of  the  privileges,  if  not  indeed  the 
chief  privilege,  of  a  Christian.    Now,  can  any  ingenuity  make  this  answer 
to  the  question  identical  with  the  inspired  answer,  "  Believe  on  the  Lord 
Jesns  Christ,  and  thou  shalt  be  saved,"  especially  as  the  statement  of  the 
tract  is  "  The  Catholic  is  usually  baptized  in  infimcy,"  when  totally  inca- 
pable of  either  the  divinely  wrought  faith  of  the  heart,  or  the  intellectual 
conviction  substituted  by  our  author  in  its  place.    Both  mind  and  heart  are 
liere  called  away  from  Christ  as  the  living  object  of  faith,  and  directed  to 
the  opus  operatvm  of  a  priest  as  the  source  of  salvation.    The  question  is 
mo  longer,  who  is  Christ?  but  who  is  the  priest?    Not  what  are  the  quali- 
Ccations  of  Christ  as  Saviour  ?  but  what  is  the  fitness  of  the  priest  to  bap- 
tize ?    Not  what  has  Christ  done,  or  what  does  He  undertake  to  do  for  my 
•alvation?  but  what  did  the  priest  do  in  the  act  of  baptism?    It  is  no 
longer  God  with  whom  we  have  to  do,  but  the  priest    The  matter  is 
no  longer  a  personal  communion  between  my  soul  and  my  Saviour,  but 
between  me  and  the  priest    As  it  b  said  in  tract  number  sixteen  of  this 
same  serieis,  "  We  believe,  every  one  of  us,  that,  when  the  water  of  baptism 
is  poured  on  the  child's  head,  he  is  truly  bom,  not  only  of  water,  but  of  the 
Holy  Ghost,  that  sanctifying  grace  b  infused  into  his  soul,  and  that  he  be* 
oraaes  entitled  to  call  Grod  his  father,  and  to  the  kingdom  of  heaven  "  were 
we  wrong  in  saying  that  the  writer  of  this  tract  did  not  really  desire  sin- 
ners to  believe  in  the  Lord .  Jesus  Christ,  but  sought  to  call  them  off  to 
something  else  ? 
But  it  will  be  said  that  Protestants  also  believe  that  infimts  shall  be 


286  The  Papal  Amwer  to  ike  Qrtat  Queition.        [Aiffil, 

saved,  even  though  incapable  of  exercising  a  personal  fidth.  Wb  <2a» 
though  the  writer  of  tract  number  twenty-eight,  in  this  same  series^ 
affirms,  ^The  doctrine  of  justificjation  bj  faith  only  shuts  the  gate  of 
heaven  to  all  in&nts  and  joung  children."  We  see  his  object  in  making 
such  a  statement  in  the  next  sentence.  '^It  is  therefore  false,  and  the 
whole  edifice  of  Protestant  religion  built  on  this  foundation  is  built  on 
error.'*  We  might,  on  the  ground  of  so  explicit  a  statement  in  these  tracts, 
excuse  ourselves  from  the  labor  of  answering  the  contrary  statement  here, 
but  we  have  not  so  learned  to  deny  the  truth.  The  object  of  that  tract  is 
to  show  ^  that,  according  to  the  theory  of  justification  by  fiuth  alone,  chil- 
dren are  left  in  a  state  of  condemnation  and  disfavor  with  Grod  until  they 
arrive  at  years  of  discretion,"  and  that  ^  this  consideration  is  positive  proof 
of  its  £Bdiiity."  It  even  goes  so  far  as  to  affinn  that  *^  this  is  the  doctrine 
constantly  inculcated  from  the  (Protestant)  pulpit,"  and  this  from  a  church 
that  teaches  that  nnbaptised  infants  are  lost,  a  church  whose  missionaries 
count  every  heathen  infant  whom  they  can  by  any  means  baptize  as  a  tool 
saved  from  eternal  death,  which  they  tell  us  is  the  doom  of  every  one  not 
baptized.  Do  these  men  know  that  Calvin,  whom  theydelight  to  revile  as 
teaching  that  infants  are  consigned  to  perdition,  says,  in  a  book  which  has 
been  conspicuously  before  the  world  for  more  than  three  hundred  years :  * 
**  But  it  is  alleged  there  is  danger  lest  a  child  who  is  sick  and  dies  without 
baptism  should  be  deprived  of  the  grace  of  regeneration.  This  lean  hy  no 
meam  admit  Grod  declares  that  he  adopts  our  in£snts  as  his  children  before 
they  are  bom,  when  he  promises  that  he  will  be  a  God  to  us,  and  to  our  seed 
af^er  us.  This  promise  indodes  their  salvation.  Nor  will  any  dare  so  to 
insult  Grod  as  to  deny  the  sufficiency  of  his  promise  to  secure  its  own  accom- 
plishment. The  mischievoos  consequences  of  that  ill-stated  notion  that  bap- 
tism is  necessary  to  salvation  are  overlooked  by  men  in  general,  and  there- 
fore they  are  less  cautious ;  for  the  idea  that  all  who  happen  to  die  without 
baptism  are  lost  makes  our  condition  worse  than  that  of  the  ancient  people, 
as  though  God's  grace  were  more  restricted  now  than  under  the  law.  It 
leads  to  the  conclusion  that  Chnst  came  not  to  fulfil  the  promises,  but  to 
abolish  them,  since  the  promise,  which  at  that  time  was  sufficiently  effi- 
cacious to  insure  salvation  before  the  eighth  day,  would  have  no  validity 
now  without  the  assistance  of  the  sign."  He  adds  still  more  explicitly 
(Sect  XXII.)  :  ^  This  debate  will  easily  be  decided  by  the  establishment  of 
this  principle,  that  infanU  are  not  exdudedjrom  tke  kingdom  of  heaven  vAo 
happen  to  die  before  they  have  hadihe  privilege  of  baptism.  We  have  seen 
that  it  is  no  small  injustice  to  the  covenant  of  God  if  we  do  not  rely  on  it 
as  sufficient  of  itself,  since  its  fulfilment  depends  not  on  baptism,  or  oo  any- 
thing adventitious.  The  sacrament  is  added  afterwards  aa  a  seal,  not  to 
•  Institntet  of  tbs  Chiistisn  Beligioii,  Book  lY.  Secticm  XX. 


1M9.]        2^  i\^  Amw&  to  Oe  Qrtat  Qwfiim.  2ST 


giv%  eAeaqriD  tiie  promisa  of  OodyM  if  it  lacked  valldUy  In  itsetf^lMt 
oiAf  to  contnn  il  to  us.  Whenoe  it  foDowt  thst  the  ehildren  of  befieven 
aie  Ml  bapdzed  that  they  maj  thereby  be  made  the  el^droi  of  God,  as  if 
they  hiad  before  been  etrai^en  to  the  (%oreh ;  bat,  on  the  tacAxtaj^  they 
aie  reoeived  into  the  Qmrdi  by  a  solemn  sign,  beeanse  they  already  be-^ 
kaged  to  the  body  of  Qu*ist  by  TOtoe  of  the  promise.'' 

flawing  thus  vindieaied  a  great  man  from  slander  ottered  in  the  Ace  of 
mil  statements  from  his  own  pen,  and  shown  that  the'doctrine  of  jnstiflea^ 
tiso  by  fidth  is  not  &lse  ^  becaose  it  shuts  the  gate  of  lieaTen  to  all  miGuitSy* 
we  rntofn  to  our  argument  on  the  tract  before  us.  We  do  belieye  that 
mteits  are  sated,  OTon  though  personally  incapable  of  ezereiring  fUth  in 
Christ;  but  this  avails  nothing  whatever  towards  making  salvation  through 
baptism  to  be  salvatioa  timnig^  fkith  in  dirist  After  stating,  however, 
ifaet  by  baptism  a  nnner  is  invested  with  all  the  privileges  of  a  Christian, 
ityoeeeds  lo  say  that^  *^if  he  fives  up  to  the  principles  of  his  religkm,  and 
obeys  Godle  commandments,  he  is  always  the  friend  q€  <3od'' ;  in  other 
words,  he  retains  the  favor  of  God  on  the  ground  of  his  own  obedience. 
Ott  this  we  have  two  remarin  to  make.  First,  It  is  not  believing  on  the 
Lord  Jesus  Oirist,  —  indeed,  it  is  not  foitfa  at  all,  but  #orlbi;  secondly, 
The  Bible  dedares  that  it  is  not  true,  for  it  says  that  by  the  deeds  of  the 
kw,  i.  e.  obedience  to  God's  conmiandments,  dudl  no  flesh  be  josti^d  in 
the  s^t  of  God  (Rom.  iiL  20).  And  if  it  be  said  that  ^is  scripture 
ipeaka  of  obedience  previous  to  regeneration,  whereas  ^e  tract  refers  to 
obsdience  after  it,  the  answer  is,  If  then  be  any  difference  between 
obedienee  previous  to  and  after  r^neration,  it  is  caused  by  renouncing 
our  own  righteousness,  and  submitting  ourselves  to  the  righteousness  of 
God  (Bom.  X.  8) ;  but  the  moment  we  cesse  dependence  on  that  righteous- 
ness, we  are  fidkn  from  grace.  As  Paul  says  (Gal.  v.  4),  ^  (Thrist  is  become 
of  no  effect  unto  you ;  whosoever  of  you  are  justified  by  the  law,  ye  are 
fallen  from  grace.*  And  again  (in.  2,  8),  ''This  only  would  I  learn  of  you, 
Beeeived  ye  the  Spirit  by  the  works  of  the  law,  or  by  the  hearing  of  faith  ? 
Are  ye  so  foolish  ?  Having  begun  in  the  Spirit,  are  ye  now  made  perfect 
by  the  flesh?  **  Neither  will  it  do  to  quote  the  words  of  Christ:  ''This  is 
tbe  woriE  of  God,  that  ye  believe  on  him  whom  he  hath  sent"  (John  vL  29), 
to  prove  that  faith  is  a  work,  in  the  sense  of  "works"  in  this  connection, 
for  that  would  be  to  set  faith  in  opposition  to  itself,  which  would  be  absurd. 
Some  Jews,  ignorant  of  the  way  of  salvation  through  faith,  asked  Qirist, 
"  What  shall  we  do  that  we  might  work  the  works  of  God  ?  *  and  BBs 
snswer  is  as  if  He  said,  "  You  wish  to  do  something  whidi  may  merit  the 
favor  of  God,  but  the  only  thing  that  you  can  do  to  secure  His  favor  is  to 
believe  on  Him  whom  He  hath  senf  Schleiermacher  says,  "  I  know  not 
that  there  can  be  found,  even  in  the  writings  of  apostles,  a  more  explicit 


iBS  ThB  Papal  Amwar  to  Ike  Cheat  QuetHm.        [i^ril, 

teaching  duU  the  whok  imperiBhable  lift  of  sum's  ecml  proceeds  from  fiddi  in 
Christ**  Christ  saysy  ^  Ab  the  branch  cannot  bear  £rait  of  itself  except  it 
abide  in  the  vinCy  no  more  can  ye  except  ye  abide  in  me  **  ^ John  zr.  4)  ( and 
in  the  next  Terse  He  says^  ^  He  that  abideth  in  mOfand  I  in  him,  the  same 
bringeth  forth  much  froit,  &r  without  me  ye  can  do  noUung."  Bat  just 
as  thoogh  there  had  never  been  a  Christ,  or  as  if  He  had  noTcr  uttered 
sach  words,  this  tract  says,  '^  If  (a  man)  obeys  GM's  commandments,  he  is 
always  the  friend  of  God,"  having  begon  to  sustain  that  relation,  not 
through  faith  in  Cbrist,  but  by  virtae  of  his  baptism. 

One  word  more  concerning  the  teaching  that  baptism  invetts  a  man 
with  all  the  privileges  of  a  Christian.  Papists  believe,  as  we  do»  that  bap- 
tism in  the  Christian  church  has  taken  the  place  of  drcumdsioii  in  the 
Jewish  church.  How  then  can  they  make  baptism  a  saving  wrdinance, 
when  it  is  written  (GaL  v.  2),  '^  If  ye  be  circumcised,  Christ  shall  profit  you 
nothing"?  In  other  words,  If  yon  look  to  any  ceremony—  even  thoof^ 
of  divine  appdntment-— for  salvation,  ye  renounce  salvation  through 
Christ,  ^  for  in  Jesus  Christ  neither  circumcision  availeth  anything^  nor 
uncircumd8ion,butfMththatworkethbybve."  (Gal.  v.  6.)  And  yet,  ri^^ 
in  the  &ce  of  such  divine  teachings,  the  writer  of  this  tract  points  sinners 
away  from  Christ  to  tiie  priestly  act  of  baptism  for  salvation. 

The  writer  of  this  tract  spei^  of  ^  a  wonderful  tranquillity  of  nind»  in 
all  Catholics  who  live  right";  but  we  do  not  know  how  a  truly  oonsden- 
tious  man  could  be  more  speedily  driven  to  despair  than  to  be  told  that  lus 
continuing  to  eigoy  the  favor  of  God  depended  on  his  obeying  God's  eom- 
mandments.  How  could  he  read  that  **  Whosoever  shall  keep  the  whole 
law,  and  yet  oflfend  (stumble)  in  one  point  he  is  guilty  of  all "  (James 
ii.  10) ;  or  hear  Christ  say  that  ^  Whosoever  boketh  on  a  woman  to  lust 
after  her  hath  committed  adultery  with  her  already  in  his  heart"  (Mat 
V.  28),  and  not  live  in  continual  terror  <^  perditicm  ?  But  if  he  has  learned 
to  say,  with  the  aposUe  (Bom.  v.  1, 2),  ^  Therefore  being  justified  by  fidth, 
we  have  peace  with  God,  through  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  by  whom  also 
we  have  access  by  foith  into  this  graok  whsbbut  wx  stand,"  he  may 
well  add,  «<  and  rejoice  in  hope  of  the  glory  of  God."  Paul  (2  Cor.  L  24) 
was  a  helper  of  the  joy  of  tiie  Christians  at  Corinth  when  he  told  them 
^  By  fidth  ye  stand." 

This  tract  confesses  the  existence  of  fear,  and  the  need  of  something 
more  in  order  to  true  peace  of  conscience,  when  it  proceeds  to  point  out 
the  way  in  which  the  man  who  has  been  baptized  and  been  trying  to  keep 
God's  commandments  is  to  <'  be  restored  to  fiivor,"  when  ^  he  turns  away  from 
God  by  sin."  After  so  long  directing  the  inquirer  away  firom  Christ  toother 
sources  of  salvation,  shall  we  not  find  him  now  at  length  pointing  to  the  <mly 
Saviour  ?    The  Bible  does  this  when  it  says  to  Christians  (1  John  iL  1), 


1M9.]        Th^- Papal  Aamm  to  Ab  iSfreat  QuiMm.  289 


"Iffj  little  diOdren,  these  Oiiige  write  I  onto  yon  Aai  je  sin  not    And  if 

msf  man  ain,  we  have  an  adTOcale  mddi  the  Father,  Jesos  Ghrkt  the 

H^^iteona.'*    Peter,  too  (1  Pet  iL  25),  writee  to  ^ose  who  were  kept  bj 

die  power  of  God  throng^  fidth  unto  salvation:  ^Te  were  -as  sheep 

goii^  astraj,  Imt  are  now  returned  unto  the  shepherd  and  Ushop  of  your 

souls.*    But  this  writer  tells  soch^to  add  onoe  nuxre  to  thdr  intelleetnal 

ceisTtctioos  of  the  truth  the  right  dispositaons  wlSdi  the j  have  hwt,  and 

tlsn  eaate  to  eoii^lMtiofiy  whmre  they  wiU  rmtikn  Ae  fargivemn  af  rim, 

^Come  tocoonfession !*    What  a  pkdn  $tA  straightforward  way  this  is  of 

Siting  ^  eonfess  to  the  priest '^ !  Is  the  writer  ashamed  to  write  the  w«xrd 

^priest'inthisoonneetion  to  Protestant  eyes?  And  lUs  is  the  drown  and 

dbnax  of  his  answer  to  the  question,  ^  What  shall  I  do  to  be  saved? " 

This  ia  the  papal  substittttion  for  the  inspired  answer,  ^  Believe  dn  the 

Lord  Jesus  Qirist  and  thou  shalt  be  saTed.**    No  word  of  Qirist^  or  of 

redemption  through  his  blood.    No  exulting  annqunoement  that  Qirist  is 

made  unto  us  of  Ood,  wisdom,  righteousness,  sanctification,  and  redemp- 

Uaa  (1  Cor.  L  80),  but  the  poor  sinner  is  sent  to  the  priest,  to  receive  for- 

|{iyenees  at  his  hands !    It  is  impertinent  trifling  to  reply  to  this,  tiiat, 

iddle  oonfession  is  made  to  die  priest,  the  pardon  is  from  GML   The  priest 

is  thmst  in  between  the  soul  and  Qod,  so  as  to  cut  off  access  to  God 

ttimigh  the  one  Mediator  of  the  Bible  (1  Tim.  iL  6).    The  sinner  is 

tei^t  that  it  is  not  enough  to  confess  t6  God  through  the  divinely  ap- 

yc^nted  Mediator.  He  must  also  do  so  through  a  Popish  priest,  and  receive 

pordfm  through  the  same  channeL    As  in  baptisin,  so  here,  it  is  no  longer 

Ck>d  with  whom  we  have  to  do,  but  the  priest    The  i^iiritual  intercourse 

^mi  the  soul  is  with  the  priest    Faith  and  hope  centre  round  the  absolution 

^  the  priest;  and  so  the  cry  of  the  soul  to  Qod  for  mercy  is  perverted 

Into  an  engine  to  rivet  the  chains  of  priestcraft  on  the  soul  thus  robbed  oi 

^the  liberty  wherewith  Qirist  had  made  us  free."   (OaL  v.  1.)    Our  sense 

^  the  stupendous  wickedness  of  this  instructicm  which  causeth  to  err  from 

the  words  of  knowledge  is  overborne  by  pity  for  the  multitudes  who  are 

thus  cruelly  led  astray.    Fain  would  we  cry  to  every  one  of  them :  ^  Be- 

lidd  the  Lamb  of  God  that  taketh  away  the  sins  of  the  world.**  (John 

L  29.)    It  was  of  such,  led  astray  by  the  Scribes  who  sat  in  Moses'  seat, 

that  it  is  written,  Christ  was  moved  with  compassion  on  them,  because  they 

fidnted,  and  were  scattered  abroad,  as  sheep  having  no  shepherd.    (Matt 

ix.86.) 

Six  times,  at  least,  ia  the  publications  of  this  society  is  the  complaint 
made  that  we  condemn  Papists  without  reading  their  books.  We  frankly 
eonfess  that  we  opened  these  tracts,  expecting  to  find  manly,  massive  argu- 
ment, but  have  been  grieved  at  their  adroit  juggling  with  sacred  things, 
and  indignant  at  their  perversions  both  of  the  truth  as  it  is  in  Jesus,  and 


240  The  MoiBtuhuietU  General  Anoeiatlon.  [April, 

of  Protestant  teachings.  We  expected  to  find  error,  but  not  such  undis- 
guised contradiction  of  Holj  Scripture,  and  we  lay  them  down  feeling  more 
than  ever  the  irreconcilable  antagonism  between  Poperj  and  the  Bible. 
We  had  began  to  hope  that  ia  the  new  position  in  which  Providenoe  had 
placed  her  in  our  land,  and  under  the  favorable  influences  brought  to  bear 
upon  her,  the  Papal  Qiureh  might,  perSkps,  return  to  her  first  love ;  but  we 
are  now  satisfied  that  this  cannot  be.  Opposition  to  the  grace  of  God  which 
is  in  Christ  Jesus  is  so  inwrought  into  the  whole  structure,  that  it  can  be 
removed  only  as  the  building  is  torn  down,  and  new  walls  rise  on  the  old 
foundations.  Popery  is  not  mora  opposed  to  the  Bible  than  the  Bible  Is 
to  Popery.  Papists  aro  not  more  bent  on  proving  us  to  be  outside  of  their 
Churoh  than  we  aro  fixed  in  our  rofusal  to  come  within  its  pale.  Worids 
would  not  tempt  us  to  have  either  part  or  lot  in  her  fearful  perversioDS  of 
the  truth  of  God. 


THE  MASSACHUSETTS  GENERAL  ASSOCIATION. 

In  the  first  volume  of  the  OiKigregational  Quarterly  (p.  88),  in  a  * 
torical  Sketch  of  the  General  Association  of  Massachusetts,"  it  is  recorded 
that ''  In  the  spring  of  the  jeAt  1802,  Brookfield  Association,  a  clerical 
body  in  the  interior  of  Massachusetts,  sent  letters  to  the  other  district 
associations  in  the  State,  proposing  the  formation  of  a  Greneral  Associatioii, 
and  inviting  correspondence  and  consultation  upon  the  subject"  Thus  the 
origin  of  the  General  Association  is  traced  to  these  ctroular  letters  of  the 
Brookfield  Association.  From  the  records  of  that  Association  it  appears 
that,  on  the  6th  of  January,  1802,  it  received  a  letter  and  a  committee  from 
the  ^  Northampton  Association  "  in  regard  to  adopting  measures  ^  to  facili- 
tate a  friendly  and  beneficial  intercourse  amongst  the  ministers  in  the 
western  counties  of  the  commonwealth."  The  plan  was  approved  by  the 
association,  a  committee  was  appointed  to  meet  and  confer  with  other  com- 
mittees, and  another  committee  was  chosen  **  to  communicate  this  scheme 
to  other  associations  in  the  County  6i  Worcester.**  Thus  it  appears  that  the 
efficient  agency  of  the  Brookfield  Association  in  originating  the  General 
Association  of  Massachusetts  was  occasioned  by  a  proposition  from  the 
'*  Northampton  Association,"  which  had,  however,  a  more  limited  design. 
As  we  find  no  other  trace  of  the  existence  of  a  district  association  by  the 
name  of  the  ^  Northampton  Assodation,"  it  is  presumed  that  this  name 
wa^  in  this  instance,  used  to  designate  the  aasodatioo  to  which  Korth* 
ampton  was  in  some  sense  a  centre,  probably  the  ^  Hampshire  North,"  now 
known  as  the  "  Hampshire  Association.** 


1869.]  Th0  Sicond  Chirck,  BuUqfard,  Home.  241 


THE  SECOND  CHUBCH,  BIDDEFOBD,  MAINK 

As  earlj  as  1614  Gaptam  John  Smith  examined  tbe  coast  of  Maine 
horn  the  Penobscot  westward;  he  speaks  of  a  riTer  by  its  Indian  name* 
Siwocotiick.  Omitting  the  last  syltible  for  the  sake  of  brevity,  we  have 
*  Saeo,*  the  present  designaUqp  of  the  river,  and  until  November  14, 1718, 
dttt  of  the  coast  towns  on  its  banks,  when  both  were  called  Biddeford,t  be- 
eanse  some  ci  the  settlers  were  natives  of  Biddeford,  England,  near  the 
tetrance  of  the  Bristol  Channel  It  means  **  By-the-Ford,"  in  this  case 
«  By-the-Ferry."  In  1762  east  of  the  river  was  called,  after  Sir  William 
Pepperell,  Pepperellboroagh,  until  Jane,  1808,  when  it  became  again  Saco. 
Here  was  established  the  first  fonn  of  civil  government  in  the  State.  A 
eonrt  oi  justice  or  legislation  was  held  in  1686,  when  the  Province  of 
Maine  had  nine  settlements,  the  capital  being  York,  the  fini  incorporated 
dty  in  the  United  States.}  At  this  time  the  people  raised  a  tax  for  the 
support  of  public  worship,  Bichard  Bonython,  Eichard  "Vines,  and 
Thomas  Lewis  were  taxed  three  pounds  each ;  Henxy  Bond,  John  Wadlon, 
Thomas  Williams,  forty  shillings  each ;  and  others  twenty  shillings.  In 
1648  Mr.  Wheelwright  was  pastor  of  a  Church  near  Gape  Porpoise.  Two 
years  prior,  Rev.  Thomas  Jenner,  a  non-conformist  minister,  was  preaching 
a  Saco.  The  neck  of  land  now  called  6ray*s  Point,  in  1642  was  known 
ss  Church  Point,  imd  it  is  a  tradition  that  the  first  meedng*house  was  built 
Ime  at  that  date;  confirmatory  of  which  is  the  fact  that  a  collection  of 
graves  is  found  there.  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  was  an  Episcopalian,  and 
m  the  diarter  he  obtained  of  the  king  in  1639  are  the  following  words : 
^  Our  will  and  pleasure  is  that  the  religion  now  professed  in  the  Church  of 
En^and,  and  Ecclesiastical  Government  now  used  in  the  same,  shall  be 
ever  hereafter  professed,  and  with  as  much  convenient  speed  as  may  be 
aetUed  and  established  in  and  throughout  the  said  province  and  premises 
•nd  every  of  them  " ;  nor  was  there  any  hindrance,  for  the  first  settlers  of 

*  A  more  recent  research  gires  the  name  another  deriyation.  The  rirer  was  originally 
edkd  Almuchicaois,  or  Almoshiqnois,  from  the  name  of  a  tribe  or  Sagamore  that 
Kfed  upon  it,  corrupted  in  Chacoit  (pronounced  Shaw-ooi),  and  afterwards  Saco. 
The  elements  of  the  word,  Almas  (dog),  sio  (little),  jfMM  Id  (land),  —  The  Land  of  the 
little  Dog.  (Indian  and  English  Dictionarjr,  by  £.  Yetromtle.)  In  1690  the  rirer 
was  called  Sagadahock  (broad  river),  bat  the  settlement  Saco  (SaUivan).  Saco^ 
among  the  Mis.  Indians,  means  the  month  of  a  riter.  (Maine  Historical  Collections, 
IV.  lis.  —  HoH.  G.  E.  FoTTBB.)  Saco,  Sawacatauke,  Sawa  (bnmt),  Coo  (pine),  aake 
(place),  —  The  Bnmt-Pine  Place. 

t  Folsom's  History  of  Saco  and  Biddeford, — a  rare  book,  to  which  I  am  indebted  for 
terj  man  J  of  these  facts. 

X  The  first  record  book  of  Saco  existing  bears  the  date  of  1653. 


242  The  Second  Ckitreh^  Biddrfard^  Home.  [April, 

Maine  did  not  oome  from  the  same  part  of  England,  nor  fr<»n  the  same 
motive  of  religiooB  freedonii  as  those  in  Massachusetts :  thej  were  moved 
as  people  now  are  who  go  to  Oaliibmia  or  Nevada.  Thej  retained  their 
attachment  to  the  Church  of  the  mother  countiy ;  but  Episcopacj,  although 
the  first*  to  come,  did  not  obtain  foothold  in  our  State;  no  Church  of 
that  order  was  organised,  even  at  York  the  seat  of  Gorges's  govenimenly 
and  in  1652,  when  the  Province  submitted  to  Massachusetts,  the  people  be- 
came Dissenters  without  a  struggle.  The  first  Congregational  Church  in 
the  State  was  organized  at  Yosk  in  1672 ;  that  at  Biddeford  is  the  eighth 
in  the  order  of  organization.  It  had  no  regular  preaching  until  1658,  when 
one  Robert  Booth,  a  magistrate,  selectman,  and  town  clerk,  was  appointed 
hj  the  Commissioners'  Court  to  take  the  lead  of  a  meeting,  which  he  did 
for  several  years,  and  had  ^  for  his  labor  as  the  migor  part  are  disposed  to 
give "  i  and  **  this  they  did  because  of  the  trouble  tiiat  was  given  by  one 
George  Barlow ;  and  they  forbid  the  said  Barlow  any  more  publicly  to 
preach  or  prophesy,  under  a  penalty  of  ten  pounds  for  each  offence  and 
cost"  The  town  ordered  **  that  the  meeting-house  shall  stand  by  Powder 
Beife  Trtt^  that  is,  near  the  Pod;  and  at  the  raising  they  had  a  dinner 
costing  in  money  ten  shillings. 

September  22, 1666,  at  a  general  town  meeting,  it  was  arranged  how 
all  should  be  seated,  —  the  women  by  themselves,  precedence  given  to 
seniority  except  in  a  few  instances ;  afterward  the  order  was  determined 
by  the  selectmen. 

Under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Bang's  Commissioners,  Mrs.  Bridget 
Philips  was  presented  by  the  grand  jury  for  absence  from  public  worship  ; 
Arthur  Beal  for  travelling  from  his  own  home  upon  the  Sabbath  about  a 
mile,  to  speak  with  Job  Young  to  go  with  him  to  the  Point  for  a  boat  to  go 
to  sea  the  week  following.  Mark  Bee  was  fined  10<.  for  breach  of  the 
Sabbath,  for  going  to  sea  out  of  the  harbor  on  the  Lord's  Day  where  the 
ministry  is ;  John  Wadleigh,  for  a  conmion  sleeper  on  Lord's  Day  at 
the  publique  meeting,  ^-  discharged  with  an  admonition,  paying  2<.  6dl  to 
the  recorder ;  Juliana  Clqyse,  wife  of  John,  for  a  tale-bearer  from  house 
to  house,  setting  differences  between  neighbors.  A  man  was  presented 
for  idleness ;  the  town  of  Scarboro  for  not  having  a  minister.    Any  destitute 

*  "  Marie  TEscarbot,  a  companion  of  De  Mont,  and  the  hittoriaa  of  his  first  voyage  and 
of  New  France,  in  his  account  of  the  settlement  upon  St  Croix  Island,  in  the  river  of 
the  same  name,  in  1604,  now  called  Nentral  Island,  speaks  of  the  erection  of  a  chapel  as 
among  the  buildings  constructed  by  that  colony,  and  of  religions  serrices  being  per- 
formed there.  In  some  accounts  be  is  called  die  chaplain.  As  these  colonists  were 
Huguenots,  and  earnest  for  the  propagation  of  their  religion,  we  cannot  doubt  that  they 
conducted  their  worship  in  the  usual  form  of  the  Reformed  Chnnhes  of  Qermany  and 
France.  This  will  deprive  the  Episcopal  Church  of  the  honor  of  preaching  the  first 
sermon  and  instituting  the  first  Christian  worship  in  New  England."— Jfaiae  Hutarioal 
CoUedions,  V.  165. 


1869.]  Th$  See(md  Cfkwiih,  Biddrford,  Maine.  Ut 

town  WM  reqiured  to  pay  H&y  pounds  per  annum  towards  the  support  of  a 
mioister  in  the  neighboring  town  until  they  were  supplied. 

The  pobHc  sentiment  which  could  sustain  these  indictments  is  in 
strong  contrast  to  that  whidi  now  allows  half  the  Congregational  churches 
m  this  eountj  to  be  without  pastors,  and  six  seyenths  rf  the  people  ab- 
ssDlees  from  the  house  of  God* 

BeT.  Seth  Fletcher  *  commenced  preaching  here  1661  -  62,  and  received 
Ibr  payment  fifty  pounds  a^year  $  for  whidi  purpose  it  was  ordered  that 
etery  nn^  man  should  pay  fifteen  shillings,  and  all  others  according  to 
their  estates.  He  was  hired  from  year  to  year  until  1675,  when  the  town 
was^estroyed  bysavages ;  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  a  diuieh  was  fcHrmed. 
For  nearly  forty  years  there  is  no  record  of  any  preadnng.  On  the  reor- 
gsnisation  of  the  town,  1717,  for  Bi4def(»d  and  Saoo  were  one,  and  wor- 
shipped in  the  same  house,  Bev.  Matthew  Short,  a  graduate  of  Harvard, 
WIS  laboring  at  Winter  Harbor.  Being  chaplain  of  the  fort  there,  he  re- 
esfved  forty  pounds  a  year  from  the  government  This  gift  was  continued 
several  years.  The  next  minister  was  Bev.  John  Bveleth,  a  native  of 
Ipswich,  Massachusetts,  graduate  of  Harvard,  1689,  who  preached  here 
hslf  the  time  for  three  years,  receiving  twenty-six  pounds  annually,  when 
the  people  became  anxious  for  a  candidate  for  settlement,  and  invited  Bev. 
Marston  Cabot,  who  received  his  degree  at  Harvard  College  in  1724.  He 
labored  about  two  years,  but  declined  the  pastorate,  although  the  town 
offered  him  eighty  pounds  per  annum  and  board,  and,  when  he  should  see 
csuse  to  alt0r  his  condition  and  keep  house,  a  parsonage,  and  one  hundred 
neres  of  land.  Mr.  John  Moody  also  declined  an  invitation  to  settle,  "  by 
reason  he  was  too  youdg,  and  wanted  further  acquaintance  of  learning  at 
lome  college." 

The  first  settled  pastor  was  Samuel  Willard,  t  grandson  of  Samuel, 
sometime  pastor  of  the  Old  South,  Boston,  and  for  several  years  Acting 
President  of  Harvard  Collie,  at  which  institution  he  graduated  in  1723. 
At  the  time  of  his  ordination,  September  80,  1780,  a  churcfi  was  formed 
on  Congregational  principles.  More  than  half  the  original  thhteen  names 
are  the  same  as  are  now  most  prominent  in  the  Second  Church.  Ebenezer 
Hill  and  Benjamin  Haley  were  chosen  deacons.  Somewhat  prior  the  town 
boilt  a  new  meeting-house,  thirty-five  by  thirty  feet  With  the  six 
duirches  in  the  council,  the  selectmen  were  desired  to  call  a  town  meeting 
for  their  concurrence.  Bev.  Thomas  Paine,  m.  a.,  of  Weymouth,  preached 
from  Acts  xxvi.  17,  18,  and  the  sermon  was  printed  in  fiftj-ona  pages. 

e  BiTLLivAir,  S23. 

t  For  acoonnt  of  Willard  fiimilj,  tee  American  Qaarteiij  Besiister,  pp.  12, 119.  It 
i«  probabU  a  church  waa  formed  under  Mr.  Fletcher,  bat  no  reoord  remaina  of  it.  — 
FOLSOM,  226. 


244  TIU  Seemd  OhurA,  MiM^Mi,  Mame.  [Afiril, 

Soon  there  was  maniftet  connderable  attention  to  religion.  Agreat  diange 
came  over  the  minister's  own  nund.  He  was  broaght  to  an  inward  sense  of 
the  impotent  and  miserable  condition  mankind  are  .naturally  in,  bj  their 
apostasy  in  oor  first  parents,  and  of  the  sovereignty  and  glorioos  efficiency 
of  divine  grace  in  oar  Lord  Jesas  Christ  He  would  frequently  break  out 
in  the  language  of  the  man  in  the  gospel  that  was  bom  blind :  ^  One  thing 
I  know,  that,  whereas  I  was  Uind,  now  I  see.**  The  ministry  of  sndi  a 
man,  though  but  for  eleven  years,  was  not  without  its  salutary  influence ; 
the  people  became  established;  sixty-three  were  added  to  the  Qmrch. 
While  preaching  at  Elliot,  Mr.  Willard  was  attacked  by  the  disease  which 
in  two  days  ended  a  life  of  thirty-six  years.*  Hb  widow  and  daughter 
married  nunisters,  and  of  his  three  sons  one  was  a  deacon  in  the  Church 
at  Petersham,  a  second  minister  at  Stafford,  Conn.,  and  the  third  was 
President  of  Harvard  College. 

Moses  Morrill,  a  native  of  Salisbury,  Mass.,  and  a  graduate  at  Harvard 
College  at  fifteen  years  of  age,  became  his  successor,  and  was  ordained  and 
installed,  September  29,  1742.  He  labored  thirty-five  years,  preaching 
a  part  of  the  time  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  until  the  Chnrdi  was 
formed  there  in  1762.  He  died  in  this  his  only  pastorate,  February,  1778^ 
aged  fifty-six.  f 

At  this  time  the  Church  voted  that  Dr.  Watts's  Sacramental  Hymns  be 
sung  at  the  Lord's  Supper,  and  his  version  of  the  Psalms  at  the  ^  Prepar- 
atory Lecture.**  Whitefield  came  into  this  regkon.  and  preached  several 
times  for  Mr.  Morrill.  The  first  deacons  having  died,  in  1745  Simon 
Wingate,  and  in  1749  Samuel  Scamman,  Jr.,  were  chosen.  The  latter  declin- 
ing, Moses  Wadlin  was  elected,  and  was  succeeded  in  1754  by  John 
Stackpole.  This  year  a  committee  was  appointed  to  take  care  of  Mr. 
Baxter's  ^  Practical  Works,"  given  the  Church  by  Hon.  Samuel  HoUen, 
Esq.,  of  London,  consisting  of  four  massive  folio  volumes. 

To  this  pastorate,  which  was  long  and  peaceful^  followed  that  of  Na- 
thaniel Webster,  X  a  native  of  Kingston,  N.  H. ;  a  graduate  of  Harvard 
College  in  1769,  who  was  ordained  and  installed  April  14,  1779.  He 
maintained  a  good  character,  was  gifted  sodally,  and  was  greatly  be- 
loved.   Having  labored  eighteeit  years,  a  colony  left  to  form  the  Seamd 

*  BIm  grave,  though  oTergrown  with  troM,  is  still  to  be  teen  In  BUiot  —  Dbacov 
Thomas  Emsbt. 

t  Mr.  Morrill  msnied  Hannah,  third  daughter  of  Captain  Jordan,  December  1, 174S. 
His  children,  bom  1744-76,  were  Samuel  Jordan,  John,  Joseph,  Sarah,  Hannah, 
Olive,  Mary,  Elizabeth,  Tristram,  Abigail,  Tristram,  Kahnm,  and  Moses. 

X  The  town  voted  him  a  salary  of  £75,  to  be  paid  in  this  wise:  45  bnshels  com  at  4jl» 
4  bnshels  rye  at  5s. ;  400  pounds  pork  at  5</. ;  50  pounds  wool  >t  Is.  8(f. ;  50  pounds 
flax  at  8<f.;*  100  pounds  butter  at  8</. ;  4046  pounds  beef  at  80s.  per  100  ponndaj  1 
quintal  fish,  2U. ;  2  tons  good  English  hay,  j£3. 


1809.]  Ths  Seetrnd  ChunA,  Biddifard,  MaiM.  245 

Church  on  tfiii  wise:  Jerendah  Hill,  Esq.,  and  Deacon  'Wingate— one 
being  «  ^Liberal*"  or  <<Free  Thinker,"  die  other  a  Hopkinsian  — be- 
came iDTolved  in  a  eontroyersj  which  drew  in  the  whole  congregation. 
As  it  was  not  easj  to  saorifiee  Parson  Webster  tar  a  peaoe-oflfbring,  he 
being  settled  tor  Hfe,  and  exceeding  popolar,  one  party  seceded,  and  in 
1797,  or  1798,  built  a  house  in  what  is  now  the  dtj  of  Biddeford,  which 
Abj  called  tiie  ^Temple  of  Beason.*  One  of  their  rules  was^  '■As 
every  Christian  or  relig^ms  sodetj  has  ondonbted  right  to  pnt/his  or  their 
eODstniction  upon  the  Seriptnres,  a  point  of  orthodozj,  or  an  article  of 
fiotli  shall  never  be  a  fit  snbjec^to  lay  before  any  coondl  reference,  or  any 
daseriptioD  of  men  whatever.*^  This  left  Mr/Webster  in  quiet  possession 
of  his  diarge  at  Lower  Biddeford  until  1828,  when  he  was  disodssed,  and 
died  in  Portland,  Mardi  8, 1880,  aged  eighty-one. 

At  the  ^Temple  of  Season  **  they  had  services  congeniaL  This  move- 
ment was  the  earliest  of  its  kind  in  this  country,  and  was  a  premonition  of 
the  after-struggle  between  Andover  and  Cambridge.  It  was  led  by  Hon. 
Oeorge  That^er,*  who,  while  a  member  of  Congress  at  Philadelphia, 
fbnned  acquaintance  with  Dr.  Priestly,  and  imbibed  his  religious  views. 
For  twenty-three  years  he  was  an  Associate  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Judicial 
Court  of  Massachusetts,  and  he  was  buried  in  the  yard  adjoining  the 
Seeoiid  Church.  He  and  his  associates,  tliinking  to  draw  to  their  aid  some 
godly  men,  obtained'  an  orthodox  minister,  and  Mardi  1, 1805,  a  diurch 
was  organised.  Rev.  John  Turner,  a  graduate,  of  Brown  University  in 
1788,  was  installed  pastor.  He  by  his  pleasing  manner  and  good  preaching 
powers  kept  all  harmonious  for  nearty  five  years,  .when  he  began  to  dis- 
ODurse  more  fiilly  upon  the  distinguishing  doctrines  of  grace,  and,  as  the 
result,  two  young  women,  Mary  Hanson  and  Betsey  Witham,  domestics, 
one  in  the  family  of  Lawyer,  afterwards  Judge  Mellen,  and  the  other  in 
that  of  Judge  Thatcher,  were  under  deep  conviction.  This  was  not  agree- 
able to  tiiese  leading  men ;  it  was  what  they  thou^t  to  be  away  frcnn. 
Hiss  Witham,  afterwards  the  wife  of  Rev.  Amos  Bingham,  of  Philadel- 
phia, was  visited  by  Judge  Thatcher ;  f  he  b^^ged  her  '  not  to  be  alarmed ; 
that  she  was  a  very  good  girl  and  had  never  done  a  bad  thing ;  that  for 
hhnself  he  had  no  fears ;  all  would  come  out  well  at  last"  But  this  did 
not  satisfy ;  man  could  not  silence  the  ^  still  small  voice  " ;  the  girls  began 
to  talk  with  others;  Miss  Witham  was  brought  out  into  great  light;  en* 
jojed  the  sweetest  sense  of  pardoning  love ;  the  minister  grew  more  and 
more  bold ;  the  evangelical  people  were  greatly  encouraged  and  strength- 
ened.   But  as  the  judge,  the  lawyer,  and  Esquire  Hill  withheld  supplies, 

*  Judge  Thatcher't  residenoe  was  on  the  spot  when  now  lives  ilr.  George  0.  Bun* 
iHun ;  he  wae  visited  here  by  Lafayette, 
t  Mrs.  Bingham  reported,  herself,  the  oonrersatioii  to  Bev.  8.  M.  Qonld. 

NEW  SERIES.  —  YOL.  I.  NO.  2.  17 


246  The  Seetmd  Chwti^j  Bvid^ard^  McAm.  [AinnI, 

Mr.  Turner  was  obliged  to  leaye  in  1817.  He  died  at  Dcwcheater,  Maai., 
October  2, 1889,  aged  serentj. 

Now  came  the  **  tug  of  war."  Partiea  were  nearly  equal  in  nnmben, 
and  sometimes  thej  had  evangelical  preaching  for  a  few  months,  and  then 
nneTangelical,  until  by  some  apt  management  Bev.  Thomaa  Tracy,*  ftom 
Oambridge,  was  settled  for  the  term  of  five  years.  Dr.  L  Nichols,  oi 
Portland,  preached  the  sermon^  and  Bey.  N.  H.  Fletcher,  of  Kennebunk, 
made  the  prayer,  f  A  remonstrance  was  presented  the  council  by  Asa 
Clark  and  five  other  members  of  the  church  agmnst  Mr.  Traces  installa- 
tion,  because  the  Church  had  no  voice  in  his  call,  or  in  regard  to  his  re- 
ligious sentiments,  which  were  not  agreeable  to  them.  But  the  council 
decided  that,  by  the  constitution  of  the  sodety,  eommunicants  had  no  oCha 
privileges  than  those  enjoyed  by  the  members  of  the  parish.  This  was  a 
grief  to  the  Church,  who,  though  more  numerous,  were  voted  down  bj 
accessions  to  the  liberal  par^  from  other  towns,  especially  Saco.  Heoee 
there  was  another  exodus;  the  remonstrants  left,  taking  with  them  the 
communion  service.  This  rendered  it  difficult  to  collect  the  five  hundred 
dollars  of  Mr.  Tracy's  salary ;  and,  as  a  migority  of  his  supporters  were 
from  east  of  the  river,  they  were  able  to  build  a  church  tiiere,  and  in  18t8 
withdrew,  taking  the  minister  with  them.  His  fietrewell  discourse  was  froao 
the  words  ^  Come  over  and  help  us.''  But  while  individuals  accepted  thk 
invitation,  the  sodety  did  not;  U  continues  to  this  day,  having  graduaD) 
become  subordinate,  as  it  should. 

In  this  struggle  was  bora  the  Second  Church.  It  sloughed  off  the  doe 
trines  of  Priestley  and  put  on  those  of  Paul,  and  the  ^  Temple  of  Beaaon ' 
became  that  of  the  Divine  Redeemer.  The  seed  sown  by  the  frH  ptuior 
in  a  hundred  years  blossomed  into  a  pure  ChrisUanity. 

The  following  May  the  Church  settled  Bev.  Christopher  Marsh,  a  gcad* 
uate  of  Dartmouth  College  in  1820.  He  studied  theology  with  Bev.  Asi 
Band,  of  Gorham.  For  three  years  he  preached  alternately  for  the  Seoooc 
and  First  Churches.  For  the  first  time  deacons  were  elected,  —  Asa  Clail 
and  Migor  Samuel  MerrilL  In  about  four  years  he  (Mr.  Marsh)  was  dis 
missed,  and  Stephen  Morse  was  ordained  and  installed.  Laboring  twc 
years,  he  was  succeeded  by  Bev.  Henry  Merrill,  a  native  of  Brownfield,  ai 
stated  supply  for  three  years ;  and  following  him  was  Bev.  Cdeb  Kimball 
a  Dartmouth  graduate  of  1826.    He  was  a  blind  man,  but  of  £reai 

*  The  home  now  oocnpied  by  Mr.  B.  M  Hobbs  wis  bnllt  fcr  Mr.  Tracj. 

t  The  other  parti  were  as  foUows :  introduetoiy  sad  prayer,  Ber.  Nathan  Pailar 
Portsmouth ;  charge,  Rer.  Nathaniel  Webster,  Biddefbrd ;  fellowship  of  the  diur^es 
Bev.  Nathan  Tilton,  Scarboro;  oonclading  prayer,  Bev.  Daniel  ICarrett,  Standish 
The  ETangelical  Society  of  Hassachosetts  promised  one  hundred  dollars  a  year,  oi 
condition  that  Mr.  Tracy  was  settled.   (Parish  Records.) 


1869.]  The  Second  ChurA,  BUd^ft^,  MaiM.  247 

benefit  to  the  Qnnch ;  many  were  throagfa  him  added  thereto^  and  ahK> 
al  this  time  the  "Temple  of  Reason  **  was  denuded  of  its  sounding-board, 
modernized,  and  put  into  the  shape  it  now  is,  as  owned  and  occupied  bj 
Ike  Free-WiU  Baptists. 

Ber.  Thomas  N.  Lord  (graduate  of  Bowdmn  College  181^  and  or- 
dained at  Topsham,  August  10, 1837)  supplied  for  two  years.  He  was 
histalied  pastor  October  9, 1889,  and  labor^  ibr  mne  years.  The  place 
bcgaa  to  grow ;  and,  the  accommodations  being  too  strait,  the  present 
house  was  erected  mi  the  site  of  the  former,  August,  1850,  "  always  to  be 
held  and  occupied  by  an  <»rthodox  Congregational  sodety."  Of  the  sey- 
anteen  composing  the  building  committee,  six  remain  with  us.*  The  bell 
was  a  gift  from  Mrs.  William  P.  Hooper,  October,  1858.  After  a  supply 
of  one  year  by  Rev.  L.  S.  Parker,  Mr.  Samuel  McLelknd  Gould  —  bom 
in  Gorham,  entered  Bowdoin  College  1829,  left  in  the  second  year,  and 
engaged  in  teaching  in  Hartford,  where  some  forty  of  his  pupils  were 
eonYerted.-— was  ordained  and  installed  January  6, 1858.  He  was  fitted 
to  succeed  Mr.  Lord,  —  had  extraordinary  power  in  the  pulpit :  in  two  and 
a  half  years  the  Church  increased  from  ninety-six  to  two  hundred  and 
rixty*flye.  During  this  pastorate  of  four  years,  whatever  causes  operated 
to  produce  a  want  of  harmony,*  the  chief  was,  that  at  this  time  the  Church 
generally  uttered  itself  on  questicms  of  moral  reform.  A  majority,  here, 
were  of  this  mind.  In  the  q[>ini(m  of  the  pastor  and  thirty-six  others,  such 
utterance^ was  not  the  gospel";  hence  the  Pavilion  Church.  Bather 
piematurely  the  colony  went  out,  but  thus  the  city  gained  what  it  most 
needed,  —  two  homogeneous  churches  of  the  Puritan  faith,  led  by  two  men 
of  marked  prudence,  piety,  and  sagadty,  —  Rev.  Charles  Tenney,  of  Ches- 
ter, N.  Hm  graduate  of  Dartmouth  College,  1835,  and  Rev.  Charles 
Padard,t  native  of  Chelmsford,  Mass.;  graduated  at  Bowdoin,  1817; 

*  Mr.  Gould,  in  his  farewell  disoonrae,  mentions  two  reasons  for  leavins^ :  the  habit 
of  theChnrofa  in  "cotting  off  supplies,  and  philanthropy,  —  that  which  regards  the 
enatore  and  forgets  or  discards  the  Creator ;  which  in  its  seal  for  human  rights  so  breaks 
lEwmy  from  God,  so  hrings  the  soul  down  to  such  an  undue  communion  with  worldly 
ol||eeli,  that  a  wave  of  darkness  settles  upon  it,  and  all  that  is  sphritual  is  lost  sight  of" 
(psge  19).  In  a  prirate  letter  Mr.  Gould  remarks :  "  I  was  installed  pastor,  January  S, 
ISftS ;  sermon  hy  Ber.  John  R.  Adams,  of  Gorham,  my  father's  minister.  There  were 
sboBt  eighty  good  members  when  I  took  the  Church.  There  were  some  two  hundred 
OB  the  ground  when  I  resigned,  March  4, 1857.  I  went  to  the  PaTilion  Hall  and  began 
to  preach  March  8, 1857.  A  church  was  formed  in  the  Hall,  October  20,  with  forty-two 
members.  My  labors  there  were  heavy  and  exciting,  yet  I  neter  witnessed  the  special 
power  of  the  gospel  as  in  that  reiy  HalL  Ileft  the  Hall  August  15, 1858,  under  a  call 
10  Owego,  N.  T." 

t  8oQ  of  Ber.  Heoekiah  Packard ;  bom  at  Chelmsford,  April,  1801 ;  entered  Bow- 
doin at  tiie  age  of  twelve;  spent  five  years  as  instructor  at  Gorham,  Portsmouth,  and 
Gardiner ;  at  twenty-one  studied  law  with  Hon.  Benjamin  Orr,  at  Brunswick ;  tiiers 


248  j&E^we  from  Ward^M  ^Sin^  OMer:^  [A^prO, 

Btadied  theologjr  9X  Ancknrer  and  Lone.  Thej  mOayed  ill  feding,  tnd 
Btrengthened  the  things  that  remained.  In  Jannarj,  1858,  Mr.  Pai^Jird 
was  installed,  and  derdtedlj  and  ably  he  fed  the  fiodc  They  had  what  is 
most  to  be  desired,  —  steady  growth, —  when,  as  in  a  moment,  the  leader 
was  taken  np,  out  of  their  sight  Ks  memory  is  *<  as  mntment  pomred  fbrth." 
The  following  December,  1864,  Ber.  James  M.  Pahner,  a  graduate  of 
Waterrille  Ooll^;e  and  Bangor  Theological  Seminary,  by  his  afUbifity 
and  untiring  energy,  did  a  good  work,  and  is  now  G^eral  Agent  of  the 
New  England  Life  Insnrance  Company.  To  him  is  due,  in  great  part,  the 
comfortable  house  of  the  pastor,  costing  four  thousand  dollars.  Leaving 
at  the  end  of  three  years,  because  of  impaired  health,  he  was  socoeeded, 
January  1, 1868,  by  Bey.  John  D.  £mer8<m,  a  native  of  Candia,  N.  H.; 
graduate  of  Dartmouth  College  and  Andover  Theological  Seminarj.  The 
Church  now  numbers  two  hundred  resident  members;  twenty-one  non- 
resident In  this  long  way  from  1658  to  1868  is  seen  what  doctrines  and 
practices  God  smiles  upon  and  blesses. 


ffa  that  is  willing  to  tolerate  any  JRdigion^  or  discrtpaniway  ofRdiffmi^ 
lesides  his  awn^  unlesse  it  be  in  matters  merely  indifferent^  either  doubts  of 
his  own^  or  is  not  sincere  in  it. 

He  thai  is  willing  to  tolerate  any  unsound  Opinion^  thai  his  awn  may 
also  he  tolerated^  though  never  so  sounds  will  for  a  need  hang  GoeTs  BiMe 
at  the  DeviTs  girdle. 

That  state  that  will  give  Liberty  of  Conscience  in  maiters  of  Religion^ 
must  give  Liberty  of  Conscience  cmd  Conversation  in  their  Morall  Laws^  or 
else  the  Fiddle  will  be  out  oftuncy  and  some  of  the  strings  crache. 

Experience  will  teach  Churches  and  Christians^  thai  it  is  farre  better  to 
live  in  a  State  united^  though  a  little  corrupt^  than  in  a  State^  whereof  some 
Part  is  incorrupt y  and  all  the  rest  divided. 

There  is  no  rule  given  by  God  for  any  Stale  to  give  an  Affirmative  Tol- 
eration to  any  false  Religion  or  Opinion  whatsoever  ;  they  must  cofmive  in 

some  cases y  but  may  not  concede  in  any. 

Ward's  Simple  Cobler.    1647. 

pnctited  for  eteren  "s^n^  when,  in  a  powerfiil  rerirtl  of  religioBfhe  found  Christ;  wti 
settled  in  the  goepd  miniitry  at  Hamilton,  Ohio,  tiiree  jean ;  labored  at  Laacaater, 
Mass.,  fifteen  yean ;  one  year  at  Cambridgeport ;  two  at  Middtoborongfa,  Haas.  \  -died 
on  the  evening  of  February  17, 1S64,  letoming  ftom  the  pott<ifilea  At  the  doaa  of 
that  day,  he  had  read  1  Thess.  iy. ;  sung,  "  Jesns,  loTsr  of  my  aooL"  The  condodiqg 
vene  was  followed  by  the  emphatic  comment:  *^TkiAiMikttnii(hl  OaiUtktirMA!'* 


1660.]  I%«  On^ttitiM  if  CbuMJEb 


THE  COMPOSITION  OF  OOUNCILa 

Thb  General  AsMcuitioQ  of  Ckxnneoticiit  Adopted  at  Us  amiMl  meet- 
ing in  Jane^  1868^  and  has  nnoe  pablidbed  with  ita  annual  minntefli  an 
elpborate  report  on  ^  TnatalBng  Cooncils.''  Tbongh  the  paper  is  osteiH 
siUj  confined  to  the  one  class  of  conndls  indicated  in  its  titles  the  priaei* 
pies  embodied  in  it,  if  accepted,  must  be  recognised  as  to  a  laige  extent 
applicable  to  M  councils.  Its  preparation  and  adoption  were  doubtless 
iqggested  by  certain  recent  or  Terj  objectionaUe  innoyatioos  in  the  eonip 
position  of  one  or  more  installing  counoUs  in  Connecticut,  inirol?ing  a  dis- 
regard of  fundamental  Congregational  principles,  and  opening  a  wide  and 
inviting  door  for  the  incoming  of  doctrinal  unsoundness  and  error.  While 
it  is  manifestly  aimed  at  these  local  innovations  and  the  peril  that  is  in 
them,  it  is  comprehensiTe  of  the  whole  subject  of  councils,  and  its  doctrines, 
if  true,  are  of  universal  application. 

Coming  as  this  report  does  from  one  of  the  ddest  and  strongest  of  our 
Congregational  bodies,  *-  one  that  embraces  much  cf  the  best  wisdom  and 
experience,  as  well  as  the  profoundest  ecclesiastical  research  and  kaming  cf 
the  denomination,  —  it  cannot  fail  to  command  respect  and  consideration,  and 
is  likely  to  be  widely  influentiaL  Our  leading  denominational  journals, 
indnding  the  Quarterly,  have  honored  it  with  their  hearty  sanction,  and 
prodaimed  their  approval  of  its  leading  and  characteristic  positions.  Its 
statements  as  to  the  *  authority  ^  by  which  ^  a  council  is  convened,"  the 
''primary  elements **  of' which  it  is  composed,  the  ''sphere  ecdesiastical 
and  territorial"  from  which  it  should  be ''selected,"  and  "the  standard" 
according  to  which  "  its  numerical  and  moral  strength  should  be  deemed 
adequate"  to  "its  end,"  are  in  accord  with  the  best  standard  authorities, 
and  cannot  fail  to  command  general  assent  But  in  relation  to  the  appro- 
priate membership  of  a  council,  the  report  takes  issue  with  what  has  come 
to.be  the  universal  and  established  usage  of  the  churches,  as  an  unwarran^ 
able  innovation  upon  the  customs  of  the  Fathers,  and  as  essentially  un- 
oongregationaL  It  is  to  its  positions  on  this  particular  point  that  attention 
is  here  invited. 

It  assumes  in  the  outset,  and  through  the  entire  course  of  its  discus- 
non,  that  installation  by  council  is  essentia  to  the  existence,  in  any  proper 
sense,  of  the  pastorate,— -  that  a  minister  cannot  be^  to  use  itsownexpresuon, 
"a  hm&  fide  pastor,"  until,  with  the  co-operation  and  approval  of  neigh- 
boring churches  in  coundl  assembled,  he  has  received  the  formal  expres- 
sion  of  their  fellowship,  and,  with  other  public  services,  been  duly  installed 
m  his  place.    This  assumption  seems  to  us  altogether  gratuitous.    The 


260  Tk$  ChngmUiM  qf  OnmeUi.  [AfMl, 

question  involved,  be  it  remembered,  is  wd  whether  installetaon  in  oidiMrj 
oircamstuices  is  desimble^  and  thwefore  to  be  eneoumged  and  sou^^  It 
may  be  believed  in,  as  in  every  way  nsefiorl  and  happy  bat  its  infloenoe  upon 
boUi  ministers  and  chnrdies  in  their  mntoal  relations,  and  sCin  ita  wacwssity 
to  the  existence  of  the  pastoral  office  be  consistently  denied.  The  aflMe 
by  Professor  S.  C.  Bartlett,  d.  d^  m  the  Quarterly  lor  October,  1868, 
presents  an  argoment  for  it  that,  to  most  unpr^ndieed  minds,  even  though 
ezoepUon  be  taken  to  some  of  his  position^  will  seem  ezhanstive  and  em^ 
dosive.* 

>  Conceding  the  denrableness  and  importance  of  instaTlationSi  vra  yet 
affirm  the  assumption  of  the  Connecticut  Beport,  that  an  nninstalled  idD- 
ister  is  necessarily  no  pastor,  to  be  preposterous.  Installation  doea  not 
make  a  man  a  pastor.  It  only  gives  the  saactiofi  of  ne^boring  ehnvohee 
to  the  choice  of  the  flock  over  which  he  is  to  watdi,  and  expresses  their 
fellowship  with  him  and  them  — with  him  as  now  of  them -— in  the  refah 
tioQ  which  their  call,  and  his  acceptance  of  it  ahme,  were  adequate  to 
create.  A  pastor,  according  to  Webster,  is  ^a  minister  of  the  Gospel, 
having  the  charge  of  a  church  and  congregation ;  one  who  has  the  care  of 
souls."  Any  minister  upon  whom  the  responsibilities  of  this  **  diarge  *  ava 
devolved,  and  who  exercises  this  ^  care,**  whether  installed  or  mrfnstafled, 
whether  engaged  for  a  limited  or  an  indefinite  period,  is  a  ptakfTf^WB 
truly  a  pastor  in  the  one  case  as  in  the  other;  and  if  the  duties 


*  It  miiBt  be  confeased  tiist  when  FtofeMor  Bartkit  qnotee  the  laji^  on  of 
in  die  case  of  Paul  and  BamalMs  when  thej  wen  aboat  to  be  sent  awaj  to  the  wofk  «f 
duMTiifit  misnonariei,  stopping  for  a  few  days,  or  at  most  a  fiw  weeks  Oidj,  in  a  plao^  as 
i^poetolic  anthoritj  for  that  installation  in  a  local  pastorate,  whose  crowning  ccnasaMa- 
datioB  in  his  yiew  seems  to  be  its  tendehcy  to  promoto  permanm^,  one  is  sligfatlj  at  a 
Ifse  to  know  how  to  understand  his  logic.  His  position  seems  to  be  that  It  was  Aaeas^ 
torn  of  the  New  Testament  churches  to  signaliae  the  entrance  ttpoi\  any  new  PhilsiisB 
work  by  some  snch  solemnity,  and  that  therefove,  when  a  man  assumes  die  dotiss  of  a 
duistian  minister  in  a  local  church,  he  should  be  puhlidj  installed.  But  doee  not  Ihs 
enmple  quoted  prove  too  much  for  his  purpose  Y  If  it  is  an  argument  for  iastallatio^ 
with  an  expectation  of  permanencj  in  a  given  church,  is  it  not  yet  more  an 
for  it,  or  for  something  like  i^  as  an  introduction  to  temporary  labors  similar  to 
in  anticipation  of  which  it  occuired  ?  But  Professor  Bartlett  deems  installation  and 
the  intent  of  permanency  as  properly  inseparable.  He  would  doubtless  rogard  the  coa> 
Teoing  of  a  council  to  give  its  sanction,  with  a  formal  induction  into  office,  to  a  fno- 
posed  ministerial  work  of  avowedly  limited  duration,  as  a  greater  hrrsgularity  than  no 
installation  at  all.  In  the  quoting  of  tkis  primitire  example  of  the  laying  on  of  haadi^ 
and  in  the  statement  that  ^*  the  denomination  has  no  proper  cogniaanoe  of"  miaislsis 
not  installed  over  the  churches  they  serve,  —  a  statement  whidi  makes  "  the  foUowsli^ 
of  the  churches  "  given  at  their  ordination,  and,  in  the  West  at  leasts  the  feUowship  ia»- 
pUed  in  membership  of  associations  that  include  baA  mmttan  and  tie  dkunkm  Ihy 
ssnw^  utterly  meaningless,  —  he  seems  to  us  to  have  weakened  an  aigoment  for  instaUa- 
tkm  which  at  other  points  is  invincible. 


I860.],  Tk4  ChHgMiiiim  qf  OmneiU.  251 

tte  lUllifiiDj  and  well  peifiiniied,  he  la  ^afeiidjEdlf  pastor.*    ThkisiDOt 
laaa  In  aecordance  with  the  authority  of  common  a^naethan  with  thai  of  the 
dietkMurj.    The  great  miy<Hritj  of  the  miniaten  of  oor  Western  ohorchet, 
ttafiMTtimately  douUkasi  hold  their  portions  without  the  aanction  of  an  in- 
•lallation.    Bat  thdr  peo^  nevertheleaay  are  wont  to  think  of  them  and 
B|NWilr  of  them  as  pastors^  with  neyer  a  qneetiaQ  as  to  their  ri^t  to  the  title. 
JSfiA.  long  ago  the  anniveiearf  of  a  ministi^in  Iowa  of  twenty-five  years' 
ststfiding  was  honoied  with  whal  was  happily  termed  a  ^  sUver  wedding** 
eelebration.*    Nearly  half  of  these  twenty-fiTO  years,  filled  with  unceasing 
amd  fmitfol  pastoial  care  and  toil,  had  passed  away  befi»e  there  was  any 
inatallation ;  bat  it  doobtless  never  ooeaned  to  the  weD-watehed,  weU-fed^ 
lovingly  tended  flodc,  that  daring  all  those  early  years  they  were  withoat 
m  pastor  I  and  that  more  than  half  a  score  of  years  mast  yet  pass  away 
ImIcm^  the  proper  ''silver  wedding"  anniversary  woald  cornel    Were 
ihej  wrong  in  dating  the  begmning  of  their  pastorate  firom  the  beginning 
of  the  qaarter  of  a  centary's  ministry  among  them,  rather  than  from  the 
tinie  of  their  minister's  formal  installation  ?    Was  he  one  whit  more  their 
pastor  the  day  after  that  installation  than  he  had  been  for  years  before? 
Does  anybody  feel  that  the  ^  silver  wedding  "  observance  was  premature 
heeaaae  only  a  portion  of  the  twenty-five  years  of  pastoral  labor  were  sab^* 
sequent  to  the  installation  exercises  ?    The  Connecticat  Report  assnmes 
thai  he  was  a  pastor  only  during  those  subseqaent  years.    The  common 
sense  of  his  people  and  of  everybody  else  decides  otherwise ;  and  we  must 
be  excused  for  thinking  that  its  decision  is  more  truthful  than  the  assump- 
tion of  the  Bepprt,  with  the  vote  of  an  ancient  Puritan  association  to  back  it. 
With  this  false  assumption  as  to  what  constitutes  the  pastoral  relatiour 
the  paper  under  review  holds,  in  the  foce  of  what  has  come  to  be  the  very 
common,  if  not  general  usage  of  the  churches,  that  no  minister  who  is  not 
ifi  tt$  MUM  a  pastor,  or,  in  other  words,  who  is  not  installed  over  the  church 
be  serves,  can  of  right  be  admitted  to  membership  in  an  installing  council, 
or,  by  plain  implication,  in  anjf  council.    It  even  goes  so  far  as  to  main- 
tain that,  in  case  a  church  in  which  the  relation  between  minister  and 
people  exists  without  installation  should  be  guilty  of  the  inconsiderateness 
or  impertinence  of  sending  the  occupant  of  its  pulpit  and  parsonage  to  a 
ooandl,  in  response  to  a  letter  missive  inviting  its  presence  by  pastor  and 
delegate,  the  council  would  be  justified  in  excluding  him,  on  the  ground 
that  his  *^  authorization "  to  represent  the  church  ^  b  worthless,  for  the 
aimple  reason  that  he  is  not  a  pastor  in  any  proper  sense  of  the  word,  and 
the  council  cannot  recognize  and  receive  him  as  such  without  stultifying 
itself."     But  if,  in  the  common  and  authorized  sense  of  the  word,  as  well 
as  by  the  understanding  of  himself  and  his  people,  be  w  a  pastor,  the  stnl- 

«  That  of  Rev.  A.  B.  Bobbioi,  n*.  b.,  at  MascadiM. 


262  The  Omy^aiitian  tf  ChwmU.  [April, 

tifieatkiii  woidd  be  in  noC  leoeiYiDg  him.  Thair  refiml  to  reoeive  lum, 
moreover,  would  be  an  infiingement  upon  the  rights  and  liberties  of  die 
chnrohes^  involTOig  a  &r  greater  evil  than  the  self-stnltiflcation  of  a  bddj 
of  men  who  ooold  be  soch  adepts  in  the  staltifying  art  as  to  assnine  that 
the  pastoral  office^  and  the  pnblic  ceremonies  bj  which  the  sanetioii  and 
fellowship  of  the  neighboring  chnrehes  in  rdbition  to  it  are  sometimes  ez- 
pressedy  are  one  and  the  same  thing.  The  letter  missiye  is  sent  in  soch  a 
case  with  the  knowledge  on  the  part  of  the  charch  sending  it  that  the 
minister  of  the  dliorch  to  whidi  it  is  sent  is  nninstalledy  the  other  diurdies 
invited  accept  the  inyitation  with  the  same  knowledge, — for  this  is  a  matter 
of  which  neighboring  chnrehes  are  not  likelj  to  be  ignorant, — and  jetoor 
Connecticat  brethren  would  have  him  ezdndedl  A  Tory  strange  and  ar- 
bitrary sort  of  Congregationalism  this  I 

The  argument  of  the  report  js  that,  inasmuch  as  the  ^grand  design''  of 
installing  councils  is  ^  to  preserve  and  strengthen  the  principle  of  the  oom- 
mnnion  of  the  churches,"  and  the  essential  thing  done  bj  them  is  the 
expression  of  their  fellowship  to  the  brother  installed,  it  is  not  fit  that  a 
minister  who  has  not  himself  received  ^  the  right  hand  of  fellowship  **  as 
pastor  of  the  church  he  serves  should  have  part  in  ezi»essing  it  to  an- 
other. But  how  does  this  follow  ?  The  fellowship  to  be  eiqiressed  is  not 
the  fellowship  of  the  ministers  or  other  individual  members  of  the  council, 
but  the  fellowship  of  the  chwrAei.  Their  representatives  in  the  eoandU 
are  such,  not  by  virtue  of  any  expressions  of  fellowship  they  have  individ- 
ually received  from  neighboring  churches,  but  by  virtue  of  the  credentiab 
they  hold  from  th^  chardies  in  whose  behalf  they  are  authorized  to  act 
If  the  thing  to  be  done  were  to  give  a  formal  welcome  on  behalf  of  some 
clerical  order,  always  joined  in  that  manner,  to  a  newly  chosen  mena^bet 
there  would  be  reason  and  force  in  the  position  that  it  could  only  be  prop- 
erly given  by  one  who  had  himself  received  it.  But  this  is  noi  the  thing 
to  be  done.  It  is  the  ehttrckei  who  speak  in  '<  the  right  hand  of  fellowship,** 
and  not  a  ministerial  order.  And  who  can  truly  say  that  a  minister  serv* 
ing  a  church  for  a  specified  time,  or  indefinitely,  in  the  pastoral  work, 
especially  when  identified  with  it,  as  our  Western  ministers  almost  univer^ 
sally  are,  in  home  sympathy  and  membenkipj  is  disqualified,  because  unin- 
stalled,  for  representing  it  in  any  council-installing  or  otherwise,  through 
which  its  fellowship  with  sister  churches  is  to  be  expressed  ?  He  speaks 
and  acts  in  a  council,  not  for  himself  as  a  member  of  a  learned  and  sacred 
profession,  but  for  the  church  whose  chosen  spiritual  teacher  and  guide  he 
is,  and  by  whose  authority,  under  the  letter  missive,  he  takes  his  seat,  and 
a  thousand  installations  could  not  invest  him  with  a  fuller  right  to  be  there 
than  he  has.  The  delegate  who  goes  with  him  has  never,  as  an  individ* 
ual,  received  **  the  right  hand  of  fellowship"  from  the  churches,  but  he 


28691]  1%#  OmpoiUan  qf  QnmOli.  168 


ftdiiinah  is  MIowslnp  vith  aisler  ohnrebes^  aAd  bo  em  qset^ 
ki$  r^(ht,  10  ftv  as  6ongx«galional  pdneiplea  an  dimeerBed,  to  per- 
any  diaty  wliieli  aaj  other  memW  of  the  ooandl,  erea  thoagh  an 
iMlaiM  paetmr,  maj  perform.    He  majyif  the  eeoiiott  to  appoint,  gi^e  the 
castoiBarf  ezpnession^f  the  fellowship  of  the  eharchee  ia  the  aer^riceB  of 
aataUalioiu   This  the  Gnneeticai  R^ort  affirms.   To  esoape  the  pressure 
^  the  ohjeetion  that  in  some  localities  it  would  be  imposs^le  to  gather  in- 
alaUed  pastors  enoof^  to  perform  the  several  parts  of  an  instaUatkm  ser- 
^vieey  it  says:  ^  A  eonneil  might  eonsist  enttrelj  of  lay  delegate^  one  of 
irimm  might  ger%  the  right  lumd  of  fellowrfiip/'    Now  ean  any  man  in  his 
•soses  oontend  Ihat  what  a  layman  z^resentlng  a  ehiiivh  in  a  cotmeil  may 
do^in  the  ezpresdon  of  ^  fellowship  of  the  diarobes,  a  miniBterial  member 
of  the  same  choroh,  perfSnming  its  pastond  woii^  and  anthonced  as  its 
rnhnster  to  r^>resent  it,  though  nninstalled,  may  noi  do?    Does  the  fact 
iiui  he  is  the  ehosen  minister  of  a  ehar^  without  havii^  reeeived  an 
esprossion  of  the  fi^owship  of  other  chnidies  in  tiiat  position,  in  a  given 
form,  disqaaliiy  him  fifom  doing  what  he  ndg^  do  with  entire  propriety, 
and  of  course  without  any  such  ezpressioD,  if  As  imtv  not  a  minifUr  ai  <dlf 
The  idea  seems  absurd  on  its  very  foee^  and.  yet  it  is  the  basis  on  which 
the  rqxirt  in  hand,  indorsed  by  the  assembled  wisdom  ef  the  General 
▲ssoctatfien  of  Coaneeticot,  sets  up  its  claim  tiiat  nninstalled  ministers  of 
tirafdies  cannot  be  rightfoUy  included  in  installing  councils,  or,  by  parity 
ef  lessoning,  in  any  councils  I    The  admission  of  this  daim  among  the 
chnrphes  of  the  West — or  of  the  interior,  as  the  Advance  has  it  —  would 
BM^  councils. to  a  great  extent  pnwUeoMy  impoiMb.    Taka  Iowa,  for 
example.    In  the  whole  State,  vrith  its  three  hundred  and  fifty  miles  of 
length,  and  its  two  hundred  and  My  of  breadth,  the  churches  with  installed 
pastors,  eleven  in  all,  according  to  the  minutes  of  the  Oeneral  Association 
kft  1868,  are  barely  enough  to  equal  the  number  indicated  in  the  Connec- 
ticut Report  as  ordinarily  requisite  to  constitute  a  single  respectable  counciL 
Oooncils  in  Iowa  are  not  relatively  numerous,  but  if  they  were  not  half  as 
fiieqoent  as  they  are,  and  none  but  installed  ministers  were  to  be  called- 
Upon  them,  they  would  neither  need  nor  find  time  for  any  other  occupation, 
and  their  churches  would  be  under  the  necessity  either  of  getting  unin- 
•tailed  pastors  in  their  stead,  thus  disqualifying  them  for  the  work,  or  of 
settling  colleagues  with  them  to  supply  their  lack  of  service  at  home.    The 
Connecticut  brethren  try  to  meet  this  difficulty  with  the  suggestion  already 
alluded  to,  that  ^councils  might  be  composed  entirely  of  lay  delegates,  one 
of  whom  might  give  the  right  hand  of  fellowship,"  and  then  add  that  <*  the 
other  parts  might  be  performed  in  the  name  and  by  the  authority  of  the 
ohorch  by  missionai*ies  and  other  ministers  present,  with  the  approval  of 
the  counciL"     Eminently  sage  suj^estion!    If  the  *^  missiooaries  and 


254  The  Ompoiitian  of  CbuneiU.  [April, 

other  miniBten"  were  likely  to  be  sealoos  and  aoooinmodatmg  enough  to 
be  on  hand  with  the  nnderstanding  that  they  were  to  take  the  plaoe  of 
'*  side  figures  in  a  show,"  what  probability  does  Western  experience,  to  say 
nothing  of  Eastern,  £^Te  that  a  quorum  of  a  council  to  ^  be  oompoaed  en- 
tirely of  lay  delegatesi"  unless  as  a  rare  exoeptiouy  would  ever  aasemble  ? 
And  even  if  our  lay  brethren,  under  the  new  order  of  things  piopoaed, 
should  be  suddenly  filled  with  new  interest  in  ecclesiastical  businessi  and 
become  prompt  and  eager  in  the  discharge  of  duty  as  delegates  of  the 
churches,  how  would  it  be  about- the  examinations  of  candidates  for  ordina- 
tion and  installation,  upon  which  so  much  stress  is  justly  laid  as  essential 
to  the  doctrinal  soundness  of  the  ministry,  when  ccmducted  by  lay  delegates 
alone  ?  Are  they  generally  so  well  versed  in  theological  science  that  it 
would  be  a  thing  of  eminent  proprie^  to  commit  the  responsibility  of  these 
examinations  wholly  to  them,  even  for  the  attainment  of  so  grand  and  mo- 
mentous a  result  as  the  exclusion  of  those  recognized  by  them  m  their  pas- 
tors from  ordaining  and  installing  councils  ?  How  would  it  be  in  regard  to 
the  orderly  and  successful  accomplishment  of  the  complicated  businesa  and 
the  decision  of  the  difficult  questions  that  oflen  demand  the  best  wisdom 
and  the  largest  available  experience  in  other  than  installing  ooundb  ?  An 
our  lay  brethren  generally  so  familiar  with  the  principles  of  our  ecclesias- 
tical order  in  their  varied  applications,  and  have  their  reading  and  expe- 
rience in  regard  to  ecclesiastical  busineas  been  so  ample  and  thorough  that 
even  to  escape  the  awful  irregularis  of  allowing  their  unlnstalled  ministers 
to  sit  in  council  with  them,  it  b  wise  to  commit  to  them  alone  the  whole 
work  of  councils  ?  .These  questions,  we  are  free  to  confess,  awaken  decided 
misgivings  as  to  the  adequacy  of  the  suggestion  that,  in  the  absenee  or 
scarcity  of  installed  pastors,  **  councils  might  be  composed  entirely  of  lay 
delegates  "  to  obviate  the  objection  it  was  designed  to  silence. 

But  this  is  not  the  only  practical  difficulty  with  the  theory  of  the  report 
The  carrying  out  of  this  theory  in  Iowa  at  least,  and  probably  the  same  is 
substantially  true  in  most  of  the  newer  States,  would  exclude  from  councils 
by  far  the  larger  part  of  the  best  wisdom  and  amplest  experience  on- 
bodied  in  our  ministry.  With  but  two  or  three  exceptions,  the  men  among 
us  whose  pastorates  in  the  fields  of  labor  they  occupy  have  been  of  longest 
continuance,  whose  influence  is'  greatest  and  widest,  whose  knowledge  of 
the  condition,  history,  and  peculiarities  of  our  churches  is  fullest,  whose 
identification  with  their  interests  and  work  is  most  complete,  and  whose 
praise  is  in  them  all,  are  uninttaUed.  If;  as  one  of  the  acknowledged 
leaders  of  our  denoitiination,  a  teacher  and  expounder  of  its  faith,  is  cred- 
ited with  saying,  ^  Congregationalism  is  sanctified  common  sense,"  can 
that  be  a  true  principle  of  Ck)ngregationalism  which  would  shut  out  such 
men  as  these  from  all  our  councils,  and  deprive  the  churches  of  the  advan- 


1869:}  The  CmponHtm  cf  OmnmU.  .  fi5^ 


of  ihett  advice  and  aid  ?  InstaOatioii  is  useful  in  many  ways.  It  is 
demable  that  the  tendency  developed  within  the  last  few  years,  in  the 
'Ernst  as  well  as  in  the  West,  to  dispense  with  it  should  be  connteracted ;  but 
is  thia  Hkely  to  be  achieved  by  an  attempt  to  firce  it  upon  the  churches, 
on  penalty  of  a  denial  to  their  ministers  of  the  name  and  rights  of  pastors 
because  uninstaUed,  and  by  seeking  to  elevate  the  installed  to  the  position 
ai  a  peculiar,  exclusive,  and  privOeged  class  ?  It  is  more  than  possible,  to 
•ay  the  least,  that  tiiey  will  be  disposed  to  consider  Aingi  quite  as  essen- 
tial as  farmtj  and  to  regard  the  Hheriif  of  th$  ehurehei  in  regard  to  the 
m^hod  of  establishing  and  maintaining  the  pastoral  relation  quite  as  essen- 
tia] to  true  Congregationalism  as  the  tnethod  %i$dfn 

Hie  Connecticut  Beport  affirms  that  the  calling  of  ministers  without 
charge  upon  councils  by  letters  missive,  sent  to  them  individually,  is  dis- 
orderly, because  inconsistent  with  the  fundamental  principle  that  ^  the 
primary  elements"  of  which  councils  are  made  up  are  ehurehei.  But  does 
this  alleged  inconsistency  actually  eidst?  We  accept  the  premise  of  the 
ConnecUcut  brethren,  but  deny  their  conchision.  When  an  individual  is 
called  on  a  council,  the  letter  missive  sent  to  the  churches  states,  or  should 
state,  that  fact,  and  their  vote  to  accept  the  invitation  with  him  as  a  com- 
ponent part  of  the  council,  iogether  with  the  letter  missive  he  has  himself 
reodved,  is  his  authorization  for  membership.  All  that  he  does  and  says, 
he  does  and  says  not  as  an  individual  merely,  but  in  their  name  and  by 
their  authority.  Their  direct  representatives  take  their  seats  and  discharge 
the  duties  assigned  them  no  more  as  the  result  of  their  authorizing  vote 
than  he  does.  How,  then,  is  the  council  the  less  a  council  of  churches,  and 
how  is  what  it  does  less  the  acti<m  of  the  churches  because  of  his  participa- 
tioh  in  it  ?  We  agree  with  the  report  in  the  opinion  that  when  an  individ- 
ual is  called,  he  should  not  be  counted  in  determining  as  to  the  presence  of 
a  quorum,  because  the  churches  are  ^  the  primary  elements  of  the  Council,^* 
but  it  by  no  means  follows  that  the  calling  of  an  individual,  whose  place  in 
the  body  is  authorized  by  the  action  of  all  the  churches  it  includes, 
vitiates  its  character  as  a  council  of  churches,  and  is  therefore  to  be 
avoided  as  uncongregational  and'  disorderly.  He  may  be  in  such  a  rela- 
tion, moreover,  to  the  churches  and  their  work,  as  to  represent  a  broader 
and  still  not  less  real  fellowship  than  any  pastor  can.  ** Ministers  in  the- 
position  of  the  Western  Agents  of  the  A.  H.  M.  S.,"  says  Dr.  Bartlett  hi 
The  Advance,  ^  represent  the  constant  and  vital  fellowship  of  scores  of 
churches.  Professors  in  Chicago  Theological  Seminary,  elected  by  men 
who  were  themselves  elected  by  ministers  and  delegates  from  all  these 
Northwestern  churches,  are  when  called  in  council  standing  representatives 
of  the  broadest  fellowship.  Is  it  not  overriding  a  reality  by  a  technicality, 
to  object  to  the  direct  invitation  of  these  men,  that  it  involves  no  fellowship 


8M  Th0  ChmponiAm  <!f  Chuncik.  [Afri, 

of  tbe  ohurohet?'*    The  unreMooabkiiefli  of  thb  oouna  fa  aU  die  wmn 
striking  when,  as  we  have  seen,  even  the  **  tedmiealitjr  **  has  no  basb  m  fiMt 
Hie  Tiew  we  are  combating  is  not  onl j  ftlse  in  itself,  hot  it  fa  m  tbe 
face  and  eyes  of  apostolic  example.    We  profess  to  derive  the  prindples 
of  oor  polity  from  the  Bible.    The  onlj  ecclesiastical  council  of  whkA  it 
gives  anything  like  a  dear  and  distinct  account,  the  Oonneil  aft  JaroaaleD, 
quoted  by  oar  standard  denominational  writers,  as  apostolio  sathocity 
for  modem  coancils,  included  in  its  membership  mimsters  who  weie  both 
nninstalled  and  without  local  charge.    Besides  ^  elders  and  bredirea," 
itinerant  apostles  were  there,  and  the  probability  is  thai  these  itinenBli, 
whom  the  manifesto  of  our  Counecdcnt  brethren  would  hove  eadnded, 
had  more  to  do  in  developing  and  securing  the  momentous  resoh  to  wUoh 
that  ooundl  came  than  all  others  included  in  its  membership.    What  soi 
infirbgement  upon  the  proper  prerogatives  of  the  chnrdies  it  most  have 
been  I    What  a  pity  that  the  wisdom  of  the  Oonnectieut  Report  ooold  not 
have  been  brought  to  their  relief  I    It  will  not  do  to  say  that  the  apostks 
gave  tiieir  aid  in  this  case  simply  as  intpir^dmrnf  and  that  therefara  it  has 
no  authority  as  an  example  for  us,  for  if  the  question  at  issue  was  to  be 
settled  by  the  mandate  of  inspiration  merely,  Paiily  ^  the  very  difaAaft 
the  spostles,''  could  have  decided  it  alone  without  going  up  to  JemsaleHi  «t 
alL    Moreover,  had  the  apostles  stood  upon  die  ground  of  sigMiinaliiial 
authority  in  thi$  maHer^  as  Professor  Bartlett  well  says  in  the  artfale  al* 
ready  deferred  to,  **  they  would  have  issued  an  authoritative  edict  in 
own  name  alone.    But  they  clearly  waived  that  power,  and  mmptj 
ciated  themselves  with  '  the  elders  aud  brethren '  in  common  ntteraneeJ 
It  will  not  do  to  say  either  that  because  this  council  included  but  one 
CSmrch,  and  was  in  some  other  respects  unlike  modem  GongregatioaaL 
•  Coancils,  it  was  therefore  not  properly  a  council  at  all ;  for  it  embffaeed 
As  Jmdamenial  principle  of  all  councils,  the  fellowdup  and  mutual  help-* 
folness  of  the  churches ;  and,  moreover^  to  deny  to  it  the  essmtial  charaoter 
of  a  council,  fa  to  abandon  the  only  ground  upon  which  we  can  base  e 
soriptund  argument  for  councils  as  a  constituent  part  of  our  polity.    In  the 
Ace  of  this  primitive  precedent,  the  Connecticut  Beport  affirms  a  doetxiiis 
according  to  which  Paul,  if  he  were  among  us  now  engaged  in  hfa  apoatoBc 
woric  of  preaching  the  gospel  and  planting  churches,  especially  if  be  wen 
divested  of  the  prerogatives  of  inspiration,  would  have  no  right  to  a  pfawe 
in  councils  called  for  the  recognition  of  the  churches  he  had  gathered,  and 
could  properly  take  no  part,  unless  as  an  outsider,  and  by  sufieranoe  in  the 
ordination  or  installation  of  any  Timothy,  even  though  he  wer§  hfa  own 
son,  in  the  gospel  I    Can  a  principle  involving  an  absurdity  so  p^lpeble 
constitute  an  essential  part  of  our  Congregational  system? 
The  doctrine  of  this  Beport  would  often  shut  iGrom  ooundb  the  very  men 


2869^1  The  Om^^^iitiM  isf  Qmiwa$.  167 

who  of  cU  olhersy  bj  their  rektloiis  to  tke  Aordies  calling  tkem  and  the 
churches  reprccented  in  them,  and  bj  their  aeqnaintaDoe  and  connecHoa 
^vtth  the  facts  and  interests  to  which  they  relate^  are  As  men  to  be  ia  tibem. 
It  iraald  often  shat  fiK>m  ooimcife  those  whose  age»  expanencCy  wisdom,  td^ 
mofi  knowledge  of  the  matters  to  be  oaairassed  wonld  make  their  jodgment 
SBidradTioe  especaaflj  yalaable,  and  whom  the  chnrehes  wonld  iBMNrt  imhesi- 
tiUfa^j  choose  and  trast  to  act  in  their  behal£  It  would  sbnt  from  them, 
iireccampleyinlowaysaehamaa  as^Father'^Tiimeiv  the  Insterf  of  whose 
ninktrj  in  the  State  has  largelj'  bees  the  hStoij  of  its  churehes,  and 
«hom  they  all,  together  with  their  pastors,  delight  to  hpnor.  In  Connecti- 
ent  k  would  exclude  snch  a  man  as  Dr.  Bacon,  —  unless,  indeed,  a  merely 
nominal  pastcwate  should  give  him  place,  —  whose  famHiarity  widi  the 
hiilery,  usages^  and  principles  of  the  Congregational  polity  b  probably 
second  to  that  of  no  other  liykig  man.  The  report  recognizes  this  diffl- 
enkyi  and  proposes,  as  a  method  of  obviating  it,  that,  ^whenerer  it  shall 
seem  specially  desirable  to  secure  the  presence  and  asnstance  of  ministers 
without  charge  upon  a  council,  the  churches  of  which  they  are  members 
should  be  invited,  that  as  delegates  of  churdies  they  may  take  thdr  seats," 
hi  what  it  calls  '^the  regular  way.**  But  this  may  not  secure  their  pres- 
ence. It  frequently,  perhi^  commonly,  wiU  not,  unless  the  invitation  is 
accompanied  with  the  poorly  conceded  and  not  very  gnidous  intimation 
Aat  the  church  is  not  called  on  its  own  account,  nor  on  account  of  its 
pastor,  but  for  the  sake  of  securiog  the  attendance  of  a  particular  member, 
whose  appointment  as  delegate  is  therefore  respectfully  suggested.  This 
Bi^estion  would  be  considered  by  some,  at  least,  as  amounting  to  a  very 
questionable  dictation  in  a  matter  concerning  which  a  church  should  be 
left  to  the  direcUon  of  its  own  wisdom.  Professor  Bkrtlett  says  of  ^  such 
a  procedure,''  that  ^it  is  not  marked  by  the  Christian  manliness  and 
directness  which  characterize  our  system.  I£  a  church  desires  the  attend- 
ance and  aid  of  one  particular  man,  why  go  through  the  indirectness-  of 
asking  the  attendance  of  a  church  instead,  and  of  asking  that  church  to 
go  through  the  form  of  seeming  to  choose  that  man  ?  Is  it  not  more  of  the 
nature  of  a  legal  ficti<m,  a  stratagem  —  shall  we  say  a  sham  ?  —  than 
of  the  simplicity  of  the  gospel  ?  Why  not  far  better  do  precisely  and 
openly  the  Uiing  we  mean  than  to  pretend  doing  something  else  ? " 
Moreover,  the  plan  proposed  would  often  necessitate  the  calling  of  a  church 
upon  councils  in  whose  object  and  work  it  could  have  none  but  the  remot- 
est interest,  and  'might  require  the  appointment  of  the  same  delegate  to 
nine  out  of  every  ten,  or  ninety-nine  out  of  every  hundred  of  the  councils 
in  which  it  should  be  called  to  participate,  thus  depriving  the  lay-mem- 
bership of  the  privilege,  and  releasing  them  from  the  duty,  of  attendance 
upon  these  bodies.    If  a  minister  without  a  local  pastoral  charge  chances 


258  OldJBpUaph.  [Ajiril, 

to  be  in  such  a  position  tluii  for  any  reason  his  presence  is  desired  on  s 
great  miyoritj  of  the  cooncils  convened  throughout  a  wide  extent  d 
oountrj,  and  the  waj  taken  to  secure  it  must  be  the  invitation  of  the 
church  of  which  he  is  a  member,  with  a  request  thai  he  be  appmnted  ai 
delegate,  thus  practicallj  excluding  all  other  members  of  that  church  from 
going,  he  must  be  a  man  of  singular  sensibilities  if  he  does  not  refuse 
to  go  altogether. 

The  truth  is,  no  principle  of  Congregationalism,  and  oertainlj  no  prin- 
ciple of  common  sense,  requires  that  when  a  man's  presence  on  a  conndl 
is  desirable,  we  should  resort  to  an  indefinite  amount  of  ^  red  tape  **  and 
to  quesUonable  infringements  of  the  prerogatiyes  of  the  churches  in  the 
matter  of  appointing  delegates  in  order  to  secure  it  The  true  waj,  tfai 
straightforward  and  Ck)ngregational  way,  is  that  in  which  the  good  sensi 
of  the  churches  has  already  led  and  established  them. 

Aside  from  its  views  on  the  points  discussed,  the  (Connecticut  Report  ii 
worthy  of  all  praise  for  the  deamess  and  justness  of  its  statements  o 
Congregational  prindples.  Its  protest  against  the  growing  tendency  ti 
call  churches  of  other  denominations  on  installing  councils,  its  denial  ol 
the  right  of.  a  council  to  add  to  its  number  even  by  inviting  ministen 
present  to  sit  as  corresponding  members,  and  its  discussion  of  the  questioi 
of  a  quorum,  are  specially  timely,  and  as  a  whole,  with  the  exoeptiou 
indicated,  it  is  a  valuable  contribution  to  our  denominational  literature.* 


Great  Sarak^s  Faith;  joined  with  Good  Hannah's  Prayer; 
For  Hearing  of  the  Word^  glad  Marias  Care; 
AgedEWzsiheth'sfufilValh;  To  dwell 
Mgh  Prophets,  a  true  Shunamitijh  Zeal; 
An  Humble  Soul,  join'd  wUh  an  High  Neglect 
Of  Gay  Things,  but  with  Ancient  Glories  deck't; 
All  thefe  expired  at  once  /    Arrc^'*d  with  Them, 
Our  HULDAH  'S  gone  to  Goo^s  Jenifalem ; 
Without  a  Figure>,  with  her  LaR  Breath 
Shoe  Triumphed  o'er  that  Holophemes,  DEATH. 
Perfect  in  Thoughts,  Words,  Deeds,  Shefoars  on  hig^^ 
Paforming  what  her  Name  didfignifie* 

Epitaph.    1695. 
•  See  Editon'  Table  for  remaiks  upon  this  article. 


1869.]  Pretident  Edwards  a$  a  Brfarmer.  869 


PRESIDENT  EDWARDS  AS  A  REFORMER.* 

The  New  York  Tribnne,  in  a  notioe  of  Holmes's  '*  Goardian  Angel,'' 
objected  to  the  psjchologj  of  the  wittf  and  imaginatiTe  free-thinker  as 
ODt  of  place  in  fiction,  and  as  a  style  of  researches  in  morbid  mental  anat- 
omy ^  not  sought  for  by  novel-readers  in  generaL**  ^  Or  *  adds  the  Tri- 
banei  ^  if  they  have  a  taste  for  theological  metaphysics,  they  prefer  to 
gratify  the  odd  passion  by  diving  into  the  profundities  of  Edwards  and 
Hopkins,  instead  of  skimming  the  surface  in  the  fancies  of  light  literature." 
We  wish  the  latter  part  of  these  observations  was  in  any  wise  as  true  as 
the  former  part  The  meagre  issues  of  the  writings  of  these  mighty  think- 
ers do  not  go  far  to  prove  it  The  time  that  elapsed  between  the  Worces- 
ter edition  of  President  Edwards's  Woiks  and  the  New  York  edition  of 
Messrs.  Leavitt  and  Trow,  and  between  this  and  its  reissue  by  Robert 
^Garter  and  Brothers  last  year,  does  not  argue  that  the  number  of  readers 
and  students  is  as  large  as  might  be  expected  in  the  land  where  produc- 
tions of  such  value  and  power  first  saw  the  light  We  suspect  that  the  novel- 
readers  who  have  ''a  taste  for  theological  metaphysics"  will  be  found 
resorting  rather  to  the  pages  of  Buckle  and  Stuart  Mill,  to  the  Westmin- 
ster Review,  and  kindred  publications.  * 

The  Messrs.  Carter  show  their  usual  good  judgment  as  to  the  worth  of 
what  shall  employ  their  presses,  by  republishing  Edwiutb.    Their  edition 
has  all  the  excellences  of  that  of  Worcester  and  the  previous  New  York 
One,  with  the  advantage  of  a  modernized  exterior.    It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
this,  or  some  other  house  of  equal  standing,  will  erelong  give  us  an  ade- 
quately complete  edition.    Mr.  Grosart  —  whose  Selections  are  dedicated 
to  Professor  Veitch,  one  of  the  editors  of  Hamilton's  Metaphysics  and 
Xx>gic,  now  Professor  at  Glasgow,  and  who  congratulates  his  "brother 
Scots,"  the  Carter  Brothers,  on  having  done  *^  more  for  the  higher  theo- 
lo^cal  literature  of  America  than  perhaps  any  other  American  publishers  " 
- —  has  made  up  one  hundred  and  twenty  pages  (out  of  his  two  hundred 
and  nine)  from  President  Edwards's  **  Miscellaneous  Observations  on  the 
Holy  Scriptures."    These  are  taken  from  his  interleaved  Bible,  —  for- 

*  •  1.  The  Works  of  Pbbbidbiit  Edwabim,  in  Four  Volnmei,  widli  Vtlnsble  Addi* 
tkmt  mnd  a  copiooi  Geoenl  Index,  and  m  Complete  Index  of  Scripture  Texts.  New 
York :  Robert  Carter  and  Brothers.    1868.    (The  last  named  Index  is  new.) 

S.  Selections  from  the  Unpnblbhed  Writings  of  Johatban  Edwabdb  of  America. 
Edited  from  the  Original  MSS.,  with  Facsimiles  and  an  Introdaction.  By  the  Bbv. 
Albxandbb  B.  Gbobabt,  Kinross,  Scotland.  Printed  for  Frirate  Circulation.  (Three 
Hondred  Copies.)    pp.  209. 


260  Pruident  Edward»  a$  a  Reformer.  [i^iril, 

inerly  the  property  of  Benjanyn  Pieipont,  —  which  seems  to  have  oome 
into  the  Presidents  possession  while  he  was  pastor  at  Northampton,  in 
1748.  Seven  pages  of  sudi  '^Observations''  are  contained  in  the  Ameri- 
oau  editions  of  his  works**  and  of  these  five  comments  are  included  in  Mr. 
C«rosart*s  three  hundred  and  more.  In  the  Edinburgh  edition  of  Mr.  Robert 
i)gle  there  are  three  hundred  and  ninetj-seven  pages  of  other  ^  Notes  on 
the  Uible.**  The  old  Bible  from  which  all  these  annotations  were  taken 
was  iu  the  hands  of  one  of  President  Edwards's  grandchildren  till 
t^U)  -■  ok\  wheu  this  and  other  MSSw  were  committed  to  Rev.  Trjon 
fetdviards,  i>.  L>.«  of  New  London,  Connecticut,  as  "  sole  permanent  trustee." 
Mr.  V.^le'»  oditioa  contains  also  a  treadae  on  *^  Types  of  the  Messiah,"  with 
''  Mi8k.vlIaueous  ObservadottSv**  and  Seventeen  Occasional  Sermons,  which 
AH,^m  10  have  been  drawn  £roai  the  other  MSS.  The  only  new  matter 
given  to  the  world  by  the  '^penmnent  tmstee"  is  the  treatise  on  ^  Charity 
aiid  its  Fi-uits***  etc.  ^  Mr.  Grosart  prints^  in  addition,  eight  unpublished 
«eruious  ou  The  Right  Way  to  Heaven.  Scripture  a  Revelation,  Peace 
with  ^.ivkU  F^ul  before  Felix,  and  Noah's  Preaching  to  the  Spirits  in 
l\u!ion.  *'  The  great  mass  of  the  Edwards  MSS^"  he  says,  *^  consists  of  his 
sienuoii^  Fnmi  among  these  a  noble  volume  might  be  gathered,  that  is, 
of  fully  written  out  and  magnificent  discourses;  and  another  of  equal 
weight  and  value,  consisting  of  select  passages  from  those  less  perfect,  and, 
<M  a  iffk{4^y  of  ordinary  type,  together  with  what  clerics  know  as  '  skele- 
toiw'  or  ^sketches,'  —  many  of  them  mammoth  boned."  Mr.  Grosart 
given,  biv^idos,  a  discriminating  paper  of  two  and  a  half  pages^  entitled 
««  Pirevtions  for  Judging  of  Persons'  Experiences,"  and  a  treatise  on  Grace, 
ill  thrive  chapters,  filling  thirty-seven  pages.  %  He  **  had  intended  adding 
H|ieeintons,  with  fac-similes,  of  the  original  MSS.  of  the  treatise  on  the 
Will ;  but  a  critical  examination  of  the  MSS.  has  revealed  such  valuable 

•  Vol.  UI.  pp.  547-553.  Mr.  Ogl«'t  "Notet"  we  hare  no  opportunity  now  to 
vAMiuiiM. 

t  l*ubHiihed  in  this  coantrj  and  in  England. 

\  K>i  iUIh  treatise  he  says :  "I  maj  hare  the  nsnal  bias  of  a  discoTerer  and  editor. 
Uut  I  ithaU  be  surprised  if  this  treatise  do  not  at  once  take  rank  with  its  kindred  one,  on 
*  Tho  Iteligioos  Aflfecdons.'  There  is  in  it,  I  think,  the  massire  aigumentation  of  his 
jfreut  work  on  '  The  Will';  bat  there  is,  in  addition,  a  fineness  of  spiritnal  insight,  a 
huHy  tMvor  not  untinged  with  the  pathetic  '  frenzy '  of  the  English  Mystics,  as  of  Peter 
Suu-ry  and  Archbishop  Leighton,  and  —  especially  toward  the  close — a  raptorons  ex- 
ulutkui  iu  the  '  excellency  and  loveliness '  of  God,  a  ghw  in  iteration  of  the  wonder 
lUttl  bi'AUty  and  blessedness  of  Divine  Love,  and  a  splendor  of  assertion  of  the  claims, 
w  i*»  ii|»eak,  of  God  the  Holy  Spirit,  which  it  would  bo  difficult  to  over-estimate."  It  is 
hMUl^  to  be  expected  that  this  treatise  will  take  the  rank  this  disciple  of  Sb:  William 
HiUMiltou  anticipates,  so  long  as  it  is  locked  up  in  a  "  private  "  edition  of  three  hnndred 
cv^  viily  two  of  which,  we  are  told,  ore  in  the  United  Sutes,  one  of  them  being  the 
.cif>>  iH»w  lying  before  us. 


1809.]  JPrtfiAad  Bdwardi  as  a  R^firmer.  26l 

•  » 

^mpMiiMl  maienabj  mSk  remarluible  QnooTorii^  of  the  processes  of 
ihmt  masteMx^oky  such  saggestiTe  studies,  and  sadi  jottingp-dowiiy  at  the 
moliient,  of  pfofontid  thinldog  and  speculation,  under  the  heading  of  'Tlie 
Ifind,'  as  shooM  hr  exceed  bnr  limits.'* 

Gkimething  more  than  a  fU9  edition  of  the  warb  of  Edwards  is  needed. 
A  %]egniphj  fitmi  some  skilful  and  impartial  hand  is  laddng^ — a  genuine 
wbA  fifelike  biographj,  written  not  in  the  interest  of  any  theological  par^, 
bsl  in  the  interests  <^the  ISstory  of  IXxstrine  and  of  Uie  Puritan  piety  of 
Aineriea, — such  a  biography^  for  fblness,  graphie  power,  and  exhaustive 
r^ivoducdon  of  the  man  and  his  times,  as  we  have  of  Hopkins  and  of 
Bmmons. '  Mr.  Grosart  reserves  the  letters  of  Edwards  whidi  he  has  ob- 
tained, ^and  others  expected,  for  his  *  Life,*  one  day  to  be  written.**    He 
acMa,  *  I  possess  already  priceless  and  hitherto  unknown  materials  for  a 
nmtfay  Hography.**    As  he  intimates  that,  after  **the  deplorable  dvil  war,** 
m  ^oomplete  ooQective  edition  of  the  works  may  be  achieved  under  the 
jolBi  editorship  of  the  above  Rev.  Dr.  Tryoii  Edwards  and  myself,**  we 
fnftr  that  he  purposes  to  attempt  himself  the  biography.    It  will  be  a  last- 
ing disgrace  if  this  is  done  by  any  other  than  the  most  competent  Ameneam 
h$miL    The  **  Congregationalist**  (November  28, 1867)  says :  «  There  are 
xMlerlala  for  a  much  fuller  and  juster  memoir,  while  the  hand  of  a  com- 
petent editor  would  be  of  immense  value  in  annotating  many  of  his  treatises, 
m&ating  the  drift  of  the  times  in  which  he  lived,  in  connection  with  his 
productions,  and  pointing  out  the  exact  relation  between  him  and  the  great 
men  among  whom  he  moved,  and  with  many  of  whom  he  argued.    It  is 
matter  of  common  rumor  that  certain  parties  who  have  the  custody  of  a 
portkm  of  the  Edwardean  manuscripts  stand  in  the  way  of  such  an  edition 
of  the  remains  of  this  great  and  good  man  as  the  needs  of  the  age  and  his 
own  fiune  demand.    If  this  be  so,  we  trust  the  not  dbtant  future  will  see 
them  persuaded  to  overcome  all  reluctance.** 

A  century  and  a  half  ago  religion  in  America  had  need  of  men  of 
great  mental  and  moral  power.  The  heroic  purpose  and  saintly  devotion 
of  the  primitive  Puritan  epoch  had  departed.  Nearly  a  century  had 
elapsed  since  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims.  Three  generations  had  passed 
off  the  stage  of  life.  The  spirit  of  the  country  was  surprisingly  ahered 
fnNB  what  it  had  been  in  the  days  of  Elder  Brewster  and  Oovemor  Win- 
throp.  ^The  gold  had  become  dim  and  the  most  fine  gold  changed.'* 
Faithful  ministers  —  such  still  there  were  —  spoke  of  the  people  of  the 
Colonies  as  the  ^  degenerate  plant  of  a  strange  vine."  Torrey,  of  Wey- 
mouth, wrote  in  1683  :  ^  Already  a  great  death  upon  religion;  little  more 
left  than  a  name."  Willard,  of  Boston,  said :  ^  Few  thorough  conver- 
aions.**    The  pamphlet  entitled  '*  Old  Men's  Tears  for  their  Dedensions,** 

IIEW  8EBIB8.  —  TOL.  I.  NO.  2.  18 


S62  President  JSdwardi  a$  a  Brfarmer.  [A| 

puUisbed  m  1691|*  has  the  foUowing:  **  How  are  oar  ohordiet  reec 
from  their  fint  principles  I  **  ^  What  is  become  of  the  jurimitiye  seal,  pi 
and  holjr  heat?**  He  bemoans  the  loss  of  the  **  dailj  care  of  readi 
among  the  "first  colonists,  their  ^  instructing  their  fiunilies  from  the  Sc 
tures,  their  charity  and  bowels  to  each  other."  The  Beibrming  Sji 
which  met  at  Boston  September,  1679,  after  a  general  fast,  set  forth, 
solenm  testimonj  addressed  to  the  ^  Greneral  Court,"  thirteen  diief  cai 
of  the  withdrawal  of  God's  favor,  the  first  of  which  was  *^  a  great 
visible  decay  of  the  power  of  godliness  in  the  churches,"  ^  heart  apoa 
from  God.''  Other  causes  given  were  pride,  neglect  of  chorch  duties,  ] 
fanity,  Sabbath-breaking,  want  of  truth,  promise-breaking,  slanders, 
fniitfttlness  under  the  means  of  grace,  opposition  to  reform,  a  private  i 
seeking  (against  public  spirit),  inordinate  passions,  and  want  of  fiu 
government.  From  M»  kuit  the  testimony  is,  most  of  the  abounding  i 
had  arisen.  Contentions  in  State  and  Church  are  also  referred  to^ ' 
inordinate  a£Pecdon  unto  the  worid,  ^  rdigum  madt  suUervieni  wUo  wot 
ifUereUSf^  intemperance,  indoding  **  the  heathenish  and  idolatrous  prM 
of  health-drinking,"  apd  heinoos  breaches  of  the  seventh  commanda 
It  appears  also  that,  notwithstanding  laws  of  half  a  century's  stan 
against  slavery,  negroes,  mulattoes,  and  Indians  were  enslaved,  and  < 
Irishmen  sold  for  a  term  of  years  into  involuntary  servitude.  There  ^ 
men  so  &r  gone  as  to  hold  that  the  Bible  sanctioned  it  Cotton  lis 
says  that,  though  *^  there  was  still  more  of  true  religion  and  a  lai^ger  i 
ber  of  the  strictest  saints  in  this  country  than  in  any  other,"  the  ^  pc 
began  notoriously  to  forget  (their)  errand  into  the  wilderness."  He  n 
to  '^  an  enormous  number  of  drinking-houses  "  in  Boston.  **  Their  i 
lively  thirBtings  and  pantings  alter  God  and  his  ways,"  says  Scoti 
pamphlet,  were  ^  metamorphosed  into  Land  and  Trade  breathings." 
sons  have  been  assigned  for  this  dedine,  which  are  irrelevant.  ^  The  I 
Engbmd  History,"  so  called,  f  gives  these  two :  ^  1.  The  mind  cannot 
iinue  in  an  exalted  state.  2.  There  was  no  outside  pressure ;  no  lo 
persecuted,  of  course  disdpline  relaxed."  To  which  it  is  an  obvious  t 
that  a  relaxed  church  discipline,  though  a  secondary  cause,  was  in  the 
instance  an  effect  of  the  decay  of  piety ;  and  again  the  mind  of  that 
oration,  a  centuiy  afler  the  Landing,  had  never  been  in  an  exalted  i 
The  real  ultimate  causes  of  the  decline  were  such  as  these :  The  age 
everywhere  irreligious.  In  England,  the.  restorati<m  of  the  Stuarts  am 
re-establishment  of  the  Episcopal  Church  had  been  followed  by  the  i 

*  By  A  layman,  Josboa  Scottow,  a  respectable  merchant,  wbo  died  in  169S,  and 
also  wrote  and  pablished  a  '^  Norrathre  of  the  Planting  of  the  Massachosetts  Col< 
printed  in  Boston,  "  at  the  sign  of  the  Bible,  orer  against  ihe  Blew  Anchor." 

t  By  Charles  W.  Elliott.    New  York,  C.  Scribner,  1867.    2  Vols.   pp.  479 


pnlHXj  ioqpQiilaoii  of  tlM  Bodb  of  Cbo^^ 

f  dKfwnliBg  "  worgfcip  hjlbicei  the  ^telijOiuidtbo  peneootiimof  two  tboo^ 
m9fi  FvkMi  siDiilyMQir  iafdnding  muk  mmk  of  duunioler  a»  Baxter,  Horn, 
Chsmocky  MdLOveiu  Forty  yoom  tho  eajm  of  Chriit  ia  Eogtend  ktid 
gmBDfid.  sader  lbii»  Mostcif  tho  ^fedod  miDiston--*the  vory  flover  of 
BDffUtktkty-^imAiifA  Butor,  altDOit a  WhMeU  iii Ae  p^il,  oimoet 
Jtt  Sdwaxda  k  Ut  thookigioid  wofflu^*  had  doee^^  I^wenakMM 

idboQft  tho  anccoapQii  to  the  thiooe  oocapiad  the  EngjOsh  mind*  Oa  the 
Oaitiaenty  ^pestipps  of  loligioa  had  loti  l^helr  importanoey  first  with  the 
ktttes  of  aociely*  then  with  the  people*  jUNaaeea  and  wars  drank  cqi  the 
eoeiiU  of  iiatifma»  Jn  Soothuuly  as  earlj  as  llOQ^  tte  General  Assembly 
of  the  Eorfc  appobted  a  natknud  fiist  in  oonseqiieDee  of  ^  cootbned  nnfiuth- 
fchmss  to  Qodf  eotwitetaading  solemn  oofenaots  aadengagemmita*''  In 
1786^  Ksbop  Botler  wrote  in  the  <<  Adrertisemient"  to  his  winalogy:  "*  It 
is  taken  bt  gianted  by.  many  that  Christianity  is  nol  so  mudi  as  a  subject 
Sm  wqmrj^  (he  had, been  twen^  years  writing  his  IxxA),  ^'an  agreed 
pojai-anoi^  aQ  people  of  diseemmeot^  The  irreUgion  abroad  was  not 
withoQl  e&et  this  side  the  oeean.  Mather^  writing  as  an  historian,  says : 
^Xho  4*nrtianniients  of  the  world  cansed.tbe  risiag .generatien  to  neg^ 
tto  primitiTe  designs  and  interests  of  religion  prqioanded  by  thw  ftthera." 
Imaugraticm  had  also  changed  socie^/  Some  of  the  baeest  of  men  had 
cone  over  to  the  Colonies.  Not  one  quarter  of  the  peopie  of  New  £ng« 
land,  when  the  dghteenth  century  opened,  belonged  to  the  Puritan 
chnrehee*  From  some  mistakes  of  the  fiuhers,  too,  the  children  suficred. 
Iho  witch  qpidemie  of  1692  had  swept  the  Colonies  with  a  tempest  of 
smnn.  Cotton  Mather  endeavored  to  use  it  for  the  rdigious  quickening 
of  the  people^  but  the  attempt  fiuled,  and  reacted  upon  religion  as  well 
as  open  him.  Of  all  mistakes,  however,  the  greatest  was  the  union  of 
Cfanroh  and  States  The  towns  at  first  levied  taxes  to  support  religion. 
CSburob-memben  alone,  on  the  other  hand,  could  vote  in  towupmeetings. 
A,  qvairter  of  a  century  more,  and  this  had  passed  away.  Southward  the 
Baton  lingered  longer.  Episoopacy  was  the  state  reMgion  in  Virginia  till 
1766^— "three  years  befiM^  the  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the 
Umted  States  against  a  national  establishment  of  religion.  One  oonse- 
qaenoe  of  this  arrangement  everywhere  and  always  is,  that  a  church-stand- 
ng  is  made  a  stepping-stone  to  civil  preferment  Men  ^  qualify  **  for  office 
by  partaking  of  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper.  Of  course  with  men 
who  came  to  the  Lcud's  table  for  nothing  else,  it  became  a  mockery.  Even 
as  late  as  1737  John  Wesley  was  prosecuted  in  a  Georg^  court  for  de- 
barrmg  a  person  from,  the  Supper.    It  was  a  sodal  and  civil  ii\jury.    In 

*  "  The  keenest  logicisn  in  Europe  for  the  last  three  centories."  —  Dixa's  Week* 
Day  Scnaont. 


264  Pruident  XdwarJb  a$  a  B^farmer.  [April, 

some  coantries,  non-eommnnicmits  were  still  liable  to  pebs  tnd  petudtieSi 
In  others,  the  dergyman  who  reftued  to  administer  was  exposed  to  a  smt 
at  law.  At  Ursty  in  New  England,  when  inreHgioQs  men  were  few,  and  pielj 
was  high-toned  and  strict,  the  evils  of  the  anion  were  not  felt  The  State 
may  have  sufiered  from  it,  bat  the  Chnrch  escaped.  When  piety  dedined, 
however,  the  chorehes  began  to  saffer.  Unconverted  men  crept  into  them. 
Next  it  was  deemed  a  hardship  that  the  conditions  of  chareh-membership 
should  be  so  rigoroos  and  disooaraging.  Since  the  worldly  interests  of  so 
many  depended  on  a  chardi-etanding^  and  they  were  idthoat  heart-piety 
to  go  upon,  it  was  urged  that  less  should  be  required.  In  1669,  a  synod 
decided  that  persons  then^ves  baptized  in  infency,  and  not  scandaloos  in 
life,  though  yet  unrenewed,  might  have  their  children  baptised,  thus  partly 
opening  the  door  of  the  diurch  to  the  unconverted.  This  was  the  *  EUf- 
way  Covenant"  in  germ.  Not  long  after,  the  idea  was  advanced  that  eon- 
version  is  not  a  necessary  qualification  for  the  L(Hnf s  Supper,  bat  the 
sacrament  is  itself  a  converting  ordinance.  Tlus  was  the  ^  Half-way 
Covenant"  gone  to  seed.  It  threw  the  door  wide  open.  Unregenerate 
men  and  women  now  flocked  into  the  churches.  Conversions  ceased.  A 
little  conviction  and  some  concern  for  the  soul's  interests  were  all  tt«it 
many  experienced  before  joining  the  Church.  Oncie  in  the  fold,  it  was  im- 
possible to  arouse  them  to  any  deeper  work  in  the  heart  They  dared  to 
believe  that,  if  anything  more  was  needed,  the  means  of  grace  woald  in 
due  time,  without  particular  attention  on  tlieir  part,  accomplish  it  The 
distinction  between  the  Church  and  the  World  disappeared.  Chnrch  dis- 
dpline  fell  prostrate,  for  unrenewed  members  would  not  call  others  to 
account  for  ungodly  living.  Thus,  in  one  hundred  years,  the  very  things 
the  Puritans  perilled  their  lives  for  overtook  their  churches.  They  had 
differed  from  the  nominally  Christian  world  teaching  the  exdusion  of  all 
but  those  evidently  bom  again  from  Christian  fellowship.  ^  The  admiasloa 
of  the  scandalous  to  the  sacraments,  with  the  almost  entire  refusal  of 
discipline,"  says  Prince,  ^  were  the  causes  of  their  separating  from  the 
Church  of  England."  Into  the  same  pit  from  which  the  fethers  oooe 
escaped  the  children  had  now  fallen.  Truth  lost  its  power  over  men's  con- 
sdences.  Good  works  preparatory  to  conversion,  —  the  works  of  men  who 
were  not  themselves  good  in  the  sight  of  God,  and  performed  without  the 
promptings  of  grace,  were  believed  in.  The  ministry  was  in  part  com- 
posed,of  men  who  knew  not  a  radical  change  of  heart  towards  God,  and  it 
was  contended  that  they  might  lawfully  perform  certain  sacred  fonctiona. 
This,  too,  had  been  one  of  the  very  grounds  of  the  Puritan  separation  from 
the  English  Episcopal  body.  Conversion  was  declared  to  be  an  impercep- 
tible change,  and  the  decisive  testimony  of  individual  consdousnesa  as  to 
its  experience  was  discouraged.    Repentance  was  postponed  as  an  anim- 


1869.]  PrendaU  Edwardi  oi  a  Brformar.  265 


portaDt  matter.  The  idea  of  daoger  to  the  aoul  began  to  be  ettentnvely 
dabelieTed  ia  and  ridicaled.  ^The  growing  kxnese  of  moralsy'*  says 
Ihie7»  *^  invaded  the  ehurehesy  and  yet  never  perhaps  had  the  expectation 
eC  roaching  heaven  at  U»t  been  more  general  or  more  confident"  ^  The 
jOQBg  wane  abandoning  themselves  to  fiivoBljy  and  to  amnsements  of 
daoferoos  tendency,  and  par^  spirit  was  prodadng  its  nalnral  froit  among 
the  old.'' 

.  One  hundred  and  uxty*five  jrears  ago,  on  the  fifth  day  of  the  New  Eng- 
land October,  in  a  little  hilly  village  on  the  Connecticut  lUver,  was  bom  the 
honored  and  saintly  man  who  was  God's  chief  instroment  of  all  bom  in  this 
land  for  revernng  this  sorrowful  state  of  things  and  restoring  prosperity  to 
our  American  Sion.  God's  ridiest  donation  to  that  age  was  his  Christian 
eharacter  and  his  public  labors.  One  'such  man  as  Jonathan  Edwards  is 
suflkient  alone  to  redeem  the  Aation,  the  Churdi,  the  age  to  which  he  be- 
longed.  He  was  the  associate  while  living  of  the  most  eminent  American 
■unisters  and  Christians,  the  correspondent  of  the  best  and  wisest  men 
abroad,  the  friend  of  such  persons  as  Dr«  Isaac  Watts  and  George  Whitefield, 
and  John  Erskine,  of  Edinburgh.  His  death  was  lam^ted  by  the  piety  of 
America,  England,  Scotland,  and  Holland,  as  that  of  no  other  in  our  annals 
has  ever  been.  He  wfts  the  first  American  to  command  by  his  arguments 
and  opinions  the  attention  of  Protestant  Christendom.  He  is  still  first  in  the 
extent  to  which  he  commands  it.  He  was  the  eldest  of  all  the  giants  who 
ushered  in  our  Revblutionary  epoch,  —  dying  eighteen  years  before  the  Dec- 
kration  of  Independence, — and  intellectually  greater  than  any  of  them.  He 
was  bora  three  years  before  Franklin,  thirty-three  years  before  Washington. 
He  gave  America  that  rank  in  the  religious  world  which  Washington  gave 
it  in  patriotic  statesmanship  and  Franklin  in  philosophy.  When  at  the  age 
of  twenty-eight  he  first  preached  in  Boston  before  an  association  of  minis- 
tees,  public  thanks  were  offered  to  the  Great  Head  of  the  Church  for  rais- 
ing up  so  great  a  teacher.  He  took  at  once  the  place  amongst  thinkers 
which  on  the  other  continent  is  yielded  to  Bacon,  and  the  rank  in  sanctity 
which  is  awarded  to  F^nelon.  A  Scottish  contemporary  pronounced  him 
the  greatest  divine  in  Britain  or  her  colonies.  A  secular  criticism  terms 
him  ^  the  first  man  of  the  world  during  the  second  quarter  of  the  eighteenth 
oentury."  The  North  British  Review  speaks  of  his  works  as  '^  the  only 
eonsiderable  literary  monument  of  American  Puritanism."  Dr.  Chalmers 
lias  pointed  him  out  as  an  unexampled  combination  ^  of  the  profoundly  in- 
tellectual with  the  devotedly  spiritual,"  —  an  instance  of  '*  the  most  -rare 
and  beautiful  harmony  between  the  simplicity  of  the  Christian  pastor  and 
the  strength  and  prowess  of  a  giant  in  philosophy."  The  Quarterly  Review 
affirmed  that  there  was  almost  everything  ^  in  the  intellectual  charac^r, 
the  devout  habits,  and  the  long  practice  of  this  powerful  reasoner,  to  bring 


264 


Praidait  BttioarSa  a»  a  S; 


■itOaVaV 

In  othen,  the  clergy  man  wbo  refiued  to  *dari*L 

at  law.   At  tint,  in  New  England,  when  irt«II|^i 

wan  high-toned  and  strict,  the  evils  of  the  mtei 

may  have  snSered  from  it,  hut  the  Charch  oHai 

however,  the  chnrches  began  to  soffer.    UBflbD' 

Next  it  WHB  deemed  a  hardship  that  the  oondi* 

Bhould  be  so  rigoroos  and  discouraging;    Sin 

many  depended  on  a  chnrdh-standing,  and'tl' 

to  go  apon,  it  was  urged  that  leas  abooIA^fe  .. 

dedded  that  persons  thenwelTes  baptisod  la.'- 

lifo,  though  yet  unrenewed,  might  have  Atf^ 

opening  the  door  of  the  church  to  the  iMBrt.y_ 

way  Covenant "  in  germ.     Not  long  sftife^^ 

veruon  is  not  a  neoessaiy  qDaliflcatfato*^^^^ 

sacrament  is   itself  a  converting       — "^ 

Coreoont"  gone  to  seed.    It  threw 

men  and  women  now  flocked  into 

little  conviction  and  some  concern 

many  experienced  before  joining  tbsO< 

possible  to  aronse  them  to  any  doofer 

believe  that,  if  anything  more  waa  if 

due  time,  without  particular  attentkli 

distinclion  between  the  Church  aa<4l 

cipline  fell  prostrate,  for  nnrenewfl 

account  for  ungodly  living. 

the  Puritans  perilled  their  livea 

difiered  from  the  nominally 

but  those  evidently  bom  again 

of  the  scandalous  to  the 

discipline,"  says  Prince,  " 

Church  of  England."     Into 

escaped  the  children  had  now 

sdences.     Good  works 

were  not  themselves  good  in 

promptings  of  grace,  were 

posed.of  men  who  knew  not  a- 

was  contended  that  they  mMfcy 

This,  too,  had  been  one  of  tl^fF* 

the  English  Episcopal  bod^.  "^ 

tible  change,  and  the  ~ 

its  experience  was 


I  lower 
God, 


^nts,a 
•eor« 


I  iM}« 


1  ^    sgo  docs 

•^xtmdc 

rinnDeorid 

!<iinn  mind. 

I -lit,  October  5^ 

i  '>H,  at  the  age  of 

[imothy  EdwaH^ 

I  nn  of  COUDJdenible 

1  bis  len  daughters 

'  .lory  for  college,  (o- 

rcBorted  to  Windsor. 

('  nearly  ninety.     Six 

itier,  nt  nlinnt  t\w  ataoe 

■iiool  in  the  Connecticut 

la  seventeen.    The  first 

year  before  his  birth  at 

I  at  different  Umtts  at  Kll,^ 

I,  and  Saybrook,  nt  tho  o 

"ly  t&osen  inslructors. 

ufOo  A[oi 


■y 


as  a  M^imner.  267 


Mien  abroad  as  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  Sir 

:  was  little  cared  for  at  home.    While 

removed  to  New  Haven,  enriched  by 

the  East  India  Company  of  Lond<m  in 

of  Yale  College  bestowed  upon  it,  and 

•1  to  forty.    There  were  no  theological 

lii^refore,  remi^ned  at  the  college  two  years 

:  y.    He  was  then  invited  by  the  English  and 

Vork  City  to  become  their  minister.    It  was 

there,  as  it  continued  to  be  till  thirty  years 

'  made  upon  his  pupil  and  friend.  Dr.  Bellamy. 

!;j:ht  months,  but  the  feebleness  and  difficulties 

"^  is  settlement    The  bulk  of  those  Presbyterians 

^^  for  a  generation,  till  long  after  he,  under  God, 

**^  -Ai  tion  on  the  subject,  against  requiring  experimental 

^  1 1  u  rch  communion.    Other  churches  called  him,  but 

•?  tutor  in  college,  where  he  remained  two  years. 
Northampton,  Massachusetts,  then  invited  him  to  be- 
his  grandfather,  the  venerable  Solomon  Stoddard, 
:  s  of  age,  and  in  the  fifty-eighth  year  of  his  ministry. 
npton  a  young  man  of  twenty-four,  and  remained  till 
:,  —  twenty-three  years.    Remarkable  revivals  attested 
i  o{  his  ministry.    He  was  enabled  to  arrest  there  that 
NL'W  England  piety  which  I  have  sketched.    After  nearly 
iitury  of  useful  and  honored  fidelity  to  his  work,  his  bold- 
■  •^  immoral  practices,  and  especially  the  circulation  of  ob- 
>ung  the  young,  gave  offience  to  some  of  the  people.    He 
Ay  too,  the  Half-way  Covenant,  and  the  admission  of  unre- 
ins  to  ehurch  ordinances.*    Unregenerate  church-members 
iicTs  therefore  resisted  him.    The  town  was  thrown  into  an 
The  people  would  not  consent  to  his  maintaining  his  views 
ilpit  out  of  the  Scriptures.     For  half  a  century  the  opposite 
1  been  upheld  among  them  by  his  colleague  and  grandfather, 
.  one  of  the  best  of  men.    Edwards  appointed  special  lectures  for 
.<  )u  and  exposition.    They  would  not  go  to  hear  them.     He  printed 
ires.     His  reasonings  settled  the  question  is  dispute.    No  evangel- 
tor  or  church  would  now  entertain  for  a  moment  the  views  he  over- 

ic  true  principle  of  church-fellowship  had  been  declared  by  the  synod  at  Cam- 
in  1648, — "  profession  of  faith  and  repentance/'  and  "  blameless  obedience  to  the 
1  " ;  bot  this  idea  of  a  church  constitution  had  wellnigh  fiillen  into  disuse  in  New 
and,  when  Edwards  rediscovered  it  by  a  patient  and  prayerfhl  itndj  of  the  Scrip- 
"  ^Dx.  J.  P.  Thompson  in  BiUiotheca  Sacra,  October,  1861. 


268  PreiidmU  JEdward$  a$  a  jBffomer.  [A|iril, 


threw.  But  his  people  would  not  read  the  book.  Hifl  eouaiD,  lli\jor 
Joseph  Hawleji  a  young  man  of  twenty-one,  half  his  years,  led  the  factious 
and  violent  opposition.  «Two  years  the  storm  raged.  In  1750  the  re- 
nowned pastor  was  dismissed.  Seven  years  afterward  he  addressed  the 
man  who  had  chiefly  iiyured  him  in  a  letter  — -  one  of  his  last  prodoctioiis 
*-  which  for  calm,  plain,  honest,  miyesUc  argument,  for  minted  meekness 
and  terrible  demonstration  of  sin,  is  not  the  least  eztraordinarjr  amoi^  the 
fruits  of  his  wonderful  mind.*  Hawley  repented,  and  published  in  a  Bos- 
ton weekly,  three  years  after,  an  humble  confession  of  his  contentious,  self- 
sufficient,  bitter,  and  criminal  course.  Edwards  removed  to  the  mission 
among  the  Indians  at  Stockbridge,  and  labored  seven  years.  EUs  greatest 
works  were  written  after  this  great  and  sore  trial  in  this  humble  retreat 
He  was  called  thence  to  the  Presidency  of  Nassau  Hall  at  Princeton,  to 
succeed  his  son-in-law,  Bev.  Aaron  Burr ;  resided  there  two  months,  and, 
after  a  brief  illness,  closed  his  life.  Perfect  submission  and  exalted  trust 
in  God  marked  his  last  hours. 

Edwards  was  chosen  of  God  for  a  great  twofold  work  of  reform. 

He  was  an  emineni  theologieal  rrfarmerm  The  Puritan  movement  in  OM 
England,  and  in  New  England,  was  practical  rather  than  doctrinaL  It 
grew  out  of  certain  abuses  in  the  Church  of  England.  It  did  not  coocem 
itself  with  the  philosophy  or  the  argument  of  religious  opinions.  The  early 
Congregational  preachers  reasoned  mightily  indeed  out  of  the  Scriptures. 
The  exhaustive  treatises  of  Bobinson  and  Shepard  rank  with  the  tomes  of 
Baxter  and  Chamock.  But  they  are  not  metaphysicaL  They  do  not  dia- 
dose  the  relation  of  the  mind  itself  to  religion,  the  interior  grounds  of  piety« 
The  conflicts  with  the  prelatical  «nd  conforming  party  which  Puritanism 
waged  respected  reli^ous  usages.  With  Edwards  a  new  era  began.  He 
was  raised  up  to  enlarge,  liberalize,  and  fortify  "  the  doeirine  according  to 
godliness."  The  questions  he  discussed  went  down  to  the  very  bases  of  be- 
lief. He  sunk  the  examination  of  eyerj  truth  which  he  maintained  to  a 
lower  level  than  it  had  been  supposed  before  that  human  thought  could 
descend."  The  true  philosophy  of  history  is  to  be  found  in  his  History  of 
Bedemption.  f  ^  A  single  stalk  from  his  philosophy  has  shed  beauty  and 
perfume  over  wastes  of  modem  speculation." 

Very  peculiarly  had  God  prepared  him  for  this  part  of  his  life-work* 
When  he  preached  in  his  father's  pulpit,  the  people  gave  the  palm  of  learn- 
ing and  animation  to  their  own  pastor,  but  the  customary  remariL  waa  that 

*  It  was  not  many  jean  since  diat  the  public  received  this  long  nnknown  letter 
through  the  agencj  of  Mr.  Bancroft  and  Profbssor  Park.  Bfijor  Hawley  was  sacoes- 
sirely  preacher  and  lawyer,  and  distinguished  himself  as  a  patriot. 

t  Rev.  Dr.  D.  R.  Goodwin  (Episcopal)  in  Methodist  Quarterly  Berlew,  July,  1841. 
"  Nobler  than  Yico,  more  grand  and  general  than  Bossnet." 


ti^r  aon  was  '  tbe  deeper  preadier.''  His  mother  was  a  womm  of  remi^- 
aUe  intellect  Slie  was  ^  fond  <tf  reas(M[UDgy  and  of  pondering  the  deepest 
probleDis  in  theology."  ^Her  eoneeakd  metaphysics  broke  out  amid 
Idichen  and  parish  duties ;  and  .even  m  her  devotions  she  was  a  philoso- 
pher without  knowing  it.**  ^  Had  Paul's  prohilution  been  out  of  the  way, 
sfaa  m%ht  have  eclipsed  her  companion  in  the  pu^t»  and  anticipated  the 
&nie  of  her  immortal  son."  From  the  first  he  showed  what  gifts  of  mind 
hi  hiherited  from  her.  The  Stoddard  in  him,  as  well  as  the  £dward%;Was 
most  manifest  Acute  discrimination  was  a  part  of  his  native  greatness. 
Mai  too  much  has  been  made  of  his  fiusulty  of  abstraction  as  the  secret  of 
hb  strength.  He  read  ^  Locke  on  the  Und^nstanding  "  with  delight  at  four- 
tiea.  Books  of  this  class  occupied  the  leisure  of  his  boyhood.  One  of 
Ins  Seventy  Resolutions  at  nineteen  was:  ^Resolved,  whenever  I  do  any 
evfl  action,  to  trace  it  back  til^  I  come  to  the  original  cause,  and  then  en- 
deavor to  do  so  no  more."  Ano&er  was :  ^  When  I  think  of  any  tiieorem 
in  divinity  to  be  solved,  immediately  to  do  what  I  can  towards  solving  it." 
His  studies  were  pursued  on  this  principle :  ^To  foUow  every  dew  to  the 
ftimostr 

He  was  a  thorough  Calvinist,but  such  a  Calvinist  that  he  hesitated  not 
to  differ  from  Calvin  wherever  he  seemed  to  differ  teem  the  Scriptures, 
^la  Saybrook  Platform  was  dra¥m  (chiefly  through  the  agency  of  the 
Xrostees  of  the  Saybrook  Collegiate  School,  which  he  afterwards  entered) 
vlien  he  was  five  years  of  age.  The  ^  Westminster  Catechism  "  in  Latin 
sad  ^Ames's  Theological  Theses  "  were  recited,  as  a  college  exercise,  when 
lis  was  a  student  He  respected  these  venerable  symbols,  but  his  own 
tbinking  went  immeasurably  beyond  them.  His  massive  and  migestic 
intellect  was  too  great  to  be  bound  by  human  authority ;  it  reverenced  the 
hfinite  Litellect  too  much  to  be  governed,  in  its  methods  or  results,  by  the 
opinions  of  men.  When  not  quite  turned  of  twenty,  he  wrote  in  his  diary 
thus :  **  I  observe  that  old  men  seldom  have  any  advantage  of  new  discov- 
eries f  because  these  are  beside  a  way  of  thinking  they  have  been  long 
ued  to.  Resolved,  if  ever  I  live  to  years,  that  I  will  be  impartial  to  hear 
the  reasons  of  all  pretended  discoveries,  and  receive  them  if  rational,  how 
long  soever  I  have  been  used  to  another  way  of  thinking."  He  carried 
out  this  resolution  as  conscientiously  and  fully  as  the  most  spiritual  cov- 
enant with  Grod  he  ever  made.  He  was  the  most  progressive  thinker  of  his 
age.  When  Franklin  opposed  the  new  method  of  inoculation,  Edwards 
offered  himself  as  a  6ubjec£  for  it,  and  actually  died  from  the  secondary 
fever  resulting.  He  might  have  been  called  a  new-measure  man  in  re- 
ligion,—  afraid  of  nothing  that  worked  good  and  was  agreeable  to  the 
Sociptures.  He  convinced  a  generation  that  feared  more  than  they  luiew 
about  revivals  of  their  utility  and  benefit 


•I 

WffM  OT  fg09&tKMf  FifBlKWDt  £dnfds  ■III  iwight  tMft  it  li 

fcf>  Itt  ffpfcBM  PMiBiH  in  it,  B^ncnft  ofaKrvH  tkii 
iMi  «p  tfe  Uilorf  «f  Ui  aaiive  OoanMrnweaUi  6r  m 
i0f  Tkfae  to  fioniitf  m  vakwetmd  lowtJ'  He  fat 
tetuMy  mem  Jmrnetm  doetrinc^  tkit  ^i 
tbt  word*  «f  Ui  mmf—'^V  gemaSme,  are  dioBterated;  tkit  ov  km  It 
God  arifeo  ehiedj,  not  from  the  .moCire  tlimt  God  hat  bcMoaed,  cr  ii 
eboot  to  hetUm  00  oi^  hifon,  temporal  cr  eitnud^  but  frooa  Ui  mm  IniBte 
eseelleiiee  eod  l^otj*  Toy  difeent  from  this  ia  the  rrfJiMtinn  fpm 
bjr  not!  theologieil  wiilen  befere  him.  The  motiTes  prcacBtcd  bj  then 
to  petiiuide  men  to  lore  eod  serre  Qad^  to  repent^  and  embnee  aad  ptao> 
tiio  religioo,  are  diiefl j  of  the  idfiih  kind."  Actions  whose  inleiit  is  hs^ 
pinesfp  ^  ao^  the  laippiDess  of  the  agent  ool j  cft  prindpaH j,*  sajs  fSmt  so% 
^  bot  happiness  in  geneial,  on  (be  Uvge  scsle,**  sodi  actions,  bj  protracled 
and  impregnable  argument  he  showed  to  be  alone  right  These  were  prae- 
tieally  the  riews  of  the  Puritans  from  the  beginning  as  thej  most  hare 
been  those  of  men  who  turned  their  backs  on  self-interest  for  the  good  of 
society  and  the  ^17  of  God.  But  tbej  had  nerer  been  phflosophieatty 
and  logicallj  established  in  the  domain  of  pure  thought  And  the  children 
of  the  Pilgrims  bad  practicallj  falkh  far  awajr  from  them.  Edwards 
restored  them  bj  exploring  and  setting  forth  the  deep,  hidden,  forgotten 
reasons  on  which  thej  rest  He  carried  out  the  conception  of  Baoon  con- 
eerning  progression  from  true  principles  and  the  prophecy  of  John  Bobin- 
soui  **  God  hath  yet  more  light  to  break  forth  from  his  Holy  Word." 
Bancroft  *  quotes  with  admiration  the  remark  in  his  ^  History  <^  Be- 
demptioni**  **  when  one  thing  is  removed  by  God  to  make  way  for  another, 
the  new  excels  the  old.**  His  son  reaffirmed  hts  principles  as  a  theologicai 
reformer  when  he  declared  in  a  sermon  on  the  Manifestation  of  Truth, 
^  There  is  abundant  room  for  discovery  and  improvement  in  eveiy  science, 
especially  in  theology."    ^  As  Gk>d  is  infinite,  he  is  not  and  cannot  be  per- 

•  800  Now  Amerlcsn  Cydopsdia,  Article,  "Edwards,'*  hj  George  Bancroft. 


1869.]  President  Mmarde  a$  a  JR^famer.  271 

ieetly  known  hj  men,  or  even  bj  angeb.     Etermtj  will  never  hftve 
ezluuuted  the  tmtk'' 

ffe  W€U  am  emneni  practical  reformer.  There  is  a  vulgar  impreBsion 
that  metaphyaiea]  abiliftj  is  incompatible  witii  praetieal  interest  in  morals 
and  haman  life.  The  career  of  President  Edwards  does  not  JQstify  sncb 
an  impression.  It  was  recently  asserted  in  an  English  joorna!,  that  ^  Gal-* 
vfaiism,  in  all  its  forms,  is  unfavorable  to  ordinary  morality  **;  that  *  the 
notion,  even  in  its  most  modified  form,  of  the  necessity  of  an  inward  crisis 
to  introdaoe  the  motives  of  religion  into  tlie  mind,  deprives  morality  in 
early  life  of  its  most  natural  and  powerful  supports.**  Jonathan  Edwards 
disproves  the  assertion.  He  loved  doctrine,  the  doctrine  of  the  great  and 
mighty  school  of  thought  in  which  he  rose  to  be  such  a  master,  with  the 
exalted  love  of  a  pure,  noble,  truth-seeking  mind,  and  he  laid  himself  out 
to  snstidn  it,  and  compel  the*  belief  of  men  in  it ;  but  he  never  rested  there. 
His  mightiest  efibrts  were  to  get  men  to  realise  that  the  doctrine  according 
to  godliness  requires  the  return  of  men  to  duty.  **  It  was  in  the  appUcaiion 
of  his  subject  that  he  specially  excelled.**  The  argument  moved  right 
forward  to  that,  and  when  it  cam^,  it  seemed  wellnigh  irresistible.  The 
sinner  must  break  or  bow.  All  his  powerful  published  treatises  look  to  an 
Amendment  of  life  in  accordance  with  the  truths  they  demonstrate.  He 
was  the  father  of  the  Qreat  Awakening.  Nature  and  Orace  had  both 
prepared  him  wondrously  for  this  part  of  his  work.  Beside  his  phOosoph- 
ical  and  logical  powers,  he  was  a  man  of  intense  feeling,  and  the  higher 
imagination  in  him,  that  which  originates  spiritual  ideals,  was  superb, 
Idtonie.  He  was  first  aroused  upon  religious  things  when  a  mere  boy  of 
^ght  or  ten  years.  Many  months  his  concern  lasted.  He  was  <*  abundant 
in  duties,**  delighted  to  abound  **  in  them.  ^  I  used  to  pray  four  times  a 
day  in  secret,"  he  says,  '*and  to  spend  much  time  in  religious  talk  with 
other  boys."  They  built  a  booth  in  a  swamp  for  a  place  of  prayer.  ^  I 
experienced,**  he  says,  '^I  know  not  what  kind  of  delight  in  religion,** 
*  much  self-righteous  pleasure.**  That  wore  away,  but  he  learned  some- 
thing  for  the  moral  benefit  of  the  world  irom  it.  Inward  struggles,  con- 
flicts,  and  self-refiections  succeeded.  To  seek  Christ  became  the  business 
of  his  young  life.  Yet  it  seemed  to  him  later  that  he  sought "  after  a 
miserable  manner.'*  The  doctrine  of  diyine  sovereignty,  which  had  pro- 
foundly troubled  him,  became  afler  a  time  most  reasonable  to  his  mind,  ^- 
*^  pleasant,  bright,  and  sweet.**  Then  came  a  simple  and  deep  delight  in 
God  and  in  spiritual  goodness.  Grod*s  character  assumed  in  his  eyes  a 
mingled  majesty  and  meekness,  —  gentle,  holy,  usefuL  His  longings  after 
Grod  and  holiness  in  his  sight  increased.  All  happiness  seemed  to  consist 
**  in  living  in  pure,  humble,  heavenly,  divine  love.**  ^  Nothing  in  holiness 
but  what  was  ravishingly  lovely.**  *^  The  soul  of  a  true  Christian  appeared 
like  such  a  little  white  flower  as  we  see  in  the  spring  of  the  year,  low  and 


i 


372  Pruidnit  Mwixrdi  a$  a  Rrfarmer.  [April, 

humble  on  the  ground,  <4>ening  its  bosom  to  receiTe  the  pleisant  beams  of 
the  sun's  glory;  diffusing  around  a  sweet  fhigrancy."  During  a  three 
months'  sickness  he  was  filled  with  the  Spirit  Dutj  seemed  the  sweeter 
to  him  finritsdifficultiesy  and  the  pleasures  of  humility  the  most  re&ied  and 
exquisite  delights.  He  studied  much  the  subjeet  of  a  radical  8|HritnaL 
reform  in  men.  One  of  his  memoranda  is :  ^  For  the  future  most  meeSy* 
and  diligently  to  )oA  into  our  old  divines  concerning  conTernoB."  Htf 
resolved,  ^constantly  and  with  the  strictest  scrutiny  to  be  looking  into  the 
state  of  his  soul  to  know  whether  he  had  truly  an  interest  in  Qirist.''  His 
solemn  and  searching  self-examinations  were  frequent,  at  least  once  a  week. 
He  made  record  in  his  diary :  '^  I  do  certainly  know  that  I  love  holinesB 
such  as  the  gospel  requires."  He  took  upon  him  to  be  a  complete  Chris- 
tian, ''if  there  were  but  one  in  the  world."  One  res(dution  he  formed  and 
recorded  was,  '^  Never  to  ^ve  over  nor  in  the  least  to  slacken  my  fight  with 
my  corruptions."  Another  was,  ^  To  live  so  at  all  times  as  I  think  is  best 
in  my  devout  frames,  and  where  I  have  the  clearest  notions  of  the  goepd 
and  another  worid."  Sometimes  only  seeing  the  name  <tf  Girist,  he  says^ 
or  of  some  attribute  of  God,  caused  his  heart  to  bum  within  him.  EBs 
diary  is  that  of  one  who  has  no  lower  moral  aim  than  to  be  a  perfect  man. 
Yet  the  thought  of  felicitating  himself  upon  any  of  his  enjoyments  or 
experiences  was  nauseous  and  detestable ;  his  sense  of  sinfulness  belbre 
God  made  him  exclaim,  **  Infinite  upon  infinite  I "  while  yet  it  seemed  to  him 
that  his  conviction  of  sin  was  exceeding  small  and  ftint 

This  great  and  good  man  found  his  Northampton  parish  sharing  fblly  hi 
the  degeneracy  of  the  times,  "^ce  prevailed,  especially  among  the  young* 
Intemperance  and  tavern-haunting  specially  abounded.  There  was  nUm 
insensibility  to  the  claims  of  religion.  There  was  indecent  behaTior  in 
the  sanctuary*  .  There  was  licentiousness  among  the  youth.  **  It  was  th^ 
manner  very  frequently  to  get  together,"  says  the  watchful  pastor,  **  in  con- 
ventions of  both  sexes  for  mirth  and  jolli^ ;  they  would  often  spend  tiie 
greater  part  of  the  night  without  any  regard  to  order  in  the  familieB  they 
belonged  to."  Saturday  night  being  regarded  as  part  of  the  Sabbath, 
Sunday  night  was  the  gayest  night  of  the  week.  The  Scripture  truth  of 
the  new  birth  was  lost  sight  of.  Northampton  had  been  the  first  to  ndopt 
the  Half-way  Covenant  The  venerable  Stoddard  had  been  foremost  in 
advocating  it*  His  preaching  and  life  had  somewhat  counteracted  his 
opinions,  but  steadily  religious  virtue  had  been  dying  out  Edwards  was 
in  doubt  of  the  Covenant,  both  as  to  opinion  and  practice,  fh>m  the  first 
He  acquiesced,  however,  during  the  time  that  Stoddard  survived  his  com- 

*  On  the  other  side  Dr.  Increase  Mather  was  prominent  See  hit  sermon  published 
the  year  of  Stoddard's  death,  —  two  years  before  Edwards's  installation,  ^  entitled 
"  Ichabod :  the  Glory  of  the  Lord  has  departed  from  Kew  England."  Also,  actkMi  of 
**  Beforming  Synod." 


1^9.]  PreUimU  Edwardi  a$  a  lt^ft>rmeir.  278 

* 

lag  lo  Ike  town,  and  for  a  few  yean  after.  Bot  he  sel  himself  to  conTinee 
the  people  of  their  need  of  distiacty  snbetantialy  aiwertainahle  efaange  of 
heart>  and  to  withstand  the  growing  irr^gion.  The  first  eflbetive  check 
was  &cm  a  sermon  of  his  against  Sabbath  evening  dissqmtion  and  mirth- 
making  A  thoroiigh  reformation  of  morals  followed.  A  few  cooTersions 
oecmrred.  Then  the  pastor  held  up  the  necessity  of  the  new  birth  in  cider 
to  salvation.  He  delivered  a  series  of  discourses  on  JnstificatiDn  by  Faith 
alone,  and  not  by  any  virtue  or  goodness  of  oar  own.  They  were  pro- 
femdly  doetxfoal,  but  they  were  immensely  practical  and  reformatory. 
The  hopes  which  men  had  founded  upon  a  sheU  of  morality,  upon  ^  own- 
ing the  covenant,"  and  opon  **  using  the  means  of  grace,**  began  to  crumble 
sway.  Then  he  preadied  on  God's  Absolute  Sovereign^  in  the  salvation 
of  transgressors  against  perfect  rectitude,  and  his  ^  just  liberty  in  respect 
to  Uessing  their  endeavors  to  be  saved.**  The  souls  of  his  hearers  were 
shot  up  to  the  Divine  Men^.  Happy  and  remaricable  results  followed. 
Five  or  six  persons  were  wrought  upon  in  an  uncommon  degree,  and  in  all 
probability  savingly.  One  was  a  gay,  wild  young  person,  none  more  so 
In  the  town.  The  news  fell  like  lightning  upon  the  youth.  Careless  and 
looae  livers  came  to  converse  with  her.  It  filled  all  mouths  presently.  No 
conversation  on  other  topics  than  religion  would  be  tolerated.  The  ezer- 
eises  of  mind,  and  changes  of  habit  through  which  many  passed  were  pow- 
erful and  striking.  Professors  of  religion  who  supposed  they  knew  all 
about  conversion  were  confounded.  The  vainest  and  most  wicked  were 
among  the  subjects  of  the  movement  For  fifty  years  there  had  not  been 
so  little  disorder  and  vice.  Secular  business  was  followed  by  men  as  a  part 
ni  their  religious  duty,  **  more  than  from  any  disposition  to  it"  The  town 
was  fell  of  spiritual  love  and  joy.  Three  hundred  were  notably  renewed 
in  disposition  and  life  in  a  population  of  two  hundred  families.  The  num- 
ber of  village  communicants  rose  to  six  hundred  and  tw^ity,  including 
almost  all  the  adults  in  Northampton,  —  a  number  unexampled  in  any 
village  of  the  continent  to-day. 

This  wonderfel  work  broke  out  about  the  same  time  in  Edwards's  birth- 
place, Windsor,  his  fiither's  parish,  and  in  New  Jersey.  It  ran  up  and 
down  the  Connecticut  Valley  in  two  States.  This  was  in  1734  and  1785. 
It  ccmtinued  through  successive  years  till  1740,  when  it  became  general. 
Shortly  after  George  Whitefield  landed  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  from  Charleston, 
S.  C.  He  had  been  preaching  in  a  manner  and  with  results  extraordinary 
in  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  the  Sooth.  He  passed  through  New 
England  as  far  north  as  Ydrk,  in  what  is  now  Maine,  preaching  daily  to 
vast  crowds  of  people.  In  the  month  of  October  he  came  to  Northampton. 
Tlie  meeting  must  have  been  interesting  between  the  deepest  thinker  of 
his  century  and  the  most  popular  preacher.  Edwards  was  thirty-seven 
years  of  age  ;  Whitefield,  twen^-seven.    While  Edwards  had  been  toiling 


S74  Prtridant  Mwardi  Oi  a  Stfamer.  [Aifffl,^ 


at  the  prepanioiiy  work  of  the  Great  Awakenings — he  had  pot  hk 
aoil  plough  into  the  Beri»hire  soU  ia  17dl,  —  Whitefield  at  EngUsb^ 
Ozfiird,  a  gay  and  eornipt  atodent,  looking  forward  to  the  EpiaeopaT 
minittrj  and  pvomoticMiy  had  been  Tadllalang  between  I^entea  iaita  and 
▼ioe,  praying  twioe  a  day^  and  not  yet  conTinoed  ^  of  the  anlawfobiefla  of 
playing  at  cnrda"  and  of  attending  the  theatre.  The  idea  of  r^pmeratioB 
he  had  not  yet  eren  eo  moch  as  heard  of  from  the  Wealeya.  Now,  aa  the 
.great  English  eyangeliat»  he  had  to  turn  the  world  upside  down  with  H 
Both  sides  the  sea  he  denouneed  uoconverted  ministers  and  auzed  dancing. 
He  was  as  yehement  as  Edwards  was  oogent  against  what  has  recent)^ 
been  styled  ^  the  mania  for  amusement'*  He  portrayed  the  dangers  of  the 
soul  in  terms  that  made  tens  of.  thousands  weep  together.  Sudi  a  man  as 
Edwards,  he  wrote,  he  had  not  seen  "in  all  New  England.**  When  he 
ascended  his  pulpit,  **  he  found  his  heart  drawn  out  to  talk  of  acaroe  any- 
thing but  the  consolations  and  privileges  of  the  saints  and  the  plentifid 
e£Fusions  of  the  Holy  Ghost  in  the  hearts  of  belieTors.  And  when  I 
came,**  so  runs  his  narration,  "to  remind  them  of  their  former  ezperi> 
ences,  both  mioister  and  people  wept  much.*'  It  was  the  culmination  of 
the  great  exhorter^s  evangelistic  experiences,  "  I  have  not  seen  audi  a 
gracious  melting  since  my  arrivaL  My  soul  was  much  knit  to  these  dear 
people  of  God," — "a  gracious,  tender  people.**  Edwards  records  that 
"  the  coogregiition  was  extraordinarily  melted  by  every  sermon.**  To  re^' 
prove  backsliders  was  Whitefield's  first  work  towards  a  new  movement 
Six  weeks  after  he  left,  a  great  alteration  among  proAsaora  iqppeared. 
Then  it  spread  among  youth  and  children.  Two  years  or  more  it  went 
steadily  and  powerfully  on.  "  A  strange  attention  all  over  New  England 
among  young  people."  "  And  now,**  writes  Edwards,  in  174d, "  instead  of 
meetings  at  taverns  and  drinking-houses,  and  of  young  people  in  frolics 
and  vain  company,  the  country  is  full  of  meetings  of  all  sorts  and  ages  of 
persons,  young  and  old,  to  read  and  pray  and  sing  praises,  and  converse 
of  the  things  of  God  and  another  world."  Itie  least  genial  historian  of 
New  England  *  says  of  the  movement  farther  sooth, "  The  dancing*halls  in 
Philadelphia  were  dosed."  "  A  universal  concern  among  men  about  their 
souls."  Solemnity,  humility,  and  a  sweet,  absorbings  rapturous  sense  of 
divine  things  marked  the  experience  of  Christians.  The  labon  of  Edwards 
were  sought  far  and  wide.  Whitefield  and  the  Tennents,  Whedock,  Pom- 
eroy,  Parsons,  Bud,  and  others  were  as  flames  of  fire  in  the  land.  In  two 
or  three  years  —  years  of  poverty  and  slow  worldly  advance— -thirty  or 
forty  thousand  souls  were  bom  into  the  kingdom  c£  heaven  in  New  Eng- 
land alone.  According  to  Mather,  the  churches  numbered  in  1697  one 
hundred  and  twenty-dght  In  twenty  years*  time  one  hundred  and  fifty 
new  churches  were  founded  in  the  land  of  the  Pilgrims. 

*  Eluott's  New  EngUuid  HiHoiy. 


1869.} 


J^ttidmtkU  SUttiMu. 


F&fiSIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS. 

Us.  BiBOBOFT,  t}»  lustoHao,  tella  na  that  "John  CalTiOt  hy  hirth  ft 
Frenchmaii^  wm  to  Fntaee  the  apostle  of  the  Befbnnatlon )  hot  his  futh 
bad  ever  hoen  feared  m  the  ereeS  of  BepnbBdunam."*  "Whatever  ma;  b« 
tnie  of  CalndiNn,  it  u  certun  that  Congrsgationallim  wu  iba  soarce  of  our 
BepabUcan  inslitiitions.  It  was  ftom  witoenfa^  Ae  practical  operatunu  of 
CongregatUmal  principles  m  Ae  open  meetli^  of  a  Baptiit  cfaarch  that 
Mr.  Jefierson  giuned  his  flrat  idea  of  a  Bepubtiean  fenu  of  government.  The 
text-books  unei  bj  the  fbanders  ef  the  Republie  were  written  bj  Congre> 
gational  miplBtett  in  ilel«QGe  of  the  politj  of  their  (SmrchM,  and  Con- 
gregationalists  have  ever  been  among  the  wannest  snpporten  of  our 
govenunent  We  need  offer  no  apologyi  therefore,  for  iatrodacii^  the 
following  toblee  into  our  ooluinna  i  nor  con  we  mistake  in  the  opinion  that 
tlief  will  be  Tohied  ij  our  readers  for  fntore  reforenoe. 


Pruidmii 

do. 

NUBB. 

B-^ 

Bo». 

DM. 

1 

Psflon  Rud<d)ih 

V*. 

1733 

i 

ESSi 

Suiiul  timtUigtod 

Coon. 

S«pt.28,   778 

1818 

iVafu&nd  0/  th$  Vhiied  Slalei. 


Uueh  1,1826 
Hucb  4,1S»I 
Hwrb  1,1837 


Hurh  4,1848 

Jul;    »,i8aa 

N»nh  t,  1858 


ApiUl&lS 
>&«h  4,18 


Much  3,1707 

Hinh  8, 1901 
Much  8,1808 
Hffih  8.  IBIT 
HuTh  8.  U2G 
Husli  3,1829 
Much  B,  1887 
MWDb  8.1841 
AprU  4,1841 
MuTh  S,18tfi 


Aprtl  ib.  1W6 


•  Bistorr  of  tba  Uoited  Ststai,  Vol.  IL  p.  174. 


S76 


Pre9idmiiia  BUcftbmM. 


Vein  for  Prmidmiii  and  Viee-PreiidenJti. 


Tmt. 

OOm. 

KUM. 

State. 

PMty.* 

mwtonA 
Yole. 

FopolK 

Yote. 

1 

1780 

PiMldfllJl 

OMCfiWMUi^lloa 

Ya. 

• 

68 

or 

JohnldHM 

MMi. 

8ft 

/ 

• 

YSe*^PNi.t 

JoliaJaj 

BolMft  fl.  HHriMMft 

N.Y. 

f 

Md. 

John  Bntltdft 
John  HiMHwh' 

8.0. 

MMi. 

Qooifi  OHiiloa 

N.Y. 

: 

aomml  Hilington 

Oonn* 

JohnMUton 

Oft. 

JokaAmfltraBS 

Oft. 

BdwudMflUr 

Oft. 

B«^)uiinI4Maln 

MMi. 

m% 

17U 

PlMldCSl 

or 

Qooifi  Wodilagtoa 
John  AduBf 

Ya. 

MMi. 

181 
77 

• 

Yio*-Px«f. 

Qooiai  CUntoii 

ThOBUHlJeaKMII 

H.Y. 

Ya. 

H.Y. 

4 
X 

181 

1796 

PNridAt 

John  irti— 

MMk 

IMenUrt 

71 

or 

ThOBUHlJeaKMII 

Yb. 

BranhilBBB 

MBtalist 

88 

Yloe-PzM. 

Thomai  PtaokuBj 

8.0. 

68 

Aaron  Bnrr 

H.Y. 

BepahUeaa 

80 

BomiMl  Aduns 

MaM. 

l^fl^fHV^fcylB 

16 

OUTerBUfworth 

Oonn. 

U 

Geor0t  OlhitQa 

H.Y. 

JohnJoj 

H.Y. 

jMBOi  Iredell, 

H.O. 

Georao  WaOhfaiglaii 
PatnekBomy 

Ya. 

Md. 

BMnnelJohnioB 

H.O. 

Charlee  0.  Pincknej 

8.0. 

W 

1800 

PiwMait 

ThomaoJoAcna 

Ya. 

BepnUtaHi 

78 

or 
Yic6-Pm. 

Aaron  Bur 
John  irti— 

H.Y. 
MaM. 

BepnhUoaa 
PederaUet 

78f 
66 

Charlee  0.  PInekBij 

8.0. 

PedncaUet 

84 

JohnJej 

H.Y. 

PedeiaUft 

1 

188 

1804 

President 

ThomM  JeflRson 

Ya. 

BeMiDiloan 
PMaiaUrt 

161 

/ 

it 

Ohaitei  0.  Ptneknogr 

8.0. 

14 

Yiee-Prei. 

GeoTBB  Olinton 

H.Y. 

BepnbUcan 

162 

u      w 

BoAuKing 

H.Y. 

PedeiaUet 

14 

176 

•  Originally  eleeton  were  ehoeen  who  were  espeeted  to  ezereiie  their  own  Jodgment  in  the 
of  eandidatee.  There  were  then  no  party  Unee  and  the  eaaeoe  ■yitem  was  unknown.  The  first  party 
dirliion  aroee  flmn  a  diflbrenoe  of  (^linlon  ae  to  the  powere  which  ihoold  he  eonoeded  to  the  gBoeral 
gofcmment.  The  Pedeialioti,  orlginaUy  nnder  the  lead  of  Alerandw  Hanrilton,  dertred  aatrong  eeatail 
gofamment  ftnr  the  development  and  protection  of  the  material  inteteetf  of  the  natkm.  The  Bepi^ 
Uoaai,  nnder  the  lead  of  Mr.  JeflRson,  were  ieeloiuft»r  State  rl^ti.  In  the  ehaiqcee  fai  aamee  ae  wdl 
ae  of  parties,  Bepoblioan  has  come  to  denote  ftroir  Ihr  a  strong  eentnl  power  In  the  Intenst  of  popnhr 
freedom. 

t  In  the  first  flmr  elsetioos  two  persons  were  TOted  tat  on  the  seme  ballot,  and  the  one  who  had  the 
laigest  number  of  Totes  and  a  nu^forlty  of  the  wh<de  was  PrssUtant,  sud  ttie  one  who  had  the  naat 
largest  was  Yiee-Presidant. 

X  The  whole  number  of  deetoral  Totes  out. 

f  Two  persons  harftdg  leeetred  the  seme  number  of  Totes,  the  deetlon  was  eonlBd  to  the  Bouse  of 
ltepceoentaUTis,and  on  the  86th  ballot  Mr.  JeflReon  was  ohosoB  Prerident.  After  this,  theOonstHalloa 
was  altered,  so  as  to  require  the  Pveddent  and  Yfee-PreildeBt  to  be  voted  fin*  separately.  Whes  ttMM 
was  a  ikUnre  to  elect  a  President  \j  the  people,  the  Houee  of  Beprssentatlves  was  to  stoot  ooe,  ToMng 
by  States.  If  no  Tioe-President  was  chosen  1>y  the  people,  the  Senate  were  to  eleet  one,  vottng  si 
Indtrlduals. 


169.] 


PretidmKal  JEWtMit. 


8TT 


Votet  fitr  Pruidmitt  tmd  Vie»'Prmdmti — Ckmtiniud. 


wKmm 

OOm. 

NaoMb 

SCate. 

Pai^. 

Beetonl 
Tote. 

P<H?«lBr 
Tote.* 

»8 

PmldMit 

JamM  Ma^lMik 
Charkfl  0.  PtMkMj 

Va. 

8.0. 

IsfBblleia 
MsAlM 

US 

47 

M 

CMrgBGUBtoa 

N.T. 

Biq^blieaii 

6 

▼loe-Pfw. 

M         « 

GoofnGUDtoa 
SaftMKiDf 

N.T, 

N.T. 

SrST 

118 
47 

1«         II 

JohnLMgm 

N.H. 

TsiswJfat 

9 

. 

«         •< 

Va. 

BepiAlkMi 

8 

If         l« 

JaniMlfoiizo* 

Ta. 

• 

8 

lt5 

Itt 

PlWidoilt 

JaniMlladlMB 

Ya. 

fsssr 

188 

If 

De  Witt  OUnton 

H  T. 

88 

XUMdnOany 
JaradlDcmou 

Ma«. 

Pa. 

Bepnbileaa 
Menlli* 

181 
88 

m 

06 

PrMfdent 

Jmbm  Monroe 

Va. 

BepabiSean 
MsnUB* 

188 

11 

RaftuKlng 
John  B.  Howud 

N.T. 

84 

▼loe-PrM. 
II     11 

N.T. 
Md. 

RapidUleaa 
Mmdial 

188 
88 

11     11 

JanraiBoM 

Pa. 

FedsraUst 

6 

s 

11     11 

JohnlUnhiai 

Ta 

VedenUsI 

4 

«     11 

Bob«t  Q.  Harper 

Md. 

ledaralM     _ 

8 

fi7 

90 

Preaidcnt 

James  Monro* 

Ta. 

BepnbUeaia 

281 

11 

John  Q.  Adame 

Mass. 

BepnhBeea 

1 

▼loe-Pnp. 

Daniel  D.ToaiplEiBi 

N.T. 

BepabHeaa 

218 

(1     II 

Richard  Stoekton 

N.J. 

Bepnbileaa 

8 

11     11 

Daniel  Bodn^T 

Del. 

BepablkMi 

4 

11     11 

Richard  Rad& 

Pa. 

Bepnblkaa 

1 

11     11 

Bohart  a.  Harper 

Md. 

BcpoblloHi 

1 

tt2 

OA 

PraridenI 

Andrew  Jaekeon 

Tenn. 

Damoeraft 

99 

152,899 

(1 

John  Q.  Adams  f 

Mass. 

Repnblioaii 

84 

106^ 

K 

WllUam  H.  Grawfbrd 

Ga. 

Democrat 

41 

47,266 

11 

HeniyClaj 

Ky. 

BepnbUean 

87 

47,087 

Yloe-Pres. 

John  G.  Oalhonn 

8.0. 

Demoemt 

182 

II       11 

Nathan  flanfbrd 

N.T. 

Bepnblkam 

80 

11       11 

Nathaniel  Macon 

N.  0. 

BepubUean 

24 

11       11 

Andrew  Jaekeon 

Tenn. 

18 

11        II 

Martin  Van  Bnren 

N.T. 

Democrat 

9 

II       11 

Henry  Glaj 

Ky. 

Bepoblkaa 

2 
9S1 

n 

Preddent 

Andrew  Jackson 

Tenn. 

Democrat 

178 

660,028 

(1 

John  Q.  Adams 

Mass. 

National  Bepnb. 

88 

612,168 

Tlce-Pref. 

John  0.  Calhoun 

8.0. 

Democrat 

171 

II       »i 

Richard  Bnsh 

Pa. 

National  Bepub. 

88 

II       11 

William  Smith 
Jacluon's  m»ynit;y^  VHjB^* 

8.0. 

Damoerat 

7 
261 

n 

Preiident 

Andrew  Ja^ion 

Tenn. 

Democrat 

219 

687,502 

It 

Henry  Clay 

Jy- 

Whig 

49 

660489 

11 

John  Floyd 
WUliamWbrt 

Qa. 

Democrat 

11 

11 

Ta. 

Anti-Masonle 

7 

Tice-Prei. 

Martin  Van  Bnren 

N.T. 

Democrat 

189 

*i       II 
11       II 

John  Sergeant 
WllUam  WUkkM 

Pa. 

Pa. 

Whig 
Democrat 

49 
80 

11       11 

Henry  Ijm 

Mass 

Donoerat 

11 

11       II 

• 

Jackson's  majority,  187^8. 

Pa. 

Anti-Masonic 

7 

2^ 

Not  giTen  prerlous  to  1824.    In  that  year,  Delaware,  Georgia,  Louisiana,  New  Tork,  South  GaroUna, 
Termont  TOted  by  the  L^islatore ;  8.  Carolina  did  so  InsnbseqnenteleetioDS,  and  Florida  In  1868. 
Mr.  Adams  was  elected  by  the  House  of  RepreeentaliTes.    TheTote  stood,— Adams,  18;  Jaekson,  7; 
wftwd,  4. 

FEW  SERIES.  —  VOL.  I.  NO.  2.  19 


yhm  far  Prttideiaa  md  Vtee-Pmidaiti — G 


[A* 


OBm. 

k™. 

SUb>. 

P«tJ. 

ElKUnl 

■ss 

^^ 

nneb  L.  wutii 

Duiil  WeMei 
WUIta  7.  MUAgnm 

Biohud  u.  JobiiHii 

»«n  Donffl'i  nujorilj  oth  ill 

Ohio 
T«nn. 
Hua. 

^     1 

'S 

as 

f 

*r 

lUrd..  T«.  Bum. 
Mclurd  U.  JobDHB 

HuriMBliMjoritr.lSB^Ta 

V.,' 

Demunt 

UbBU 

00 

1 

I3| 

tj«.p™. 

Tonn.     DfiooopM 

M^c'h.  1  rsjw 

N.  V.      Whig 
Ohio   IUh«iy 

s 

i^ 

'3?*^- 

IUUu4mii<>n° 

WlHtamO.Bmln 
Glurli*  V.  AdBmi 

UUJ. 

rnc  Btdl 

Whig 

DtBoent 

s 

ig 

Tlee-Pna. 

John  P.  Hlla 
Wllllun  R.  Ring 

OentRs  W.JulUn 
Plerce'i  m^iortV,  M.SOG. 

a'[>. 

N.O. 

FrnSntl 

^ 

m 

John  0.  Fr.iBon( 

WlUiom  M.  Uttjloii 
ADdnvJ.DoDetioa 

Ky,' 

ST 

Jl 

'¥4 

7te»-P«i. 

111 

JIL 
Uui. 

Ksrr 

Democnt 

DmiwTit 
Dntan" 

1 
1 

1 

Si's.'i.'fsr 

a»Tg>  a.  p«>dMoa 

Uuoln>.m^fc.[itr,  408^11. 

III.       Republlun 
N.  J.  ;  Itonocnt 

Ohio  .D^UHiM 

i 

•»; 

Sthu/ltr  (,'olfci 
Fnmi  P.  Blmt,  Jr. 
(Inofi  InalvritT,  900,733. 

N-Y. 

oX^nt 

294 

2,706/ 

[I.  Jtbnion  «M  «ksM  br  flw  8( 


1|HS9.]     CbnffregationM  Th0/^^^fipd^  ^J^^  Sr9 


CONGREGATIONAL  THEOLOGICAL  8EMINAMBS  IN 

1868-69. 


The  following  lists  are  oompiled  from  the  printed  catalogues  and  foformatioa 
in  manqseript  All  honorary  titles  being  dropped  from  the  napes  of  n^msters,  it 
18  safe  to  addreai  each  Professor  as  D.  D.  A  dash  in  tiie  eolumn  ^Graduated" 
signifies  that  the  person  mentioned  is  not  a  gradaate  of  any  cdtege ;  a  blank  in 
the  same  situation  signifies  onr  ignorance. 

The  follomng  list  of  abbreviatiMis  of  names  of  coll^eii  ^liJch  .we  have  used  in 
part  for  several  years,  w|is  prepared  after  careful  survey  of  the  whole  field.  To 
avoid  obscurity,  we  were  obliged  to  make  several  changes  firom  tfie  abbreviations 
used  in  the  several  catalogues.  Our  rule  is,  in  case  of  conflict,  to  use  the  simple 
inttiaLi  fi>r  the  older  colleges,  and  more  extended  abbreviations  for  the  later  ones. 
Thus,  '^B.  C."  we  give  to  Bowdoin  Ck>llege,  and  not  lo  BekHt,  as  the  Chicago 
ealali^gue  does.  It  would  be  very  convenient  to  us,  and  to  the  general  public,  if 
our  seminaries  would  adopt  onr  list,  and  it  would  do  them  no  harm.  We  are  open 
to  suggestions  of  improTement 


Ad.0.  Adifaa  OoItot»f  li3oh%Hi. 

AMib  AUailMiiy  Ckdltfe,  ^mn^hmte.  # 

iuO.  Amhant  College,  MawiohiiaetH. 

Ba.0.  BAtMG6Uef»,]IirfB6. 

BaLO.  Beloit  OoItot»>  Witeooffai. 

B.O.  BowMn  ColkgB,  SiaiiM. 

B<17.  Brown  UniTenity,  Rhode  Idaod. 

ObLO'  CoUcge  of  CAlUbrnlft. 

O.U.  0oU>7  UnlTeni^,  MmSom. 

D.O.  Durtmonth  Collage,  New  Hampdybra. 

V.0.0.  Voreet  QroTe  College,  Oregon. 

Bam.C.  Hamilton  OoQege,  New  Tork. 

H.O.  Harrard  College,  MaMaehnaetti. 

BSlli.0.  HiUadale  College,  Mkhigaa. 

Ho.0.  Howard  College.  (?) 

DLC.  Sllnels  College,  Illinois. 

lo.C.  Iowa  College,  Iowa. 

Ken.C.  Kenyon  OoUege,  Ohio, 

e  SfO.  Knox  College,  Dlimrfa. 

Ki.O.  King's  College,  Noia8ootift. 

L.17.  London  UniTersity. 

Ifar.C.  Marietta  College,  Ohio. 

IfeG.U.  HcOiUUnireonity^GMMda. 

M.O.  Middlebniy  College,  Vermont 

NJr.C.  New  Jerecj  College,  Njbw  Jersey. 

N.T.C.  New  TorlL  College,  New  Tork. 

N.T.V.  New  Tork  Uniteralty,  New  Tork. 

O.C.  OberUn  College,  OMo. 

OLC.  OliTet  College,  Mich. 

O.W.V.  Ohio  Weslejaa  Untveraity,  Ohio. 

B.YT.  Boohester  UnlTerelty,  New  Tork. 

Bi.C.  Bipon  College,  Wlscon^n* 

R.C.  Bntgers  Collie,  New  Jersey. 

T.G.  Tnseulnm  CqUege,  Tenneasee. 

U.C.  Union  College,  New  Torl^ 


V.Ofa. 
U.B. 
U.M. 
U.P. 

U.Vt. 

Wab.G. 

Wat.C. 

Wg.C. 

Wh.O. 

W.B.O. 

Wh.O. 

W.O. 

T.O. 


Vnifisnity  of  OUeiflO. 
Unlnnlty  of  Bdinhnzgh,  Sootlaad. 
UniTtrslty  of  Mtohlgan,  MVtWgan. 
Ushwiilgr  of  PinnsjlfiiBla,  Pa. 
Unlfanity  of  TcRBonk,  Yennont 
Wabash  College,  Indiana. 
Watarrille  OoUege,  Maine. 
WiqriMsbnrg  College. 
Wheaton  College,  HlinolB. 
Western  Beaerre  College,  Ohio. 
Wheaton  College,  Illinois. 
Williams  College,  MaasBchnsetti. 
Tela  CoBega,  Oonnecbent. 


I.  —  THEOLOGICAL     SEBfflNABT,    BAN- 
OOB,  MB. 

Facultt. 

Ber.  BwocH  Poivn,  President,  Waldo  Proftssor  of 
Bocleeiastical  History. 

Bar.  DAmiL  Bicmi  Taloor,  Hayea  ProAssor  of 
Sacred  Utarataia. 

BoT.  JoHH  B.  HnuoK,  Buck  Proftssor  of  Chris- 
tian Theology,  and  Libraifan. 

Bar.  Whlux  M.  Babboub,  Fogg  Proftssor  of 
Sacred  Bhetorie  and  Pastoral  Potles. 

Tbohai  H.  Bub,  AMlstant  Teacher  of  Hebrew. , 

Resident  Licentlatbs. 

Nama  and  Basidenof.  Plaoe  of  Bdneatioii. 

James  H.  Crosby,  Bangor,  Me.  Bangor. 

8.  V.  McDnffee,  Keene,  N.  H.  Bangor. 

Thomas  H.  Bieh,  Bangor,  Ma.  Bangor. 

(«) 


S80     Cbivrvattmall'IlaiilivluiiSMMrua^lSeS-eg.     IMfM, 


Senioh  Class 

Bsurj  L.  ChspmuD,  PurUuil,  Us. 

B.C. 

dtmge  W.  K*llv,  PortlsDd,  He. 

B,a 

Honrd  Klng.bgrj.  N.irtoii,  Hut 

J,  G,  LsTltl,  P^loB,  Ml. 

R.  D.  0-good,  BliiBhIU.Mf. 

WinUmH.  R-oa,  Kmi),  N.  H. 

M.C. 

jBtaB  W.  amgs,  Trraton,  M.. 

Ho.C. 

Uwud  a.  Bmilb,  UoDmoulta,  U.. 

BiC. 

Jofan  0.  TlffluiT,  BurtngtDD.  R.I. 

(IB) 

WiDDLB  Class 

[IH. 

14ui»i^ndK«lan)ce. 

Gndul 

JohBBn(rdcn,n-clUi.ll(. 

Tbomu  Coopci,  BnrtoiKn-Tniil, 

Bug. 

Librarian. 

L.  Horu. 

Lectubbrs. 


Rn.  PioT.  OtuBon  N.  Wmu,  Da  louUocI 

RuBinEsT  Licentiates. 

KUDB  Knd  Roddoiuv.  OdU.  Ond.     B> 

S.  E  Aabur;,  PliUKiie)phiK,FL        L.II.  1BSZ. 

N.r.       H.C.  IHC. 


JiJNioR  Class. 


E-  LklDb,  AndofVT 
4.  Pulurd,  BruDf 


rron.  WiHtlHin',  Mmi.   U. 

Senior  Class. 


B  Stnll,  IiTilnui,  H 


W.O.  UK 

ABUunTSl>Ta»,HllM>lI,]Uoh.       Hllk.C.Un 

J.  B.  W*lkv,  TuiHt  On»«,  Or.  r.«.0.  ISBI 

(tO)  Total,  8T. 


D.O.UM 

T.c.  ime 

A.C.ISA 
U.CI9« 


Facdltt. 

Bar.  InuiM  A.  Fiu,  Abbot  Piii*—  of  Ohili- 

Ikf.  Jnra  L.  Ttnbi,  Sodtb  Prnarif  at  Tktol- 

D  Uia  BiMeU  Oobib)  ud     < 


.  1««3 


Ibnuevr  Nicbol*  Fdro^dT  Wut  l^baaoD,  Ms. 

nclcn  Iluki^tl  Fnr;,  niTerhUI,  H.H. 
M>'<nb.li  E.  f  ullDrUn,  Bilh,  He. 


10.}     Omgrtffatkmat  Theoloffteal  Seminariet  m  1 

urt  B.  Hnotr»M.  Poniimoa[h,S.H. John  CirToU  Pi 


sn 


OBlsilfonl  K™1,  Blploo,  TL 

7  MmxilHi,  Si-w  Doslon ,  N.B. 
!■  L.  MllcbuU,  Broukljn,  N.T. 
p  Tbamu  Pu!kud,  BruunJck,  N 


HOD  Rogiin,  CbulMIOD,  Hun. 
B.C. 

Artbor  H.  Smith,  SprbiBaelJ,!!].  Bol.C. 

.C.  ISffi     Cbtiln  U.  noulhgtU,  Woadikck,  Tk     r.O. 
Unrd  Comfrirt  SUn,  OullRiTd,  CC.        1,0, 


Junior  Clabs. 


y  Ctatbj  W«Lali, 


U.  LkfhTeCt 


^ajuHbofg,  F 


UiDVLE  Claw. 


Wg.C.  II 
0.  A,  JiKkKH),  North  AdwDi,  Hmi. 

Omrgie  WbllfDelil  Klnut,  Norwich,  CU   ' 
Burhn  Fftj  LaHtl,  LoorU,  Kv,  1 

SWphen  U.  Kainun,  Wtal  rdmoBtli,  Mr 


JoelFlikWhihie/,  WaJ 


Special  Couxsk. 


r,  ChlEDpH  hill,  lUm. 


y  OroirftiPl,  AnilnTn. 
ton  lAndng  Dux,  Naa 


.tDcbill,  Uut,        W.O.  IS 

I,  cai.  iM.a  la 

mngsUwn,  Ohio, 


m.  —  THKOLOaiCAL  DSPARTH BMT, 

talk  oollbok,  ot. 
Faoultt. 


■  W-OT"  nrk.  Wot  BoxfbKl,  UuL 
WamB  PuMdf>,  Nov  Hatn,  Ot. 


R«<.  Eluiak  T.  Vitob,  Smtrilui. 

Bri.  LioxiBD  Bioaii,Actlag  Proignoraf  RariaM 

ThwIogT- 
IlfT.  Natn  Po&TDi.  CUrlc  ProAaiAr  of  Monl  Fbl- 

iDHphy   and    M«l>ph7Bicj,  ftod    Iij»tnKlor  Lo 


T.C.  1B«T     R<-r   lli'iuii  : 
IT,  Ctals>|a,  m.       Bd.a.  ISn        Off. 


282     OtmgregaUonal  fh$ologieal  Skminariei  in  1868  -  69.     [April, 


B«T.  JAMif  M.  Homr,  l>TOfc«Bi  of  Hnmniithii 

•ad  Um  IlMtonl  Cliarg*. 
B«T.  Oioui  P.  InuK,  ProflMMT  of  SoolHlMttoil 


BoT.  TmoiKT  DwnR,  Pwfcwor  of  teezod  UtaM- 
ton. 

RbBIDBNT  LlOXNTIATXa. 

NaiM  and  Baddonea.  Otadosted. 

Sfaneon  Olmrtwl  Alkn,  bj>.,  Itaildd,  Ot.  T.0. 1866 
ChMrlei  Hyde  Gii7ktd,B.».,  Aihlted,  Oi.  T.0. 1866 
Albort  Joikh  LyiiiMi,  Lmoz,  Mam,  — —  — > 
Winthrop  DadkQr  ShoUon,  b.o.,  New  H»i«i,  Ot. 

T.0.1861 

Senior  Clabs* 

NuM  and  Rwridwiet.  Ondiwted. 

BdwudWoolMjBMon,R«irH»wii,Ol. — — 

JohnWieklUfeB«Aeh,MimiiKtoii,Oi.  T.0.1864 
ChMlM  IndMiek  Bndkj,  BoKl^x7,  Ot. 

T.0. 1868 
Bmuj  Bninham  Mead,  Hingbam,  Han. 

T.0. 1806 
John  ThoDUtf  Oirana,  Owmamaa,  Walfi,  *— — — 
Soooh  Xdwaid  Bogvn,  Orange,  Ot.          —  — 
Jaba  Howe  Toree,  Orown  Point,  N.T.     M.O. 
William  Boijamin  WiUiama,  IhrynriyiAhi,  Wales, 
(8)  

ttiBDLS  Class. 

Name  and  Beeidenee.  Oiadnated. 

Aneelm  Byron  Brown,  New  Hawn,  Ot.  T.0. 1867 
Daniel  Angoftoa  Bfana,  Nantyglo,  Wakt, 


Albert  landa  Hale,  8pzlngfleId,IU.        T.ai866 
Joeeph  William  HartdMrn,  New  Haiw,  Ot. 

T.0. 1867 
Bobert  Geoige  Stephn  MoNeille,  K.A. 

Philadelphk,  Pa.  T.0. 1868 

(6) 

Junior  Class. 

Name  and  BeiMioee.  Gradnated. 

John  Kinne  Hyde  D^oreet,  Ijme,  Ot.    T.0. 1868 
Oharlee  Winthrop  Fifleld,  Eaat  Oonoord,  N.H. 

T.0.1864 

Lanren  Hatthew  foster,  Meriden,  Ot. 

Ndward  Pierpont  Herriek,  New  Haven,  Ot.  — - — 
Alfred  Tan  Oleve  Johnson,  New  Tork  Oity, 

N.T.U. 
DaTid  Bran  Jones,  Olyphant,  Pa.  >— >  >— > 

Anson  Pheipe  Tinker,  Old  Lyme,  Ot.       T.0. 1868 
James  Bxainerdiyier,  New  HaTen,Ot.    T.0.1864 
(8)  Total,  26. 

iv.  —  theolooioal    institutb   of 
connecticut,  hartfobd,  ct. 

Facultt. 

Ber.  Wbuam  Tbompsov,  Nettleton  PioAaMxr  of 
Biblical  Uteratore. 


B«T.  Bomoff  0.  TkiMiLn,  Bil^ 

Christian  Thsotogy. 
Ber.  JosiPH  0.  Bodwbel,  Hohmt 

Pxeaehing  and  the  Pastonl  OhaxfB. 
Ber.  Psnip  ScHiiy,  Waldo  Profciior 

tloal  History. 

Lbcturbrs. 

Aiirou>  OuTor,  uj».,  Tlie  ConneeCioD  of  Be- 
Tealed  BeUglon  and  Ethnological  SeieBfee. 

Ber.  BurDt  Aromsoir,  History  and  Natoia  of  Mis- 
sions. 

BsT.  ALono  H.  Qvdit,  Oongrqgatioiialian. 

Besident  Lioehtiatb. 

Name  and  Besidteoe. 
Aael  W.  Haaen,  Norwlefa,  Yt. 

Senior  Class. 

Name  and  Beddence.  Ondnalsd. 

Jason  H.  Bliss,  Amheist,  Mtss.  Nbi 

Philip  D.  Ooiey,  Boston,  Mass. 
Charles  S.  Doribe,  Wmiamstown,  Man. 
John  P.  Hawky,  Norlblk,  Ot. 
SamuBl  DBgfaam,  MIddlefleld,  Masi. 
Isaao  0.  Mawrre,  Boston,  Mass. 
Thomas  M.  MUei,  Watertown,  N.  T. 
Tlncent  Mbees,  Clymer,  N.  T. 
EL  A.  Ottman,  l^ou,  N.  T. 


Omdnafeid. 

Ifss 


M 
«• 

M 
M 
M 
« 
<C 
M 


(9) 


Middle  Class. 


Name  and  BeSldenee.  Gradnaled. 

Abel  S.Ohurk,  New  HaTeB,Ot.  Not 

Aaron  W.  TIeld,  BeniaidstoB,  Mass. 
A.  Keith,  North  Bridgewater,  Mast. 
Henry  W.  Teller,  Mt  Cisco,  N.  T. 
Daniel  Jf .  Teller,  Hadlyme,  Ot. 
Charles  B.  Simmons,  Woioester,  Mi 
Edward  8.  Towns,  Springfield,  Mass.  ** 

Frank  A  Warfleld,  HoUiston,  Maak  ** 


(( 


If 


C( 


f< 


(8) 


Junior  Class. 


Name  and  Beeidenee. 

J.  C.  Bodwell,  Jr.,  Hartfbrd,  Ot. 

f .  H.  Bofltam,  Winchester,  N.  H. 

Slyron  Bells,  Walla-Walla,  Wash.  Tsr. 

S.  S.  Mathewf ,  Boeton,  Mass. 

I.  F.  Tobey,  Bosttm,  Mass. 

(6)  Total,  98. 


Qradoalsd. 
Notnperttd, 


c* 


II 


II 


y.  —  THEOLOGICAL     DEPARTMENT, 
OBERLIN  COLLEGE,  OHIO. 

FICULTT. 
Ber.  Jaios  H.  FiAonLD,  Prerfdent,  Anrf  Pro- 

ftsMr  of  Moral  Philosopliy,  and  AHodate  Fk*- 

ftssor  of  Theology. 
Ber.  Cbablis  G.  FnnnT,  ProftMor  of  fljeftisaalli 

and  Pastoral  Theology. 
Ber.  JoHH  MoaflAir,  Profcsior  of  Blblioal  Utffa- 

tors. 


1869.]     Ot^egation^  ThattgtMl  Semiftariet  in  1868-6! 

■n:  flmn  a  LnwuD,  iBMfMtca  IB  BMnd     fmmdW.DIiUaKm.Emlh.lbm. 
SeRIOK  CI.ASS. 


CtwiH  O.  hinhild,  Obrtln,  O. 
iMdB  H.  BoMihii,  SBwnd,  m. 
(•) 

Middle  Ci-aw.  j.^  a.  Norwo.  ci.i«go,  ei.  i»L  o.  iw 

Ch«-lM  A.  Towl»,  AnrloTtr,  Mmi.  B.C.  UM 

Il.nr;  B.  IT.Mrmin,  rhfc.pi,  lU.  T.O,  IM 

Btcpbrn  w.  n-Fbb,  bdOs,  hi.  a.0.  im 

MinDLE  ClA6b, 

0.0. 1807         Hum  ud 
-  __  BdwHd  If.  ] 


rtW.L(«u,Yafc,0. 

■  E.  amaam,  Brilna*.  0.            0.0. 1868  Onr 

■  §Bltk,OtwUn,0.                          0.0.1888  Al«n 
BuJ.Tol«UlM,PnTMMM,K.I.  B.a.l86T 

W  ,  „ 

JmnoB  Ci^Ass. 

(B)                                             Tatil,le.  KuU  ud  UMMCifc                          OndiKM. 

Lvri  P.  BkiUbrt,  Ht.  >taK,bd. 

TI.  — CHICAOO     THBOLOOIOAL     SKHI-  tMMVV^,lh^iaa>. 

MAST,  OBICAQO,  ILL.  Oeib-T.C\Mfp,lMaiiDl;ta. 

Faculty.  ^S^,^^.^!!:!?';.!?'^  ' 

John  A.  OniBU^  McOngor,  lad.  

Bar.  JoNTE  HiTD,  lUlooli  PnlbMor  of  Bxd*-  jnUu  H.  Mua.  ShDlbbiuf ,  Vli.         Bal.O. 

natte  Tlwalgcr-                          ,  Fndailo  W.  IsMtfd,  Oik  Part,  m 

IcKBunnLC.  Btwun,  M«w  Kaghnd  PrnllMnr  GUbirt  t.  Hokcmb*,  Namik,  K.T. 

at  BibUsI  Ulcnton.  Jmdm  K.  KUbmn,  XkIu,  Wto. 

loT.  rM^saa  W.  nil,  wmondn  Prohnnr  «f  Bdmid  F.  Lart,  OUnt,  Kkh. 

fcuml  BbXoila.  Ownia  B.  Ibnb,  OUbihU,  b.                lo.C. 

PKOFI9S0B  OF  ECCLEMABTICAL  t'Tl^T^'J^^li^-T^                ~' 

IU8TOKT.  g^,^^  J,  F.TO.,  JnowtiU.,  Wfc.        H»B1.0. 

(lBitnutlaD(li«lBthladi|iHtiii(atlbrthapn»  Mjnm  W.  nnbrCan,  Vupra,  Wta.       BLC. 

at  bj  Pnr.  Hii>nr.    Lmmt  on  PMMml  Bo-  Cluriii  F.  Rnd,  OrliiHU,  Ik 

!>■  I7  PnC  BtnuR.)  Ohulw  A.  BkhirlHa,  1,  Olndud,  < 

bSTKUCTOR  IN  ElOCUTIOK.  JbwL  SannQoi,  BiUmii,  Ohio, 

■bwud  H.  Booth,  iJt.  Bmunwl  Tin  Nooriui,  Tha  Hvh.  HoU»aii, 

LlBBARIAIT.  Thoou  T>tH,  PhllBM^ilk,  Pl            ' 

tnL  BiaiUTT.  (^> 

Senior  Cla88.  Spxoial  Cooe8E. 

lh»«>dll.riaa«.                           ONd-M.  "CO"*  "*^ 

■iMb  R.  Bash,  ApplMoo,  Wb.              O.C.  1B6S  ""^  "*  BaMdenw.                          0»diut«l. 

Bbn  H.  BrtU,  CIsTvlud,  Ohio, Jo'"'  !■■  Alkiii»n,  C*d>r  Filk,  U. 

Bum  K.  Bnckmrida..  Bolpn,  0U«,  '^'^  »■  »'"W>«.  ™=MO,  HI- 

UH.OieaS  WimuBj.  Oluk,  Bl.Laiiii,M(i.              A.CieH 

ObiriMO.  Cn«1n,  Cfaloco.ni.                B.U.ISBS  Fnusli  J. DonfUa, muMMa, Kkh. .- 

Janua  B.  BbtU,  Diud..,  m.                Bd.0. 1868  (1) 


881     OonffrtgatioHol  TktoJogical  Stmmanu  in  1868  -  69.     [i^ril. 


i 
1 

4 
I 

i 

,1 

! 

l»^^ 

Volima 

In  IBS*. 

1! 

1  1 
if  3 

IS 
!  S 

I 
1 

13,000 
8U«X> 

c^„o^^ 

Tbundij.JaljB. 
riKiMdSj.  Hmj  ID. 

TOIL,. 

SI 

■> 

w 

»Tl  « 

6G     18 

« 

1 

TEBUS  AND  VACATION& 

Bahoob.  —  AniuverMrj,  Thandajr  fbUowii^  thelait  Wodocidfty  in  Jaljr.  Then 
ii  but  ooe  TaeatioD  in  tbe  year,  comnNiciDg  at  tbe  AnniTerMrf,  and  eontuum^ 
t«el*«  weeki.  The  proper  time  for  adminm  ii  the  Gnt  week  in  the  AcadeouMl 
year.    The  next  Acadetoicat  jbbt  commeiuMi  on  Tharadaj,  October  39,  1B6S. 

Ain>OVEK.  —  AnniTanafj,  Thnrsdaj,  Jnly  88.  Vaci^Q  of  eight  weeln  fU- 
lowi  AnniTenaiy.  IRie  preaent  year  is  dirided  into  two  terms,  —  tbe  fiist  eodii^ 
Uarcb  !5, 1869,  followed  by  a  yacatioD  of  four  weeks;  the  second  term  bepns 
TboTsdaj,  April  IS,  1869,  and  cootinaea  iint3  AnniverMwy.  The  next  Seounaiy 
jMT coaunences  on  Thursday,  September  IS,  1869. 

Talk.  —  The  seanon  for  186S-69  commenced  on  Thursday,  September'lT, 
186B,  and  eontinnes  nntil  AniuTeisaiy,  Tbnnday,  May  20,  ieS9. 

Hastpokd.  —  There  is  bat  one  term  of  study,  which  "  commencea  abont  tbe 
flatf  of  October,  and  eoD^nues  to  abont  the  nuddle  of  Judb." 

Oberlik.  —  Same  as  College  DepartmenL  Fall  term  began  September  1, 
1868,  and  ended  No*ember,  31,  1S68.  Spring  tenn,  Febmary  16, 1869,  to  Hay 
8,  1S69.  Summer  term,  May  IS,  1863,  to  August  4,  1869.  AnniTemry  of  the 
TheologicBl  Society,  July  28,  1869.  Sermon  to  tbe  llteoli^eal  Alumni,  Angnst 
S,  1869.  Commencement,  August  4,  1SE9.  Next  year  bepna  OB  TuMday 
Aognst  31, 1869. 

Chicago.  —  Two  terms,  the  "  Lectni«  term  "  and  the  '■  Beading  term  " ;  the 
Lectnre  term  commencing  on  the  aecond  Wednesday  of  September,  and  continu- 
ing till  the  last  Thursday  in  April;  the  Rending  term  extending  fitm  tbe  first 
Wednesday  in  June  to  the  beginning  of  the  Lecture  term.  Anniversary,  last 
Thonday  in  April.  "  The  Reading  term  is  intended  to  be  paned  by  the  stu- 
dent under  the  superriiion  of  some  pastor,  under  whose  care  he  may  pursoe  lbs 
course  of  study  prescribed  by  the  Facalty,  while  at  the  same  time  acqaaiutii^ 
hinaelf  with  tiie  details  and  practical  duties  of  pistoral  lile." 

The  "  Alumni  Institute "  opens  on  the  Monday  eveniog  aearwt  dw  lOth  of 
October,  and  continues  ten  days. 


1869.]  0niffng0titmal  N4miogy.  S86 


CONOBSaATIONAL  NEG|tO}U)QY. 


Mbs.  EUZABETH  THOMPSON  LEACH  died  «l  Bje,  K.  E.,  Jime  16, 
1868,  aged  fiftj-oine  j^tn  and  leren  mooUia.  She  hm  bom  in  Heatb,  Maak, 
the  daughter  of  Stephen  and  Fhebe  Thompioa  of  lluil  plaee.  The  town 
of  Heath  was  then  dktingniBhed  lor  the  interest  felt  in  the  caose^c^  edncationf 
ilB  elerated  morally,  the  frequent  reviTals  with  which  il  was  blessed,  and  the 
almost  uniTernl  attendance  of  the  people  on  the  sanctoary.  There  was  a  Sab- 
bath school  of  five  hundred  connected  wkii  the  Congregational  Society,  and 
there  was  haitfly  an  individual  in  the  congr^gatien  who  was  not  connected  with 
it  Living  in  soch  a  communitj,  the  child  of  godlj  parents,  sitting  under  the 
ministry  of  an  eaeeellent  pastor,  the  late  Bev.  Moses  Miller,  it  was  to  be  expected 
that  she  should  remembw  her  Creator  in  the  days  of  her  youth.  That  lumpily 
was  the  case.  She  was  hopefblly  concerted  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  and  united 
widi  the  church  in  Heath.  In  securing  her  educatiqiii  she  was  so  fbrtunato  as  first 
to  be  a  pi^il  of  Miss  Mary  Lyon,  then  a  teacher  at  Ashfield,  Mass.,  and  just  be- 
ginning to  develop  those  qualities  which  have  made  her  a  blessing  to  her  race ; 
and  afterwards  of  Miss  Hasseltine,  then  principal  of  the  Academy  at  Bradf(»d| 
Mass.  Her  marriage  with  the  Bev.  GKles  Leach  took  place,  Febniary  25, 
1888.  Her  subsequent  life  was  spent,  eight  yean  at  Sandwieh,  K.  H.,  eleven 
at  Meredith  Village,  fourteen  at  Wells,  Me.  Her  husband  had  removed  firom 
the  latter  place  and  taken  charge  of  the  church  in  Bye,  N.  GL,  a  few  weeks 
previous  to  her  death.  She  possessed  all  the  qualities  which  made  it  safe  for 
^  the  heart  of  her  husband  to  trust  in  her."  Few  deigymen  have  ever  found 
in  a  wife  a  more  discreet  or  safe  counsellor,  or  one  better  suited  to  increase  his 
influence  or  usefitlness  in  the  pastoral  relation.  In  the  instruction  and  guidance 
of  her  children,  she  felt  the  delicate  and  solemn  re^nsibility  of  a  mother's 
charge.  Her  efibrts  for  the  improvement  of  their  minds  and  hearts  were  unwearied, 
and  she  had  the  joy  of  beholding  them  hopefully  converted  in  early  life  and  unit- 
ing with  the  Church  of  Christ.  As  a  Christian,  she  was  clothed  with  htunili^. 
Her  high  attainments  in  grace  were  manifest  to  all  but  herself.  She  often 
mourned  her  imperfections,  while  others  could  discover  in  her  nothing  but  what 
was  pure,  lovely,  and  of  good  report  Thus  has  passed  away  one  who  was  deeply 
beloved  by  her  circle  of  fHends.  But  we  are  comforted  by  the  thought  that 
she  has  been  translated  to  a  better  worldf  and  now  rejoices  in  the  society  and 
fiiendahips  of  heaven. 

W.  B.  J. 

Bet.  ENOCH  CORSEB  was  bom  at  Boscawen,  N.  H.,  January  2, 1787,  and 
was  the  son  of  David  Corser,  of  Boscawen,  and  the  great-grandson  of  John 
Corser,  of  Newbury,  Mass.,  who  emigrated  to  this  country  from  Scotland  about 
the  year  1690.  His  grandfather,  John  Corser,  with  his  son  David  removed  ftom, 
Newbury  to  Boscawen  in  the  early  settlement  of  the  town,  and  purchased  the 


286  Chngregaiional  Neerobffg.  [April, 

wliole  of  a  tract  of  land  in  the  western  part  of  the  tofm,  now  Webrter,  and 
which  has  ever  since  borne  the  name  of  Corser^a  HilL  As  an  illustration  of  the 
fSM^t  that  there  was  much  less  emigration  from  the  fanning  towns  than  there  ia 
now,  the  late  Bey.  Mr.  Corser,  when  a  boj,  could  stand  at  his  ftther'a  door  and 
see  the  remdences  of  more  than  one  hundred  cousins.  In  early  youth  he  at- 
tended the  academy  in  Salisbury,  N.  H.  Be  commenced  a  coune  of  stndy  for 
college  with  the  Bot.  Samuel  Wood,  d.  d.,  of  Boscawen,  so  honorably  distin- 
guished as  a  teacher  of  young  men.  He  graduated  at  Middlebury  College,  18^* 
After  teaching  a  school  in  Dangers,  Mass.,  for  three  years,  he  commenced,  May, 
1814,  the  study  of  diTinity  with  the  Rev.  Dr.  Harris,  fd  Dunbarton,  and  waa 
licensed  in  1815,  by  the  Hopkinton  Association.  After  preaching  in  Middleton, 
Mass.,  and  Colebrook,  K.  H.,  he  was  inrited  to  Loudon,  where  he  was  ordained 
and  installed  as  pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church,  March  17, 1817.  EBa  ordi- 
nation sermon  was  preached  by  his  theological  instructor.  Bey.  Dr.  Harrb.  He  la- 
bored here  more  than  twenty  years,  and  his  preaching  was  attended  with  mock 
sttocess.  Several  precious  reyivals  were  enjoyed.  He  was  disnussed  from  Lou- 
don December  IS,  1887.  From  May,  1887,  to  September  dT  the  same  year,  he 
preached  at  Meredith  Village,  where  he  received  a  call  to  settle,  but  declined, 
haying  received  what  he  regarded  as  a  more  urgent  call  to  assume  the  chaige 
of  the  church  at  Sanbomton  Bridge,  where  he  labored  in  word  and  doctrine 
nearly  six  years.  May,  1848,  he  commenced  laboring  as  stated  supply  of  the 
church  in  Plymouth,  where  he  preached  nearly  one  year  and  a  half.  In  May,  1848, 
he  became  stated  supply  dT  the  Congregational  Church  in  Epping,  where  he 
remained  three  yean^  and  then  removed  to  his  native  town.  In  the  two  yean 
that  followed  he  supplied  for  short  periods  the  churches  in  Fisherville,  Hen- 
niker,  and  Warner.  At  the  last  place  he  commenced  an  engagement  as  stated 
supply,  when  he  was  seized  with  palsy,  and  compelled  to  relmquish  ministerial 
labors  for  a  number  of  years.  August,  1867,  he  resumed  labors  at  Loudon,  the 
place  of  his  long  pastorate,  where  he  preached  two  years.  His  health  then  fiuled, 
and  he  was  never,  afterwards,  able  to  perform  ministerial  service. 

He  was  married.  May,  1817,  to  Sally  Gerrish,  daughter  of  Colonel  Joeeph 
Gerrish,  of  Boscawen.  By  her  he  had  three  children,  —  Samuel  Bartlett  Ger> 
rish,  who  graduated  at  Dartmouth  College,  1841,  Elizabeth  Mary  Jane,  and 
Lucretia  Anna  French.    Mrs.  Corser  died  January  17,  1851. 

Mr.  Corser  was  a  man  of  laige  physical  frame,  vigorous  constitutbn,  uncommon 
powers  of  mind,  and  intense  emotions.  He  was  in  an  unusual  degree  frank,  out- 
spoken, knowing  nothing  of  artifice,  and  haring  not  a  particle  of  the  fox  in  him. 
He  put  his  whole  soul  into  whatever  be  undertook,  and  If  it  did  not  go  it  was  for 
no  want  of  energy  on  his  part  When  his  emotions  were  deeply  enkindled,  he 
was  eloquent  as  few  men  ever  were.  His  labors  during  the  rerivals  of  1831, 
and  of  the  years  that  followed,  will  not  be  forgotten.  After  a  protracted  season 
of  infirmity,  during  which  he  received  every  manifestation  of  kindness  that  filial 
affection  could  give,  he  died  June  17, 1868.  His  ftineral  was  attended  on  the 
19th.  Most  of  the  members  of  the  Ebpkinton  Association  were  present.  Dr. 
Bouton  preached  an  appropriate  discourse. 

w.  B.  J. 


1869.]  Congregational  Necrology.  287 

Ret.  SENDOL  BARNES  MUNGER  died  in  Bombay,  India,  July  23, 1868, 
aged  sixty  five  years,  nine  months,  and  eighteen  dayB. 

He  was  bdrn  in  Fairbaven,  Tl.  October  5,  1 802,  a  son  of  Calvin  and  Rebecca 
(  Uemenway)  Munger.  When  six  yean  old,  he  was  lefl  an  orphan.  He  became 
A  Christian  July  4,  1831,  while  living  at  Shoreham,  and  soon  entered  upon  ft 
course  of  preparation  for  the  ministry.  He  fitted  for  college  at  Rutland  County 
Grammar  School  (Caslleton),  and  was  graduated  at  Middlebury  in  1828,  and  tX 
Andover  in  1833.  For  a  short  time  he  was  agent  in  Vermont  nf  the  A.  B.  C 
F.  M,,  and  was  ordaJoed  to  the  ministry,  at  Bristol,  February  12,  1834.  The 
Rev.  Thomas  A.  Merrill,  d.  d.,  of  Middlebni'y,  preached  the  sermon. 

From  the  beginning  of  his  studies  he  bad  had  in  view  the  missionary  work. 
He  sailed  from  Buaton  in  the  ship  Corvo,  May  21,  1834,  and  arrived  at  Bombay 
September  10.  Ho  was  first  stationed  at  Bombay,  and  afterward  at  Satara. 
On  account  of  the  protracted  ill-health  of  his  wife  fae  returned  lo  the  United 
States,  sailing  from  Bombay,  November  15,  1841,  and  reached  this  country,  Jnne 
9,  1812.  Fie  re-tuibarked  at  Boston,  Januarys,  1846,  in  the  ship  Chicora,  and 
nriTed  at  Bombay,  AprQ  19.  During  the  panage  hti  wife  died,  and  was  bnried 
in  the  Indian  Ocean.  He  waa  itatkined  for  a  while  at  Ahmednngger,  afterward 
■t  BKiogar,  and  in  1899  removed  to  SMara,  which  eontinned  to  be  hit  ttation  till 
IS69,  -wben  he  retamed  to  Bombay,  hia  flrtt  fieU  in  India.  In  1893  he  again 
Tudlad  the  United  Statea,  and,  ratnraing,  Bailed  from  New  York,  September  6, 
1854,  in  tiie  steanukip  Ana.  He  made  rtiB  another  Tint  to  thia  country,  in  1864, 
and  retained  in  1868,  wling  from  Boston,  October  29,  in  the  aUp  Whampoa. 

Ha  had  an  extennre  acquaintance  with  Maratbi  litantnre,  and  was  the  antbor 
of  MTera]  books  fcnd  tracts  in  that  language,  among  which  were  *'  A  Memdr  of 
Mn.  Sfaiy  E.  Mnnger,"  and  "  The  New  Creation,'  the  latter  of  which  pawed 
tfanrngh  teveral  edition*.  He  wai  also  the  aathor,  in  English,  of  "  The  Conqneit 
of  India  by  the  Church,"  and  of  "A  Comparisoa  between  Sndocusm  and  Cfarii- 
fianity."    He  was  revising  the  last-named  bocA  when  aeited  by  his  final  sicknen. 

He  married,  first,  in  1834,  Maria  L.  Andrews,  of  Bristol,  Tt.  (died  Match  IS, 
1848);  second,  in  I8S4,  Maiy  E.  Ely,  (f  Chicago,  IlL  (died  June,  18SS);  third, 
September  9,  1863,  Urs.  Sarah  S.  Paul,  of  Boston,  who  snrvived  him,  and 
returned  to  Boston. 


Mrs.  LAUBA  a.  DENISON,  wife  of  Rer.  Andrew  C.  Denison,  and  daughter 
of  Rev.  Charles  Hichob,  died  in  New  Britun,  Conn.,  Saturday,  August  8, 1868, 
iged  thirty-five  years.  Many  words  could  hot  set  forth  in  order  the  things  in  the 
character  and  deeds  of  this  belored  Christian  disciple  which  are  surely  known 
among  us.  Yet  few  words  are  more  than  she  would  pennit  to  be  spoken  oon- 
ceming  her  own  worth.  The  daughter  of  a  venerable  minister,  in  whose  home 
is  the  light  of  life,  and  the  wife  of  an  active  Christian  pastor,  through  whom 
her  great  desire  for  usefulness  found  enlai^ed  and  happy  opportunity,  all  her 
days  were  spent  in  a  genial  Christian  atmosphere,  and  in  those  labora  for  Ibe 
Master  which  were  the  joy  of  her  life.  Bom  into  the  oovenant  of  grace,  uid  an 
active  and  cooscieotions  Christian  before  she  was  eight  yean  of  age,  she  never 


288  CmgregfOiffnal  Nterology.  lAv^^ 

OMiied  trbable  or  anxietj  to  Iier  parentB  daring  tiiie  period  of  ber  7011II19  and 
througfaoat  her  fife  was  a  tonrce  of  comfort  and  joj.  Her  heahfa  was  alwa^ 
firail,  but  her  nrind  wai  cnltiTated.  and  refined  only  Imb  than  her  heart.  She 
walked  in  the  light,'  deToatlj  kmng  Chriat,  his  Chmibh,  his  people,  and  his  cause. 
HaviDg  consecrated  all  to  God,  ^  had  little  daibess  or  doabt  Her  oom- 
munion  with  Grod  was  dose  and  intimate.  Her  active  labors  fijr  the  salvation  of 
floals  were  always  beyond  her  strength,  and  blessed  irith  great  snooess.  llierB 
were  nraldtades  who  loved  her  here,  and  called  her  blessed ;  there  will  be  na&j 
stars  in  her  crown  hereafter.  Spiritoally  minded  and  matore  fbr  her  years 
almost  beyond  any  Christian*  whom  I  have  ever  known,  she  went  down  into 
the  shadow  of  the  border  land  irith  entire  calmness  and  tmst  And  when,  finally, 
after  severe  and  prolonged  illness,  the  last  hoar  had  oome,  all  was  perfect  re^ 
nation  and  peace.  Jesos  was  there  to  claim  his  own.  And  althoagh  she  loved 
her  earthly  friends  not  less,  and  had  much  that  is  beantifbl  and  'piinnising  to  five 
fbr,  she  loved  her  Saviour  more,  and  rejoiced  in  the  hope  of  walking  with  lum  in 
Paradise. 

C.  L.  O. 

Mrs.  MARY  OUPHANT,  wife  of  Bav.  David  Oliphant,  was  the  daughter 
of  Dr.  Abiel  Pearson,  m.  d.,  and  Mary  (Adams)  Feanon,  dT  Andover,  Mass. 
She  was  born  May  8,  1798,  died  August  22, 1868. 

The  following  just  and  beautiful  tribute  to  her  memory  was  given  at  her  foneral 
by  the  Rev.  Professor.  J.  H.  Thayer :  — 

^  In  this  town  where  God's  creative  power  gave  her  life,  where  his  soverngn 
grace  gave  her  neumeuoi  life  in  Christ,  he  has  now-  ushered  his  handmaid  into 
lifb  eternal ;  by  a  process,  too,  as  gradual,  as  beautiful,  as  the  fadingofthe  shadows 
of  night  into  morning. 

^  Three  quarters  of  a  century  ago  she  was  bom,  and,  for  more  than  half  a  oen- 
tory,  has  her  existence  been  blended  with  his  whose  home  she  has  now  left  des> 
olate.  That  home,  while  she  lived,  she  made  always  a  model  of  neatness  and 
quiet  cbeerfulnesB.  In  her  domestic  relations  she  certainly  endeavored  to  fhlfil 
the  apostolic  directions,  to  *  love  her  husband,  to  love  her  children,  to  be  discreet, 
and  a  keeper  at  home.'  She  *  looked  well  to  the  ways  of  her  household,'  and 
did  never  '  eat  the  bread  of  idleness.'  And  so  the  description  of  the  ancient 
wise  man  became  reality.  '  Her  children  arise  up  and  call  her  blessed,  her  hus- 
band also,  and  he  praiseth  her.'  For  he  has  had  occasion  perpetually  to  remind 
himself  that,  in  finding  her,  he  '  obtained  favor  of  the  Lord.' 

''  And  not  less  in  his  ndniBterial  life  has  he  had  occasion  to  pnuse  God  fbr  having 
made  him  an  helpmeet  for  him.  For  she  has  not  restricted  her  ministrations  to 
him,  while  he  has  ministered  to  *  the  household  of  faith.'  Her  activity  among 
the  several  peoples  of  his  charges  has  been  constant  and  wisely  directed.  She 
'  opened  her  mouth  with  wisdom,  and  in  her  tongue  was  the  law  of  kindness,' 
and  not  less  among  the  poor  than  the  rich.  Not  only  was  her  attendance  at  the 
meetings  for  public  worship  and  social  prayer  so  regular,  and  her  mien  so  sweetly 
reverent,  that  even  the  stranger  within  the  gates  of  the  Lord  has  been  attracted 
by  them,  but  in  the  more  secret  methods  of  Christian  activity  she  was  always 


finviiKHt  S^tMial^  did  hat  Glurvtbui  i^frnpaOk^  give  ptispelwl  fanira  to  lier 
officm  of  UDoblniiiTe  kindiieMi  Herself  the  daughter  of  a  ^jMaak^ifiiO  ftr  balf 
a oentory  endeared  himMlf  to  thk  comainiutj  by:  ImtkilM  lalniptrationi  m  the 
rietvoooi,  she  fleems  to  have  u^berited  a  nattve  deUoMj  ef  peie^ptioii»  a  tendfli^ 
BMB  and  tact,  whidi  gave  her  marked  ineoen  in  her  mteieoeneiniitthetehlet  the 
eScledy  the  tunid,  the  forrowiif.  Anaged  ooeof  Cfaii8t't:iKMir»te  Bonthi  in 
^Kmmg  her  Taealed  dwdOEuigi  noiild  itc^  aad  view  it|  and  wipe  frcmher  fitoe  the 
fear  of  kmtow,  in  renemhranoe  of  the  gifte  bestowed  on  ter  bj  her  eharitj. 
(Xhej  looked  unto  her  and  were  Ii|^tened.'  Her  aani^  mile  brought  eheer  to 
man  J  a  darkened  fiunOj  chreleb  The  ohildren  eoug^  her  instinctivel j.  Aad  the 
tfaoi^t  of  heaven  will  gain  attraotiveaen  to  many  an  eld  pariahioiier»  with  the  an* 
aonncement  that  Mrfc  ^^ihant  has  gone  IhidiBr. 

.  ^  Her  xeligioQB  life  begim  aboat  1809,  doriDg  the  preaebingof  Dr.  Gfiffin-iathe 
Smith  Chnrch  (Andover).  It  teems  to  have  been  ^araeteriaedy  from  fintto  lasti 
by  steadiness  and  qniet  serenitj,  Becentljr,  it  is  tme,  shortly  after  she  became 
aware  that  her  illness  must  soon  terminate  fiitally,  she  experienced  that  shnddering 
which  many  another  saint  has  feU  in  passing  throogh  the  dark  valley.  The  theo|^ 
that  she  must  go  forth  cione^  that  .she  mnst  so  soon  Miter  upon  the  unalterable  allots 
jneata  of  the  eternal  state,  struck  her  with  BMxnentary  diBmay,and  lent  knagiaary 
horme  even  te  the  phyncal  procem  of  dying,  Bnt  all  this  was  bnt  the  dull  and 
darknev  at  the  base  of  the  mountain  preceding  the  prospect  of  glory  given  her 
when  she  had  gained  the  summit  .  Thence,  as  die  gumd  upwards,  the  &ir  land 
no  longer  seemed  distant,  and  at  length  her  longing  spirit  went  homewards  aa  on 
the  wings  of  the  maming." 


Rkv.  LUCIUS  PARKER  died  at  his  residence  in  Larimer  Mills,  Neb., 
September  84,  1868.  He  was  bom  in  Southboro',  Mass.,  September  8, 1807. 
His  age  was  sixty-one  years  end  twen^-one  days.  Hia  father,  Jeroboam 
Parker,  was  bom  also  in  SouthSoro',  and,  what  is  also  very  remarkaUe, 
preached  during  his  entire  ministry  in  the  same  town  in  which  he  was  bom. 
Both  father  and  son  were  graduates  of  Haarvard  UniTessity,  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  gnuiuating  August  28, 1834.  He  studied  theology  at  Oberlin,  Ohio,  and 
was  a  home  missionAry  for  ovei^  thirty  years,  most  of  the  time  in  the  State  of 
Illinois.  He  preached  for  short  periods  in  Ohio,  New  Ycnrk,  and  Wisoonmn,  and 
lor  one  year  previous  to  his  death  he  was  laid  aside  from  the  active  work  of  the 
ministry,  and  sought  a  home  in  Nebraska  as  a  sanitaay  measure.  Mr.  Parker's 
ministry  has  been  one  of  marked  success.  Hundreds  have  been  led  to  Christ 
ander  his  ministrations.  Revivals  have  attended  his  ministry  wherever,  in  the 
providence  of  God,  he  haa  been  called  to  labor.  His  sermons  grew  mighty  under 
the  influence  of  his  daily  ministrations  from  house  to  house. 

He  combined,  and  that  successfully,  the  work  of  preacher,  teacher,  pastor,  and 
colperter.  He  was  mild  and  gentle,  and  at  the  same  time  bold  and  outspoken. 
He  a«sver  waited  until  the  lion  was  dead,  but  boldly  battled  the  living  errors  of 
the  day.  He  was  one  of  the  early  champions  of  the  anli-slavery  movement^  and 
published  some  very  able  papers  on  that  subject  while  it  was  yet  very  uapopular 


290  *  Cmngrigational  Necrology.  [April, 

among  hi»  bgethrcn  and  the  leading  miifionaiy  locbtiafc  Hia  entire  life  aeewi  to 
haye  been  animated  with  one  nnglepwrpou^  Tia. :  the  ipiritnal  good  of  hia  lUlowa. 
So  absorbed  was  he  in  thia  diat  he  often  teemed  entirely  Ibigedbl  of  ael£  He 
had  a  great  eare  fer  the  poor  of  his  parish,  and  alwaja  managed  to  make  their 
ehnrch  burdens  light,  even  at  the  expense  of  his  own  oomibrt 
•  Considering  his  scanty  means,  Mr.  Paiker  gare  largely  to  the  benevolent  en- 
terprises (^  the  day.    This  hedid  so  quietly  that  the  recofd  thereof  ia  en  hi^« 

He  gave  from  his  soan^  library  his  most  Talned  and  standard  works  to  tiie 
Chicago  Theological  Seminary.  One  yonng  man  he  took  finom  a  mechanic's  shop, 
and  assisted  him  in  his  ooorse  through  this  same  seminary  into  the  miniatiy. 

The  last  days  of  Mr.  Parker  wme  a  fitting  end  to  soch  a  lire.  He  fi^  assured 
that  death  was  near,  and  he  was  perfectly  resigned  to  the  will  of  God.  And  the 
divine  promises,  which  had  become  stereotyped  phrases  with  him  at  the  aick  and 
dying  beds  (Mothers,  were  now  his  own  comfort  and  strength. 

Typhoid  fever  being  his  last  illness,  he  waa  a  great  part  of  the  time  anoooacioai 
to  all  about  him,  but  every  moment  of  oonscioosneas  was  filled  with  joyfkd  ezchk 
mations  in  view  of  what  was  so  near.  He  had  bright  visions  of  the  land  of  Beolah, 
and  passed  calmly  over  the  river  into  the  city  of  Grod.  Mr.  Parker's  grave  ia  on 
a  beautiful  summit  overloo^g  the  waten  df  the  Platte  and  the  Mimonri, — a 
calm,  sweet  resting-plaoe  for  an  honored  son  and  tme  servant  of  the  Moat  EG^ 

o^  w .  w. 

Bbv.  benjamin  chapman  chase  died  in  Fozeraft,  Me.,  October  18, 
1868,  aged  forty-nine.  He  was  a  son  of  Benjamin  Chapman  and  Eliza  Stevens 
(Boyce)  Chase,  of  Cornish,  N.  H,  where  he  was  bom  January  29, 1819. 

When  about  nine  years  (^age,  he  gave  hopeful  evidence  of  being  a  snljeet  oT 
renewing  grace.    He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1846,  and  at  Bangor 
Seminary  in  1849.    He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  ia 
Camden,  Me.,  Janoary  8,  1850,  and  was  married,  February  10,  1860,  to  Misa 
Almeda  S.  Blanchard,  daughter  of  Loring  *Blanchard,  of  Bangor.    She  survives 
him,  with  three  children.    During  his  pastorate  of  seven  years  at  Camden,  aboot 
fifty  were  received  to  the  church.    He  was  dismissed  at  bis  own  request,  and  was 
in^alled  over  the  First  Congregational  Church  in  Attleboro',  Mass.,  in  Jnly, 
1857.    He  was  dtsmissed  from  the  church  in^  Attlebcnt/  after  a  paatormte  of 
six  years,  and  then  fiir  fifteen  months  supplied  the  church  in  Oldtown,  Me., 
after  which  he  became  stated  supply  of  the  church  in  Fozcroft  and  Dover,  con- 
tinuing in  this  relation  until  May  8, 1866,  when  he  was  installed  over  the  dmrch 
in  Fozcroft. 

The  disease  which  closed  his  dajrs  was  perplexing  to  the  many  physidanB  who 
examined  his  case.  They  knew  not  what  to  term  it,  but  they  all  agreed  that  his 
system  needed  relaxation  and  rest.  Early  in  the  summer  he  was  afaoent  fer  a  few 
weeks  firom  his  people,  but  returned  and  preached  the  first  Sabbath  in  Jnly,  then 
took  his  fiunily  away  and  rested  among  friends  about  two  months.  He  seemed  to 
improve  in  health,  and  notified  his  people  that  he  would  try  to  resume  labor  with 
them  the  first  Sabbath  in  September.  He  reached  home  in  time  to  do  so*  bat 
was  unable  to  sit  up,  and  seldom  afterwards  could  leave  his  bed.    A  poet  morttm 


1869.]  OongregatianalJleenaogg.  S91 


Ion  tvmhd  a  canotrooi  Immor  bolweeB  Uie  ttomaeh  and  jpuMi  oolmiiii, 
nfcteh  waa  donbttoaB  the  came  of  bii  d»atli> 

Mr.  €ha8ava0»deToted,faitlifblBuniitaroftheL(^  Ha^raUbeMidJn 

^RateMremamhraiioa  bj'tlie  people  whom  he  aonred)  in  all  the  fields  of  hit  labor* 

*«'?         '^W*.  w*  i^  ■ 

'  *  ■  •  "  ■  s 

,  BnT.  TH  ADDEUS  EL  BBOWN  died  in  North  Woodatoek,  Qonn.,  Oqtobier 

oHe  was  bom  JiUMl7y  iaa8»  in  Biltenear  Man.  His  fttheir  waa  a  phjnimA 
of  that  place,  and  £edi^en  tlaa  his  od^  duid  itaa  an.  infanti  His  mother 
jvaa  llcm  chOdhood  a  member  qf  a  Uoitarian  charehi  bo^  when  her  season  of 
triid  and  grief  came,  npon  the  death  of  her  husband,  she  Mt  the  need  of  a  waimer 
Jihh,  and  soi^ht  and  found,  as  she  hoped,*  divine  Savkmr  ta comfort  and  sustain 
her.  She  died  in  184&  testifying  to  the  lov<e  of  Jesusb  and  with  a  blessed  hope  of 
salvatioa  thioagk  lis  blood. 

Mr.  Brown  was  thus  leftan  orphan  at  the  ageof  seTen,and  his  home  was  after- 
wards with  an  aont  in  AndoTor,  a  most  excellent  ladj^who  ftithfolly  and  lovingljr 
disduaged  her  tmst,  training  the  boy,  who  had  beenleft  to  her  charge,  ^  in  the 
jHuiure  and  admonitionof  the  Lord."  Ai  the  age  of  de^en  he  became  concerned 
for  Us  salvatian,  and  for  more  than  a^jrear  was  in  deep  distpom  of  nund»  remaiih;- 
aUe  for  so  joong  a  person. 

The  long  conflict,  howeyer,  ended  by  his  resigning  himself,  unresenredly,  to  his 
SaTioor. 

He  fitted  for  ooUege  at  FhiUips  Academy,  Aadoyer^  and  entered  Yale  in  tilie 
foil  d  1856.  On  his  graduation,  he  began  his  stndies  for  his  chosen  profession  at 
AndoTor,  lAere  he  was  graduated  in  1864,  haying  wpent  one  year  during  his 
oouie  in  Germany.  Preyioos  to  his  departure  for  Germany  he  was  married  to 
Mim  Lydia  W.  Herrick,  daughter  of  Bey.  Henry  Bferriidd,  and  niece  to  the  late 
Jfotarian  of  Yale  College^  with  whom  she  bad  resided.  He  was  one  who  always 
improyed  upon  acquaintance.  A  certain  modest  reserye,  which  sometimes  be- 
came almost  a  shy  sensitiyenesB,  preyented  strangers  from  fully  appreciating  the 
lieh  worth  of  his  character,  as  well  as  die  natiye  power  and  the  culture  of  his  mind. 
During  his  student  life  he  shrank  from  prominence,  and  folt  then,  as  afterwards, 
that  much  of  the  soul*s  experience  is  too  sacred  for  words  to  make  public ;  yet  his 
voice  was  often  heard  in  the  prayeinneettng,  and  his  efforts  often  giyen  in  the 
Sabbadi  school  and  in  priyate  among  his  classmates,  to  help  forward  his  Master's 
eanse.  After  the  completion  of  his  studies,  Mr.  Brown  preached  for  six  months 
at  Pittsford,  Yt,  with  acceptance  and  success.  He  then  became  pastor  of  the 
diurch  in  North  Woodstock,  Conn.,  where  he  was  ordained  April  11^  1866. 
Here  he  labored  until  his  death,  always  deyoted,  always  faithful,  winning  more 
and  more  the  esteem  and  affection  of  his  people,  loying  them  with  increasing 
ardor. 

As  a  preacher,  his  utterances  were  all  maii:ed  by  scholarly  accuracy,  by  a  foiet 
wiNiom  and  strong  common  sense,  by  a  manly  breadth  of  yiew,  by  carefol  thoi^ht, 
and  aboye  all  by  an  erident  purpose  to  do  all  that  he  could  for  the  prosperity  of 
his  Master^s  kingdom.    He  was  always  quick  to  help  the  poor  and  deqpised,  and 


292  Ckmgregatumal  Necrology.  [April, 

to  83nnpat]i]ze  with  the  afflicted.  He  was  prompt  to  visit  the  rick,  to  cheer  and 
encoorage  them,  and  to  pour  out  his  soul  in  prajer  for  them.  He  labored  fiuth- 
fhUy  for  the  impenitent,  seeking  to  win  them  to  Jesus,  and  with  those  who  had 
departed  from  their  covenant  vows,  seeking  to  reclaim  them,  though,  owing  to 
the  senritiveness  of  his  nature,  such  private  duties  involved  more  than  usual  self- 
denial  in  him.  As  he  became  known  to  his  brethren  in  the  ministry,  he  rapidlj 
gained  their  esteem  and  love,  'as  he  did  c^  the  peq)le  dT  his  charge.  Indeed,  sel- 
dom do  we  meet  with  a  more  beautiful  and  a  more  blameless  character,  a  more 
hearty  and  earnest  piety,  a  more  complete  devotion  to  the  Redeemer,  dian  we 
have  been  privileged  to  know  in  this  young  servant  of  God. 

He  was  taken  ill  with  the  scarlet  fever  in  Norwich,  where  he  with  his  wife  was 
attending  the  meeting  of  the  American  Board.  The  sermon  upon  Tuesday  even- 
ing was  the  last  public  service  in  which  he  was  to  unite  on  earth.  He  was  aUe 
to  be  removed  home  and  seemed  partially  to  recover,  but  was  attacked  with  in- 
flammation of  the  bowels,  and  soon  yielded  to  the  disease  amidst  great  pain  of 
body.  The  following  account  of  his  last  hours,  written  by  one  who  was  constantly 
with  him,  we  transfer  as  better  than  could  be  given  by  one  who  was  not  present 
at  that  triumphant  departure :  -— 

«  Alarm  was  first  felt  for  him  on  Saturday  night,  but  he  had  no  thought  of  dan- 
ger till  Sabbath  evening,  when  he  was  suddenly  told  that  he  was  near  home. 

*'  A  moment's  surprise,  then  the  heartfelt  response, '  Blessed  be  God,'  and,  as  a 
heavenly  peace  lighted  his  face,  he  said,  <  I  seem  to  feel  even  now  the  breeses 
from  the  celestial  city  wafting  over  me.' 

'*  His  last  hours  were  full  of  labor  for  Jesus,  —  a  fitting  close  for  such  a  ministry. 
*  My  people,  my  deoTj  dear  people,'  he  exclaimed,  *•  how  gladly  would  I  die  if  my 
death  might  be  the  means  of  a  glorious  revival  among  them ! '  and  as  one  after 
another  gathered  around  him,  his  words  to  each  showed  how  deeply  and  con- 
stantly he  had  borne  them  individually  upon  his  heart  Amid  great  bodily  weak- 
ness he  prayed  for  them,  comforted,  entreated,  pleaded  with  and  blessed  them, 
and  then  said,  *  Now  let  me  depart  in  peace.' 

^  A  wife  loved  as  few  are  ever  loved,  he  calmly  resigned,  trusting  her,  with  their 
precious  little  ones,  to  a  covenant-keeping  God,  saying  only,  *  The  Lord  will 
provide.' 

'*  He  lingered  in  great  agony  till  Monday  night,  twenty-four  hours  after  he  had 
hoped  to  go ;  yet  his  resignation  was  so  entire,  his  joy  in  Christ  so  radiant,  his  as- 
surance of  his  presence  so  perfect,  that  every  hour  was  a  victory.  EzpressioDS  of 
intensest  human  love,  of  perfected  faith  in  his  present  Jesus,  of  joy  in  view  of 
the  blessedness  awuting  him,  made  his  agonizing  death-bed  seem  the  very  gate 
of  heaven." 

Deacon  JOHN  THOMPSON  died  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  October  21,  1868, 
aged  eighty-four  years.  He  was  the  son  of  Captain  Sanford  Thompson,  of  Mid- 
dletown,  Conn.,  where  he  was  bom  February  6, 1 784.  When  he  was  very  young 
his  father  removed  to  Blanford,  Mass.,  where  he  passed  the  most  of  his  minority. 
He  was  a  most  thoughtful,  intelligent,  amiable  youth,  and  in  early  life  gave  evi- 
dence of  personal  religious  experience. 


1869.]  Ctmgregaltionail  Neerohgy.  298 

In  April,  1807y  wlieii  lie  was  tumntj-ihiee  j^ikb  €i  age,  lie  went  to  the  (then) 
Ihnmnee  of  Maine,  and  settled  in  what  is  now  the  town  ci  If  evoer,  in  Somerset 
Goimtjr.  Li  1814  he  married  Miss  OliTe  Works,  of  Oxford,  Mass.  Their  ehil-. 
dren  were  riz  sons  and  two  dai^hters.  He  was  finr  twenty-fiTe  jean  snperin^ 
tendent  of  tiie  Sabbath  school,  and  finr  abont  fbfttj  yean  deacon  of  the  Congre- 
galbMiil  Church  in  Mercer,  retuning  the  office  until  his  death.  He  was  a  pillar 
in  tins  fbeUe  ehnrch,  an  ever-shining  light,  an  untiring  upholder  of  the  means  of 
grace  to  the  extent  of  his  power,  ready  Ibr  erery  ^ood  word  and  work.  He  was 
a  man  of  guileless  simplicity,  of  steadfast  fidthftdness.  The  church  in  its  weak* 
ness  rested  upon  him  as  upon  a  strong  staff,  while  he  constantly  endeavored  by 
word  and  example  to  impress  upon  those  around  him  the  personal  convictions  of 
trudi  and  duty. 

He  was  a  man  of  broad  sjrmpathies,  an  advocate  of  the  oppressed,  a  fiiend  of 
the  ibriom  and  needy.  Every  good  cause  gained  his  active  sympathy,  and  he 
was  ever  rea4y  to  render  such  material  aid  as  his  limited  means  allowed.  He  was 
a  good  man  in  the  widest  and  largest  sense  of  the  term,  an  oracle  in  the  commu- 
nity, where  his  name  will  be  cherished  as  the  sjmonjrme  of  all  that  is  pure  and 
lovely  and  of  good  report 

A  few  yean  ago  he,  with  his  aged  wife,  who  sunives  him,  yielded  to  the  request 
of  a  son-in-law  in  Hartford,  and  went  to  pass  the  evening  of  their  lives  in  his  fhm- 
3y.  We  are  wont  to  say  that  the  aged  annd  their  infirmities  are  in  the  winter 
of  fife ;  but  this  did  not  applj  to  him.  Hb  old  age  was  radiant  with  faith  and 
hope,  —  a  perennial  summer.  His  end  was  peace.  "  The  memory  of  the  just 
isblessed.** 

w.  w.  D. 

Dbacok  MATTHEWS  THACHEB  died  in  CentrevOle,  Mass.,  October  S6, 
1868,  aged  eighty  years. 

He  was  a  lineal  descendant  ci  Antony  Thacher,  who^  with  his  wife,  were  the 
only  snrvivon  of  twenty-three,  firom  shipwreck,  on  the  14th  of  August,  1685. 
They  were  cast  upon  an  island  off  Bockport,  which  has  since  been  known  as 
Thacher's  Island.  They  were  taken  ftom  thence  to  Marblehead,  whence  diey 
went  to  Yarmoutii  tat  a  permanent  settlement  Here  it  was  that  Matthews 
was  bom  on  Sunday,  the  8th  of  June,  1788,  and  baptized  on  the  following 
Sabbath.  He  was  eariy  taught  that  ^  the  fear  of  the  Lord  is  the  beginning 
of  wisdom."  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  left  his  home  with  the  benediction 
of  his  widowed  mother,  to  make  his  own  mark  in  the  world.  He  was  taken  into 
the  service  of  a  relative  in  South  Dartmouth,  where,  through  diligence  and  fidel? 
ity  in  bosinesB,  he  soon  obtained  a  good  name ;  and,  through  the  blessing  of  a  cov- 
enant-keeping (jod  upon  the  means  of  grace  enjoyed,  he  early  became  a  Chris- 
tian, and  in  1810  united  with  the  Congregational  Church  in  that  place.  He  wa»- 
elected  deacon  of  the  same  in  1823,  and  was  retained  in  the  office  until  1861i 
when,  at  his  own  request,  he  was  dismissed  and  recommended  to  the  Congrega^ 
tional  Church  in  Geneva,  UL,  by  which  he  was  received,  and  in  the  fellewship  of 
which  he  died. 

In  his  business  traasaetions  he  was  emphaticaUy  an  honest  man.    Possessing 

NEW  SERIES.  —  VOL.  L  NO.  2.  20 


294  Congregational  Neerohgy.  [April, 

great  enei^  of  character  and  excellent  judgment^  he  was  highlj  esteemed  hj 
all  who  knew  him,  eipeciallj  by  his  commercial  firtends.  His  natural  dnqpositioa 
was  cheerful,  and  his  Christian  character  earnest,  consbtent,  and  sjmmetricaL 
He  lored  the  truth  as  it  is  in  Jesus,  and  was  ever  ready  to  co-operate  in  the 
benevolent  enterprises  of  the  day  in  spreading  it  abroad.  His  example  in  the 
observance  of  the  Sabbath,  by  constant  attendance  on  the  preaching  of  the 
Gospel,  and  by  his  manifest  interest  in  the  Sabbath  school,  and  his  regular  at- 
tendance on  the  weekly  prayer-meeting,  will  be  remembered  with  gratitade  by 
many  who  love  the  Gospel  of  the  blessed  Saviour. 

z.  c.  T. 

Bxy.  BENJAMIN  F.  FOSTER,  who  died  at  Dummerston,  Vt,  November 
2, 1868,  was  bom  in  Hanover,  N.  H.,  June  16, 1808,  a  son  of  Richard  and  Esther 
(Jewell)  Foster.  He  was  consecrated  to  God  by  his  parents  in  infimcy,  and  was 
the  subject  of  many  prayers.  His  youth  was  marked  for  sobriety  and  a  carefid 
regard  for  what  is  of  good  report  In  the  spring  of  1821  his  attention  was  called 
more  particularly  to  his  lost  state  as  a  sinner.  After  a  season  of  very  painful  ooo- 
viction,  he  obtained  a  hope  of  pardon,  and  united  with  the  Congregational  Cfanrch 
in  Hanover  Centre,  under  the  pastoral  care  of  Rev.  Josiah  Town.  He  was  soon 
led  to  feel  it  his  duty  to  leave  the  occupation  he  had  chosen  (that  of  a  tamier)i 
and  enter  upon  a  course  of  study  with  a  view  to  the  ministry.  He  fitted  foir  col- 
lege at  ELimball  Union  Academy,  and  graduated  at  Amherst  Cdll^  in  the  Qass 
of  1829.  He  read  theology  with  Rev.  Silas  McKeen,  D.  D.,  of  Bradford,  Yt;  and 
was  licensed  by  the  Orange  Association,  August  2,  183}.  He  preached  a  few 
months  in  Waterford,  Yt,  then  in  Amoekeag  (now  Manchester),  N.  H.,  and  war 
mrdained  there  as  an  evangelist  in  March,  1882.  He  was  instaUed  pastor  of  the 
Congregational  Church  in  Salisbury,  N.  H.,  November  13,  1833 ;  sermon  fay- 
Be  v.  N.  Bouton,  D.  D.,  of  Concord,  N.  H.  He  was  dismissed  July  23,  1846,  on 
account  of  ill-health.  In  September,  1846,  he  was  installed  in  Dummerstoo,  Yt., 
and  renuiined  pastor  until  December  18, 1867,  though  he  had  preached  only  oc- 
casionally for  moire  than  a  year  previous,  on  account  of  his  fidling  health,  ffis 
health  was  always  poor.  Hence  he  was  often  depressed,  and  easily  overcome  and 
discouraged  by  the  cares  of  the  ministry.  But  there  was  a  vein  of  cheerfulnea  ia 
his  life  that  made  him  always  companionable,  and  his  home  a  welcome  place  for 
his  friends.  As  a  minister  he  was  faithful  He  was  no  speculator,  but  a  preacher 
of  the  Word  of  God.  His  study  was  to  learn  the  meaning  of  the  Scariptorea 
This  being  known,  he  preached  plainly,  earnestly,  and  ably. 

He  was  constitutionally  desponding,  and  thought  little  of  himself  and  hk  pro- 
ductions, but  was  much  esteemed  by  his  brethren  in  the  ministry  as  an  able 
divine.  His  Association  will  long  remember  his  modest  suggestions,  his  faithfol 
reproofs,  and  profitable  criticisms.  His  Christian  character  was  solid  rather  than 
showy,  always  reliable.  He  was  found  generally  at  the  foot  of  the  cross  pleading 
for  mercy,  as  a  sinner,  rarely  on  Ute  mount,  never  speaking  of  his  attain* 
ments  as  a  Christian  or  his  success  as  a  minister.  He  was  blessed  with'  re^vals 
in  both  of  his  fields  of  labor.  The  one  in  1842,  in  Salisbury,  was  of  great  interest, 
and  added  largely  to  the  church  in  that  place.    He  was  a  Calvinist  in  his  views  of 


1869.J  Congregaithnal  Ifterdogy.  296 

GoqMl  doctrines,  decided  in  bit  oonvictaom,  yet  duuritable  in  his  judgment  of 
tkiee  that  differed  from  him.  He  died  trotting  in  the  Savioor  irhom  he  had 
pireaehed  for  thirtjr-seyen  years, — the  wtXy  Savionr  ibr  sinners,  and  o/l-Mi^!cimt 
**  The  plan  (^  redemption  looks  glonoos,"  he  said  to  his  brother,  Bot.  Amoi 
Foster*  of  Pntnej,  Yt.,  a  few  days  before  he  died.  Here  he  ooold  rest  secnrelyy 
though  he  found  nothing  in  himself  on  which  he  coold  build  a  hq)e.  Hb  lift  and 
death  were  a  good  illustration  of  the  ^>ostle's  doctrine,  *'  By  grace  ye  are  saved 
timN^  fidth,  and  that  not  of  yourselTes :  it  is  the  gift  of  God." 

He  was  twice  married :  April  19, 183S,  to  Ifiss  Both  H.  Kimball,*dr  Oraaga» 
N.  H.,  who  died  June  3, 1846 ;  July,  1846,  to  Mrs.  Mary  C.  Ferry,  of  Manches- 
ter, N.  H.,  who  surrives  him. 

A.  8. 

ZELOTES  HOSMEB  died  of  apoplexy  in  Hinsdale,  Mass.,  Norember  11, 
IMS,  aged  sizty-soTen.  He  was  a  descendant  from  James  Hosmer,  of  Conoord, 
16S7,  and  the  cddest  son  of  Charles  and  Lydia  (Harwood)  Hosmer,  and  was  bom 
al  Woodstock,  Conn.,  August  24, 1801.  While  he  was  yet  an  inihnt  the  fiunily 
migrated  to  Northern  Vermont,  then  almost  an  unbroken  forest,  and  his  boyhood 
waa  spent  at  St  Johnsbury,  where  he  receired  the  limited  education  of  a  distriot 
sohoolt  and  engaged  in  the  healtb-giTing  labors  of  a  large  fium.  When  fifUan 
he  entered  the  country  store  of  Erastus  Fairbanks,  —  a  name  destined  to  be  weft 
sad  widely  known  as  the  skilled  manufSscturer,  the  successful  capitalist,  the  wise 
goremor,  the  Christian  philanthropist.  The  acquaintance  so  early  formed  lasted 
flooeghlife. 

On  coming  of  age  Mr.  Hosmer  left  Vermont  for  fioston,  entering  a  large  hard- 
ware firm  as  clerk ;  and,  afterwards  embarking  in  that  business  for  himself,  was 
SB  aetiTO  merchant  over  thirty  years. 

In  1825  he  made  a  profession  of  religion,  joining  the  Union  Church,  Essex 
Street,  Ber.  Samuel  Green,  pastor;  and  was  dismissed  in  1886  to  join  others  in 
foanding  the  Franklin  Street,  now  Central  Church,  with  Bev.  Wm.  B.  Bogers  as 
their  pastor.  They  worshipped  in  the  Odeon,  originally  built  as  the  Federal 
Street  Theatre.  Bemoving,  in  1837,  to  Cambridge,  he  became  an  influential 
member  of  the  First  Church  there. 

At  his  beautiful  residence  he  enjoyed  dividing  his  time,  when  the  day's  bosi- 
Besi  was  orer,  between  his  fruit-trees  and  his  bodu;  for  he  had  gathered  a 
large  and  Taluable  library,  which  held  high  rank  among  the  noted  private  fibrik 
ries  (^  Cambridge.    He  used  to  remark  that  he  began  buying  books  in  order  to 
own  all  the  works  needful  for  a  SabbathnKhool  teacher's  thorough  study,  of  the 
Bible.    His  shelves  were  a  treasury  of  the  wrings  of  the  English  reformers ;  but 
tiie  specialty  of  the  library  was  its  early  editions  of  the  dramatists  and  poets  of 
tiie  Eliaabethan  period.    With  such  literary  tastes,  he  became  well  acquainted 
with  several  of  the  professors  in  Harvard  College,  and  two  of  his  sons  graduated 
there.    Mr.  Hosmer  was  a  member  of  the  first  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Dowaa 
Institnte.    And  his  memory  is  yet  cherished  in  Cambridge  as  the  faithful  super- 
intendent of  the  Shepard  Sabbath  School  foi'  thirteen  years,  while  twice  in  Boa- 
ton  he  had  filled  well  the  same  trust 


296  Cbngr^atiandl  Necrology.  [April, 

Peeuniarj  reTerses  obliged  a  change  dT  bonnefliy  and  in  1861  he  rttnored  Inf 
fkmily  to  Beloit,  Wifeoiuin,  residing  on  a  fiirm,  until  the  sadden  death  of  his 
yoongest  son  neeeswtated  tlieir  retnrn  to  the  Bast  The  last  year  was  passed  at 
Hinsdale,  Berkriiire  Connty.  His  death,  sadden  indeed,  was  not  onezpected ; 
and  tiioagh  the  disease  dooded  his  conscioasnesB,  so  that  he  left  no  djbg  testi- 
mony, yet  to  a  wide  eireleofmcqnaintances  that  basyyaseftd  life,  those  varied  Chris- 
tian senrices,  attest  his»nnreserved  consecration  and  his  hamUe  tmst  in  Christ 

Mr.  Hosmer  married,  SeptMnber  S4, 18S7,  Looisa,  eldest  daoghter  of  Hnbbard 
and  Mary  Lawrence,  of  St  Johnsbory,  V t,  and  had  three  sons  and  a  dangfater. 
One  of  the  sons,  Bey.  S.  D.  Hosmer,  is  pastor  at  Nantacket 

Among  his  marked  characteristios  were  his  strong  denre  and  efibrt  to  gain  in- 
tellectoal  growth.  You  would  find  on  his  counting-room  desk,  ready  for  reading 
in  the  pauses  (^  business,  the  last  Edinbui^,  London  Quarterly,  or  North  American 
Beview.  Nor  were  his  books  for  show ;  he  knew  their  contents,  by  topics  at  least 
With  quite  an  antiquarian  turn  of  mind,  he  prized  a  Princeps  or  Elaevir  edition ; 
his  book-pets  were  those  old  Black-Letter  Chronicles,  with  their  quaint  spelling. 
A  valuable  work,  handsomely  issued,  the  dear  type,  the  broad  margin,  th^  beanti- 
M  binding,  foasted  his  teste.  He  was  so  well  read  in  Eng^Ush  history  and  topog- 
raphy that,  although  he  had  never  crossed  the  ocean,  he  could  describe,  with 
almost  the  fimiiliarity  of  the  tourist,  Stratford-on- Avon,  the  Bodleian  Library,  the 
British  Museum. 

-Mr.  Hosmer  was  a  man  of  fixed  purpose  in  what  he  deemed  the  path  of  duty. 
Of  kindly  sympathies,  he  interested  alike  the  old  and  the  young.  He  loved  to 
meet  children,  for,  though  his  white  locks  all  through  active  life  indicated  a  gi^eater 
than  his  actual  age,  friends  recogniaed  the  buoyant,  youthful  spirit  he  cherished. 
How  well  he  adapted  himself  to  circumstances,  changed  as  his  surroundings  were 
at  different  periods,  always  hopeful,  ever  helping  others !  Fidelity  to  confided 
trusts  was  a  constant  trait  A  wise  counsellor,  a  firm  friend,  he  studied  to  do  the 
very  best,  sometimes  overlooking  his  own  welfare  to  render  every  posrible  service 
to  another. 

As  a  Christian,  he  studied  the  BiUe  prayerfully,  and  tenaciously  held  the  fiuth 
of  the  fothers.  With  discreet  words  he  spoke  for  his  Saviour  in  the  praye^ 
meeting.  Freely  did  he  give  to  charitable  calls.  A  constant  Sabbath  hearer,  he 
profited  by  the  pulpit's  ministrations,  and  was  strongly  attached  to  his  pastors  in 
Boston  and  Cambridge,  each  dt  whom  passed  on  before  him  to  the  better  land. 

Genial,  aflable  to  all,  diligent  in  his  business,  in  the  church  a  brother  beloved,  — 
in  whatever  phase  of  lifo  you  saw  him,  you  perceived  a  man  of  sterling  worth,  and 
a  consistent  Christian. 

8.  D.  H. 

Rkv*  DAVID  SPEAR  was  bom  in  Vermont,  June,  1781 ;  converted  to 
Christ,  when  about  fourteen  years  of  age,  in  the  sununer  of  1 795 ;  virited 
JefferKm  County,  N.  Y.,  as  a  missionary  in  the  summer  of  1808,  and  finally  died 
at  Mannsville,  in  the  same  county,  on  the  18th  of  November,  1868,  in  the  eighty- 
eighth  year  of  his  age. 

The  funeral  services  were  attended  at  Adams,  a  large  congregation  being 


3.869-3  Coff^grtgallitmial  Necrology.  297 

««emUed  from  different  townf ;  a  senmm  was  preached  bj  the  Ber.  Charies 
JioiieB,  and  he  was  buried  in  Eodman  cemetery,  by  the  ride  of  hit  wife,  who  had 
departed  mne  fbnr  yean  |»revionsly. 

After  the  eaily  conTerrion  of  Mr.  Spear,  his  mind  was  modi  exercised  as  to 
the  Christian  ministry ;  but  Tarioos  hindrances  arose,  eqiecially  the  want  of  funds 
finr  securing  an  education,  so  that  he  had  abandoned  his  long-cherished  hope,  and 
was  about  entering  the  mercantile  bnriness  with  a  fKend.  At  this  juncture  the 
Bntland  Association  held  a  meeting,'  and,  after  consultatioD,  decided  to  advise 
Mr.  Spear  to  take  a  short  course  of  training,  and  to  enter  the  Christian  ministry. 
The  result  was,  Mr.  Spear  put  himself  under  the  direction  of  that  body,  and  on 
the  twenty-seTonth  day  of  May,  1807,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  the  GospeL  The 
studies  of  Mr.  Spear  were  pursued  under  the  supervision  of  the  Rev.  John  B. 
Preston ;  and  at  his  house,  July  18, 1808,  in  West  Bnpert,  Yt,  a  Committee  of 
Consociation  assembled  tot  the  purpose  of  examining  and  ordaining  him  to  the 
work  of  tiie  Gospel  ministry.  The  misrionary  tour  of  Mr.  Spear  to  Jefferson 
County,  N.  Y.,  immediately  thereafter,  resulted  in  his  making  that  section 
his  aU&g  home.  On  the  second  Sabbath  of  August,  1808,  Mr.  Spear's  labors 
commenced,  and  were  equally  divided  fer  about  nine  months  between  H^tw^w 
and  Adams.  In  each  place  a  precious  woik  of  grace  was  enjoyed,  and,  as  the 
fruiti,  twenty  were  added  to  the  Congregational  Church  of  Rodman,  and  thir^  to 
the  Congregational  Church  of  Adams.  On  the  28th  of  the  fbllowing  November 
Mr.  Spear  was  called  to  the  permanent  pastorate  of  Rodman,  where  he  was  in- 
stiled in  September,  1809. 

In  February,  1810,  he  was  married*  Eb  long  lifb  of  toil  and  sacrifice  none  can 
fully  understand  but  those  who  have  their  settlement  in  the  woods,  where  every- 
thing b  to  be  done,  not  only  educationally  and  religiously,  but  where  the  forces 
of  nature  are  all  undeveloped. 

Beside  his  own  direct  field  of  labor,  there  was  a  large  territory  around,  which 
he  felt  he  must  occupy  as  he  could.  Bad  roads,  log-houses,  the  people  as  yet 
poor,  and  small  income,  were  among  the  discomforts  that  belonged  to  such  a  woric. 
But  patiently  and  lovingly  he  toiled,  and  though  firail,  God  spared  him  long,  so 
that  he  saw  the  country  redeemed,  wealth  spread  all  around,  churches  establiriied, 
schools  founded,  and  all  the  elements  of  civilized,  refined,  and  Christian  life  so 
universally  and  thoroughly  diffused  that  he  might  well  rejoice.  His  life  was  a 
great  and  precious  success,  —  not  money-wise,  for  when  he  died  he  had  not  a 
property  worth  over  one  thousand  dollars.  Tet  he  so  worked  that  he  was  worthy 
of  having  been  liberally  repaid  by  those  among  whom  he  labored  and  to  whom  he 
gave  his  lifi^  Wide  and  most  precious  was  his  influence.  His  spirit  was  balmy, 
kind,  and  sweet ;  while  his  visible  self,  as  he  moved  in  community,  was  an 
ever-speaking  message,  both  of  love  and  warning.  Well  might  Christ's  disciples 
bve  him ;  well  might  the  world  respect  him. 

The  author  of  this  sketch  knew  him  first  intimately  in  a  sweet  revival  in  May 
and  June,  1889.  He  was  a  most  hearty  and  true  yoke-feUow,  always  reliable,  and 
never  afiraid  of  anything  but  sin.  Such  pure  love  for  God,  such  attachment  to 
Christ^s  service,  such  compassbn  for  souls,  are  seldom  found  prevaUmgly  in  the 
human  breast 


/ 


298  dmgregaUonoi  Necrology.  [-^pnl, 

In  reference  to  lus  mimstiy  in  Rodman,  in  his  lialf-eentaiy  sermony  pretched 
Angnst  8, 1858,  «nd  afterwards  published,  he  says :  — 

^  The  whole  number  of  members  who  have  been  connected  with  this  church  is 
five  hundred  and  fbrtj-tix;  the  number  who  haTe  been  receiTod  rince  I  com- 
menced my  labors  here  in  1808  is  five  hundred  and  twenty-six. 

**  Not  a  smgle  year  in  the  last  twenty  has  passed  without  some  being  added  to 
the  church  by  profesdon.** 

He  judged  that  he  had  preached  not  less  than  fifteen  hundred  ftineral  sermons. 
These  and  other  occanons  made  his  fiice  fiuniliar  to  all  the  people  ibr  a  laige 
extent  of  territory. 

Four  sons  surviye  their  ftther,  —  one  a  rendent  in  New  York  City,  two  in  Bod- 
man,  and  one  in  Adams  Centre.  One  of  these  is  a  member  of  the  church  in 
Bodman,  and  one  served  his  country  honorably  and  faithfully  in  the  late  war. 

Eb  last  days  were  quietly  spent  with  an  only  and  widowed  daughter.  For 
three  years  they  were  togeUier,  —  the  aged  fiiiher  receiving  the  care  and  atten- 
tions of  his  child,  and  she  having  his  prayers  and  counsels.  Mannsville,  the  place 
of  his  death,  was  some  twelve  miles  from  the  central  field  of  his  labors,  where  he 
was  buried,  but  was  not  to  him  a  strange  place,  for  indeed  there  was  scarcely 
•och  ground  to  this  good  patriarch  in  all  ^e  region.  Rich  in  fiuth,  patient  in 
waiting,  abundant  in  work  for  his  Lord,  he  has  gone  where  his  wealth  is  boond- 

o.  J. 

Rsv.  HORACE  SMITH  dUed  at  Richfield,  Ohio,  November  20, 1868,  aged 
seventy.  He  was  a  native  of  Hadley,  Mass.,  bom  October  15, 1798,  was  gradn- 
ated  at  Yale  College  in  1818,  and  at  Andover  in  1821.  He  was  orduned  as  an 
Evangelist  at  Hadley,  February  27,  1822,  Rev.  Nathan  Perkins,  of  Amherst, 
preaching  the  sermon. 

Mr.  Smith  conmienced  his  ministry  as  a  missionary  on  the  Western  Reserve, 
Ohio,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Hampshire  County  Missionary  Society. 

In  1828  he  accepted  an  appointment  finom  the  American  Home  Missionarj 
Society  to  labor  in  Illinois,  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Missouri,  in  which  service 
he  itinerated  one  hundred  miles  south  of  St  Louis,  and  one  hundred  and  fiirty 
miles  north  of  it.  After  three  years  he  returhed  to  Ohio,  and  in  1832  accepted 
the  pastorate  of  the  Congregational  Church  in  Richfield,  which  station  he  occn- 
|»ed,  not  continuously,  but  in  all  twenty-one  years.  Subsequently  he  resided  in 
Richfield,  and  preached  in  the  neighboring  towns.  His  death  was  sudden. 
While  engaged  in  business  he  complained  of  faintness,  and  immediately  died 
without  a  struggle. 

Mr.  Smith  was  a  man  of  generous  culture  and  studious  habits.  As  a  preacher, 
he  was  eminently  scriptural,  and  as  a  Christian  highly  exemplary.  His  name  is 
cherished  as  that  of  a  good  man,  whose  rest  is  above. 

He  married  Mary  D.  Ward,  of  Hadley,  Mass.,  November  2, 1829,  and  after  her 
death,  Caroline  O.  Kellogg,  of  Hinckley,  Ohio. 

J.  A.  M«K. 


1869.]  Cangregatianal  Neerohgy.  299 

DsACON  JOHN  TOLMAN  died  in  Ware,  Maai.,  December  18, 1868,  aged 
■erenty-eeren. 

He  was  bom  in  Wmchendon,  Maaa.,  July  12, 1791,  to  which  place  hia  father 
had  remored  from  Dorchester  but  a  short  time  before,  and  where  his  older 
brother,  Bev.  Samuel  H.  Tdman,  of  whom  there  is  some  notice  in  the  last  Yolame  of 
the  Qaarteriy,was  bom.  He  was  blessed  with  a  pious  ancestry,  and  in  early  life 
became  a  Christian,  though  it  was  not  nntil  after  he  removed  to  New  Ipswich, 
K.  H.,  in  1818,  that  he  made  a  public  profession  of  hv  fiuth,  uniting  with  the 
chorch  of  which  the  Rev.  Richard  Hall  was  pastor.  Under  his  ministry  he  was 
fiuthfnlly  instmcted  and  well  grounded  in  the  great  doctrines  to  which  he  ad- 
hered nntH  his  death.  He  often  referred  to  Mr.  Hall's  preaching  and  to  his 
Tiews  of  church  order  and  discipline,  as  giving  character  and  stability  to  his  after 
life. 

In  1825  he  removed  to  Enosbui*g,  Yt,  and  in  1886  to  Ware,  where  he  passed 
the  remainder  of  his  life,  and  where  his  Christian  character  was  most  fully  de- 
Tdc^ied.  He  was  chosen  deacon  in  1887  of  the  church  of  which  Rev.  Parsons 
Cook,  D.  D.,  was  pastor.  He  held  fiut  the  form  of  sound  words,  and  stood  firm 
by  the  old  paths.  He  loved  the  house  of  Grod,  the  place  of  prayer,  and  was  con- 
stant in  the  Sabbath  school  so  long  as  his  strength  renuuned. 

His  trade  was  that  of  a  tanner,  which  he  followed  with  great  industry  and 
eneigy  and  with  varied  success.  He  was  too  confiding  in  his  credits,  and  the 
evening  of  life  found  him  with  small  resources.  As  treasurer  of  the  church,  he 
was  careftil  to  look  after  the  wants  of  the  poor,  and  gave  liberally  of  his  own 
means  to  their  necesmties ;  and  after  he  resigned  the  office  of  deacon,  in  1858, 
those  traits  of  benevolence  were  still  active,  and  when  his  own  funds  failed,  he 
qpened  the  way  to  others.  Hblast  years  were  peaceful,  with  few  cares.  He  read 
much.  Doddridge  and  Flavel  were  favorites,  but  the  Bible  was  more  precious 
stilL  His  conversation  was  of  Christ's  kingdom.  He  felt  his  own  imperfections, 
but  that  there  was  fulness  in  Christ  His  death  was  sudden,  but  his  end  was 
peace. 

Mr.  Tolman  was  twice  married,  first  to  Elizabeth  Nichols,  of  Leominster, 
Mass.,  March  20,  1818,  by  whom  he  had  eight  children,  three  of  whom  sur- 
vive. One,  the  wife  of  Rev.  Cyrus  T.  Mills,  of  Benicia,  Cal.,  formerly  of  the 
Ceylon  Mission ;  one  the  wife  of  Lucius  A.  Tolman,  of  West  Roxbury,  Mass. ; 
and  one  unmarried.  The  daughters  were  all  educated  at  South  Hadley,  and 
three  were  teachers. 

He  was  married  January  1, 1888,  to  Mrs.  Submit  Nash,  widow  of  Isaiah  Williams. 

Rev.  AMOS  BLANCHARD  died  in  Bamet,  Yt,  aft»r  a  sickness  of  only  a 
few  hours,  6  January,  1869,  aged  sixty-eight  years,  three  months,  and  twenty- 
eight  daysi 

He  was  a  son  of  Joel  and  Rebecca  (George)  Blanchard,  and  was  bora  in 
Peacham,  8  September,  1800.  He  worked  on  a  farm  till  he  was  seventeen  years 
old,  and  then  served  an  apprenticeship  to  the  printing  business  with  E.  P.  Walton,  of 
Montpelier.    At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  began  academical  studies,  and  pursued 


800  C(mgr^aHiiowd  Necrology.  [Ajsni^ 


them  three  jean,  after  which  he  entered  the  Andorer  Theological  Seminaiy,  and 
wa«  there  graduated  in  1828.  He  was  licensed  at  Danville,  5  May,  1828,  by  the 
Caledonia  Association.  His  first  jear  after  his  graduation  was  spent  in  Western 
New  York  in  the  employment  of  Uie  American  Tract  Society.  He  then  went  to 
Cincinnati,  and  for  three  years  edited  the  Cincinnati  Christian  JonmaL  He  was 
ordained  to  the  ministry  27  July,  1831,  by  the  Presbytery  of  CincinnatL  The 
BeT.  John  Thompson  preached  Uae  sermon. 

In  August,  1832,  he  returned  to  New  England,  and  was  installed  9  December, 
1882,  pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  in  Lyndon,  Yt  The  Rev.  Nathan 
Lord,  D.  D.,  of  Hanover,  K.  H.,  preached  the  sermon.  In  the  winter  of  1835 
he  was  dismissed,  and  then  spent  about  a  year  and  a  half  at  the  West,  as 
acting  pastor  at  Cabotville,  Mass.  He  was  installed  in  Warner,  N.  H.,  15 
February,  1887,  the  Rev.  N.  Lord,  d.  d.,  preaching  the  sermon.  He  was 
dismissed  10  December,  1889,  and  was  installed  at  Meriden  8  January,  1840. 
The  Bev.  John  Woods,  of  Newport,  preached  the  sermon.  After  a  snccessftd 
pastorate  of  more  than  twentyrfive  years,  he  was  diHmiaiftd  4  October,  1865, 
and  soon  after  removed  to  Bamet.  In  March,  1866,  he  was  i^pointed  postmaater 
at  Norrisville,  and  held  the  office  untd  his  death. 

He  was  a  forcible  preacher,  a  faithful  and  efficient  pastor,  and  a  genial  man, 
though  not  without  some  of  the  austerity  of  manner  which  characterized  the  min- 
isters of  the  old  school 

His  published  discourses  were  five,  vis. : "  The  Nature  and  Extent  of  the  Atone- 
ment," 1831 ;  '^  A  Sermon  on  the  State  of  the  Times,"  1837 ;  ^»  A  Sermon  at  the 
funeral  of  the  Bev.  Benjamin  Bui^,"  1848 ;  '*  Love  of  Home,  its  Influence  on 
Religious  Character,"  1853  ;  ''  Christian  Courtesy,"  1858.  ^ 

He  married,  2  August,  1829,  Mary  Bullock,  of  Barre.  P.  H.  w. 


Rsv.  SUMNER  GALLUP  CLAPP  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  January  28, 1869, 
aged  nearly  sixty-nine  years. 

He  was  a  son  of  Joseph  and  Susan  (Lyman)  Clapp,  and  was  bom  in  East- 
hampton,  Mass.,  March  10, 1800.  He  was  graduated  at  Tale  College  in  1822, 
taught  the  academy  in  Newcastle,  Me.,  two  years,  1823  -  24,  and  then  entered 
Andover  Theological  Seminary,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1827.  He  was  (m> 
dained  pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  in  Enfield,  Mass.,  January  9,  1828. 
The  Rev.  Leonard  Woods,  d.  d.,  preached  the  sermon.  In  1834,  by  appointment 
of  the  Hampshire  Association,  he  performed  missionary  service  three  months  in 
Canada  East,  mostly  in  Stanstead  and  the  vicinity.  In  March,  1837,  he  was  dis- 
missed, and  he  was  installed  at  Cabotville  (now  Chicopee),  April  26, 1837.  The 
Rev.  Morris  E.  White,  of  Southampton,  preached  the  sermon.  He  was  disnussed 
January  22, 1850 ;  preached  three  months  in  Orono,  Me.,  where  he  received  a  call 
to  settle,  and  in  November,  1850,  began  preaching  at  St  Johnsbury,  Vt.,  where 
he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  South  Church,  January  14, 1852.  The  Rev.  John 
Todd,  D.  D.,  of  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  preached  the  sermon.  He  was  dismissed  Janu- 
ary 18,  1855 ;  began  preaching  in  Sturbridge,  Mass.,  in  the  following  October, 
and  was  there  installed  pastor,  March  26, 1856.   The  Rev.  Joseph  Yaill,  D.  D.,  of 


1869.]  CofngrtgiOimal  Necrology.  801 

Firmer,  preached  the  sennon.  He  wae  duaiwed  September  2,  186S.  For  a 
year  or  more,  1864  -  65,  he  was  aotiDg  pastor  at  Lyndon,  Yt,  and  then  retired 
fitxh  the  ministry  and  lired  at  Doroliester,  Mass. 

As  a  preachor,  he  was  earnest  and  conTincing ;  as  a  pastor,  indnstrious  and 
ontiring ;  as  a  friend  and  neighbor,  social,  kind,  and  beloved  by  alL 

He  married,  Augost  12, 1829,  Pamelia  Strong,  of  Soathampton,  by  whom  he 
had  <me  daoj^iter,  Frances,  and  <me  son,  Henry  L. 

F.  H.  w. 

Rev.  GEORGE  WASHINGTON  CAMPBELL,  who  died  in  Bradfoid, 
Massi^  February  2, 1869,  was  bom  in  Lebanon,  N.  EL,  in  1794,  a  son  of  Alexan- 
der and  Ruth  (Johnson)  CampbelL  He  was  graduated  at  Union  College  in  1820, 
and  at  Princeton  in  1828,  and  was  ordained  at  South  Berwick,  Me.,  NoTomber 
17,  1824,  colleague  pastor  with  the  Rot.  John  Thompson.  The  Rot.  David 
Thurston,  of  Winthrop,  preached  the  sermon.  He  was  dismissed,  December  24, 
1828,  and  was  installed,  Januaiy  13, 1830,  pastor  of  the  Second  Church  in  liiGll- 
bnry,  Mass.  The  Rev.  Jonathan  Greenleaf  preached  the  sermon.  In  July, 
1883,  he  was  dismissed,  and  after  spending  two  years,  1883  - 1835,  at  Bradford, 
Yt.,  as  acting  pastor,  he  was  installed,  January  27, 1836,  at  Newbuiy,  Yt.  His 
brother,  the  Rer.  Daniel  C.  Campbell,  of  Orfiwd,  N.  H.,  preached  Uie  sermon. 
He  was  dismissed  July  9, 1850. 

He  then  removed  to  Haverhill,  N.  EL,  where  he  lived  two  years,  during  wluch 
time  he  preached  several  months  at  Fisherville,  N.  H.,  and  several  months  at  Post 
Mills  and  Fairlee,  Yt,  on  alternate  Sabbaths.  He  moved  to  Bradford,  Mass^ 
June  1, 1853,  and  that  continued  to  be  his  residence  till  his  death.  He  supplied 
the  pulpit  in  Wolfboro',  N.  H.,  one  year,  beginning  May  20, 1855 ;  in  Kensing- 
ton, N.  H.,  ti^o  years,  1858-60;  in  Mechanics'  Falls,  Me.,  six  months,  1865- 
66 ;  in  Bristol,  Me.,  and  Wells,  Me.,  some  months  each,  and  in  several  other  places 
for  short  terms. 

His  published  discourses  are  a  Dedication  Sermon  at  Newbury,  November  13, 
1840,  and  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Greorge  H.  Atkinson,  at  Newbury,  Feb- 
ruary 24,  1847. 

He  married,  Februaiy  2,  1830,  Serena  J.  Williams,  of  Eennebnnk,  Me.,  by 
whom  he  had  five  daughters. 

P.  H.  W. 


802  LUerarji  Review.  [April, 


LTTERAEY  EEVIBW. 

Thb  Science  of  Morals  reeeiTei  a  T«laable  contribntion  from  tbe  pen  of 
mpeeident  Hopkins.*  So  compactly  is  the  work  written,  and  so  minnte  is  its 
analysis,  that  it  is  impossible  to  gi^e  any  adequate  idea  of  it  in  a  brief  notice. 
The  anthor  states  ten  different  theories  as  to  the  ground  of  moral  obligation,  and, 
rajecting  them  all,  adduces  another  as  in  some  respects  new  and  originaL  This 
new  **  Hopkinnamsm"  represents  virtue  as  the  choice  of  the  hig^iest  good  as  a 
supreme  end,  and  the  ground  of  the  obligation  as  found  in  the  good  itselfl  The 
highest  good  is  that  of  "  all  beings  capable  of  good,**  —  God  and  his  creatnres, 
including  the  being  making  the  choice.  An  inf^Blicity  of  his  system,  as  an  exdn- 
siye  one,  is  seen  in  its  necessarily  giving  to  oonsdence  and  to  divine  authority 
subordinate  positions.  It  makes  conscience  a  kbd  of  driving-wheel  to  render  a 
man's  conduct  consistent  with  his  choice  of  the  highest  good  as  his  supreme  end, 
and  tributary  to  it  Thus  he  says :  "  The  Moral  Reason  recognizes  Moral  Law, 
apd  affirms  its  universal  obligation  for  all  moral  beings.  It  is  the  office  of  con- 
science to  bring  man  into  personal  relation  to  thb  law."  (p.  90.)  It  is  a  notable 
ihct  in  this  connection  that  the  word  conscience  is  not  to  be  found  in  this  book, 
if  we  mistake  not,  until  we  reach  the  sixty-fourth  page.  An  equally  subordinate 
position  is  given  to  divine  authority.  Thus  he  says :  "  There  is  notUng  ultimate 
in  will,  whether  regarded  as  ch<nce  or  as  volition."  (p.  16.)  And  agiun,  q>eak- 
ing  of  "  worthiness  of  approbation,"  he  remarics :  "  This  may  be  a  criterion  or 
test,  just  as  the  will  of  Grod  or  fitness  is  of  what  we  ought  to  do,  but  never  a 
ground  of  the  obligation  to  do  it"    (p.  26.)    ■ 

There  is  no  occasion  to  indulge  in  general  commendations  of  thcworic;  where- 
ever  the  distinguished  author  is  known,  the  fiust  that  he  is  the  author  is  a  suffi- 
cient recommendation  to  the  book.  His  style  is  so  classic,  bo  limpid,  that  any 
well-disciplined  mind  will  enjoy  following  him  in  his  most  delicate  discriminations. 
We  have  space  only  to  present  certain  queries  which  the  reading  of  his  work  hai 
raised. 

1.  Is  the  severity  of  Dr.  Hopkins's  denunciation  of  the  utilitarian  theory  oc- 
casioned by  a  consciousness  that  his  own  theory  is  so  nearly  allied  to  it  that  some 
may  be  in  danger  of  regarding  them  as  essentially  identical  ?  2.  If  the  ques- 
tion. What  makes  it  right  ?  can  be  pressed  upon  the  advocates  of  the  simple  idea 
theory,  why  may  we  not  with  equal  force  push  our  author  with  the  question, 
What  makes  the  **  good  of  others  "  a  good  to  me  ?  8.  Is  it  not  as  conceivable 
that  the  mind  should  give  right  as  an  ultimate  idea,  as  that  it  should  give  good  at 
such  an  idea  ?  4.  If  maintaining  that  the  idea  of  right  is  ultimate  may  well  be 
represented  as  putting  "  right  above  God,"  may  not  alleging  that  good  is  ulti- 
mate involve  the  putting  of  good  above  God  ?  5.  May  we  not,  instead  of  adopt- 
ing either  one  of  the  theories  presented,  to  the  exclusion  of  all  others,  accept  of  a 
number  of  them  as  true,  co-existent,  and  coH)rdinate,  and  differing  only  as  de- 

*  The  Law  of  Love  and  Love  as  a  Law ;  or,  Moral  Science,  Theoretical  and  Practi- 
cal. Bj  Mark  Hopkins,  d.  d.,  ll.  d.,  President  of  Williams  College.  New  York : 
Charles  Scribner  &  Co.    1869.    12mo.    pp.342.    $1.75. 


18691]  XiHert&y  Jmie».  ^ 

tired  fVom  dlfTereat  startlng-poinU,  or  as  related  to  difTcreot  poiren  of  a  complex 
moral  being  ?    Tbns :  — 

(1.)  Is  not  the  highest  good  the  ground  of  obligation  as  related  to  or  conditioned 
OD  a  sensibility  ? 

(3.)  Is  not  right  the  ground  of  obligation  m  rtkted  to  the  conMienee  (in  tlie 
primary  and  strict  sense  of  the  word  conscience)  V 

(3.)  h  not  the  will  of  God  the  ground  of  obligation  as  rckted  to  the  Moral  Re>- 
■on,  which  gives  to  all  creatnres  an  idea  of  authority  as  a  binding  force? 

G.  May  not  different  theoriea  be  resoWed  into  one  or  anolUer  of  these  three  ; 
as,  for  instance,  that  which  makes  the  foundation  of  virtue  consist  in  "  the  rela- 
tions of  one  being  to  another,"  or  that  wliich  represents  it  as  consisting  in  "  the 
SUtfm  of  things  "  into  essentially  that  of  authority  'I  7.  May  we  not  have  a  tri- 
une basis  of  obligatjou ;  each  view  being  in  harmony  with  each  of  the  other*,  and 
(o  related  to  the  different  powers  of  a  complex  being  that  they  cannot  conflict  ? 

Tar.  atudents  of  pblloeophy  will  take  a  permanent  interest  in  the  new  work  of 
Professor  Porter,  on  "The  Human  Intellect."*  After  an  introdactioo  in  four 
divisions,  and  a  preliminary  chapter  on  the  Function,  Development,  and  Facul- 
ties of  the  Human  Intellect,  he  discusses  the  general  sulvject  in  four  parts  and 
thirty-two  chapters.  The  entire  treatise  is  divided  into  six  hundred  and  ninety- 
nine  sections.  Three  clifTerenl  sizes  of  type  are  used  in  the  body  of  the  work. 
The  more  important  definitions,  propositions,  and  arguments  are  printed  in  large 
type ;  the  matter  which  is  properly  esplanatory  and  illustrative  of  the  leading 
propositions,  in  smaller  typo  ;  and  the  historical,  critical,  and  controversial  mat- 
ter in  the  smallest  type.  Unfortunately  the  last,  which  is  designed  for  a  smaller 
and  more  select  class  of  sludcnls  and  readers  (which  class  have  greater  use  for 
their  eyes  than  any  other),  is  loo  small  for  the  comfort  or  safety  of  the  reader. 

Professor  Porter  belongs  to  the  Scotch  School  of  Philosophers,  although  he  haa 
too  broad  a  mind  and  too  extensive  learning  not  to  be  ready  to  receive  light  from 
whatever  school  or  source  it  may  come.  His  terminology  is  modified  by  Germaa 
tisage  quite  as  much  as  our  own  taste  wouM  warrant,  while  we  cannot  accord  to 
bim  the  originality  or  racineaa  of  ReiJ,  nor  the  inciaivencss  and  power  of  Ham- 
Stan.  He  rcMmbte*  more  fully  the  genint  of  Dogald  Stewart,  and  kaa  nnqnet- 
tieoably  fumiabed  the  AXett  work  on  the  mlgeet  lof  wbieb  he  trcala  which  any 
American  anthor-hw  yet  produced.  I>r.  Nkthaniel  W.  Taylor  nsed  to  atj  that 
"  the  hardect  work  whi<Aa  roan  ever^  ia  to  Aint."  With  thtsTiew,  itk  im- 
innible  for  any  one  to  look  orer  the  eighteen  compact  pHM  at  **  TaUe  of  Con- 
teota  "  in  Una  book,  wiOxnit  being  ntisfied  that  FroflBMor  Porter  haa  done  at  lewt 
hii  fhsre  of  hard  wo^ 

"  Faith  woRxnrs  bt  Lovx"t  baa  an  iHnatration  in  the  lif^work  of  Un 
Fidelia  Fidte  rarely  seen  elaewhere.    She  ednsecTated  hendf  to  the  Sarioar  while 

*  The  Hnntan  Intdlect :  wMi  an  iDCrodnetkm  aptm  Piydiology  and  the  SonL  By 
Voxa  PoBTin,  D.  D.,  ClaA  Pmhwor  of  Moral  PfalhMOptiy  and  Hetaphyski  la  Tala 
CoUega.    New  Tork :  Charlea  Soribngr  &  Co.    1869.    Svo.    pp.eT3.SS.00. 

t  The  CroM  and  tha  Crown ;  or,  Faltfi  Woridn;  hy  Love :  as  eaemplifled  in  the  Uft 
of  Fidelia  Ptike^  By  D.  T.  Fiaxx.  BoaCoB :  CoogiegadoAal  Bsbbath  Sdiool  and 
Fnblubing  Sode^,  No.  13  ComhilL    pp.  41S.    «1.T&.  , 


804  lAUrmry  Rfim/sm. 


L.      . 


jet  Tery  young,  ^  the  recttved  fteih  anointingi  ftan  <m  lu^  boA  vlule  a  piqiO 
and  a  teacher  in  Mount  Hol/oke  Seminarj, — die  entered  liearlHy  end  ooneeiea* 
tioivly  into  whateTer  wae  pifeiited  m  duty,  irreepectiTe  of  dWicnltiw  end  eetf- 
denii^  nlj^ng  niore  on  **  faith  and  hard  work"  for  ioeeeii  than,  peihiqpa»  any 
Chriatian  laborer  known  to  na.  Althongh  she  was  not  a  pioneer  m  FteBa,  where 
die  ^Mnt  her  nuinonaiy  life,  and  fimnd  eameet  and  £uthfhl  oo4abonce  in  Dr. 
F^iAdnfl,  Mr.  Stoddard,  Mr.  Stocking,  and  othen,  yet  her  pertionlar  field  wae 
an  emntiaUy  ontried  and  a  severely  trying  one,  —  a  field  which,  to  most,  woold 
have  been  utterly  repukiTe  and  fivbidding.  1^  entered  it  with  confidence,  with 
hope  and  cheerfubiesa  She  expected  success,  and  won  it.  She  knew  in  whom 
die  had  believed,  and  in  Him  she  trusted,  using  the  means  edited  to  aonompliA 
what  she  had  undertaken. 

Dr«  Fidce  has  shown  both  skill  and  good  sense  in  ananging  the  abundant  and 
wonderful  materials  for  this  charming  book.  We  have  read  every  word  of  it,  and 
are  prepared  to  say  that  it  diould  go  everywhere,  and  be  read  by  everybody.  It  is 
a  fit  companion  for  **  Woman  and  her  Saviour,"  by  Dr.  Laurie,  embracing  some  of 
the  same  materials.  It  is  a  book  for  the  doset,  fi>r  the  parlor,  for  the  study. 
The  revival  scenes  it  details,  the  perilous  journeys  it  describes,  the  conversation« 
peiBonal  labors,  prayer-meetingB,  and  night-watchingi  with  the  sick  it  delineates, 
— all  in  the  beaudful  language  of  Miss  Fiske,  —  will  interest  the  reader,  and  can 
soaredy  fiul  to  make  a  deep  and  salutary  impresdon. 

Our  new  publishing  board  has  done  well  to  give  the  public  so  valuable  a  treas- 
ure at  so  small  a  cost,  and  may  many  tens.of  thousands  be  speedfly  issued  1 

BuHTAK  *  was  a  true  poet,  though  he  wrote  little  in  riiyme.  To  venify  his 
wonderful  allegory,  his  bold  and  startling  figures,  his  strange  yet  natural  chsno- 
ten,  and  still  preserve  the  flowing  narrative,  abating  nothing,  and  nothing  addii^ 
certainly  would  require  a  genius  scaredy  less  mi^^ty  than  his  whose  was  the 
original  conception.  In  reading  the  beantifUly  executed  volume  belbre  ns  we  ' 
are  surprised  to  find  that  the  anthor,  Bot.  £.  Porter  Dyer,  has  so  well  realiaed 
his  own  ideal,  and  given  to  the  publie  quite  a  new  garb  fiv  the  dreaming  tinker, 
in  which  may  he  continue  to  speak  to  the  coming  thousands  as  afiwetime  I 

The  author  of  the  History  of  Lowell  t  has  done  too  good  a  work  not  to  have 
had  it  indexed,  or  to  have  given  a  table  of  contents.  The  book  has  an  admirable 
method,  and  is  a  valuable  contribution  to  our  historical  treasorss.  What  seemed 
to  him  ^most  valuable  in  the  heritage  of  the  memories  and  traditions "  of  that 
enterprinng  town  and  city  he  has  brought  together,  in  this  little  Tolome,  ^firom 
the  discovery  of  the  Merrimacke  by  De  Moots,  in  1605,  to  the  year  of  grace 
1868."  It  »  abundantly,  but  poorly,  illustrated,  and  has  a  full  list  of  State  and 
city  officers, — officers  in  the  army  of  the  late  war,  and  of  the  soldiers  firom 
Lowell  who  laid  down  their  lives  for  their  country. 

*  Banyaa's  Pilgrim's  Progress,  in  verse.  By  B.  Ponrna  Dnn,  Pastor  of  the  Con- 
gregational Church,  Shrewsboiy,  Mass.  Boston :  Lee  and  Shepard.  1869.  pp.  2M. 
$2.00. 

t  History  of  Lowdl.  Second  reriied  edition.  By  QnhXLW^  Cowlbt.  Boston : 
Les  and  Shepard.    Lowell :  B.  C  Saigent  and  J.  Menill  and.Son.    pp.  S35. 


18«8.I  Liirmy  Bnttuh.  SOS 

Am  "  local  history  "  *  is  a  treoiure,  ir  it  bu  onlj  the  most  common  meriU  of 
fair  arrangemeDt  and  style.  The  generous  and  6nely  printed  volume  before  us, 
wfiicb  commences  the  History  of  PittsHeld,  has  the  merit  of  abundant  material  and 
natnral  order,  giving  the  facts  lo  be  nturated  in  a  stylo  that  beguiles  the  render 
from  page  to  page  with  the  interest  of  fiction,  while  it  detaili  the  hard  experience! 
of  the  pioneers  of  that  populous  town.  It  is  diiided  into  twenty-five  ehapten, 
and  ends  with  an  appendix,  and  is  brought  down  to  ISOO.  It  is  embellished  with 
a  fine  engraving  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Allen,  with  various  woodcuts,  land-plots, 
and  a  fae-aimile  letter  of  Benedict  Arnold.  We  are  encouraged  to  hope  that  « 
second  volume  will  soon  appear  bringing  the  history  down  to  the  present  date. 
It  is  more  than  commendable,  in  every  town  goverument,  to  provide  for  thui 
stereotyping,  Ibr  posterity,  its  own  history  while  the  data  of  which  it  must  be  made 
up  is  within  poraihle  reach,  especially  if  it  can  procure  so  able  a  compiler  as  the 
one  whose  work  we  here  commend  to  oar  readers. 

"Thb  New  England  TnAOEDiEa"t  is  a  very  interesting  and  beautifully 
printed  book.  The  author  has  evidently  been  diligent  in  gathering  bis  materials, 
and  has  arranged  them  with  good  taste,  and  presented  them  to  his  readcn  in  a 
ityle  that  will  attract  and  please. 

It  has  been  the  all  bat  aaiTcrsal  custom  of  writers  npon  this  subject  to  de- 
nounce, without  mercy  or  mitigation,  the  leading  actors  in  these  scenes,  scarcely, 
if  at  all,  recognizing  the  fact  that  by  the  laws  of  every  civiliaed  nation,  and  by 
the  uniform  practice  of  oU  leading  judiciaries,  —  the  Bnglish,  with  the  good  and 
great  Sir  Matthew  Hale  at  its  head,  was  no  exception,  —  a  convicted  witch  must 
lufler  the  death  penalty.  We  are  glad  to  see  that  the  author  of  this  new  essay  is 
more  just  to  the  New  Eoglaod  fathers,  and  brings  to  view  the  lighter  shades  of 
the  dni^  picture  with  commendable  skill. 

We  believe  the  Puritans  itere  good,  true,  fearless,  but  not  perfect  men.  They 
claimed  no  prescience  or  especial  sanctity.  They  sought  freedom  to  worship 
God,  —  liberty  of  conscience,  —  liberty,  but  liberty  nndor  law.  To  secure  this, 
they  periltd  everything  most  men  hold  dear,  Tbey  did  bang  some  Quakers  who 
coald  not  be  prerailad  opon  to  tene  tlia  oooBbj  or  obey  ill  U«rt.  They  did 
lung  Kme  witchea,  faUy  belieTing  tbem  to  be  luoh.  And,  acting  ander  the 
divine  precept,  "  Tboa  dudt  not  raSer  »  witch  to  live,"  they  uw  not  how  else 
either  to  protect  the  people  or  fhl&l  the  hckvealy  oaiadate.  That  they  were 
mistaken  in  policy,  if  not  in  the  facta  upon  which  Aey  acted,  they  came  apeedily 
to  see,  and  deeply  to  de^dore  the  nd  oonteqneiieei.  That  they  were  malicioui, 
vindictive,  or  nmrderoiii  in  sinrit  haa  never  been  mada  to  appear,  though  ofUn 
intimated,  sonMtimei  orndly  alleged.  A  Tindioation  of  thoM  pionMn,  nther  ■ 
than  lialf-«oncealed  ^cdo^ea,  we  believa,  yet  awaita  tbem. 

*  The  Qstoiy  of  PittsfleU,  Barkihhe  County,  MaM.,  Aom  the  yeu  ITM  to  1800. 
Compiled  and  written,  nndar  lbs  SMienl  diraetioa  oC  a  eo»wltt>e,  by  J.  B.  A.  Smitb, 
by  authority  of  ibe  town.  Bof  ton :  Lee  and  Bhspird,  IW  WaaUivwo  Stnet.  1M9. 
pp.  B18.    (S-M. 

't  The  New  Ei^Iud  Tragedje*,  hi  pTOM.  ByBowuNo  KAuur.  LTliaComIng 
of  the  QnaliBn,  n.  The  WitohnaA  Dalnsoa.  Botloo :  Nickoli  and  Noyea.  IHB, 
pp.  156.    tl.S5. 


[April, 

jnd  Led  to  nun  j  a  re- 
jad  poeCTT,  haawt  been 


\  :v. 


Itvpoetrj, 

In  Qonception  boU, 

jLORMT  (X*  sfaaaght  natnnl; 

bra  &rfid,  Chxirtian 

n  appendix, 

I!ie  content!  are, 

x  dbtt  BlesMd  Dead ; 

.  I^  Faa  of  ADgek 

OIuBcaJGIitut;  The 

;  TIae  Man  j 


and  pe^ 


ua  .i«M    «  -"•«  cnuonm.  woo  «uiiii  jl  juanc^.  .n.  -  "Hm  ^UMum  <3f  the  PlMcid 


VaJ  '>a  3b:   inii  m  .axiua  cserrzii  -twiJiiy 
\jt  >pmu*9  1  'imseflDi  :a  -he  sarr  >i  ioi 
tnco  rnr  ima.  imi  nimuuieti  .uniibiT'. 
'  Fftcim'.  iesr  'user.      Ami  insKaer  .*rasccd 
3f^  snees.  md  iutered  The  ?azne  lame  jr  i 
One  look  -ndEced  'o  -«I  -ne  -ber  Jtere  nine. 
M,r  buMB.  3IT  lioaaaxns.  hit  .ong^oarad  <jnea  : 
Tbe  MDie  in  %anire  and  ji  iorm  at  ^foen 
I  iwnt  aboTm  zhar  ijin^  pi3uw  jhc. 
Onlj  the  ipint  now  iidenrobcd  oi  doii, 
«knd  beaming  vith  ±e  likeneat  of  ±«r  Ldid.'' 

i^^i^^  ISitito  DictioiiarT  f  con&noea  iti  ima^  and  hae  now  reached  No. 

^«iUl  "  Market.*'    Long  will  be  die  Jar  era  anodier  wovk  so  full, 

«»  critical,  and  every  waj  able,  will  be  undertaken  in  explana- 

tb-di7>  ■»*  FoTBTer :  A  Poem,  in  Twelve  BooksL  By  Edwako  Haxar 
a,  benmbeat  of  CbriK  Charch.  Hampftead/etc  New  York: 
toAen,  UO  Broadway.     is<9.    pp.441.    $2.00. 

aaabridged,  of  Dr.  William  Smith's  Dicdonarr  of  the  Bible.    Qe- 
^  Y^uAmm  H.  B,  Hackbtt,  d.  d.,  widi  the  cooperation  of  Ezba 
^  Aarirtant  Ubrarian  of  Harraid  College.    New  York :  Published 
1869.    75  eentt  a  number. 


1669.]  ZiUrmy 

l(iM  <d  "  Thk  Book.'    L«t  oiuRdM  n*  that  OeB-  pMton  m  midft  dw  e«a«S 

Ix  this  age  of  popular  works  on  the  Sacred  Scriptures,  it  U  well  to  go  above 
the  stream  to  tbe  foantaiQ-faead-  To  a  critical  inTestlgation  ot  the  Scriptures  in 
the  original  laaguitge  it  is  of  the  Gtvt  impoiUnce  to  have  an  exact  and  reliabls 
gaide  to  the  ^^-amiiiatical  structure  of  the  text.  Such  a  guide  is  fumisGed  us  hj 
Prolessor  J.  Heorj  Thayer,  of  AadoTer,  in  his  traoalanoii  of  Winer's  New  Tes- 
tament Grammar.'  The  first  edition  of  thi?  grammar  was  published  in  183S,  aod 
it*  object  was  to  correct  tb«  fuDdameotal  error  of  biblical  philology  and  exegesis, 
that  of  regarding  neither  the  Hebrew  dot  the  language  of  the  !few  Testament  a* 
a  liTiDg  icliooi,  governed  bj  the  current  Uw»  of  speech,  and  the  consequent  em- 
pirical practice  among  commentators  of  ascribing  a  wrong  construction  to  the 
t«xt>  Thid  first  ediuon  was  translated  into  English  bj  the  late  Profesmra  Stuart 
and  Robinson,  and  published  at  Aodorer  in  1S35.  The  fourth  edition  of  the 
original,  rendered  into  English  by  Frofefflore  Agaen  and  Ebbcke.  appeared  in 
1883.  Twenty  years  later  Professor  Mafson's  translation  of  die  sixth  German 
ediuoQ  was  published  in  Edinburgh  and  Philadelphia.  Dr.  Winer  having  been 
removed  from  his  earthly  labors  whilst  endeavoring  assiduously  to  still  further 
improve  his  great  work.  Dr.  Liinemann  has  made  use  of  the  numerous  manuscript 
notes  from  Winer's  hand,  and  the  theolc^cal  and  philological  works  which  have 
appeared  since  Winer's  death,  and  thus  produced  a  seventh  edition,  enlarged  sod 
improved.  Professor  Thayer  hod  nearly  complelad  the  revi^n  of  Professor  Mas- 
ton's  translation  of  the  sixlli  German  editioa,  and  about  three  hundred  pages  of  the 
book  had  been  stereotyped,  when  the  seventh  German  edition  made  ita  appearance. 
Great  credit  is  due  to  Professor  Thayer  in  manfully  undertaking  his  work  anew, 
and  incorporating  into  it  all  the  additions  and  improvemeuts  of  the  latest  edition. 
The  work  of  the  American  editor  is  done  in  a  thorough  and  »cho1arlj  manner. 
The  indexes  ore  full  and  invaluable.  The  whole  book  covers  seven  hundred  and 
twenty-eight  pages  octavo,  and  the  Indox  of  Parages  in  the  New  Testament  ex- 
plaiQe<l  or  citeil,  which  occupies  sixty-one  pages,  shows  that  in  an  important  sense 
the  book  gives  a  grammatical  commentary  on  the  more  difficult  texts  of  the  New 
Testament.  Too  much  praise  can  hardly  be  awarded  to  the  publisher  for  the 
clear  and  beautiful  tj'pography  of  this  work.  And  all  students  who  love  the  re- 
vealed truth  will  join  with  the  editor  in  "  the  desire  that  the  book  in  its  prescat 
form  may  both  facilitate  and  increase  that  patient,  reverent  study  of  the  inspired 
Word  which  is  indispensable  to  the  fullest  reception  of  it  as  spirit  and  life." 

Those  who  have  been  pririleged  with  fmeign  travel  will  be  enabled  to  n&«eh 
Ibdr  memories  and  enjoy  over  again  fond  icenea  by  the  pernsal  of  Dr.  Peabody'a 
Beminiacences.t     Thow  who  hare  naver  viMted  Enit^  may  derive  Iroin  it 

•  A  GramiTiar  of  the  Idiom  of  the  New  TcslRm«Dt :  prepared  as  n  Solid  Onsia  far  the 
iMvpretation  oF  the  Ncn  Testament.  By  Dr.  Gcobob  Behediot  Wiveb.  Seventh 
Edition,  enlarg.'d  and  imiiravrd.  By  Dr.  GoTTLiEn  Lcncuann,  Prorcstor  of  Theol- 
ogy at  the  Dnivcraily  of  Giittingcn,  Revised  and  Anthorlied  Translntion.  Andoi'er  : 
Warren  F.  Draper.  London  :  Trubaer  &  Co.  Leipsic  ;  F.  C.  W.  Vogel.  I'hila- 
ddphia  :  Smith,  English,  &  Co.    1S69.    Sro.    S  5.00. 

t  Reministsnces  of  European  Travel.  By  Akiibsw  P.  Fiabodi,  New  Tork: 
Hnrd  and  Honghion. 


808  Literary  Review.  C-^pn^i 

accimte  knowledge  of  many  of  the  objects  of  chief  interest  there.  The  tweWe 
chapters  in  this  book  were  delivered  as  so  many  lectures  before  the  Lowell  In- 
stitute. The  style  of  the  writer  is  chaste  and  elegant,  his  descriptions  often 
graphic.  It  would  have  added  to  the  value  of  the  work  i£^  as  a  sage  philosopher, 
he  had  given  as  more  fully  his  reflections.  While  he  takes  occasion  to  express  in 
strong  terfns  his  dissent  from  Calvinism,  and  his  aversion  to  radonalism,  we  were 
surprised,  knowing  his  personal  feelings,  that  he  did  not  make  more  apparent  his 
sympathy  with  evangelical  religion. 

Messrs.  Gould  and  Lincoln  have  promptly  issued  their  Annual  of  Scientific 
Discovery*  for  1869,  edited  by  Samuel  Kneeland,  ajc.,  m.d.  This  serial  is  of 
great  value  to  tiiose  who  would  keep  pace  with  the  strides  of  modem  learning, 
and  have  at  their  command,  in  convenient  form  for  reference,  a  thesaurus  of  dis- 
coveries and  improvements  in  tiie  various  departments  of  science  and  art  The 
present  volume  contains  a  vivid  engraving  of  James  D.  Dana,  ll.  d.,  Professor  of 
Natural  History  and  Geology  in  Yale  College.  The  variety  of  themes  treated  of 
impresses  one  with  the  obligations  which  men  in  every  condition  of  life  are  under 
to  those  whose  chief  work  is  that  of  the  brain. 

Flooded  as  the  community  is  with  light  novels,  which  enervate  the  mind  and 
corrupt  the  morals,  it  is  refreshing  to  find  here  and  there  one  of  intellectual 
power  and  sterling  worth.  Such  a  one  appears  under  the  unattractive  titie  of 
<'  Margaret,"  by  Lyndon,  f  We  understand  that  it  was  written  by  a  ministei'fl 
daughter.  Whoever  the  author  was,  she  has  true  genius.  Some  of  her  charac- 
ters are  drawn  with  a  felicity  and  power  worthy  of  our  most  distinguished  writers, 
and  the  moral  and  religious  teachings  of  the  book  have  the  genuine  ring  of  purity 
and  orthodoxy.    We  heartily  commend  it  to  the  patronage  of  Christian  families. 

The  Companion  to  the  Bible^  by  E.  P.  Barrows,  d.  d.,  just  published  by 
the  American  Tract  Society,  New  York,  is  exactly  the  book  we  have  been  hoping 
to  see,  —  a  sensible  and  comprehensive  aid  in  the  study  of  the  Scriptures.  It  is 
concise  and  yet  clear,  is  manfully  abreast  of  modem  investigations,  reverent  in 
spirit,  careful  and  precise  in  discrimination ;  in  brief^  it  is  a  compendium  of  the 
most  intelligent  biblical  study.  Part  I.  contains  a  concise  view  of  the  Evidences 
of  Revealed  Religion,  with  special  prominence  to  the  historic  side  of  the  subject ; 
Parts  IL  and  IIL  are  respectively  Introductions  to  the  Old  and  New  Testaments; 
Part  IV.  has  respect  to  the  Principles  of  Biblical  Interpretation.  Throughout 
the  book  the  author  has  kept  in  view  the  unity  of  revelation  and  the  inseparable 

*  Annufd  of  Scientific  Discovery ;  or,  Year-Book  of  Facts  in  Science  and  Art  for 
1869.  Exhibiting  the  Most  Important  Discoveries  and  Improvements  in  Mechanici, 
Useful  Arts,  Natural  Philosophy,  Chemistry,  Astronomy,  G^logy,  Biology,  Botany, 
Mineralogy,  Meteorolgy,  Geography,  Antiquities,  &c.  Edited  by  Samubl  Knse- 
LAND,  A.  M.,  M.  D.  Bostou  :  Gould  and  Lincoln,  59  Washington  Street.  New  York : 
Sheldon  &  Co.  Cincinnati  :*  Qeorge  S.  Blanchard  &  Co.  London :  Triibner  &  Co. 
1869 

t  Margaret:  A  Story  of  Life  in  a  Prairie  Home.  ByLTNDOir.  New  York:  Charles 
Scribner  &  Co. 

X  Companion  to  the  Bible.  By  Rev.  E.  P.  Babrows,  d.  d.,  Professor  of  Biblical 
Literature.    American  Tract  Society,  150  Nassau  Street,  New  York,    pp.  639.    $  1.50. 


1869.]  Literary  Review.  809 

N 

connection  of  all  its  partSi  eo  that  the  reader  nerer  loies  sight  of  what  we  maj 
call  the  glorious  tohoUnen  of  the  Bible.  Popular  objections  to  the  Old  Testa- 
ment are  candidly  discussed,  and  in  general  Dr,  Barrows  datms  that  they  "  have 
their  fimndation  in  an  isolated  and  fragmentaiy  way  of  yiewing  its  fiusts  and  doc- 
trines ;  and  they  can  be  &irly  met  only  by  showing  the  relation  which  these  hold 
to  the  entire  plan  of  redemption."  He  inrists  npon  the  dirine  authority  and  in- 
duration of  the  Pentateuch,  as  it  existed  in  our  SaTiour's  day  and  now.  Hie  size 
of  the  volume  does  not  allow  of  extended  discosrions  on  dispoted  and  difficult 
points,  but  we  do  not  know  of  so  satisfactory  a  manual  for  persons  who  desire 
to  study  the  Bible  in  an  intelligent  and  ijstematic  manner* 

Akin  to  the  Ixx^  just  noticed. is  the  unassuming  but  excellent  work  on  the 
Evidences  of  Christianity,*  by  President  Dodge  of  Iktadison  University.  Its  main 
idea  is  that  Christianity  b  its  own  beet  witness,  and  the  elaboration  (Xf  this  covers 
the  scope  of  the  book.  There  is  a  class  of  minds  always  eager  to  study  ^  evi- 
dences,** and  we  sometimes  think  that  the  thing  itself  may  suffer  in  consequence ; 
but  this  work  seems  well  adapted  for  a  ooncbe  and  philosophical  text-book,  and  also 
for  general  reading  by  those  who  still  need  prooft,  either  for  their  own  satisfaction, 
or  for  the  sake  of  weapons  with  which  to  meet  opponents.  In  these  days  of  real 
and  assumed  doubt,  it  is  well  to  know  tsto  and  why  we  beKeve. 

Among  the  Uter  publications  of  the  American  Tract  Society  (New  York)  we 
are  glad  to  see  Conversations  of  Jesus  Christ,  by  Bev.  Dr.  William  Adams,!  and 
Devotional  Thou|^ts  of  Eminent  Divines.  %  The  first  takes  ten  representative 
characters,  —  Nicodemus,  the  Bationalist ;  The  Woman  of  Samaria,  the  Obtuse 
Sensualist ;  the  Young  Ruler,  the  Moralist ;  the  Intelligent  Scribe,  not  far  from 
the  Sjngdom  of  God  ^  SSaccheus,  a  True  Convert ;  the  Centurion,  the  Modest 
Man  of  Faith;  Martha  of  Bethany,  the  Mourner;  Hlate,  the  Vacillating  Man  of 
the  Worid;  Mary  Magdalen,  Love  Rewarded;  Peter,  the  Restored  Penitent; 
and  gives  narrative  and  instruction  in  a  pleasant  and  devotional  manner.  In 
presenting  these  conversations  of  Christ,  Dr.  Adams  says :  ^*  It  is  the  same  lor  us 
as  if  we,  in  the  variety  of  our  own  oharacten^  had  eigoyed  the  privilege  of  a 
private  interriew  with  the  Son  of  God."  The  second  volume.  Devotional 
Thoughts,  gives  "  selections  from  the  writings  of  forty  eminent  divines  "  (we  do  not 
like  this  word,  as  here  and  generally  used)  in  chronological  order ;  they  are  made 
with  good  taste  and  judgment,  Robert  Hall  and  Archbishop  Leighton  being  the  es- 
pecial fiivorites  of  the  compiler.  As  a  book  for  leisure  minutes  or  for  continuous 
reading,  we  accord  it  a  high  place  in  religious  literature.    Its  devout  perusal  can- 

*  The  Evidences  of  Christianitj :  with  an  Introdnction  on  the  existence  of  God  and 
the  Immortality  of  the  Sonl.  By  Ebbh bzxr  Dodob,  d.  n.,  President  of  Madison  Uni- 
versity.   Boston  :  Gould  and  Lincoln.    12aio.    pp.  244.    $  J. 50. 

t  Conversations  of  Jesns  Christ  with  Representative  Men.  By  William  Adams, 
i>.  D.,  Pastor  of  Madison  Square  Chorch,  N.  Y.  Kdw  York :  American  Tract  Society. 
12mo.    pp.  290.    $  1.0a 

\  Devotional  Thonghu  by  Eminent  Divines,  from  Joseph  Hall  to  William  Jay. 
Selected  and  Edited  by  D.  A.  Harsh  a,  m.  a.,  Author  of  The  Star  of  Bethlehem,  etc. 
With  an  Introdnctory  Essay  on  Devotion  by  W.  B.  Spsaqub,  d.  d.  New  York :  Ameri- 
can Tract  Society.   12mo.    pp.665.    $1.25. 

NEW  SERIES.  —  VOL.  I.  NO.  2.  21 


SIO  Literary  Review.  [AprQ, 

not  be  otherwne  than  profitaUe.    Rer.  Dr.  Spragne  fomithes  an  introdactoiy 
chapter. 

Mrs.  Helen  S.  C.  Nbyius  has  written  an  interesting  book  *  on  life,  or  perhaps 
more  especi^ly  missionary  life,  hi  China.  She  writes  in  an  easy,  flowing  style ;  and, 
while  she  refrains  from  critical  discussions  (as  is  well  in  books  of  this  kind,  intended 
for  general  reading),  she  conveys  much  interesting  information  regarding  that 
country,  its  inhabitants,  and  the  efforts  made  for  their  Christianization.  The  re- 
sults of  missionary  effort  are  well  shown,  and  in  a  marked  manner  when  con- 
trasted with  the  labors  of  the  Roman  Catholics  who  for  centuries  have  had  earnest 
workers  in  that  country.    This  is  a  good  book  for  Sabbath  schools. 

A  NEW  book  from  the  able  pen  of  Professor  Fairbaim,  of  the  Free  Church  Col- 
lege, Glasgow,  is  sure  to  attract  the  attention  of  theological  students  and  writers. 
His  Typology,  Exposition  of  Ezekiel,  Prophecy,  and  Hermeneutical  Manual,  are 
standard  works,  and  to  this  list  is  now  added  Revelation  of  Law  in  Scripture,t 
considered  with  respect  both  to  its  own  nature  and  to  its  relative  place  in  sncccft- 
sive  dispensations.  The  author  claims,  with  justness,  that  the  recent  phases  of 
theological  sentiment,  and  the  prevailing  tendencies  of  the  age,  render  the  dis- 
cussion of  this  always  important  subject  peculiarly  timely,  and  he  has  directed  his 
efforts  to  the  unfolding  and  establishing  of  truth,  rather  than  to  refutations  of 
error.  The  relations  of  man  at  creation  to  mond  law  (Lecture  H.),  the  relation 
of  law  to  the  mission  and  work  of  Christ  (VH.),  and  to  the  constitution,  privileges, 
and  calling  of  the  Christian  Church  (VUI.),  have  especially  interested  us  in  the 
somewhat  hasty  reading  we  have  given  the  volume.  The  introductory  lecture 
on  the  Ascendency  of  Law  is  packed  with  strong  thought  and  close  ailment 
The  **^  development "  theory  receives  some  pointed  thrusts ;  as  when  he  asks  why 
it  should  be  thought  incredible  or  strange  that  the  central  Mind  of  the  universe, 
by  whom  all  subsist,  when  the  purposes  of  his  moral  government  require  a  new 
order  of  things  to  be  originated,  or  results  to  be  accomplished  unattainable  in 
the  ordinary  course  of  nature,  should  bring  into  play  a  force  adequate  to  the 
end  in  view  ?  It  is  simply  supposing  the  great  First  Cause  interposing  to  do  in  a 
higher  line  of  things  what  finite  beings  are  ever  doing  in  a  lower.  PhiUips,  in  his 
Life  on  Earth,  says :  "^  No  one  who  has  advanced  so  far  in  philosophy  as  to  have 
thought  of  one  thing  in  relation  to  another  will  ever  be  satisfied  with  laws  which 
had  no  author,  works  which  had  no  maker,  and  co-ordinations  which  had  no  de- 
signer." The  volume  is  published  in  admirable  style,  type  and  paper  rivalling 
each  other  in  beauty. 

The  Oneness  of  the  Christian  Church  J  is  the  title  of  an  interesting 
book  by  Rev.  Dorus  Clarke,  d.  d.    He  starts  with  the  axiom  that  Christ  founded 

*  Our  Life  in  China.  •  By  Hblbk  S.  C.  Nbvius.  New  York :  Robert  Carter  and 
Brothers.     16mo.    pp.504.    $1.50. 

t  The  Revelation  of  Law  in  Scripture :  Considered  with  Respect  both  to  its  own 
Nature  and  to  its  Relative  Place  in  successive  Dispensations.  The  Third  Series  of  the 
Cunningham  Lectures.  By  Patrick  Fairbairn,  d.  d.,  Author  of  Typology  of  Scrip- 
ture, etc.    New  York :  Robert  Carter  and  Brothers.    1869.    8vo.    pp.  484.    $  S.OO. 

X  The  Oneness  of  the  Christian  Charch.  By  Rev.  DoRUS  Clarkb,  d.  d.  Bostoo : 
Lee  and  Shcpard.     1869.    12mo.    pp.105.    $1.25. 


1869.]  Literary  Bevkw.  811 

a  Ghordiy  bat  no  aed;  lihe  Chorcli  is  aa  int^gv,  while  i6eti»  «l  beii,  are  but 
frectaont ;  then  followi  an  elaboratioa  of  the  idea  that  divene  interpretatiooa  of 
the  BiUe  are  the  objectiYe  cauae  of  the  present  diTided  state  of  the  Quirch ;  and 
if  this  be  80^  there  mnst  be  some  methods  within  the  reach  of  honest  and  intelli- 
fsot  persons  bj  which  the  real  meaning  of  the  Scriptores  on  all  important  points 
of  faith  and  practioe  can  be  asoertained.  He  then  develops  km  methods:  (1.) 
Apffy  to  the  Bible  the  same  mles  of  interpretation  which  we  nse  to  determine 
the  meaning  of  all  other  books.  (2.)  Interpret  bj  **  the  analogy  ef  fidth,"  whioh 
he  defines  as  the  concurrent  belief  of  the  Ch|irQh»  or  a  resultant  from  the  analogy 
of  Scripture.  These  two  .are  objectiTe;  dien  IbUow  two  sulgectiye  methods. 
(8.)  To  inquire  what  doctrines  are  acceptable  or  repnUlTe  to  the  nataral  feelings 
of  the  heart,  (4.)  A  practical  compliance  with  the  will  of  God,  so  fiur  as  we  know 
it.  These  four  methods  may  be  styled  the  exegetical,  the  historical,  the  exectttiTe, 
and  the  experimental,  and,  in  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Clarke,  are,  if  faithfully  used, 
competent  to  lead  into  all  truth.  He  anticipates  the  time  when  this  desired  and 
desirable  ''oneness"  shall  come,  and  specifies  several  "signs  of  the  times,"  and 
appeals  strongly  to  the  scholarship  of  the  age  for  relief;  thinking  men  must  be 
satisfied,  the  judgment  must  be  convinced ;  ^  clerical  amlMtion  was  the  ori^ator 
of  sects,  and  clerical  scholarship  should  destroy  them."  The  style  of  the  author 
is  clear,  lag  points  are  well  made,  and  the  positions  advanced  are  worthy  of 
mnch  thought.  Tbe  mechanical  execution  of  the  book  is  beautiful  in  all  re- 
spects. 

Bbv.  Wiluam  Babrows,  d.  d.,  has  written  a  very  clever  book ;  and  why  not  ? 
He  had  excellent  material,  and  has  the  ability  and  disposidon  to  make  good  use 
of  it,  and  the  result  is  this  pleasant  volume.  Twelve  Nights  in  the  Hunters'  Camp.* 
.The  Author  had  a  brother,  Willard  Barrows,  who  passed  an  eventful  life  on  the 
Western  frontier.  Officially  connected  for  many  yean  with  the  Public  Surveys, 
he  was  naturally  identified  with  the  early  history  of  certain  portions  of  the  North- 
western country,  especially  Iowa,  and  was  familiariy  known  as  **  The  Gteeral." 
The  volume  is  a  truthful  record  of  striking  incidents  in  his  life,  and  the  stories, 
represented  as  told  by  him  around  the  camp-fire,  are  full  of  romance  and  heroism, 
and  the  author  has  firamed  these  wild  scenes  in  a  manner  that  adds  much  to  the 
-unique  character  of  the  whole  ^work.  There  are  ^  twelve  nights,"  each  with  a 
prelude  and  story,  and  to  begin  the  book  is  to  finish  it.  It  is  well  printed  and 
well  illustrated,  and  will  be  well  read. 

• 

Wb  cordially  welcome  to  the  literature  of  the  Bible  Professor  Noyes*s  translation 
of  the  New  Testament,  finom  the  Greek  text  of  Tiscbendorf ;  f  it  is  scholarly 
and  candid.  The  £ict  that  it  is  published  by  the  American  Unitarian  Associa- 
tk>n  would,  at  first  glance,  indicate  a  denominational  Inas,  but  the  author  frankly 

*  The  General ;  or,  Twelve  Nights  in  the  Hunters'  Camp.  A  Narrative  of  Real 
life.  Blastrated  by  G.  G.  Whitb.  Boston:  Lee  and  Shepard.  1869.  16mo. 
pp.  868.    •1.85. 

t  The  New  Testament:  Translated  from  the  Greek  Text  of  TIaehendorf.  By 
Gbobob  B.  Notbs,  d.  j>.,  Hancock  Professor  of  Hebrew  and  other  Oriental  Langnages, 
and  Dexter  Lectarer  on  Biblical  Literature,  in  Harvard  University.  Bosmn :  American 
Unitarian  Association.    1869..   18mo.    pp.570.    $1.50. 


312  Literary  Review.  [April, 

and  honoraUy  sajs  in  lut  too  modest  preface,  that,  altboogb  his  judgment  does 
not  alwars  coincide  with  that  of  Tischendorf,  he  has  not  thought  it  best  to  inteqx)se 
his  own  views  in  any  instance  in  regard  to  the  Greek  text  '*  I  am  re^wnsible 
onlj  for  the  translation.'*  Further,  this  tranabtion  ^  has  not  been  supervised  or 
corrected  bj  anj  association,  or  by  any  authority  whatever " ;  but  it  has  been 
made  **  without  regard  to  creed  or  church."  We  believe  Professor  Noyes  sincere 
in  theee  statementsi  After  his  death  (June  3, 1868)  the  manuscript  was  placed 
in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Ezra  Abbot,  Asustant  Librarian  of  Harvard  College,  for 
final  i«visM>n,  and  he  has  executed  his  responsible  task  well ;  and  wherever  he  has 
made  any  change,  his  initials  indicate  the  fact  We  do  not  indorse  e^erj  render- 
ing or  approve  of  all  the  changes,  but,  as  a  whole,  we  feel  that  this  translation  is 
a  valuable  addlton  to  our  literature,  and  that  it  will  aid  in  the  honest  study  of 
the  New  Testament 

TuE  Presbyterian  Publication  Conunittee  have  issued  a  concise  manual  on 
the  sacraments  of  the  Church.*  The  origin  and  meaning  of  the  word  **  sacra- 
ment," the  number  of  sacraments,  the  design,  efficacy,  mode,  and  proper  sub- 
jects of  baptism,  and  the  Lord's  Supper,  are  the  topics  discussed,  and  we  know 
not  where  to  look  for  so  much  real  information  and  sound  presentation  of  truth  in 
so  small  a  compass.  The  book  is  admirably  adapted  to  meet  the  wants  of  the 
many  who  desire  (and  need)  an  understanding  faith  in  church  ordinances.  The 
chapter  on  infant  baptism  is  clear  and  conclusive. 

Home  Life  Series,!  by  Madeline  Leslie  (wife  of  Rev.  A.  R.  Baker)  consists 
of  four  stories  of  domestic  life,  thoroughly  sound  in  their  moral  tone,  and  whose 
perusal  will  tend  to  develop  the  better  qualities  of  our  nature.  If  not  great 
storicSf  they  are  good  stories,  and  this,  in  these  days  of  vitiated  taste  in  fictjon,  is 
no  slight  prabe.  They  are  published  in  an  attractive  form,  and  are  sold  sepa- 
rately, or  in  a  neat  box.    For  titles  see  foot-note. 

**  Henderson  on  Jeremiah  and  Lamentations  "  }  is  a  beautifully  printed 
oiHavo,  and  the  author  has  evidently  given  close  study  to  his  subject  He 
Ntato!(i  at  the  outset,  that  there  arc  more  copious  historical  notices  of  Jeremiah  than 
of  any  other  Hebrew  prophet,  —  a  fact  which  he  ascribes  to  the  circumstances 
of  the  times  in  which  he  lived,  and  the  share  he  had  in  the  transactions  of  his  day. 
\\\  tho  arrangement  of  chapters  and  order  of  the  prophecies  he  follows  the  He- 
brew Hibic  rather  than  the  text  of  the  LXX. ;  upon  the  latter  he  is  quite  severe 
\\\  his  criticisms,  and  affirms  that  these  translators  by  no  means  laid  it  down  as  a 
urlni'iple,  to  which  it  was  incumbent  on  them  to  adhere,  to  give  an  exact  and 
v^id  roprescntation  of  the  original,  and  he  even  takes  the  ground  that  **  to  in- 
yuirutiun,  in  the  strict  acceptation  of  that  term,  the  Septuagent  cannot  lay 

•  SiKTAments  of  the  Church.  By  Rev.  S.  W.  Crittenden.  Presbyterian  Pnblica- 
§i>a  romiiiittee.     16mo.    pp.  174.     75  cents. 

t  llumo  Life  Series.  By  Mrs.  Madeline  Leslie.  1.  Cora  and  the  Doctor.  $  1.50. 
^  tha  (\>artC8ie8  of  Wedded  Life.  $1.50.  3.  The  Household  Angel  in  Disguise. 
^.MK    4.  Now  and  Forever.    $1.50.    Boston:    Lee  and  Shepard.    1869. 

)  't^  llook  of  the  Prophet  Jeremiah,  and  that  of  The  Lamentations,  translated  fiom 
UM  \Mi||hiHl  Hebrew,  with  a  Commentary,  Critical,  Philological,  and  Exegetical.  By 
•^  •jjUKi^KKSON,  D.  D.    Andover :  WafTCD  F.  Draper.  .1868.    8vo.    pp.  315.    $3.00 


1869.]  Literary  Bemew.  818 

» 

claam,  tbongh,  pracdcalljr  and  popularly  consideredf  its  contents  most  lie  re- 
garded as  possessing  divine  authority .**  The  arrangement  of  text  and  notea,'and 
the  running  synopsis  of  the  chapters,  are  pleasant  features  for  the  student,  and, 
as  a  whole,  the  book  is  one  to  be  studied  with  profit 

GiDRON  HAYNBfl,  Warden  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Prison,  has  written 
one  of  the  most  interesting  and  valuable  books  of  the  season,*  and  of  a  character 
decidedly  unique.  It  is,  in  substance,  a  history  of  the  prison,  but  there  is  in  it 
much  more  than  a  bald  narrative,  much  that  bears  directly  upon  the  relations 
existing  between  society  and  those  under  its  ban.  The  first  part  of  the  volume 
is  an  historical  account  of  the  prison,  compiled  ftom  original  records,  and  enriched 
by  many  interesting  facts  and  suggestions.  The  second  part  consists  of  incidents 
and  sketches  of  prison  life,  many  of  which  surpass  in  yividness  anything  of  a  simi- 
lar nature  we  have  ever  read.  With  these  are  numerous  specimens  of  the  literary 
productions  of  some  of  the  educated  convicts,  both  in  prose  and  poetry.  There 
IB  one  poem,  ">  A  Story  of  the  World"  (p.  194),  which  is  mailed  by  a  high 
order  of  genius.  Its  writer  was  a  man  of  fine  talents  and  good  education,  by 
which  he  might  have  been  a  valuable  cidzen,  but  by  which  he  was  an  accomplished 
Tfllain.  While  in  prison  he  wrote  much,  including  a  <*  Life  of  Chnst^**  which  he 
printed  with  his  pen,  and  beautifully  bound,  and  afterward  presented  to  Mr. 
Hajrnes.  The  specimens  of  prison  literature  given  in  the  Tolume  are  exceedingly 
interesting,  but  they  excite  feelings  of  sadness  that  those  who  had  such  talents 
should  use  them  for  bad  purposes.  The  third  and  concluding  portion  of  the  book 
is  occupied  with  discussions  on  methods  of  prison  discipline,  and  lectures  on  prison 
topics  delivered  in  different  places  by  the  author.  Mr.  Haynes's  views  are  sound. 
Hie  recognizes  the  truth  that  theirs/  object  of  penal'enactments  is  the  protection 
of  society.  This  being  secured,  the  criminal  is  to  be  reformed,  if  possible,  and 
returned  to  society  as  a  good  citizen.  The  evil  results  of  inequility  in  senten- 
ces, for  the  same  or  similar  crimes,  are  forcibly  shown,  as  also  the  abuse  of  the 
pardoning  power.  The  details  of  the  changes,  all  ofuhem  improvements,  so  far 
as  we  can  judge,  in  the  discipline  during  the  eleven  years  that  he  has  been 
warden,  are  very  interesting,  and  prove  conclusively  that  strict  enfbrcement  of 
sentences,  good  order,  and  encouraging  moral  and  religious  results,  are  consistent 
with  humane  treatment  of  the  convicts.  No  corporal  punishment  is  allowed 
in  the  institution,  and  the  severest  discipline  is  temporary  confinement  in  a 
dark  cell,  and  he  thinks  be  shall  even  abolish  this.  His  theory  is,  not  to  degrade 
a  man,  but,  if  possible,  fan  into  a  flame  the  little  spark  of  good  that  may  lie  some- 
where in  his  heart  He  does  not  believe  that  convicts  should  be  the  pets  of  com- 
munity, or  that  they  are  generally  poor  unfortunates,  deserving  of  pity  rather  than 
punbhment  They  are  criminals,  and  to  be  treated  as  such;  but  also  to  be 
treated  kindly,  and,  if  possible,  reformed.  The  book  is  worthy  a  wide  circulaUon 
and  a  careful  reading. 

It  would  be  pleasant  for  us  to  notice  all  the  books  and  pamphlets  and  magk- 
zines  that  are  sent  to  the  Quarterly,  but  it  is  impossible  to  do  so  without  en- 

*  Pictures  from  Prison  Life.    An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Massacbasetis  State  Prison, 
with  Narrative  and  Incidents,  and  Suggestions  on  Discipline.    By  Gidkom  Hatnes 
Warden.    Boston :  Lee  and  Shepard.    1869.    pp.  290.    $  1.50. 


814  Literary  Iteview.  [April, 

CToaehmg  too  mucli  upon  space  needed  for  other  matter.  <'  The  ProTerb  Series  " 
has  three  capital  books :  Birds  of  a  Feather  Fkwk  Together,  Fine  Feathers  do 
not  make  Fine  Birds,  and  Handsome  Is  that  Handsome  Does ;  wholesome  stories 
at  a  dollar  and  a  quarter  eac|L  —  OliTer  Optic's  Magasine  for  Bojrs  and  Girls 
speaks  its  own  praise  once  a  week,  and  never  was  worthier  of  praise  than  now. 
"  Olirer"  inculcates  sound  morals  in  an  attraetiTe  manner. —  Our  Young  Folks 
has  made  a  long  stride  for  the  better  since  its  change  in  editorship ;  it  is  interest- 
ing, practical,  and  instructive,  and  a  model  of  typographical  beaut/.  —  The  Fly- 
mouth  Pulpit  continues  its  weekly  publication  of  Beecher^s  Sermons :  twenty-six 
have  now  been  issued  in  this  convenient  pamphlet  form ;  J.  B.  Ford  &  Co.  of 
Kew  York  are  the  publishers,  and  their  New  England  Agent  is  H.  A.  Brown, 
3  School  Street,  Boston.  —  Colonel  A.  H.  Hojrt  is  an  admirable  editor  for  the 
Kew  England  Historic  Genealogical  Register,  a  periodical  of  great  value  (like  the 
Quarterly),  and  with  a  subscription  list  far  below  its  deserts  (like  the  Quarterly). 
-—  The  Atlantic  Monthly  is  now  publishing  a  series  of  articles  on  Beligions,  by  Bev. 
James  Freeman  Clarke.  Religion  (of  the  right  kind)  will  not  injure  this  magazine, 
which  in  other  respectsis  all  that  can  reasonably  be  desired.  —  The  New-Englander, 
the  Bibliotheca  Sacra,  and  the  whole  army  of  Quarterlies,  must  take  our  good-will 
in  condensed  form.  We  do  not  believe  in  works  of  supererogation,  and  therefore 
will  not  tell  our  readers  that  they  are  excellent,  each  in  its  peculiar  field.— 
Changing  Base,  by  William  Everett,  is  a  story  of  scliool-boy  lif<^  in  which  the 
mental  rather  than  the  physical  characteristics  are  developed.  —  Miss  Uly's 
Voyage  Bound  the  World  is  one  of  the  very  cleverest  books  for  young  fcdks  we 
have  ever  seen ;  text  and  illustrations  are  admirable.  —  Oliver  Optic  writes  books 
so  rapidly  that  it  is  difficult  to  keep  up  with  him.  His  last,  or  it  was  bis 
last  a  day  or  two  ago,  is  Palace  and  Cottage,  and  it  is  a  good  story.  We  are 
glad  to  see  mofe  real  thought  and  a  higher  style  of  vrriting,  with  a  shade  less  of 
the  sensational,  in  this  popular  author.  His  fame  among  the  young  people  is 
now  so  great  that  he  has  an  opportunity  that  seldom  comes  to  any  man  to  in- 
culcate strong  truths  and  impart  solid  infonnation.  —  Philosophy  and  Domestic 
Lifo,  by  Dr.  Byford,  has  good  ideas  rather  clumsily  expressed.  —  Planchette, 
by  Epes  Surgent,  treats  of  phenomena  which  are  either  mental,  physical,  or 
supernatural ;  only  a  longer  notice  can  give  the  scope  of  the  book ;  it  is  foil  of 
interesting  and  sometimes  marvellous  statements,  but  we  have  not  }ret  reached 
the  point  when  we  believe  a  manifestation  to  be  spiritual  or  extra-mundane, 
simply  because  we  do  not  understand  it ;  and  yet  this  is  about  the  ponUon  of  the 
Spiritualists.  —  We  have  received  the  Manual  of  the  Evangelical  Congregational 
Church  in  Brighton,  Mass.,  a  model  of  systematic  arrangement  and  thorough- 
ness ;  also  the  Manual  of  the  Second  Congregational  Church  of  Newton,  Mass., 
with  contents  well  arranged;  and  Manuals  of  the  Church  of  the  Mediator,  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  Second  Congregational  Church,  AtUeborough,  MassJ;  First  Church, 
Newbury,  Mass.,  Second  Church,  Biddeford,  Maine,  Old  South  Church,  Windsor, 
Yt.,  and  First  Church,  Norwich,  Ct.  Will  pastors  and  church  officers  [dense  send 
us  their  church  manuals,  or  copies  of  whatever  they  may  have  bearing  upon  the 
history  and  working  details  of  their  churches  V 


EDITORS'  TABLE. 

W»  ihA  here  to  annooncD  Ihnl  the  price  of  iho  Janunry  norahcr  of  the  Quarterly 
li, «Bd alwajt  1mi bMB,  avst  one  half  the  sdd&cbiftion  pbicb  for  the  ieab; 
rad  Ibil  tot  tht  mjgodd  KBgfioi  ihat  il  coau  for  priming  and  paper  vorj'  nearl;  as 
IBBcIl  U  ttM  otbar  IbiM  numbers,  and  for  guLbering  anil  arranging  aud  cdlimg  Ihe 
toanriali  deddedlj  mon.  Therefore  tbota  who  send  iu  fifty  conte  for  the  Junnary 
^uimber,  becaosa  that  ii  &  fourth  uf  the  subscription  price  for  the  year,  send  as  only  one 
Uf  lis  CMt.  Oar  MencU  will  plcius  bear  this  la  nitid,  and  ibiu  tave  thcmsvlvea  and 
pt  MUM  troulile.  , 

Covri^DTTa  baTs  bem  mada  by  ■oma  of  onr  ktad  rmihn,  fint,  tbat  *e  niied  onr 
^oe,  and,  aeeondly,  that  wo  did  not  inffldently  ainrtiat  the  bcL  We  ruied  tbe  piice 
m*  ipmria-  beeaof 8  we  tncreaMd  As  die  oira  Taiv>.  Thii  laereaM  wai  made  'beranM 
•0  many  deaind  to  And  in  it  madi  wbieb  bitherto  tfaey  had  been  able  to  cee  only  In 
oAer  periodieali,  wlule  they  were  unable  to  nbieribe  for  mora  than  one.  Nor  coald 
we  leeJiia  oar  ovn  ideal  of  what  onr  periodieal  ibpnld  be  vitbont  mote  niofn.  Thia 
nnmber  of  the  Quarterly  pnaenti  a  rariety  of  arllclei  of  anbftanflal  Talne,  (ocb  M  we 
bare  seldom  been  able  to  put  into  any  prgrioaa  number,  and  of*  chMBeter  to  eommand 
•aention.  Ai  to  adTtrtiiing  tbe  cbange,  va  anppoted  thu  erery  reader  of  the  Qeeiterly 
oertainly  looked  OTer  the  editoriali,  —  alwftye  eo  short  and  readable  I  — and  there  we  ex- 
fveMly  and  plainly  wid  tfaat  the  enlargemeii^  and  ineiMie  of  price  to  two  dollars  a  year, 
<Bd  a  new  Mrisfi  wonld  be^n  with  tba  issne  of  tbe  Janaaiy  nnmbar  for  1  Sftl.  And 
the  sama  facts  ware  lessonably  adrertised  in  tbe  CongregalionaUat  and  Reeoider  of 
ftb  dty.  We  regret  that  any  of  onr  nibscriben  have  expartcDced  aiuoyance,  against 
which  we  annly  meant  to  proiide;  and  fiom  iti  repetition  we  can  protect  them  in 
.  Ae  (iiture,  if  they  will  continne  their  patronage,  and  spend  a  few  momenta  each  year 
in  Inducing  others  to  take  thii  denominational  periodical,  giving  them  biognpUes, 
natiitics,  and  very  mnch  general  reltgioos  knowledge  with  which  every  Congregation- 
alist  ahonld  be  acqaalnied. 

Tbs  Boatoa  Traveller  of  March  B,  I86B,  has  the  ftdlowing  :  — 

"  CoaoBBOAiiovAuaii  —  Tarn  RiaHia  of  thb  CacacHas. — At  ameent  Congre- 

gUional  Council  in  this  vidnjty,  a  chnrch  was  represented  by  two  laymen,  inslaed  of  a 

pastor  and  one  layman.    The  council  voted  that  bnt  one  of  these  delegaleieonldilt  with 

tkMQ.    The  ground  taken  was,  that  the  Metier  missive'  —  i.  e.  the  invitation  to  the 

eonncil  —  speciflad    that  tba  church  should  be  repreapoled  by  'pastor  and  delegate,' 

and  not  by  two  delegates ;  and  that  the  council  was  bound  by  Ihe  exact  letter  of  this 

invitation.    To  this  It  was  replied  in  sabstance :  — 

"  I.  That  the  conodl  was  not  a  body  of  individnal  clergymen  and  laymen,  ealled  to- 

'  fttber  to  contnit  and  advise,  but  was  a  body  of  representatives  of  chnrcbes,  tbe  churches 

themselves  being  constructively  pneent  in  the  persona  of  tb«r  respaetive  repreeentativca, 

— '  the  messengers  of  the  churches.'    And  (hat  the  paston  were  as  really  delc^ies  and 

representatives  of  their  respective  ehurebes  Bi  were  the  lay  brethren  who  accompanied 

Aem,  and  could  no  mora  coma  to  this  oonncil  as  representatives  without  the  vote  of 

ibair  respective  chnrcbea  than  could  the  lay  brethren. 

.  "  S.  That  tbe  nsoal  bnn  of  tbe  letter  missive,  calling  for  '  pastor  and  deltas,'  was 
not  adopted  with  any  design  to  dicute  to  the  chnrcbea  bow.tbey  should  be  Kpresensed, 
bat  was  a  mere  form  of  eipreaaion,  tbe  spirit  of  which  was,  that  the  chnrch  should  eend 
two  represenlalivas. 


816  Editorff  Table.  [April, 

"  That  this  was  so,  appeared  from  the  fSM*t,  that  preciselj  the  same  form  of  inriuitioa 
was  sent  to  charchcs  who  were  known  to  be  destitnte  of  pastors  as  to  those  who  bad 
pastors. 

"S.  That  if  a  chnrch  was  inTited  to  sit  in  council  with  other  chorches,  it  bad  an  an- 
doubted  right  to  determine  by  whom  it  would  be  represented ;  so  that,  eren  if  it  had  a 
pastor,  it  might,  for  satisfactory  reasons,  send  in  preference  a  lay  brother  to  represent  it ; 
otherwise  all  liberty  would  be  taken  from  the  churches,  and  a  letter  missive  might  dio> 
tate  what  particular  person  or  persons  in  the  church  should  be  sent  as  representatiYes. 

"4.  If  ^is  liberty  to  send  two  laymen  as  delegateS'Was  denied  a  church  which  could 
not  send  a  pastor,  then  the  absolute  equality  of  the  churches  when  assembled  in  council 
was  completely  destroyed.  A  church  without  a  pastor,  or  whose  pastor  could  not  attend 
a  council,  would  have  but  half  the  influence  of  another  church ;  and  yet  might  have  the 
deepest  interest  in  the  doings  of  that  council. 

"  5.  That  the  aboYO  positions  were  in  accordance  with  the  acknowledged  principlai  of 
the  Congregational  polity  and  the  early  usage  of  the  Congregational  churches. 

•"  If  these  positions  were  well  taken,  and  can  be  sustained, — as  we  belieye  they  can  be, 
—  then,  clearly,  the  decision  of  the  council,  requiring  a  church  without  a  pastor  to  be  rep- 
resented by  one  delegate  only,  was  wrong ;  was  in  contravention  of  the  principlai  of 
Congregationalism,  and  in  violation  of  the  interests  and  rights  of  the  church.  And  if 
this  be  true,  then  the  matter  deserves  the  careful  consideration  of  the  churches,  and  a 
more  thorough  examination  than  it  appears,  heretofore,  to  have  received  in  this 
vicinity." 

There  is  evident  force  in  the  positions  approved  by  the  Traveller,  but  they  need  some 
qualification.  Th^  Jirst  paragraph  is  undeniably  correct  The  Beamd  is  too  8weq;>ing  in 
declaring  that  the  form  of  invitation  is  a  "  mere  form  of  expression."  K  the  inviting 
church  has  no  right  to  specify  '*  to  the  churches  how  they  should.be  represented,"  then  a 
church  invited  might  send  half  a  dozen  representatives.  The  first  sentence  of  the  third 
is  correct,  but  its  correctness  ,does  not  warrant  the  inference  that  a  church,  invited  tf> 
send  its  pastor,  can  thereon  substitute  a  lay  delegate.  Nor  is  there  any  basis  for  its  still 
further  inference  that  "  all  liberty  is  taken  fh>m  the  churches,  etc.  Liberty  within  law  is 
not  despotism.  The  final  inference  in  that  paragraph  is  an  abstu-d  non-seqvitur.  The 
fault  is  reasonable.  But  the  true  solution  of  the  difiiculty  is  not  met  The  accidental 
or  wilful  absence  of  a  delegate  is  just  as  destructive  to  the  "  absolute  equality  of  the 
churches  when  assembled  in  council"  The  true  remedy  is  to  go  back  to  the  good  old 
plan  of  voting  (in  council)  by  dittn^es  ;  that  is,  give  each  church  one  vote.  We  hope 
to  see  thsi  method  prevail  again.  But  we  do  not  hope  to  see  churches  sustained  in 
doing  anything  for  which  they  find  no  warrant  in  the  letters-missive.  If  the  letters 
missive  specify  "  pastor  and  delegate,"  there  is  no  power  anywhere  to  send  anybody 
else.  The  invited  church  can  refuse  to  accept  the  invitation ;  but  if  it  accepts,  it  must 
follow  the  letters-missive.  It  is  a  dangerous  principle  to  allow,  that  the  letters-missive  can 
be  nullified  or  altered  in  any  particular.  Councils  see  it  and  act  only  on  strict  conitmo- 
tion  of  the  warrant  that  calls  them  into  being.  Yet  it  would  be  well,  and  not  uncongre- 
gational,  for  a  church  calling;  a  council  to  say  in  the  letters-missive,  "  to  be  represented 
by  pastor  and  delegate,  or,  if  the  pastorate  is  vacant,  by  two  delegates."  Yet  even 
then,  votes  should  be  taken  by  churches,  and  not  by  individual  members  6f  cooncil. 
The  church  inviting  asks  the  advice  of  churches,  not  individuals  as  such. 

We  hope  to  see  the  time,  and  that  soon,  when  the  uncongregational,  illogical,  and 
dangerous  practice  of  inviting  individuals  by  name,  not  representing  any  church,  to  be 
members  of  councils  shall  be  totally  abandoned.  It  has  neither  the  excuse  of  necessity, 
nor  the  foundation  of  propriety.  It  gives  every  opportunity  to  "  pack  "  a  council  with 
individuals  found  to  entertain  satisfactory  opinions.    It  nullifies  the  righti  and  dignii;y 


1869.}  Editor^  TM*.  81T 

of  efavdies,  hj  makiog  •ome  ooe  peiion,  leprMenting  nobod/,  eqiuTalent  to  the  half, 
and  often  the  whole,  of  a  church.  We  ate  glad  to  lee  that  on  important  conndb  the 
practioe  is  fiwt  becoming  obeolete.  ▲.  h.  q. 

Tbb  CoMposinoir  of  Coukoils. — The  article  on  this  rabjecC,  pp.  i49-258,  ii 
worth  J  of  carefhl  coniideration  by  thoie  who  dp  not  accept  iti  positions.  We  insert  it, 
widbont  becoming  responsible  for  its  riews,  on  onr  settled  principle  thai  the  Qoarterlj  is 
eondncted  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  denomination,  and  not  as  te  exdnsire  exponent  of 
the  Tiews  of  four  indiridoals.    We  suggest,  howeyer,  some  eriticismsi 

1.  *'  Installation  does  not  make  a  man  a  pastor/'  page  S50.  Then  what  does  it  make 
himi  Two  steps  are  indoded  in  the  formation  of  a  pastorate :  first,  election  to  the 
oflloe,  and,  lecondlj,  induction  into  ofBoe.  The  latter  is  "  Installation."  The  Cam' 
bridge  Phtjbrm  (the  reader  bearing  in  mind  that  the  fathers  meant  meielj  installation 
when  thej  saj  ordinatioo)  properly  sajs :  "Ordination  we  aocoant  nothing  dse  but  the 
solemn  patting  of  a  man  into  his  place  and  office  in  the  Chareh,  whereonto  he  had  right 
before  by  election ;  like  the  installing  of  a  magistrate  in  the  Commonwealth."  An 
ordained  minister,  called  to  and  accepting  a  pastorate,  is  not  pastor  until  installed. 
General  Grant  was  President-elect  in  Febmaij ;  he  became  President  March  4th. 

How  formal  an  installation  must  be  is  another  qnestton.  Is  a  council  of  churches  in- 
dispensable 9  Onr  early  writers  saj  no.  Thej  make  the  act  of  sndi  a  council  to  be 
Talld  onlj  bj  the  TOte  of  the  chnrdi  authorising  the  coundl  to  act  in  its  name.  We 
hare  seen  no  proof  that  this  principle  has  been  dianged.  The  Congregational  theorj 
•till  is,  not  that  a  minister  becomes  a  pastor  without  installation,  but  that  the  churdi 
may  itself  install  him.  If  a  council  install  him,  it  is  onlj  as  the  agent  of  the  church; 
and  die  church  maj  install  him  without  a  conndL  But  there  is  another  thing  which 
the  church  cannot  do.  It  cannot  force  him  into  the  fellowship  of  the  churdies.  An 
installing  coundl  does  two  things :  first,  as  the  agent  of  the  dinrdi,  it  installs ;  secondly, 
ss  representing  the  churches  as  a  whole,  it  extends  to  him  the  hand  of  fellowship.  If  a 
dmreh  install  its  own  pastor  without  a  council,  he  is  unknown  to  other  churches  as  a 
pastor.    Until  recognized  in  some  offidal  way,  he  stands  aloof. 

But  where  churches  are  so  widely  scattered  that  the  conrening  of  a  council  is  Tsry 
diAcnlt,  it  seems  sensible  that  the  church  install  its  pastor-dect,  if  he  be  Ai  approred 
minister,  and  trust  to  subsequent  recognition,  just  as  churches  are  often  formed  in 
similar  cases.  If  the  church  in  Tankton  should  call  a  recognised  Congregational  min- 
ister to  its  pastorate,  and,  on  his  acceptance,  should  proceed  by  a  suitable  solemnity  to 
indnct  him  into  office,  and  should  publish  that  fact,  we  do  not  know  any  of  our  ecclesi- 
astical bodies  hardy  enough  to  deny  his  title  as  "  pastor."  But  such  a  proceeding  is 
inadmissible  in  ordinaiions  ;  the  introduction  of  a  layman  into  the  recognized  ministry  is 
a  denominational  act. 

2.  The  article  quotes  from  the  Connecticut  paper  that "  A  coundl  might  consist  en- 
tirely of  lay  delegates."  This  is  to  meet  the  case  of  churches  baring  "  acting  pastors," 
whom  it  considers  ineligible.  We  think  that  our  contributor's  exceptions  to  this  are 
wen  taken.  If  a  church  has  a  resident,  recognized  minister,  engaged  to  do  continuous 
pastoral  work,  pastor  in  all  but  installation,  there  seems  to  be  no  yalid  objection  to 
inciting  the  church  to  be  represented  by  "  pastor,  or  acting  pastor,  and  dd^gate." .  If 
the  church  is  willing  to  be  represented  by  him,  and  the  letters-missive  invite  him,  we 
think  this  coarse  far  preferable  to  "  two  laymen."  The  Connecticut  paper  says  that  a 
layman  *'  might  give  the  right  band  of  fdlowship" ;  but  it  is  as  great  a  departure  fhim 
the  nature  of  things  for  a  layman  to  extend  minitlerial  fellowship  as  for  a  church  to  be 
represented  by  an  acting  pastor  invited  as  such.  This  does  not,  of  course,  touch  the 
case  where  the  letters-misdve  invite  only  "  pastor  and  delegate."  Literally,  an  acting 
pastor  has  no  right  to  a  seat  in  conndl  on  that  invitation. 


818  Sditon'  TaiU.  [April, 

Oar  usage  raries,  howeyer,  according  to  localitj.  Where  the  churches  are  namexoni 
and  well  supplied  with  pastors,  practice  draws  the  line  strictly.  Bat  where  pastors  are 
few,  the  jeverse  is  the  case.  At  a  recent  installation  even  in  Massachosetts,  the  r^id 
rale  woald  have  excluded  the  clerical  representatlye  of  ten  out  of  the  thirteen  nearest 
churches.  Among  those  acting  pastors  were  men  who  had  heen  such  for  seren,  eighty 
and  ten  years ;  while  only  one  of  the  pastors  had  heen  in  office  oyer  four  years.  It  is 
true  that  a  merely  transient  "  supply,"  or  a  minister  in  no  practical  fellowship,  ought 
not  to  represent  a  church.  But  it  seems  hard  that  a  recognised  minister,  acting  as 
pastor  under  an  engagement  of  a  certain  degree  of  permanence,  should  not  be  allowed 
to  represent  his  church  by  its  0¥m  TOte,  when  the  absence  of  installation  has  been  prac- 
tically unavoidable ;  always  proyided  that  the  letters-missive  have  distinctly  invited  him. 

S.  We  must  repeat  our  adherence  to  the  Connecdcnt  (and  Congregational)  doctrine, 
that  individuals  as  such,  representing  no  chnrch,  ought  never  to  be  invited  as  members 
of  councils.  A  council  is  a  council  of  churches.  We  cannot  accept  the  reasoning  on 
p.  255,  etc.  It  is  true  that  the  letters-missive,  and  the  vote  of  the  church  accepting  it, 
are  "  his  authorization  for  membership  " ;  but  the  prior  question  is.  Ought  he  to  have 
been  invited  ?  We  are  sorry  here  to  run  against  the  arguments  of  our  eminent  brother  at 
Chicago.  He  says  :  "  Ministers  in  the  position  of  the  Western  Agents  of  the  A.  H.  M. 
is.  represent  the  constant  and  vital  fellowship  of  scores  of  churches.  Professors  in  Chi 
cago  Theological  Seminary,  elected  by  men  who  were  themselves  elected  by  ministers 
-and  delegates  from  all  the  Northwestern  churches,  are,  when  called  in  council,  standing 
representatives  of  the  broadest  fellowship." .  In  our  opinion,  the  agents  aforesaid  do  not 
represent  the  churches  at  all.  To  "  represent "  requires  that  the  churches  choose ;  but 
the  churches  do  not  even  appoint  them  as  agents.  These  brethren  were  appointed  by 
an  incorporated  society  located  in  New  York,  and  appointed  not  even  to  represent  that 
society  in  councils.  Nor  do  the  professors  "represent"  the  churches.  "Elected  by 
men  who  were  themselves  elected  by  ministers  and  delegates,"  who  were  themselves 
elected  by  the  churches ;  and  dilutes  the  representative  principle  too  much  to  make  it 
consistent  with  the  simple  structure  of  our  councils.  Nor  does  the  fact  that  they  were 
selected  in  this  indirect  manner  to  teach  in  schools  have  the  least  connection  with  repre- 
senting thojso  churches  in  deliberative  bodies.  Though,  having  the  full  confidence  of 
those  churches  which  made  them  professors,  they  were  in  no  sense,  directly  or  indirectly, 
by  instruction  or  implication,  empowered  to  "  represent "  this  vast  constituency.  The 
Secretaries  of  the  Massachusetts  General  Association  "  represent "  four  hundred  and 
ninety-six  churches,  but  they  can  hardly  carry  that  weight  into  councils.  Elected  to  do 
one  thing,  they  are  not  thereby  empowered  to  do  a  totally  different  thing.  Those  pro- 
fessors are  safe  and  wise  men  ;  but  when  invited  to  sit  in  councils,  it  is  because  they  are 
safe  and  wise  men,  and  not  because  they  "  represent "  a  great  body  of  churches  who 
never  consented,  and  were  never  even  asked,  to  be  represented  in  councils. 

Nor  is  it  safe  to  recognize  ''.standing  representatives."  O^r  system  allows  no  such 
permanent  class,  oven  by  implication.  Our  councils  are  drawn  from  the  churches  them- 
selves anew  in  every  instance.  It  is  best  to  keep  tolerably  close  to  the  fountain  of  power, 
while  we  see  no  possible  danger  with  the  men  who  now  fill  the  chairs  in  our  seminaries, 
or  occupy  the  positions  of  secretaries  or  agents.  It  is  easy  to  see  that  there  fiu^  be  men 
placed  in  such  stations,  whose  isolation  from  the  churches  might  leave  them  ignorant  of 
the  current  of  feeling,  and  whose  "  standing  "  power  might  become  overbearing.  Before 
men  supposed  to  "represent"  the  immense  influence  of  five  hundred  churches,  the 
delegate  of  a  single  church  might  fail  to  feel  the  equality  which  our  system  demands. 

The  argument,  on  page  256,  that,  on  this  principle,  Paul  would  have  been  excluded 
from  the  Council  at  Jerusalem,  seems  to  us  to  overlook  the  fact  that  Paul  could  not 
waive  the  authority  of  an  apostle.    We  have  no  apostles  in  these  days. 


1869:]  mUon*  !MU.  819 

Oar  cooTiction  is,  fhrther,  tiiat  die  power  of  the  churches  Qnght  nerer  to  he  nnllified 
hy  the  introduction  of  indiyidoals  as  snch.  Ererj  "  Indiridnal "  nullifies  at  least  half. 
Mid  ofken  the  whole,  of  the  representatbn  of  a  church.  Carried  to  an j  great  esrtent,  this 
practice  would  allow  the  skiliul  formation  of  a  council  so  as  to  secure  a  desired  decision, 
in  the  face  of  the  opinion  of  a  majorilU'  of  churches. 

But  If  any  church  diooses  to  inrite  indinduals  on  councils,  it  jias  the  power,  while  to 

do  it  is  not  pure  Congregmtiottaliam. 

A.  H.  Q. 

Tbb  following  letter  tells  an  interesting  story  of  indigenous  Congregationalism  ia 

ICssissippi.  It  was  sent  to  the  editors  of  the  Quarterly  hy  N.  A.  Calkins,  Esq.,  Treasurer 

of  the  American  Congregational  Union,  with  the  accompanying  explanation.    *'  Last 

Korember  I  received  $2.05  horn  the  Salem  Congregational  Church  pf  Columbus^ 

Lowndes  County,  Ifississippi.    I  wrote  to  learn  something  about  the  church,  and  send 

yon  the  answer."  '  It  is  as  follows :  — 

Columbus,  Miss.,  February  S3, 1869. 
K.  A.  Calkins  : 

Dear  Sir,  —  In  reply  to  your  queries:  Salem  Congregational  Church,  Lowndes 
County,  Miss.,  was  organized  in  1832.  My  father,  Ber.  S.  J.  Feemster,  was  its  pastor 
for  thirty  years.  He  died  afler  the  dose  of  the  war.  I  am  its  second  pastor.  Its  mem* 
bers  are  forty-nine ;  aTerage  attendance  one  htmdred ;  Sabbath-school  scholars,  white 
and  colored,  eighty ;  additions  last  year  on  experience,  six.  Being  opposed  to  slavery, 
we  could  not  prosper  in  numbers,  though  our  souls  prospered.  We  did  not  fiave  a 
jBoldier  in  the  rebel  army,  but  furnished  four  for  the  old  flag,  and  lost  two  noble  young 
toen,  who  gave  their  lives  to  save  the  Union.  Our  church  dismissed  nearly  half  their 
number  a  year  and  a  half  ago  to  form  a  colony  in  Missouri.  We  have  been  receiving 
A.  H.  Missionary  help  since  that  time,  but  are  growing,  though  surrounded  by 
enemies.  Southern  democrats  and  secret  society  men  hate  us  with  a  bitter  hatred ;  yet 
we  hope  to  be  strong  in  the  Lord  and  in  the  power  of  his  might,  and  walk  as  the  chil- 
dren of  light,  having  no  fellowship  with  the  unfiruitful  works  of  darkness,  bat  rather 
reproviog  them.  We  call  ourselves  Independent  Presbyterians.  Our  church  broke  off 
from  the  Presbyterians,  but  in  doctrine  and  form  we  are  Congregational,  and  we  will, 
whenever  practicable,  rey^oice  to  associate  with  the  Congr^gationalists.  We  Uamed  our 
CongrtgatumalUmJhm  the  BAie,  I  aupjpoee. 

Wishing  your  Society  much  prosperity  and  much  labor  in  the  South,  that  we  may 
learn  what  is  the  true  spirit  of  freedom,  I  am 

Tours  in  Christ, 

SaMUBL  CaLVIK  FaJBMSTBB. 

It  is  but  just  to  Bev.  Dr.  Laurie,  author  of  the  article  in  this  number.  The  Papal 
Answer  to  the  Great  Question,  to  say  that  it  has  been  in  the  hands  of  the  editors  since 
August,  1868,  and  that  the  quotations  from  Calvin,  which  have  within  a  ibw  weeks 
appeared  in  another  publication,  were  taken  by  him  fh>m  the  original,  prior,  so  far  as  he 
IS  aware,  to  their  appearance  elsewhere. 

A  CORBSSPOKDBNT,  pleading  the  wants  of  a  vacant  parish,  thus  sums  up  the  neces- 
sary qualifications  for  an  acc^table  minister,  irrespective  of  any  questions  of  salary :  — 

"  All  virtues  heavenly  and  earthly,  all  gifts  intellectual  and  moral,  all  economies  and 
social  charities,  the  zeal  of  Saint  Paul,  the  tenderness  of  Saint  John,  and  the  fire  of 
Saint  Peter ;  tha^  's  about  what  we  want."  May  they  succeed  I  but,  as  Wouter  Van 
Twiller  would  say,  "  we  have  our  doubts  about  the  matter." 


Congregational  Quarterly  Record. 


[April, 


CONGREGATIONAL  QUARTERLY  RECORD.— 1868-69. 


inh^  RiT.  JvilBotf.  S 


BUaLraOTOS  km.  ,  not.       ,  11  momh 


ALPINK,  mU.,  Jtn.  S3,  SI  iHiabna. 
iSHKURN,  111.,  MMT^h  7,  S6  mombriJ. 
BOSTON,  Mua.,  aj^bluil  Chartb,  Mircb  1, 

BROOKLTN,  WU.,  Ju.  Ifl. 
BBonK9vrt.LB,  Tm..  li*  C<ra«.  Cb,  J«o.  ST. 
CI.OT>iUIAI.B,  (M. .  Jkn.  IT. 

riHiT  Bcorr,  ku.,  Psb.  zs. 

LBBANON  Mo..  Jan.  17  13  mnobrn. 


DrKBj^PAMUBL 

bazenI  azbl  w 

Bgt«t  b. 


tbi  *Drk  at  Ihc  WnlMii.  . 

JOSZS,  JAHBS,  M  lt«hHt(r,  V 

■nim  by  B»T.  WUliMi  IW 

wuikBt,    OrdAlnlDg  Pr^i 

JDCnAc"'-"'    '     "" 


),  SSmcm 


MOUNT  PALATIKB,  111^  1f*i.  7, 16  a. 


FEXPIBLD,  Jtlch.,  F>b.  ID,  10  nn 


IAD.  OBOKGB,  nm  till  Cfa.  In  Koitb  Rldp- 

*lll>.0.,M>rFba. 
PLDUB.  Rer.  JOflSPB  C,  ora  tba  Cb.  in  Fori 

ScoU.  Kw,,Veb.SS.     PnmaDbjBeT.  JuM 

O.  Urrrlll,  of  NsuDd  Cllj. 
RlTTEIl.  CHAELES  H.,otcr  tb.M  Coog.  Cb.  to 

HorrtHdli.  N.  T.,  JU.  II, 
TnCB^TON,  PinWNDEB,i.lEMlport,M».,Jin. 

IS,  to  ClM  work  at  the  Uhiliir;  In  Bui  Hi- 

chiu.     8<TSUU1  bj  Bm.  Bdpir  L.  Vaitrr.  ct 

St.  StopbDDjN.  B.  OnblrlnePnjirbJ  Rot. 

IIeni7  F.  Hudlnf.Df  Kiuiblu. 


WILLI  AHS,  E.  U 


.of  Chlpipi  Bs 


UmiSTEBS  OHSAHfED. 


4  ScccoDtbe,  of 


HIKIGTESB  INSTALLED. 


^rvftr  bj  R«T.  George  HoiliDg, 


SOUOLaS,  TtlOSf  A!I,  to  tbn  KDtk  of  (he  HlalMcT 
biTlronnn!  nil.,  IXo.  in.  ittmoatijfiKt. 
JUDU  iIbU,  of  Leon.  Ordslnlng  Prv"  IV 
Rev.  Lewie  Brldjumn,  of  De  Soto. 

mOKS,  niSDEHlCK.laUieWDrllafDMlliBkt^ 
In  BBnaloglon  ticntn.  Tl.,  Dee.  38.  Sennoa 
brRer,  Albert  Hopkliii.u.B.,  of  fflllluH 
Collwe.  Ordsinbig  Piwer  bf  Kit.  Jwpb 
n.  Wlckbun,  s,  s.,  of  Ane>>**)>» 

LAMBON,  OEOnaR  M.,  to  lb*  wt 

trj  In  TrvmpelAU,  Wii.,  Bept.  ^  Brriooi 
V  Bat.  M.  W.  Bml,  of  CDlumbiu. 


ALLBNDB^R,  JOHN,  to  the  woi*  of  tbe  MloleliT 
in  Lu'ledo  and  31  Catherine.  Mo.,  Peb.  £3. 
Bennon  b;  BeT.  Jullu  M.  DHuteTut,  Jr., 

BASB  TUOMAB  B.,Al  X>etpart,He.,Ju.  U,lo 
Itae  Mfirli  of  tbe  Ulnlltr;  In  Eutporl.  ^ei^ 
aea  b)>  Iter.  Edgu  h.  totta,  of  St.  ilUpben, 
N.  D.  Onlnlnlng  Pmjor  bj  Bor.  Heart  F. 
Herding,  or  Sb^lu. 

BOBCnEES^^.  P  ,  et  NarthBrMglDn.He.,  Jen. 
14.  orer  (he  Oburebea  In  North  Brld|[toB 
end  HerrLina-  Bennon  bf  Kor,  A-  Nortoa- 
OrdAlnlni  Pnfer  bj  Bm.  PUlD  B.  WUeoi, 


.,  net  31.     Bennon 


OOBWlS,  Rct.  BLI, 
Cel.,  Not.  U. 
Moou,  of  Osk 
Ref.  WUUun  C 

DODOE,  Ber.  JOHN 


tie  !d  Cb.  In  Oeklend, 


,  ..--  - —-  b.    Ri  .    _.... 

Moou,  of  Osklind,    InnalllnE  Pnyei  bj 
ReT.  Wllltain  C.  Pond,  of  Bju;  fr»ncl«-o. 


.     Sermon  bj-   Bel, 
'!  Edwin  Seebur;, of 


Mild*-     VBSEMAN.  R«.  OSORGE  B 


Ormlrllle.HeM..  Dee.  ^.  Semon  b 
Joebue  WellDWO,  ex.,  of  Newlou  C 
InelB,lItog  Pivef  1>J  !*"•  Edmnnl  : 


AKTHONI,  ItoT.  OEO.  H.,  o*er  1 
In  Pwbod)-,  Kwe.,  M.r. 
PnT  B^ierl  0.  BiDjrtb,  i 


1869.] 


OmgregoHuial  Qmrttrtjf  Seeord. 


a» 


BLAKE   lt«''  S.  LXROT,  n 


unhiUDj  Uu«.,  fill,  3,  B«F- 
>an  bj  Her.  Ilcory  M.  Puwnu.  of  SpridB- 
sli],  IiMilllng  Pnjcr  bj  B<t.  Jotm  vi. 
l.r,linK,rfl..-—  '- 


TENKEv.  Hif.  raASina  r,,  otct  ih«  Ch.  in  s>a- 

eui,Hua.,Mi>r.lS.   agmuni  bj  B«>.  Oliulei 

B.  PUmR,  of  t<*laii.    luUlllDK  Pinu  bJ 

Rot.  SunuolB.  nerrtck,afCh>l«. 

CKDBKWOUD,  Bit.  RDFUa  S    oru  Ihg  Pn*  Ch. 

.Jm.fl.  Setmra bj Rut. 


lo  L.  Ton 


V  bj  Rev.  Ockib  B.  f 


CUrr,  Kit.  WILLIAM,  nier  Ihc  Cb.  In  MjiUo 
iildn,C<>Da.,Kv,S.  BinioD  bj  Bk.  Bd- 
in»riV',RDa(,ofWKUrly,&.I.  IniDillliig 
Pn^rcbTRcT  Jowpb  B.anlloo.afQratoD, 

COOK,  R<r>.  JONATHAN  U.,  onir  rlH  Cb.  In 
Bullgl.Dr/,  N.  U..JU.  13.  KwiuHi  bf  Kd. 
Jwpb  TllAk«,  of  OllmuiUrti. 

DALV.  Rer.  JAMKil  A.,  om  lb*  Cb.  la  Sleoktoa, 


Blnoa,  D,  9.,Dr  Bon  Fnoi'li 
Dl  lORKST,  Bo.  UEKMAN  P. ,  i 
**j\  Ch. .  ChbaKe,  I[l. ,  Mu 
R*T.  EdWErd  P.  SoiidKln, 
•ulHDg  Pnj n  Ift  trot.  Bu 
D.  b..  of  CbtOKgD  flonkuUT. 
DICKINSON.  Ho.  B.  C,  o»t  t1 


IdhUIUbii  Piv'  bJ  il«-  UcDIT  UopkiiLB, 

imXIAM?  ReT.  EDWIN  F.onr  Ui<  TabHKu-la 
Ch.  Cbicngu,  111.,  F«b.  4.  N.nooo  hj  Pmf. 
fnnklla  VV.Flill,  of  ChkaKO  Buuluir;.  In- 
•Ullhig  Pnyu  bj  UuT,  UvuFKU  :i.  I*.  SaTEE«, 


nol  C.  SmIUmi, 

Cb.  in  Apple- 
ITm.  Z.  Uurrl- 


PAiroBB  rasMmnk 


111., 


nSKR.  Aer.  FRBDERirK  A. 


IbdIrk 


HUBBARD    Bo.  JAMKii  M.,  thus  Iba  Oh.  ta 


UOORB,  kfV.'llAMKH  b. 


OEBOULD.  R><.  SANDBI.  J. 

Cjro»H-.'w.il.^,ii.i, 
GILBERT,  «■•.  HIRAH  W.,ii 


Est.  WllUun  W.  FsIUn. 


BOtD,  BcT.  I-LIKV  ».,  Irua  U»  Cb.  Id  ShdbUM 

lull,  Uui.,  Uur.  Id. 
CLARKE,  Jut   BENJAMIN  P  ,  from  th»  Id  Cb. 

In  North  L'hElIu>«.Rl.  Hum..  Ju.  20. 

le  Cb.  In  Pljm- 


SobOdu^  ,  Hub.     IniulUni  Pnr«  bj  R«>. 

PARKER,  Rttl  WILLiAM  W.  owr  Ih.  Ch,  to 
WUIIuntburgb.  Mia.,  Pub.  M.    Bennon  bj 

POWERS,  Key.  IlENRX',  onrr  thg  'eIoi  PIk* 
Uuog;.  Cb.  In  Brookljn.N.  T,.  Uu.S.  9*t- 
moD  by  B«T,  Wm.  I.  BudlDElop,  b-H.,  of 
BroDkl^Q.  IniCkUlngPnii'T  bj  Rn.  MIIIOU 
BadgR,  D,D.,orNiw  YorkOllj. 

BI003.  Kor.  UKRHAN  C,  dtdt  the  Ch,  In  St, 


;,,Fph.2S.    J 


BnSBBLL,  R. 


•^I«bj  R«.  BJmtd  Him 
BBTBHANCE,  Her,  MILTON  L,,  oi 


rkCani 


>.,  H>r,  9. 


COOLET,  BoT. 

outh.  Coi 
DE  FOBt»T,  R 

hi  WmI  AtiWBnni',  Bum.,  rcb.  lu. 

IJib<lii,N.'Y.,J«i.S.      ' 
ZU3TIR.  Rn.  WILLIAM  T.,  Jr.,  Oun  Um  Chwil 

SI.  Cb.  In  Nv"  nanrn,  Conn.,  F.b.  IT- 
FORD,  Bitt.  qEOIlOE,  fnu  the  Cb,  in  XoUud, 

HARRia,  R^T.  BTKPIIKN,  ttoa  Uw  Ch.  Id  WM- 

HOLMKS  'rit'.'  JAMKS,  from  the  Ch.  lo  Anbiin, 

LYMAn',  iiiy.  TIMOTUY     frisn   tho  Cb.  ID  Kll- 

Bngworth,  Cnnn.t  nvr.  1. 
PBIPPS,  B«.  WILL^II,  DnDi  tba  Ch.  b  Putsa, 

■lui..UB.a. 
POWXRa,  Bn.  HENRT.  tiaa  Um  3d  Ch.  In  Du- 

^hnn-jCooB.,  J»B.  ai. 
■UUKILBtr,  Ber.  DATID.frnmUHOh.  loBrowB- 
SHIThTIIit.  MOBXS,  frsB  Um  Ch.  In  PUmlDa 

Ct.,Mu.  IL 


Oonffregatumai  Qiiaiim^  JBteord. 


l*r^ 


WILLIllie,  Rh.    SBORGB    I 


I6( 


mmrFEBs  kasbied, 


BARflOint,  R«.  ISAAC  n.,  In  a*ieibar|,  ID., 

BLANCHAKD.  lUi.  AKOS.  In  NDnVrllls  (ttinwll, 

CAMPBetL.   kcf.    DKOROB  v.,  In  BadEird, 

Mw.,  F>t>.  1,  uM  ;i  T«ni. 
GLAPP.  Bc>,  etTMNOt  O.,  <a  Dutcn,  Mul,  Ju. 

ai,««iesjB.B. 

DtraCKUtB,  G«r.  JOIIN.  in  Giwifiald,  N.  B., 

Jui.  33.  ■gxl  TB  jH». 
miNNINO,    B*T.    WlLLIAU   H..  In  FuflwUt, 


Tkgin-biSdg^...    .u™,™.,™- 

M.HoT.  ItuDWlH,  Vlr(ln,dr)<«iD(r'iiu,» 
UiH  Jiwie,  duughtci  sf  tuthnc  HlDdgnU, 


>.,r<ib. 


12,  Ret.  P,  Huon  B«1lrti,  PnAlcnl  tJwl 
of  Miir;B<Ul<  CulligB,  Tenn. ,  (A  Cbu-lolls  E., 
dsnfUnt  df  the  lite  Cbut«  P.  Plulpa.of 

CHAPMAN  — imtSKT.    lDCbIr>«<t.?l..rr!li.8, 

HlaMty  M.  H<n*T,o(  Hunrer' N.  II.' 
(MASS  —  BROOKS.    Id  Botoa,  Mm.,  Mu,  10, 
R*>.  Edwud  Ctuie.  of  Bwlbrd,  M  Hisa  S»- 


JONEJ, Kit. BENJAMIN  T., In  MoDliF 

Hmr.  10. 
LRATKNWOitTn  Boi,  ASSEn  J.,  In  : 

V*.,  Frt..  la.  wrd  S6  J«M 
UOORB  R<T,  JAM  kS  D.,  in  lIutibM, ' 

It,  WBd  IK  (Hn. 
0«B.  Ker    .10UN.  in  Heliwo,  Uu> 

Koaaot,  Ktw.  swks  l.,s. 

MMr.,M«.  i;.»«dj(]jr 
TILTON,  foi.  DAllDTln  Wobu 


KT.  Mu>..  F*1 


nrc  — TKASK. 


OOODKICH  — HOODV.    ,  ._.    . 

B,  IUt.  JnliD  K.  0«HJrti^ti  U  Hlu  Ell*  io. 

afaad;,lx>tiicjrBarllD|ct<ia. 
UDORE— RINO.     In8ulBoM,CDUn.,M»i.4,RrT. 

Wo.  U.  Moon,  of  BccllD,  to  IUh  Mir;  B. 

King,  "f  SdOMiI. 
rAU[BB->-BABJiBH.    IB  BrooklTD,  K.  I.,  Feb, 

10,  Rot.   CIbtM    Bn   Piimxi,  of   .^^lem. 

Hut.,  Ui  MlM  Uafit  I.Murla,  daofbtcr  of  A. 

B,  BuroM,  En.,  of  Bnnkl^. 
VBABODV  — OOSURN.    In  Ipuwlib,  Man.,  Jan. 

37,  Rn.  John  Q.   P«bod;,  of  iHWkb,  to 

Hn.  Huj  8.  UobuTQ,  of  Topitauii,  He, 

AnoglilH  af  Iba  Uto  Ua>.  D.  T.  Klmb^,  of 

whbe£kb  —  wtm  AS. 


W,mi 


lUBUIBBI  DIQUIID. 
IMS. 

r.  OTBUa.lB  BiI)n,0.,IlM.a, 

rTBar'  BIMIOH,n.s.,lB  Aitora'.R.O., 
IMO.  17,  •c''  Bl  jam. 
HOKQAN,  Bot.  0AI,Kb,l>lai^a,<U.,I>H.17, 


mnuTZES'  wms  deceased. 

IMS. 
COQSWELL,  Hn, ,  wllii  of  Rri,  J.  9.,  Id  Zmnl^Ritt, 
"'—  ,NoT.  16,»p-136j™re. 

'  tT,'  la  WlDsbHtor,  iUm, ,  Dw.  »,  acHl  9 

BAl<&i(II«rMn.  GEOROIANNA  K..  «ib  of  B«*. 
MuIhiU  D.,  Id   Co^Iaa,  Kdt.  1,   a«ad    «) 

(>pe  BllaUtb',  Mc. ,  Doc.  3l',  a«>d%  f tu 
I8S9. 
BUmr,   Hw   HJU  lATHB,  vik  i(  tm. 
JwH  O.,  Id  k«  PimUnsa,  S.  L,  hb.  ■•, 

ll'f^^'3™   tbTLTVU,  wMow  i£  Bar.  bsH, 

v.  i> ,  in  Brw>kJ}a,  N.  T.,  Hai.  13,  agol » 

FBENaJ7>lr".  RBBRCOA.  -Wow  of  ll*T.  Jona- 
Ihiui.ln  North  lUmptoD,  N.  H..  Fi>b,  3,  icad 

In  AJbuij,  MiF-.  I'lib,  ZS,  aiHl  M  nan. 
BHEPAUD.Mn.  LTUIA  r.,iridowDfPnr.a<uisa, 

u.  ».,  to  Kmntbunli,  Md..  Jin.  M. 
riUCV,    Itn.    JAHK    HAItTIKA,   >t&   of   Bm. 


Chi«r,,ni.,jK..7,    "«"".  ■!•  j^iii 

n  to  ftlii  Nancy  H.  aaSTSs  wm 


1869.]  Amerietm  Omffr^ffoiional  Ajuoeiation,  82S 


AMERICAN  CONGREGATIONAL  ASSOCIATION. 


I 


Ths  nndermgned  is  now  quite  fore  that  a  sncceBsfiil  movement  can  be  made  for  the 
longf-talked-of  Congregational  Home,  if  one  penon  can  be  found  anywhere  who  will  head 
a-rabecription  with,  eren  no  more  than,  twenty  thonsand  doUars ;  a  som  leu  than  many 
a  man  is  bestowing  upon  objects  which,  to  many,  seem  less  important,  less  national, 
less  nsefnl,  immediately  and  ultimately.  Who  and  where  is  the  man  1  He  will  be  a 
benefactor  who  will  point  him  oat  Does  Boston  contain  him  1  It  is  certainly  time 
that  Boston  benefaction  b^gan  to  be  applied  to  Boston  necessities.  And  if  Boston  Con- 
gregattonalists  do  not  regwd  the  wants  of  their  own  denomination  centring  here,  nat- 
nrally,  they  must  altimately  be  the  losers  in  other  relations  than  in  the  religious.  It  is 
to  be  hoped  that  this  too  long  neglected  work  will  be  speedily  undertaken  and  accom- 
plished.   From  anywhere  and  in  any  amounts  let  the  contributions  come  I 

In  the  mean  time  our  rooms,  now  becoming  quite  too  strait  for  us,  are  gathering 
and  garnering  Talaable  treasures.  The  widow  of  the  late  Ber.  Emerson  Davis,  d.  d., 
has  just  donated  the  Biographical  Sketches  of  New  England  Pastors  of  Congregational 
Churches,  by  her  husband,  in  manuscript,  a  valuable  record,  which  will  m^e  five  laige 
quarto  volumes ;  in  a  few  days  it  will  be  securely  bound  and  on  our  shelves.  We 
have  also  received,  since  last  reported.  Cotton's  "  Bloudy  Tenent,**  a  very  rare  and  val- 
uable work ;  Chrysostom's  Commentary  on  Hebrews,  1515 ;  a  sermon  by  John  Knox, 
1565;  Vol.  I.  Methodist  Maganne,  1818,  with  an  engraved  likeness  of  Asbuiy,  the 
pioneer  preacher ;  also  histories  Of  Lynn,  Lowell,  Fittsfield,  South  Boston,  Shrewsbuzyy 
and  Campton,  N.  H. ;  also  Southey's  Life  of  John  Wesley,  besides  many  others. 

But  we  hsve  many  incomplete  sets  of  various  works,  which  we  hope  our  readers  will 
aid  ua  in  completing.    We  want  for  the  Libraiy,  to  complete  our  set :  — 

Yol.  I.  of  Calamy's  History,  or  '*  Account  of  the  Ministers,  Lecturers,  ....  who 
were  ejected,"  &c.,  and  Vol.  L  of  his  "  Continuation  "  of  his  "  Account."  Somebody 
has  these  volumes  we  so  much  need ;  and  it  would  be  a  great  favor  and  a  public  benefit 
to  have  them  here.    We  lack,  in  our  Library  set  of  the 

Vermont  Chronicle,  Vol.  I.,  Nos.  8,  8,  25,  35,  39,  44,  46 ;  Vol  IIL,  No.  44 ;  Vol. 
IX.,  No.  4  ;  Vol.  XIIL,  No.  28 ;  Vol.  XVIL,  No.  12 ;  Vol.  XXVI.,  Nos.  25,  34 ;  Vol. 
XXVII.,  No.  28 ;  Vol.  XXVIIL,  No.  89 ;  Vol.  XXIX.,  No.  48 ;  Vol.  XXX.,  Nos. 
29,  48;  Vol.  XXXIX.,  Nos.  6,  8,  15;  Vol.  XLL,  Nos.  18,  82,  34,  45,  47  ;  VoLXLIL, 
Nos.  10,  26,  31,  34,  35,  36,  39,  41,  42,  50. 

New  England  Puritan,  Vol  L,  Nos.  1-27  inclusive,  also  29,  44 ;  Vol.  VIL,  Nos. 
6,6. 

New  York  Observer,  Vol.  L,  No.  18  ;  Vol.  HI.,  Nos.  32,  37,  88, 40. 

Canadian  Independent,  Vol.  L  (bi-monthly,  newspaper  form),  we  lack  all  but  No. 
7 ;  Vol.  II.,  all;  Vol.  III.,  No.  21 ;  Vol.  IV.,  No.  19;  Vol.  V.  (monthly,  magazine). 
No.  2,  August. 

Wisconsin  Puritan,  Vol.  L,  No.  2;  Vol.  IIL,  No.  4;  Vol.  IV.,  No.  8. 

Common  School  Journal,  Vol  IX.,  Nos.  7,  12,  20;  Vol.  XII.,  No.  2;  Vol  XIV., 
No.  21. 

Christian  Examiner,  1866,  Nos.  1,8;  1867,  No.  6 ;  1868,  Nos.  1,  2,  3. 

Continental  Monthly,  Nos.  7,  8,  9,  10,  11,  12,.13,  15,  16,  18,  20,  21,  22. 

Evangelical  Magazine  (London),  1843,  Jan.  and  Feb.;  1844,  June;  1847,  Oct.; 
1849,  April ;  1851,  April,  May,  June,  Sept.,  and  all  since  1851. 

Historical  Magaaine  (N.  Y.),  Vol.  HI.,  Nos.  10,  12 ;  Vol.  V.,  No.  11 ;  Vol.  VI., 


i 


824  American  Covgreffational  Attoeiattcn.  C^pnl, 

Noa.  S.  3,  15:  VdI.  VII.,  Nos-  1,  S,  4,  5,  7,  ■ 

1,  3,  6,  6,  7,  8,  9,   10,  11,  IS;  Vol.  X.,  Nos.    1,  8,  3,  - 

S«mong  before  ilie  A.  B.  C.  F.  M,  ISSO,  1838,  1631,  1839. 

Maine  Minutes,  General  ConfereDce,  183S. 

Vermont  Minutt'S,  IHIl,  1613,  IBI4. 

Rhodo  Island  Minutes,  all  before  1813  i  klso  18M,  1895,  IBST,  1828,  1839,  1830, 
1831,  1332,  1835.  1841,  1S44,  1S46,  1S49.  Does  anj  oue  know  lliat  Minutes  were  pub- 
liahed  each  of  those  jeara  1 

Micliigim.MiiiQlia,  1844,  18*6,  1847,  1849. 

Wisconeia  Miouiei,  1854.  ~ 

MinueAota  Minutos,  18fi7,  ISRS. 

Oregon  Minutes,  all  before  1657  ;  al«0  18SS,  tSGl,  1869,  1863. 

CBllfomia  Minutes,  1860. 

Canada  Minute»,  1840,  1B41,  1842,  1843,  1844,  IS4S,  1848,  1654,  1855,  1856,  1857. 

We  lack  of  the  African  ReposLtorj,  1835,  Doc.  (No.  12);  do.  183T;  1839,  lasi  half  of 
No».,  and  all  of  Dee. ;  1840,  ar»t  half  of  Maj,  Junfl,  Jolj,  Aog.,  Sept.,  Oct.,  No»., 
and  Dec.;  1S41,  last  linlf  of  Jan.,  Feb.,  Sept.,  and  Qrst  half  of  Oct.;  1866,  May; 
1867,  Sept.,  Oct.,  and  Nov  ;  1868,  all. 

Ecleciie  Museum,  then  Magazine,  Agnew-Bldncl] ;  1843,  Nov.;  1844,  April;  1648, 
Julj;  1849,  Julj;  1850,  Feb.;  1859,  Nov.;  1863,  Jan.,  Feb.,  April,  May,  Juno.,  SepL, 
Oct.,  Not.,  D«3.  ;  1865,  all  bnt  Nov. ;  1866.  Oft. ;  1867,  all  but  Sept. ;  1868  and  1869, 
oU, 

Danville  Bcview,  ell  of  1861,  and  nil  of  1865,  and  aince. 

Evangolicul  Monitor,  Vt.,  VoL  I.,  Nos.  aS,  36 ;  Vol.  III.,  No.  31. 

MaisachasettsMagaiine,  andMoDlhlyMateani,  ITSO.Ang,;  1793,Peb.;  1794,  Dee.; 
1796,  Jan.,  Fab.,  March,  April,  Maj,  June,  Sept.,  Oct.,  Nov.,  Dec. 

Congressional  Globe,  ail  of  the  S3d,  34th,  35th,  S6th,  3Sih  CongTMS,  1st  seseiou  of 
the  S9th,  and  SJ  part  of  the  1st  acAsion  of  the  30th  Congress. 

American  Anliqiiarian  Society's  minor  publicalious,  we  rcr;  much  want  Nos.  3,  4, 
»,  8,  »,  10. 
-American  Froteataat  Sodetj'i  1st  Report  ii  wanting  to  complete  our  aet. 

Methodist  Magaiine,  afterwards  Qnarterlj,  we  want,  1819,  1831,  1833,  1833,  18SS, 
1817,  IS3S;  April,  1840;  aUoTISIB,  1S9D;  Jnlj,I8S1;  AprU,1853;  Oct,  1853;  Apiil, 
18M. 

Panorama  of  Lif^  and  literature,  1855,  Nov.,  Dec 

Western  Journal  and  Civilian,  18S6,  April,  May. 

Anjr  help  towards  completing  these  imperfect  seta  wiH  be  most  gratcfnllj  received. 

Any  Itpcnl  liiaiorius  of  ciiics  or  lowm  arc  llirico  wolcomu  hero.  So  are  anj  of 
the  works  of  Cotton,  or  the  Mather*,  or  Shepard,  or  Hooker.  Indeed,  ihcro  are  but  few 
books  or  pamphlets  that  cannot  be  made  immediately  useful  upon  our  ehetve*  or  foe 
exchan^.  -  Wo  cordially  invite  contributions  of  boib,  and  tbcy  may  be  sent  at  the  coa^ 
and  to  the  address  of, 


1869.]  Amenem  OongrtgaiinuA  IMim. 


AMERICAN  CONGRBaATlOprAL  JJinON. 

Ai new ebnrttasi m mnltiplTiiiK  at  (be  Wast, aod  m  tha  mateial nMrnrmfB oqf 
Dew  State*  epd  Tcniioilee.are  b«mg  dtmbped,  tk«  woifc  of  the  Uuon  U'eoutantly  ang- 
nuDtii^.  As  it.»  the  tpecUI  dea^  of  tbe  Union  to  kid  Qmrn  charebee  in  vtn'ing  a 
botue  of  wiHvhip,  which,  with  inch  an  edifio*  aa  a  mnarn  of  cAineaaj,  willtnniediatelj 
or  «ooB  become  aalf-iaitaining,  tb*  more  proaperoni  a  commanitj,  dw  Monar  doea  it 
•Rive  at  that  point  where  it  an  avail  itaelf  of  tbii  aid.  Since  the  Jannaiy  number  of 
Vb6  Qoaiterlj  wai  inued  tbe  foUowing  approprkiioiii  bara  bean  paid ;  — 

Congregational  Church,  Norwaj-,  Jfoitw,  l|  ISO 

"  ■'        Fort  Lee,  Ntw  Jmtg  (!'>"'>)>       '•"*' 

■Wekb  "  "        Ironlon  (Eail).   Ohio.  800 

"  "        Maltanran,  Midiu/an,  400 


MW 


AInmo, 
Brody, 
Three  Oaki, 

riini, 

Malta,  IlliwU, 

Rich  view,  " 

Sextomille,  >riaranfi'n, 

Cottage  Grove,  Minnesota, 
St.  Charlei, 

New  Liberty,  lava. 

Independence,  " 

Florence,  " 

Polk  City,  "  (loon), 

Fairlu, 

Prairie  Citj,  "  (apecial), 

Jancfion  Cilf,  JTantiu, 

Obube,  "      (ipecial], 


•  B,I3i 


It  will  be  noticed  that,  among  thaae  appropriatloni  an  two  loans.  Tbe  imprestion 
■eema  to  ban  preTailed  somewhat  widely  chat  In  no  case  can  a  church  receive  from 
tbe  Union  more  than  •  900,  and  hence  the  claims  of  cburcbea  which  need  a  larger  sam 
than  ibis  have  been  made  the  labject  of  a  spedal  appeal.  This  impression  hat  arisen 
from  the  fact  that  tbe  Union  limit*  iis  gmbiUia  to  f  500.  The  tmth  needs  to  be 
more  widely  known,  that,  in  addition  to  the  gift  of  S  500,  iho  Union  BtjtndB  ready  to 
make  loans  to  poor  churehee  wherever  BDch  loans  are  needed  and  whenever  it  has  snf- 
Gcient  fVinds  at  its  disposal.  To  free  the  cliurehea  from  embarroainient,  these  loans  ore 
made  vritbont  interest,  and  eecnrlty  is  taken  upon  the  property  for  the  payment  of  the 
loan  in  annual  instalmenis  as  tbe  charch  gains  strength.  There  is  an  increasing  de- 
mand tot  aBsistance  in  this  form,  and  it  i*  a  peculiarly  economical  and  efficient  mesiis  of 
doing  good,  as  the  same  money  may  be  used  over  and  over,  by  diffsrent  charcbes,  and 
NKW  SEBIEg.  —  TOL.  I.  NO.  2.  22 


820  Jburiaan  Chiigragatioit^  Drmm.  lApoL 

tha  bcnoSenU  nedti  of  m  riagh  emtaibolioii  be  Am  MabtMlj  nmltipliad.  WDl  not 
weallfaf  men  «Uaein  it  >  pririlaga  to  hntkh  th«  Uaion  widi  tnMni  irtucli  maj  be  on- 
plofod  Id  jUUdbig  Ihii  RnecMiioD  of  barTcsti  1 

It  will  alK>  be  noticed  that  among  the  above  ^propriatioiu  then  an  two  deaignaUd 
a*  "epedd."  Tb<n  tre  naar  efalMlNi  whkt  aeed  mon  than  S5M  m  a  gntah;. 
Tbelr  pfoapeeii  for  growdi  ere  not  nieh  aa  to  warrant  their  reeeiriiig  autntj  u  « loan, 
and  yet  (he  eondilkn  ef  the  Muarj  of  Ae  Utiioii  doea  not  allow  of  laigcr  grant*  a* 
gntnitiee.  SndteeaeaWalB  the  pMt  been  made  Aenljeet  of  ipecUla^cali.  Then 
^ipeala  hare  iMorfcrad  gnadr  willi  Ihi  work  of  Ilia  Ui^oa,  dinrtiiig  money  from  il* 
treanry,  and  bringing  it  into  ditrepnte  M  ftfling  to  meet  tbe  neeeautiea  of  the  chmrchae. 
gome  adTaa^gea  were  iiwolwd  In  thaae  ipedal  mppttii.  ThejaeemedtaigeeeatribB- 
lioni  from  fiienda,  who,  by  their  ptnowal  ralaliaBB,  wen  led  to  giTO  wbat  they  would  not 

dill  inlcrcat  in  tlio  cnac  on  nccounl  of  ihtiir  pronimily  ninl  Iborough  acqaaintance  with 
the  Tacts ;  aod  there  vss  also  the  incidenul  advantage  arising  from  the  enlhaiiasm 
created  by  the  sperific  chsracler  of  the  claim  and  the  personal  camiHincM  of  the  appli- 
cmt.  That  those  advantngci  may  atill  be  secured,  and  the  evils  of  these  special  appeal] 
be  avoided,  the  Union  has  decided  lo  favor  such  appeals  when  ralricttd  to  penonal  fritnit 
and  Htiyhboring  churcher,  and  allow  the  moacy  to  paii  through  lis  treasury  for  the  beneGl 
of  these  churches,  makini;  (he  approprintion  "  by  instruclion  of  the  donors,"  and  deiig- 
niting  il  as  "  special  " ;  the  sum  Ibus  designated  being  additional  to  the  n^lar  graln- 
ity  voted  by  the  Uuion.  Great  advantages  arise  from  having  this  special  contribution 
pass  ihroiigh  the  treasury  of  the  Union,  —  as  what  is  done  in  the  work  of  chnrch-bnild- 
ing  is  thus  made  lo  appear  in  the  annual  report,  —  oacb  chnrch  being  credited  for  what 
it  has  done,  and  tlie  light  of  iu  eiamplo  being  made  to  shine  lo  the  stimulation  and 
beneflL  of  other  churches.  A  peculiar  advantage,  which  needs  to  be  considered  and  Kp- 
preeiated,  is  Ibat  by  having  these  special  contribntions  pass  through  the  treasury  of  the 
Union,  they  become  subject  lo  the  "  conditions  "  of  tbe  appropriations  of  the  Uaion. 
one  of  which  is  that  "  each  church  and  society  agree  that  if  the  Congregational  Church 
receiving  this  aid  shall  from  any  cause  become  extinct,  or  cease  to  be  an  evangelical 
Congregational  Chnrch,  that  the  sum  thni  received  shall  revert  to  the  American  Con- 
gregational Cnton,  and  shall  be  paid  to  the  tnamer  of  Hie  same  within  six  monthi 
fitxa  tbe  time  of  tuch  a  ehai^  of  the  church."  Thos  the  contribution  it  perauuKotLf 
•aenrad  to  the  csuse. 

In  calling  the  attention  of  Paiton  and  the  cbonjiea  to  these  methods  by  which  the 
Union  seeks  to  meet  evety  ecigency  and  prove  ilnlf  a  jadicions  end  effldent  almoner  of 
their  boanty,  we  hope  to  commend  our  woifc  to  their  confidence  and  generoos  support. 
Only  one  month  more  remains  ia  onr  preaent  financial  year,  and  oni  wanlt  uopranag. 
Will  not  the  chnrchea  make  a  liberal  respoiwe  I 

Bev.  Rat  Falmbb,  t>.  d.,  Oam^xmdag  SaerOanf, 

40  Bihia  Houe,  New  York. 

BsT.  C<  Cnaauro,  (kttmpondi*^  SterwUBy, 

16  Tramont  Temfje,  Boston,  Uaaiacfaiuetli^ 

N.  A.  CiLxiin,  TrtoMTtr,  HS  Grand  Street,  Kew  Torfc. 


.•:0 


I'jji'w  jT'Tiss>a[Tsi.«a'  iwBi'i 


#  t 

t 


;uarterig* 


Vol.  XL  No.  8, 


RSONS. 

-val  of  1740,  one  of  the  most 

NATHAN  Parsons.    He  was 

as  an  instrument  of  saving 

Edwards,  of  Wheelock,  and 

s,  and  his    grandfather's 

tkrs  of  the  ancient  town 

-^m    Great    Torrington, 

\    0.    The  elder  of  these 

ndian  deed  to  William 

Titory  which  included 

lis  tract  was  twenty- 

^iver.* 

'ASS,  and  had  six  sons 

)  died  joung.    Three 

'thampton.    Samuel ' 

'47;  married  £liz- 

is,  two  were  minis- 

*i  we  will  treat  in 

) ;   graduated   at 

lod  May,  1721; 

\  there  installed 

Tty-seven.    He 

\  Parsons  *  — 


^uCL  BcsiVHAif,  for  the  Ihroprieton, 
. .  ui  the  Difltiict  of  MMMchuseUi. 

^.     Urn  ZO 


f>33"«  iT'r:i5»\1I*TST/«  is»ioii:.'CW.;'  M.ii., 


'.; 


8. 


i8t 

as 
d 


8 

n 
if 

3 

I 

I 


THB 


Conflreflatiotial  ^uarterig^ 


Whole  No.  XLIH.  JULY,  1869.  Vol.  XI.  No.  8, 


JONATfiAN  PARSONS. 

Among  the  promoters  of  the  Great  Revival  of  1740,  one  of  the  most 
efficient  and  successful  was  the  Reverend  Jonathan  Parsons.  He  was 
eminently  honored  as  a  servant  of  Christ,  and  as  an  instrument  of  saving 
many  souls.  He  was  the  cherished  friend  of  Edwards,  of  Wheelock,  and 
of  Whitefield. 

His  grandfather,  Deacon  Benjamin  Parsons,  and  his  grandfather's 
brother,  Joseph  Parsons,  were  among  the  first  settlers  of  the  ancient  town 
of  Springfield,  Mass.,  in  1636.  They  came  from  Great  Torrington, 
near  Exeter,  in  Devonshire,  England,  about  1630.  The  elder  of  these 
brothers,  Joseph,  was  one  of  the  witnesses  of  the  Indian  deed  to  William 
Py^chon  and  others,  dated  July  15,  1636,  of  the  territory  which  included 
the  settlement  then  recently  begun  at  that  place.  This  tract  was  twenty- 
five  miles  square,  lying  on  both  sides  of  Connecticut  River.* 

*  I.  Joseph  Parsons,^*  above  mentioned,  married  Mart  Bliss,  and  had  six  sons 
and  four  daughters.  He  died  March  25,  1684.  Two  of  the  sons  died  young.  Three 
of  the  sons,  Joseph,^  John,^  and  Jonathan,^  settled  in  and  about  Northampton.  Samuel  ^ 
settled  in  Durham,  Conn. 

11.  Joseph  Parsons,^  eldest  son  of  the  preceding,  was  bom  1 647 ;  married  Elis- 
abeth Strong,  and  had  eight  sons  and  two  daughters.  Of  the  sons,  two  were  minis- 
ters, namely,  Joseph,^  bom  at  Northampton,  June  28,  1671 ;  of  whom  we  will  treat  in 
the  next  paragraph.  The  other  was  David J^  bom  February  1,  1679 ;  graduated  at 
Han-ard  College  1705  ;  was  ordained  pastor  at  Maiden  1709;  resigned  May,  1721; 
removed  with  many  of  his  people  to  Leicester,  then  a  new  town,  and  was  there  installed 
pastor  September  15,  1721 ;  resigned  March  6,  1735  ;  died  1737,  aged  fifty-seven.    He 

*  The  small  figure  after  a  name  and  a  little  above  the  line  —  thus :  Joseph  Patsons  ^  — 
indicates  the  generation  of  the  person  named. 


Xntend  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1869,  by  Samukl  Burhhaii ,  for  the  Ihroprieton, 
the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  Distiict  of  MMMchuaetto. 

NEW   SERIES.  —  VOL.  L  NO.   3.  23 


828  Jonathan  Parsons.  [J^^y 

Deacon  Benjamin  Parsons  '  lived  in  what  is  now  West  Springfield,  and 
died  there  in  1G90.  He  lefl  &ve  sons  and  three  daughters,  namely,  Ben- 
jamin,^ Samuel,^  Ebenezer,^  Hezekiah,*  Joseph,^  Sarah,*  Abigail,*  and 

was  the  father  of  Rer.  Darid  Parsons,^  born  at  Maiden  March  21,  1712;  graduated 
at  Harvard  College  1729 ;  ordained  pastor,  Amherst,  Mass.,  November  7, 1739 ;  died 
1781,  aged  sixty-nine.  The  last  named  was  fa^er  of  Ber.  David  Parsons,^  d.  d.,  bom 
at  Amherst,  Mass.,  1749 ;  graduated  at  Harvard  College  1771 ;  ordained  as  successor  to 
his  father,  at  Amherst,  October  2,  1782 ;  resigned  1820 ;  died  suddenly,  at  Wethersfield^ 
Conn.,  May  18, 1823,  aged  seventy-four.  He  is  represented  as  having  been  an  excellent 
scrmonizer,  and  as  gifted  with  uncommon  pulpit  talents. 

III.  Rev.  JosBFH  Parsons,'  son  of  Joseph,^  bom,  as  we  have  said,  at  Northampton, 
June  28,  1671 ;  graduated  at  Harvard  College  1697;  was  ordained  pastor,  Lebanon, 
Conn.,  November  27,  1700;  resigned  1708;  installed  pastor  of  the  Second  Church  at 
Salisbury,  Mass.  (Rocky  Hill),  then  recently  formed,  November  26,  1718;  died  March 
13,  1739-40,  aged  sixty-eight.  His  ministry  at  Salisbury  was  eminently  succesftfiil,  and 
the  church  under  his  care  was  very  flourishmg,  nearly  throe  huncfiied  being  added  to  it 
during  that  period  of  twenty  years,  —  an  average  of  over  fourteen  a  year.  In  1728  one 
hundred  and  eight  were  added.* 

He  married  Elizabeth  Thompson  in  1701,  and  had  five  children,  of  whom  three 
were  ministers,  namely.  Rev.  Josejth,*  of  whom  more  in  the  next  paragraph ;  Rev. 
iSbmue/,^  of  Rye,  N.  H.  (bom  1711;  graduated  at  Harvard  College  1730;  died  1789, 
aged  seven ty-eight) ;  and  Rev.  William*  of  South  Hampton,  N.  H. 

lY.  Rev.  Joseph  Parbohb,*  son  of  Rev.  Joseph  Parsons,'  of  Salisbury,  was  bom 
1702;  graduated  at  Harvard  College  1720;  was  ordained  pastor  at  Bradford,  Mass.; 
June  8,  1726;  died  May  4,  1765.  He  married  Fbances  Usheb,  daughter  of  John 
Usher,  of  Boston,  some  time  Lieutenant-Governor  of  New  Hampshire,  and  had  ten 
children,  of  whom  the  eldest  son  was  Rev.  Jo$eph  Paraon$f  bom  1 733  ;  graduated  at 
Harvard  College  1752 ;  ordained  pastor,  Brookfield,  Mass.,  November  23, 1757  ;  died 
in  the  midst  of  much  usefulness  January  17,  1771,  aged  tf!irty-eight.  "A  gentleman 
of  sprightly  powers,  an  accurate  reasoner,  a  sensible  preacher,  an  example  of  the  Chris- 
tian  virtues."  Thomas  Parsons,^  his  brother,  lived  in  Parsonsfield,  Me.,  of  which  town- 
,  ship  he  was  proprietor,  and  from  whom  it  received  its  name.  He  had  twenty  chil- 
dren, of  whom  Colonel  Joseph  Parsons,**  of  Parsonsfield,  was  one,  and  he  (Joseph) 
was,  we  believe,  father  of  Rev.  John  Usher  Parsons,^  Bowdoin  College  1827,  Andover 
Seminary  1831 ;  ordained  as  a  home  missionary  September,  1831 ;  labored  as  a  home 
missionary  in  Indiana,  Wisconsin,  Kansas,  and  Georgia ;  as  acting  pastor,  Berkley  and 
Hyannis,  Mass.,  Bristol  and  Sanford,  Me.,  and  more  recently  an  efficient  and  success- 
ful evangelist  in  several  places  in  Maine. 

The  reader  will  not  fail  to  notice  the  great  number  of  ministers  in  this  family,  and 
the  prolific  character  of  the  race. 

This  family  is  entirely  distinct  from  the  family  of  Theophilus  Parsons,^  the  eminent 
Chief  Justice  of  Massachusetts,  bom  1750,  died  October  30,  1813,  who  was  son  of 
Rev.  Moses  Parsons,'  of  Byiield,  Mass.,  pastor  there  1744-1783,  a  grandson  of 
Jeffrey  Parsons,^  of  Gloucester. 

*  This  church  has  become  nearly  extinct.  Only  five  male  members  were  reported  as 
belonging  to  it  last  year.  It  has  had  no  settled  pastor  since  1816.  The  meeting-house, 
begun  in  1711,  and  opened  for  worship  in  1716,  still  stands,  the  only  specimen  of  the 
old  style  of  church  architecture  in  the  vicinity.  The  First  CoDgregational  Church  io 
Salisbury  became  extinct  in  1834. 


1869.]  Jonathan  Parsons.  329 

Mary.*  His  third  son,  Ebenezer,*  was  born  in  West  Springfield,  Novem- 
ber 17,  1668.  He  continued  to  live  in  his  native  place;  in  1700  was  a 
deacon  in  the  Congregational  church  which  was  formed  on  that  side  of  the 
river  in  June,  1698,  —  the  inhabitants  having  previously  attended  public 
worship  in  Springfield,  on  the  easterly  side.  In  this  office  he  continued 
till  his  death  in  1752.  His  wife  was  Margaret  Marshfield,  bom  December 
3,  1670,  daughter  of  Samuel  Marshfield.  They  had  four  sons  and  four 
daughters,  namely,  Ebenezer,'  Benjamin,^  Caleb,*  Jonathan,*  Margaret,* 
Sarah,*  Abigail,*  Catharine,' —  all  born  between  1692  and  1715.  Of  this 
large  family  Caleb  *  lefl  no  issue ;  Ebenezer  *  had  six  daughters,  but  no 
sons ;  Benjamin  *  settled  in  Kingston,  Mass.,  and  left  four  sons  and  four 
daughters.     Of  Jonathan,*  the  youngest  son,  it  remains  to  speak. 

Rev.  Jonathan  Parsons  *  was  bom  at  West  Springfield,  Mass.,  No- 
vember 30,  1705.  He  was  originally  designed  for  a  mechanical  employ- 
ment, and  commenced  learning  a  trade.  But  having  a  great  desire  for  a 
liberal  education,  in  which,  it  is  said,  he  was  encouraged  by  the  Rev.  Jon- 
athan Edwards,  of  Northampton,*  he  began  his  preparation  for  college, 
while  still  working  at  his  trade,  his  book  commonly  on  the  bench  beside 
him.  He  entered  Yale  College 'at  the  age  of  twenty,  and  was  graduated 
there  in  1729. 

When  he  entered  college  he  had,  it  is  presumed,  no  intention  of  becom- 
ing a  minister ;  and  it  was  not  till  the  middle  of  his'  college  course  that  he 
began  to  think  seriously  of  religion.  In  a  manuscript,  written  only  a  few 
years  before  his  death,  Mr.  Parsons  takes  a  review  of  his  life,  with  special 
reference  to  the  time  and  manner  of  his  conversion.  In  this  document 
he  says :  ■ — 

**  Thoagh  I  had  religious  parents,  who  took  great  pains  with  me,  yet  my  child- 
hood and  youth  were  vanity.  I  broke  through  all  the  restraints  of  education  and 
conscience,  and  gave  loose  to  my  carnal  heart.  When  I  was  studying  in  order 
for  college  I  behaved  more  soberly  in  the  sight  of  the  world,  but  was  really  no 
better ;  and  afler  I  entered  college,  though  more  studious  than  some,  yet  I  know 
of  none  more  wicked,  while  some  were  more  open  in  their  wickedness.  When  I: 
bad  been  two  years  in  college  I  was  taken  with  a  fever,  at  my  father's  bouse,  and 
at  this  time  was  under  a  great  sense  of  my  sin  and  danger.  After  recovery  my 
conscience  was  tender,  and  I  became  so  serious  and  strict  that  the  most  of  my  ac- 
quaintance took  me  for  a  converted  person.  I  thought  it  was  my  duty  to  make 
an  open  profession  of  religion,  and  did  so  accordingly.  I  thought  I  was  in  a  fair 
way  for  heaven,  though  I  am  now  convinced  that  I  was  a  stranger  to  the  new 
birth." 

*  So  I  find  it  stated ;  bat  if  it  were  so,  the  encouragement  must  have  been  given 
while  Edwards  was  a  tutor  in  Yale  College,  and  two  or  three  years  before  his  ordina- 
tion. He  was  but  two  years  older  than  Parsons,  and  was  ordained  at  Northampton 
February  15, 1727. 


830  Jonathan  Parsons.  [July? 

Designing  now  to  enter  the  ministry,  Mr.  Parsons,  before  he  left  col- 
lege, engaged  in  theological  studies,  at  first  under  the  direction  of  the 
rector  (or  president).  Rev.  Elisha  Williams,  and  afterwards,  for  a  short 
time,  with  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Edwards,  at  Northampton. 

At  the  time  of  which  we  now  speak  there  was  a  great  and  wide-spread 
degeneracy  from  the  strictness  of  the  early  days  of  New  England.  The 
^^  half-way  covenant  **  had  been  generally  adopted,  and  as  a  consequence 
the  churches,  to  a  very  considerable  extent,  were  composed  of  unconverted 
members.  During  the  long  ministry  of  Rev.  Solomon  Stoddard,  at 
Northampton,  reaching  from  1670  to  1729,  the  doctrine  had  been  zealously 
inculcated  by  him,  that  the  Lord's  Supper,  not  less  than  the  other  sacra- 
ment, is  among  the  appointed  means  of  regeneration ;  and  that  it  is  the 
duty  of  unconverted  persons,  still  regarding  themselves  as  such,  to  unite 
with  the  church,  and  come  to  that  sacred  ordinance.  Through  Mr.  Stod- 
dard's great  influence  this  pernicious  sentiment  had  been  adopted,  not  only 
at  Northampton,  but  in  many  other  places  in  New  England.  The  door 
into  the  church  being  thus  opened  for  persons  without  piety,  it  was  not 
long  before  persons  of  this  character  were  found  in  the  ministry.  There 
can  be  no  doubt  that  between  1680  and  1740  many  unconvei*ted  men  were 
found  in  the  pulpits  of  New  England.  They  were  grave  and  sober  men, 
of  unblemished  moral  character,  and  regular  in  the  routine  of  ministerial 
duty ;  but  they  could  not  testify  in  their  preaching  to  a  work  of  the  Spirit 
to  which  their  own  hearts  were  strangers.  They  were  supposed  to  be 
orthodox  in  sentiment,  at  least  moderately  so.  During  the  latter  part  of 
the  period  under  review,  however,  it  became  evident  that  Arminian  and 
Pelagian  errors  had  been  embraced  by  many  of  the  ministers,  not  only  in 
the  Connecticut  Valley,  but  in  the  vicinity  of  Bdston  and  elsewhere. 
Such  sentiments,  indeed,  were  not  openly  avowed ;  but  the  "  Great 
Awakening"  of  1740-43,  by  the  reaction  against  it  then  occasioned, 
opened  the  way  for  a  full  disclosure,  resulting  at  length  in  the  Unitarian- 
ism  and  Rationalism  of  the  present  day. 

It  should  not  be  a  matter  of  wonder,  therefore,  that  a  young  man  of  fine 
-talents  and  estimable  moral  character,  like  Jonathan  Parsons,  should,  not- 
withstanding his  lack  of  earnest  piety,  and  his  being  tinctured  with  Armin- 
ian views  of  doctrine,  have  received  encouragement  to  enter  the  ministry 
even  from  such  men  as  Edwards.  It  may  well  be  supposed  that  in  1730 
Edwards,  then  only  twenty-seven  years  of  age,  and  only  three  years  a 
minister,  may  have  lacked  some  of  that  discrimination  in  things  of  this 
nature  for  whix^h  he  was  afterwards  distinguishedi  We  know  that  it  was 
not  till  more  than  ten  years  later  that  Edwards  fully  renounced  the  opinions 
and  practice  of  his  grandfather  Stoddard,  touching  the  terms  of  church- 
fellowship. 


1869.]  Jonathan  Parsons.  331 

Within  six  months  after  taking  his  first  degree  at  Yale  College,  Mr.  Par- 
sons was  invited  by  the  First  Congregational  Church  in  Lyme,  Conn.,  "  to 
preach  as  a  probationer  for  settlement."  He  arrived  there  February  28, 
1729-30,  and  in  May  following  the  people  invited  him  to  become  their 
pastor.  Some  doubts  on  his  part  as  to  the  validity  of  ordination  by  elders 
led  to  a  considerable  delay.*  These  doubts  at  length  yielded,  and  he  was 
ordained  March  17, 1730-31.  His  parish  was  finely  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  Connecticut  River,  on  its  eastern  side,  and  contained  at  that  time  a  popu- 
lation of  seven  hundred  and  sixty-eight  souls.  On  the  14th  of  December 
following  he  was  married  to  Phebe  Griswold,  born  April  22,  1716,  the 
eldest  daughter  of  John  Griswold,  Esq.,  of  Lyme.f  She  was  a  woman  of 
superior  understanding  and  of  eminent  piety.  It  isi  said  she  sometimes 
wrote  sermons  for  her  husband.  By  this  marriage  he  had  thirteen  chil- 
dren, six  of  whom  died  in  infancy. 

Mr.  Parsons,  though  destitute  of  a  sound  Christian  experience,  and  not 
well  grounded  in  the  doctrines  of  the  Gospel,  found  his  ministry,  even 
from  the  first,  attended  with  encouraging  results.  Some  quotations  from  a 
letter  of  his  in  Prince*s  Christian  History  will  illustrate  this  statement. 

"  The  summer  after  my  settlement,"  he  says,  '*  there  was  a  great  and  general 
concern  about  religion,  especially  among  the  young  people.  There  was  a  general 
inquiry,  *  What  must  I  do  to  be  saved  ? '  Great  numbers  came  to  my  study, 
some  almost  every  day  for  several  months  together,  under  manifest  concern  for 
their  souls.  I  urged  them  very  much  to  works,  and  advised  awakened  persons  to 
attend  upon  the  Lord's  Supper.    In  less  than  ten  months  fifty-two  persons  were 

♦  Previous  to  1722  there  was  not  an  Episcopal  church  or  clergyman  in  Connecticut, 
or  scarcely  in  New  England.  In  that  year  the  rector  of  Yale  College,  Rev.  Timothy 
Cutler,  and  five  other  Connecticut  ministers,  expressed,  at  the  College  Commencement, 
their  doubts  as  to  the  validity  of  any  but  Episcopal  ordination.  The  earnest  discussions 
which  followed  in  that  Colony  very  naturally  occasioned  some  doubts  on  the  subject 
in  the  mind  of  Mr.  Parsons  and  others  about  to  enter  the  ministry. 

t  The  Griswold  family  were  early  settlers  in  Lyme.  Matthew  Griswold,  bom  in  Eng- 
land about  1597,  came  with  his  four  brothers  to  America  about  1636  ;  settled  in  Windsor, 
Conn.,  that  year,  and  in  Saybrook  1639.  He  moved  across  the  river  to  East  Saybrook, 
afterwards  known  as  Lyme,  and  died  there,  aged  ninety-six.  His  son  Matthew  mar- 
ried Phebe  Hyde,  bom  1663,  daughter  of  Samuel,  the  only  son  of  William  Hyde,  who 
came  from  England  about  1636,  settled  first  in  Hartford,  and  was  afterwards  one  of  the 
original  proprietors  of  Norwich,  Conn.  (See  the  excellent  Hyde  Genealogy,  by  Chan- 
cellor Walworth,  Vol.  I.  p.  10.)  They  had  eleven  children,  of  whom  the  above-named 
John  Griswold  was  the  second.  He  was  born  December  22, 1690,  and  died  September 
29,  1764.  His  younger  brother  George  was  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1717,  and  was 
pastor  of  the  East  Church  in  Lyme.  Mary  Griswold,  born  1694,  a  sister  of  these,  was 
the  wife  of  Edmund  Dorr,  of  Lyme,  whose  daughter.  Eve  Dorr,  wife  of  George  Griffin, 
was  the  mother  of  that  eminent  divine.  Rev.  Edward  Dorr  Griffin,  d.  d.  Matthew 
Griswold,  eldest  son  of  John,  bora  1714,  was  Governor  of  Connecticut,  as  was  his  son 
Roger,  after  him. 


832  JonaOian  Parsons.  [Julj, 

added  to  the  church.  Many  of  the  young  people  were  greatly  reformed.  Hey 
tamed  their  meetings  for  vain  mirth  into  meetings  for  prayer,  conference,  and 
reading  books  of  piety.  And  yet  I  have  no  reason  to  think  that  many  were  at 
that  time  savingly  converted.  Many,  indeed,  made  an  open  profession  of  rel%- 
ion ;  but  very  few  did  this  in  the  belief  that  saving  grace  is  necessary  to  a  lawful 
attendance  upon  the  Lord's  Supper.  Nor  have  we,  in  admitting  persons  to  com- 
munion, ever  acted  on  that  principle,  but  the  contrary. 

"After  I  had  been 'settled  nigh  two  years,"  —  we  now  quote  firom  the  manu- 
script already  referred  to,  —  **I  was  convinced  that  I  had  built  my  hopes  of 
heaven  upon  the  sandy  foundation  of  my  own  righteousness.  The  terrors  of  the 
law  were  very  dreadful  upon  me  for  several  months.  Sometimes  I  thought  I 
must  be  in  hell  in  a  few  minutes.  I  thought  every  one  that  saw  me  must  see  my 
wretchedness,  and  often  wondered  how  they  could  treat  me  with  common  respect, 
much  more  with  the  respect  due  to  a  minister ;  and  yet  I  believe  my  people  were 
never  so  respectful  to  me  as  when  I  had  those  apprehensions  of  misery.  If  I  had 
any  quiet  at  this  time,  it  was  when  I  was  upon  my  knees,  begging  for  mercy,  or 
reading  the  Bible.  These  duties  I  attended  to  much  of  my  time.  One  morning, 
as  I  came  out  of  my  study  to  attend  family  worship,  I  found  myself  naked,  and 
saw  the  justice  of  God,  though  he  cast  me  off  forever.  My  struggles  were  all 
hushed  in  a  moment,  and  I  think  I  submitted  to  sovereign  mercy.  It  was  not  ten 
minutes,  I  believe,  before  I  saw  the  justice  of  God  fully  satisfied  in  Christ,  and 
how  he  could  save  the  chief  of  sinners.  I  saw  the  sufficiency  of  Christ,  as  the 
surety  of  the  covenant  of  grace,  to  redeem  the  most  helpless,  wretched,  and  hell- 
deserving.  Still  I  was  not  satisfied  of  a  change  of  heart  till  several  months  after- 
wards. 

"  Some  time  afber  this  I  preached  to  the  Indians  at  Nehantic,*  on  the  nature 

and  necessity  of  regeneration,  Mr.  C and  Mr.  A being  present     After 

service  Mr.  A told  me  he  was  afraid  I  was  not  converted.    My  heart  said 

there  was  reason  to  fear  it.  I  had  been  several  days  in  distress  about  it,  and  his 
discourse  increased  my  distress.  I  went  home,  eight  rnilo^,  very  pensive.  I  slept 
but  little  that  night,  and  rose  early.  Mrs.  Parsons,  taking  notice  of  something 
extraordinary,  asked  what  was  the  matter.  I  told  her  I  could  not  live  so.  After 
attending  family  worship,  I  retired  to  a  secret  place  in  the  field,  resolving  never 
to  see  anybody  till  I  had  my  state  cleared  up,  whether  good  or  bad.  I  had  not 
been  alone  with  my  Bible,  and  upon  my  knees,  more  than  two  hours,  before  light 
broke  in  with  such  assuring  satisfaction,  that  I  could  not  doubt  of  my  safety. 
This  was  a  time,  1 741,  of  the  outpouring  of  the  Spirit  in  the  land,  and  eminently 
80  at  Lyme,  when  many  were  savingly  converted." 

Mr.  Parsons,  in  connection  with  such  an  experience,  of  course  renounced 
bis  Arminian  principles,  and  embraced,  in  its  fullest  extent,  the  plan  of  sal- 
vation by  grace  alone.  From  this  time  the  salvation  of  souls  was  his  great 
object ;  and  this  be  steadfastly  pursued  till  the  end  of  life.  He  bad  heard 
of  the  labors  of  Whitefield  in  Boston  and  other  parts  of  New  England,  in 

*  Or  Niantlck.    Tho  Niantick  Indians,  the  remnant  of  a  once  powerful  tribe,  lived  in 
the  eastern  part  of  Lyme. 


X869«]  Jonathan  Parsons.  383 

September  and  October,  1740,  and  went  himself  in  October  to  hear  him  in 
^ew  Haven,  and  some  other  places.  Great  misapprehensions  and  preju- 
<^oes  against  Mr.  Whitefield  existed  in  Connecticut  and  elsewhere ;  but 
Mr.  Parsons,  on  hearing  him,  was  satisfied  that  he  was  indeed  a  faithful 
and  earnest  preacher  of  the  Gospel,  and  that  he  was  doing  great  good.  In 
March,  1741,  Mr.  Pai^ons  visited  Hartford  t<f  witness  the  tokens  of  the 
remarkable  effusion  of  the  Holy  Spirit  on  that  place.  On  his  return  he 
received  letters  from  Rev.  Dr.  Colman,  giving  an  account  of  the  labors  of 
Gilbert  Tennent  in  Boston,  in  the  January  and  February  preceding,  and  of 
their  exceedingly  happy  influence.  The  information  thus  obtained  he 
communicated  to  his  people ;  and  now  his  own  soul  was  all  on  fire  with 
seal  for  the  conversion  of  souls.  Mr.  Tennent  arrived  at  Lyme  April  1, 
on  his  return  from  Boston  to  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  where  he  then  re- 
aided.  He  preached  at  Lyme  and  at  Saybrook,  and  many  were  solemnly 
afiected. 

**  After  this,"  observes  Mr.  Parsons,  "  our  assemblies  for  public  worship  were 
greater  and  more  attentive  than  before.  Upon  the  request  of  the  people,  I 
readily  consented  to  preach  as  oOen  as  I  could,  besides  the  stated  exercises  of  the 
Sabbath.  Once  every  week  I  conducted  a  public  lecture,  besides  several  pri- 
vate ones  in  various  parts  of  the  parish.  It  pleased  God  to  encourage  my  heart, 
give  me  uuusual  freedom,  and  a  firm  state  of  bodily  health,  so  that  I  could  go 
through  three  times  the  service  I  had  been  able  to  endure  at  other  times.  I  was 
able  to  study  and  write  three  sermons  a  week,  and  preach  several  others  from  my 
old  notes ;  for  I  seldom  preached  without  writing." 

On  the  evening  of  the  14th  of  April,  1741,  Mr.  Parsons  preached 
at  East  Lyme,  the  parish  of  Rev.  George  Griswold,  his  wife's  uncle.  The 
text  was  Psalm  cxix.  59,  60,  and  the  effects  were  very  remarkable.  The 
word  fell  on  many  with  great  power.  Many  had  a  deep  sense  of  their 
ains,  and  of  God's  great  displeasure  against  sin,  and  against  them  as  sin- 
ners ;  80  as  to  be  utterly  overpowered.  Some  cried  out  in  bitter  agony< 
unable  to  restrain  themselves,  and  some  fainted  away.  Some  hours  were 
spent  in  praying  with  the  distressed,  and  giving  them  counsel.  It  was  be* 
lieved  that  every  one  of  those  who  were  so  powerfully  wrought  upon  at 
that  time  afterwards  gave  evidence  of  genuine  conversion.  It  was  the  truth 
of  God  which  they  heard  that  night ;  it  was  the  truth  which  caused  that 
anguish  and  distress ;  and  it  was  the  truth,  applied  by  the  Spirit  of  God, 
which  gave  relief.  Let  the  most  careless,  or  the  most  blameless  sinner, 
yet  unconverted,  hear  the  truth  of  God,  applicable  to  his  case,  and  let  that 
truth  exert  its  due  and  proper  influence,  and  a  similar  experience  would 
be  his. 

The  work  went  on  in  the  parish  of  Mr.  Parsons  during  the  months  of 
April  and  May,  and  all  through  the  summer  and  fall.     The  young  people 


834  Jonath€m  ParmmM.  f^^v 


fonook  tbe  Tsin  mirth  and  foolish  anmsenieou  to  whidi  ther  b^  been 

m 

dieted,  v^  formed  themselTes  into  societies  for  prarer  and  for 
boolu  isH  pietv.  Tbej  resorted  to  their  putor^s  studj  for  religioiu 
tioo  ;  and  when  tbej  met  in  companies,  the  topic  of  conTersation  wae  the 
aalTation  of  the  bouL  Their  thoughts  were  remaiiiablv  taken  olT  fWm  this 
world,  and  drawn  towards  >temitY.  Mr.  Parsons  gives  a  rerr  interesting 
account  of  the  work  in  Prince's  Christian  Historr,  which  is  too  kxig  for  inser- 
tion  here.  ^  I  eontinoed,"  he  sa js,  *^  to  preach  and  to  exhort  pablicklj,  and 
from  house  to  house,  besides  attending  upon  distressed  souls  in  mv  stndj. 
Though  I  spake  to  them  with  unusual  moderation,  in  mv  studr  and  in  mr 
•ermons,  I  was  oommonl j  obliged  frequentlj  to  pai^e,  and  entreat  them,  if 
possible,  to  restrain  their  feelingiS,  go  that  thej  might  attend  to  what  I  had 

further  to  saj I  do  not  remember  that  I  preached  a  sermon  daring 

this  month  [May,  17413  without  some  manifest  tokens  of  the  presence  of 
God  in  our  assemblies.  Many  were  awakened,  and  convictions  were  deepu 
People  flocked  to  my  study  daily,  and  in  great  numbers,  deeply  wounded. 
Sometimes  I  had  thirty  in  a  day,  and  sometimes  forty,  fifly,  and  even  sixty  per- 
ions,  under  deep  concern  upon  the  grand  affair  of  their  souls.  ....  Many 
eren  of  the  members  of  the  church  confessed  that  they  found  themselves 
dead  in  trespasses  and  sins ;  and  found  no  fault,  if  their  neighbors  beliered 
them  when  they  said  it  They  would  solemnly  declare  that  they  never 
knew  what  real  union  to  Clirist  is,  and  that  they  were  strangers  to  sensible 
communion  with  God  and  his  Son.  ....  There  were  many  instances  also 
and  the  number  was  daily  increasing,  of  persons  filled  with  great  joy  and 
comfort.  It  was  common  to  see  such  overcome,  and  fainting  under  high 
discoveries  of  Grod  reconciled  in  Christ ;  and  some  were  overcome  with 
deep  concern  for  others." 

**  There  was,  moreover,"  he  continues,  "  a  great  increase  of  religious 
knowledge.  I  believe  the  people  advanced  more  in  acquaintance  with  the 
Scriptures,  and  a  true  doctrinal  understanding  of  divine  truth,  in  six  months* 
time,  than  they  had  done  in  the  whole  of  my  previous  ministry,  which 
was  nine  years."  So  mighty  a  helper  in  the  knowledge  of  religious  truth 
is  a  heart  prepared  to  receive  it !  '^  Many  evidently  looked  upon  sin  with 
abhorrence,  and  were  renewed  in  the  spirit  of  their  minds.  Rough  and 
haughty  minds  became  peaceful,  gentle,  and  ea<«y  to  be  entreated.  Love  to 
God  and  man,  lowliness  of  temper,  forbearance,  and  a  courteous  deport- 
ment, increased  abundantly."  The  work  was  thus  clearly  manifested  to  be 
of  God. 

The  day  of  the  annual  election  in  Connecticut  had  in  previous  years 
been  observed  in  Lyme  as  a  day  of  mirth  and  festivity,  and  even  of 
yicious  excess.  This  year  the  people  requested  their  pastor  to  preach  to 
them,  on  that  day,  a  lecture  in  the  meeting-house.    The  election  fell  on 


1869.]  Jonathan  Parsons.  835 

the  14th  of  May,  and  this  was  a  day  long  to  be  remembered  in  that 
town.  Mr.  Parsons  preached  from  Matthew  xxiv.  87  -  89  to  a  large  and 
attentive  audience.  His  own  feelings  were  strongly  moved,  and  he  was 
enabled  to  discourse  on  Christ's  coming  to  judgment  in  a  very  solemn  and 
impressive  manner.  "  In  the  midst  of  the  sermon,"  he  writes  to  Rev.  Dr. 
Colman,  of  Boston,  "  the  Spirit  of  God  fell  upon  the  assembly  with  great 
power.  In  a  minute's  time  the  people  were  seemingly  as  much  affected 
as  if  a  thousand  arrows  had  been  shot  in  among  them.  The  heart  of  al- 
most every  sinner  was  pricked,  and  the  children  of  God  greatly  affected 
with  compassion  toward  them.  The  arrows  of  conviction  were  so  sharp, 
and  stuck  so  fast  in  many  hearts,  that  they  were  forced  to  cry  out  aloud 
with  anguish  of  soul.  Several  stout  men  fell  as  though  a  cannon-ball  had 
made  its  way  to  their  hearts.  Fifly  or  sixty  persons  were  crying  out,  and 
praying  with  loud  voices  under  a  sense  of  their  sins,  and  the  wrath  of  God, 
under  which  they  felt  themselves  to  be Afler  the  assembly  was  dis- 
missed my  house  was  soon  filled  with  wounded  souls." 

The  11th  of  October  in  that  year,  1741,  was  a  memorable  day  in  Mr. 
Parsons's  parish.  On  that  day  the  Lord's  Supper  was  administered  to 
nearly  three  hundred  souls.  Mr.  Parsons  preached  from  Psalm  ii.  12, 
"  Kiss  the  Son,"  &c.,  on  the  nature  and  necessity  of  faith  in  Christ.  The 
glory  of  the  Lord  was  wonderfully  manifested.  The  Saviour  was  almost 
visibly  present,  feasting  his  people  with  his  love.  Many  of  the  communi- 
cants exhibited  in  their  countenances  tokens  that  heaven  was  already  begun 
in  their  souls.  Love,  admiration,  joy,  humility,  and  holy  delight  shone  in 
their  faces.  Many  said  they  had  never  before  seen  so  much  of  the  glory 
of  the  Lord,  and  the  riches  of  his  grace ;  many  could  not  rapport  them- 
selves under  an  overpowering  sense  of  Christ's  wonderful  love  to  sinful 
men.  "  While  I  was  breaking  the  bread,  near  an  hundred  persons  were 
melted  down  in  such  sort  as  my  eyes  never  saw  before.  Many  whole  pews 
were  almost  overwhelmed  ;  some  from  a  sense  of  the  majesty,  some  from 
a  sense  of  the  wisdom  and  glorious  excellency  of  the  great  God,  shining 
through  the  Man  Christ  Jesus,  and  others  from  a  sense  of  the  dying  love 
of  the  Redeemer.  Never  did  I  see  so  much  love,  so  much  pleasure  and 
delight,  and  such  an  apparent  spirit  of  forgiveness  where  there  had  been 
any  unhappy  broils.  They  could  scarcely  wait  till  the  sacrament  was 
over,  without  flying  into  one  another's  arms."  Several  of  the  communi- 
cants, who  had  not  before  experienced  a  change  of  heart,  became  recipi- 
ents of  Divine  grace  at  this  time,  evincing  the  reality  of  the  change  by 
their  subsequent  holy  lives. 

"  Nor  were  public  and  private  meetings,"  he  further  remarks,  "  the  only 
scenes  of  such  influences  and  effects ;  the  closet,  the  field,  the  shop,  the 
kitchen,  all  bore  witness  to  them.  It  was  no  uncommon  thing  for  Chris- 
tians to  be  overcome  in  their  private  retirements." 


336  Jonathan  Parens.  [July, 

The  converts  were  chiefly  from  among  the  youth  ;  but  three  or  four  were 
upwards  of  fifty,  two  were  near  seventy,  and  one  was  ninett-three 
years  of  age.  Mr.  Parsons  had  reason  to  hope  that  about  one  hundred 
and  eighty  souls  belonging  to  his  congregation  —  consisting,  as  he  states, 
of  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  families,  —  met  with  a  saving  change  in 
this  revival.  In  nine  months,  ending  February  4,  1742,  one  hundred  and 
fifty  persons  were  added  to  the  church.  Numbers,  who  were  already  in 
the  church,  were  reckoned  among  the  converts ;  and  others  who  had  been 
Christians  in  previous  years  were  greatly  quickened  and  refreshed. 

While  this  work  of  Divine  grace  was  in  progress  in  his  own  parish,  Mr. 
Parsons  was  sent  for  by  some  of  the  neighboring  ministers  to  preach  to 
their  congregations.  Accordingly,  in  the  month  of  June,  1741,  he  visited 
New  Salem,  New  London,  Norwich,  Stonington,  and  Groton,  and  preached 
in  each  of  those  places  with  manifest  tokens  of  the  Divine  blessing.  In 
New  London,  under  the  preaching,  ^  there  was  a  great  and  general  con- 
cern visible  in  the  faces  of  the  people."  In  Norwich,  "  they  gave  very 
solemn  attention ;  and  there  was  a  concern  apparent,  by  tears  and  sighs,  in 
almost  every  comer  of  the  house."  In  Stonington,  '*  there  was  much  weep- 
ing in  the  assembly." 

To  the  Niantick  Indians  in  Lyme,  who  numbered  about  one  hundred  and 
thirty  soub,  Mr.  Parsons,  for  some  time,  preached  once  a  fortnight,  ^  and 
Grod  evidently  manifested  his  power  among  them."  About  fifteen  souls, 
according  to  the  best  judgment  he  could  form,  ^  were  converted  within  five 
months." 

In  September,  1742,  Mr.  Parsons  visited  Boston,  and  by  invitation  preached 
for  Rev.  Thomas  Foxcroft  *  at  the  weekly  Thursday  Lecture,  in  the  First 
Church,  then  standing  in  Comhill  (now  Washington  Street),  opposite  State 
Street.  Entering  fully,  as  he  did,  into  the  views  of  Whitefield,  and  other 
eminent  promoters  of  the  revival,  and  being  deeply  impressed  with  the 
conviction  that  a  considerable  portion  of  the  ministers  in  that  vicinity,  as 
well  as  in  New  England  generally,  were  opposed  to  what  he  believed  to 
be  the  genuine  operations  of  thcT  Holy  Spirit,  he  availed  himself  of  that 
occasion  to  bear  a  decided  testimony,  in  respect  to  the  state  both  of  the 
ministry  and  of  the  churches.  The  sermon,  entitled  ^  Wisdom  justified  of 
her  children,"  was  published  shortly  afler,  occasioning  considerable  excite- 
ment, and  some  controversy.  The  author,  in  a  preface  of  no  moderate 
length,  recognizes  the  fact  of  its  bearing  somewhat  of  a  controveri^ial  as- 
pect, and  urges  several  considerations  in  justification  of  the  uncompro^- 
ing  stand  which  he  had  felt  it  his  duty  to  take.  He  does  not  justify  the' . 
gross  irregularities  and  excesses  of  Davenport  and  the  like  of  him ;  but  he 

*  Mr.  Foxcroft  was  in  sympathy  with  the  revival.  Dr.  Chaancy,  his  colleague,  was 
the  leader  of  the  opposition  to  it. 


1869.]  Jonathan  Parsons.  837 

denounces,  in  no  measured  terms,  the  substitution  of  a  more  lax  system  of 
doctrine  for  the  faith  of  the  Puritan  fathers,  and  finds  in  this  the  true  rea- 
son of  the  existing  opposition  to  the  revival.  It  breathes  a  spirit  of  glow- 
ing zeal  for  the  Redeemer*s  cause  ;  but  along  with  this  exhibits  somewhat 
less  than  could  be  desired  of  the  meekness  and  gentleness  of  the  Gospel.* 

It  lias  not  unfrequentlj  been  the  fact  that  great  revivals  have  awakened 
great  opposition,  and  that  the  most  eminent  and  godly  ministers,  afler  a 
great  blessing  on  their  labors,  have  found  themselves  compelled  to  retire 
from  the  scene.  It  was  so  in  Northampton ;  it  was  so  in  Lyme.  Mr. 
Parsons,  at  the  time  of  his  ordination  there,.was  an  Arminian,  and  during 
several  years  taught  the  people  that  their  salvation  was  not  of  the  mere 
mercy  and  grace  of  God,  but  that  it  was  at  least  partly  of  works  ;  and  that 
they  might  safely  rest  in  part  on  their  own  doings  for  acceptance  with 
their  Final  Judge.  When,  at  the  end  of  five  years  after  his  settlement,  he 
became  convinced  that  he  had  been  leading  his  congregation  down  to  per- 
dition, he  burned  up  all  his  old  sermons,  and  began  to  preach  salvation 
through  the  atoning  merit  of  Christ  alone.  A  great  change  soon  became 
apparent  not  only  in  him,  but  in  them.  Many,  indeed,  were  hopefully 
converted  and  fitted  for  heaven ;  but  all  were  not.  A  considerable  number 
assumed  the  attitude  of  bitter  opposition  to  him,  and  to  the  work  of  which 
he  was  so  efficient  a  promoter.!  Many  false  reports  were  put  in  circula- 
tion against  him,  and  against  his  doctrine.  The  contention  become  at 
length  so  sharp,  that  at  his  own  request  he  was  dismissed  from  his  pastoral 
charge  in  October,  1745. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  Great  Revival  in  New  England  many  of 
the  ministers,  as  has  already  been  remarked,  were  unconverted  men. 
They  were,  for  the  most  part,  grave  men,  studious  of  good  order,  attentive 
to  the  forms  of  religion,  and  reputedly  orthodox.  When  religion,  in  the 
time  of  the  revival,  was  exhibited,  not  as  a  matter  of  cold  speculation,  not 
as  an  affair  of  mere  form,  but  as  an  animating,  quickening  influence,  as  a 
vital  force,  renewing  and  transforming  tlie  whole  soul,  many  of  tliese  min- 
isters set  themselves  in  opposition  against  it.  They  felt  themselves  re- 
proved and  condemned  by  these  new  exhibitions  of  religion.  They  had 
experienced   nothing  of  this   sort     If  this   was  religion,   they  had  no 

*  Sprague's  Annals  of  the  American  Pulpit,  VoL  III. 

t  It  is  remarkable  that  one  of  the  prime  leaders  of  the  opposition  was  Edmund  Dorr, 
who  married  Mr.  Parsons's  wife's  aunt,  and  who  was  the  maternal  grandfather  of  that 
earnest  and  sound  divine,  so  well  known  as  the  strenuous  promoter  of  revivals,  Rev. 
Edward  Dorr  Griffin,  d.  d.  Mr.  Dorr  was  **  a  clothier,  a  man  of  mind,  and  of  indom- 
itable perseverance."  (Hjdo  Genealogy.)  The  other  leaders  of  the  hostile  party 
were  Samuel  Southworth,  Timothy  Mather,  and  Josiah  DeWolf.  They  were  sustained 
and  encouraged  by  many  of  the  neighboring  clergy,  who  were  of  Arminian  sentiments, 
and  opposed  to  tlie  revival. 


338  Jonathan  Parsons.  [July, 

religion.  They  coDdemned  the  revival,  therefore,  as  mere  frenzy  and 
delasion.  They  condemned  the  mea.«nre3  which  were  taken  to  promote  it, 
and  stood  aloof  from  all  participation  in  it. 

Had  the  promoters  and  subjects  of  the  revival  fallen  into  no  errors  and 
excesses,  the  revival  would,  from  the  nature  of  the  case,  have  been  strongly 
opposed.  The  natural  heart  is  always  and  everywhere  opposed  to  God's 
truth  and  to  the  advancement  of  his  kingdom.  Unfortunately,  serious 
mistakes  were  committed  by  some  of  the  chief  instruments  of  the  revival. 
There  were  lamentable  excesses  and  delusions  in  some  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, among  a  few  of  its  subjects.  The>e  mistakes  and  disorders  were 
neither  so  many  nor  so  gross  as  was  often  pretended ;  but  such  as  they 
were  they  furnished  the  enemies  of  the  revival  with  plausible  reasons  for 
the  attitude  of  hostility  they  had  assumed.  Here,  in  passing,  we  may 
remark,  that  when  God  sees  men  determined  to  find  fault  with  his  Gospel 
and  oppose  his  work  he,  in  his  inscrutable  wisdom,  suffers  them  to  be 
provided  with  occasions  to  manifest  their  enmity,  and  with  reasons  which, 
to  prejudiced  eyes,  seem  to  justify  it.  It  was  so  in  the  time  of  Christ  and 
the  apostles,  and  has  been  so  ever  since.  Matt.  xi.  16-19;  2  Thess.  ii. 
11,  12.     It  was  so  in  1741  and  the  following  years. 

The  result  was  an  immediate  division,  in  respect  to  religious  sentiment, 
among  the  ministers  and  churches  of  New  England.  On  the  one  hand 
was  a  clearer  conviction  and  a  firmer  holding  of  the  great  doctrine  of  sal- 
vation by  grace,  through  the  mediation  and  atonement  of  Christ,  applied 
to  the  soul  of  the  believer  by  the  special  influence  of  the  Holy  Spirit 
On  the  other,  was  a  cold  indifference,  a  dead  formality,  soon  settling  down 
into  avowed  Arminianism.  President  Edwards,  in  his  farewell  sermon  at 
Northampton  in  1750,  speaks  of  Arminianism  and  its  kindred  doctrines 
as  having  made,  within  the  seven  preceding  years,  **  vastly  greater  progress 
than  at  any  time  in  the  like  space  before." 

It  does  not  appear  that  either  of  the  ministers  of  Newbury,  Mass.,  in- 
cluding Newburyport,  but  excluding  Byfield,  which  parish  is  partly  in 
Rowley,  were  friends  of  the  revival,  or  took  any  measures  to  promote  it 
On  the  contrary,  all  four  of  them  were  numbered  among  its  opposers. 
Rev.  John  Tucker,  of  the  First  Church,  was  known  to  be  an  Arminian  ; 
the  other  three.  Rev.  Mei^srs.  Thomas  Barnard,  John  Lowell,  and  William 
Johnson,  joined  in  organized  opposition  against  Whitefleld  and  his  pro- 
ceedings.* Some  of  the  people  of  what  is  now  Newburyport  [incorporated 
1764],  however,  had  caught  the  spirit  of  the  revival ;  and  about  the  time 
of  Mr.  Parsons's  dismission  fi-om  Lyme  took  some  steps  towards  forming 
a  new  congregation.  By  the  advice  of  Mr.  Whitefield  Parsons  waff  in- 
vited  to  visit  that  place.     lie  accordingly  loft  Lyme  October  28, 1745,  and 

*  Tracy's  *'  Great  Awakening,"  pp.  348,  345, 


1869.]  Jonathan  Parsons.  839 

arrived  at  Newbury  in  the  beginning  of  the  following  month.  On  the  3d 
of  January,  1 745-6,  a  new  church  was  formed,  composed  of  members  from 
Mr.  Tucker's  church  in  Newbury  Old  Town.  The  following  is  a  copy  of 
the  engagement  entered  into  by  these  persons  at  this  time :  — 

^We  the  subscribing  brethren,  who  were  members  of  the  First  Church  in* 
Newbury,  and  have  thought  it  our  duty  to  withdraw  therefrom,  do  also  look 
upon  it  our  duty  to  enter  into  a  church  state ;  especially  as  we  apprehend  this 
may  be  for  the  glor}'  of  God,  and  the  interest  of  the  Redeemer's  kingdom,  as  well 
as  for  our  own  edification  and  comfort. 

««  We  do,  therefore,  as  we  trust,  in  the  fear  of  God,  mutually  covenant  and 
agree  to  walk  together  as  a  church  of  Christ  according  to  the  rules  and  order  of 
the  Gospel. 

"  In  testimony  whereof,  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  and  seals,  this  third 
day  of  January,  a.  d.  1746." 

Nineteen  men,  whose  names  appear  in  the  note  below,*  subscribed  the 
foregoing  engagement,  and  constituted  the  church  of  which  Mr.  Parsons 
was  installed  pastor  in  March  following.  In  the  same  month  of  March  he 
removed  his  family  to  Newburyport. 

The  following  is  the  call  to  Mr.  Parsons  from  this  new  church.  We 
copy  the  original  paper,  now  before  us. 

Newbury,  Jan»  7, 1745-6. 

To  the  Rev*  Mr.  Jonathan  Parsons,  now  in  Newbury  :  — 
Rev*  S',  — 
By  these  We  Inform  you,  that  we  have  form*  ourselves  into  a  church.     And 
as  Such,  we  now  hereby  Signify  our  Desire  that  you  would  Accept  of  the  Pasto- 
rall  Office  over  us.    In  Expectation  of  your  Answer,  with  Prayers  for  y*  Direc- 
tion &  Blessing  of  Heaven  in  this  Affair,  we  rest. 

Your  Hearty  Friends,  &  Brethren  in  the  Gospel  of  Christ, 

Charles  Peirce,      "^    n     tmm  r 

„  *       /    Com*"  for  y  new 

Moses  Bradstreet,  >  nu     u  •    xt     u 
,         „  *  I   Church  m  Newbury. 

John  Brown,  ) 

Soon  afterwards  a  large  number  of  the  members  of  the  Third  Church 
in  Newbury ,t  being  dissatisfied  with  their  pastor.  Rev.  John  Lowell  [or- 
dained 1726,  died  1767],  withdrew  from  that  church  without  a  regular  dis- 
mission, and  became  members  of  Mr.  Parsons's  church.  We  have  before 
us  the  original  paper  in  which  they  ask  to  be  admitted  to  the  new  church. 
It  is  too  long  for  insertion  here,  but  we  give  the  names  of  the  subscribers 

♦  Charles  Peirce,  Moses  Bradstreet,  Edward  Presbory,  John  Brown,  Richard  Hall, 
Benjamin  Knight,  William  Brown,  Benjamin  Pierce,  Daniel  Nojes,  Mager  Goodwin, 
Thomas  Pike,  Daniel  Wells,  Joseph  Hidden,  Nathaniel  Atkinson,  Jr.,  Jonathan  Piam- 
mer,  Daniel  Goodwin,  SiWanns  Plammer,  Samuel  Hall,  Catting  Pettingell. 

t  Now  the  First  Church  in  Newburjport,  and  avowedly  Unitarian. 


840 


JonaiOian  Partont. 


[Julj, 


iD  a  note  below.*  From  this  document  it  appears  that  their  request  for  a  dis- 
mission was  absolutely  refused  on  two  grounds :  1.  That  it  was  a  breach  of 
covenant  obligation  to  withdraw.  2.  That  Mr.  Lowell  and  his  church  did  not 
acknowledge  the  new  charch  as  a  church  of  Christ.  To  the  first  of  these 
^  objections  the  subscribers  manfully  reply,  that  ^*  it  is  the  natural  right  of 
every  man  to  judge  for  himself  in  matters  of  religion,  and  that  without 
check  or  control  from  any  man."  They  were  acting  conscientiously,  and 
by  their  covenant  vows  were  bound  to  '*  take  care  for  their  best  edification," 
as  they  were  now  doing.  To  the  second  objection  they  reply  that  for  their 
own  part  they  were  well  satisfied  that  the  new  church  was  ^  a  well-con- 
stituted and  organized  church."  The  paper  is  dated  Newbury,  June  7, 
1746. 

At  that  time,  much  more  than  at  present,  parish  lines  were  strictly  ob- 
served, and  it  was  thought  very  disorderly  to  form  a  new  church  within  the 
territorial  limits  of  one  of  the  same  denomination.     To  obviate  this  diffi- 

*  We  gire  them  in  the  order  in  which  they  stand  on  the  paper :  — 
Timothy  Toppan  Nathan  Brown  Judith  Swett 


Richard  Tappan 
Enoch  Titcomb 
Elizabeth  Titcomb 
Joseph  Bayley 
Sarah  Bayley 
Zcch.  Noweii 
Enoch  Sawyer 
Sarah  Sawyer 
Ebenezer  Little 
Enoch  Titcomb,  Jun. 
Jonathan  Samson 
William  Noyes 
Jane  Obben 
Josiah  Titcomb 
Mary  Hoyt 
Mary  Samson 
Sarah  Wyatt 
Mary  Dole 
Tamzen  Stevens 
Edmund  Morss 
Robert  Mitchell 
Joshua  Greenleaf 
Moses  Todd 
George  Goodhue 
Samuel  Harris 
Joseph  Goodhue 


Isaac  Johnson 
Jonathan  Greenleaf 
Sarah  Goodhue 
Moses  Peirce 
Sarah  Cross 
Joanna  Clarke 
Edna  Griffin 
Joanna  Goodhue 
Kczia  Coal 
Abigail  Parse 
Elizabeth  Cheney 
Mary  Greenleaf 
Mary  Cook 
Rebecca  Brown 
John  Greenleaf 
Abigail  Greenleaf 
Timothy  Greenleaf 
Susanna  Greenleaf 
Mary  Combes 
Elizabeth  Rich 
Alex'  Noyes 
Lydia  Couch 
Abigail  Harris 
Sarah  Colby 
John  Harris 
Enoch  Swett 


Mary  Swett 
Sarah  Greenleaf 
Martha  Johnson 
Elizabeth  Edwards 
Hannah  March 
Ellis  Couch 
Elizabeth  Little 
Hannah  Little 
Susanna  Kcznr 
Sarah  Ix)wden 
Daniel  Harris 

• 

Abigail  Fowler 
Hannah  Ordway 
Sarah  Titcomb 
Sarah  Stickney 
William  Harris 
Elizabeth  Bailey 
Benjamin  Rogers 
Lezc  [Elizabeth  ?]  Rogers 
Joshua  Combes 
John  Berry 
Samuel  Somerby 
Sarah  Somerby 
Elizabeth  Sleeper 
Sarah  Fowler 
Sarah  Fowler 


Philip  Combes 
Eighty-two  in  all,  thirty-five  males  and  forty-seven  females.    The  writer  ha^  some 
little  doubt  about  two  or  three  names,  e.  g.  Mary  Samson,  whether  it  may  not  be  Jame- 
son ;  Alex'  Noyes,  whether  Alex'  or  something  else ;  Elizabeth  Bailey  [or  Corley  ?]. 


1869.]  Jonathan  Farions.  841 

cuky^  the  new  church  was  made  Presbyterian,*  in  form,  and  as  such  has 
ever  since  remained.    Its  doctrinal  articles  were  decidedly  Calvinistic 

Much  difficnlty,  and  even  hardship,  was  experienced  by  the  members  of 
the  new  church,  in  consequence  of  their  secession  from  the  old.  They 
were  called  "  New  Lights  "  ;  and  being  still  within  the  territorial  limits  of 

*  This  is  the  statement  of  -Hot.  Jonathan  Greenleaf,  grandson  of  Mr.  Parsons.  Bnc 
Rev.  Daniel  T.  Fiske,  in  his  "  Discourse  delivered  at  the  Centennial  Celebration  of  the 
Essex  North  Association/' at  Rowley,  October  15,  1861,  says:  "This  church"  (the 
church  of  Mr.  Parsons  in  Newburyport)  "  was  not  at  first  Presbyterian,  but  Congrega- 
tional." He  gives  several  reasons  for  this  statement ;  one  of  which  is :  "  Those  mem- 
bers who  withdrew  from  the  Third  Church,  in  asking  for  a  dismission  say  that  it  is  'in 
order  to  be  formed  into  a  Congregational  Church  agreeable  to  the  word  of  Qod.' " 
Another  is,  that,  in  the  organization  of  the  church  and  the  installation  of  the  first  pas- 
tor, no  Presbytery  gave  any  aid,  or  was  even  invited  to  assist ;  not  even  a  Congrega- 
tional Council.  They  organized  themselves  by  a  solemn  mutual  covenant ;  and  the 
installation  services  were  conducted  wholly  by  Mr.  Parsons  and  the  church.  After  a 
sermon  by  Mr.  Parsons,  the  church  formally  renewed  their  call,  which  he  formally  ac- 
cepted, saying,  "  In  the  presence  of  God  and  these  witnesses,  I  take  this  people  to  be  my 
people  " ;  the  clerk,  in  behalf  of  the  Church,  replying,  "  In  the  presence  of  God  and 
these  witnesses,  we  take  this  man  to  be  our  minister."  Mr.  Fiske  justly  remarks, 
"  The  whole  of  these  proceedings  were  ultra-Congregational." 

In  confirmation  of  Mr.  Fiske's  statement,  the  present  writer  has  to  say, — I  now  have 
,  before  mo  the  original  minutes  of  several  meetings  of  the  church  in  question,  a  part  of 
which  now  follows :  — 

"Newbury,  June  24,  1746.  At  Deac*  Brown's  a  Q*  put  to  y*  ch**,  viz.  whether 
y*  ch*'  docs  agree  to  consd'  of  &  give  an  answer  to  y*  Petitioners  [the  82  seceding 
members  from  Mr.  Lowell's  church]  by  y"*  [by  themselves,  without  asking  any- 
body's advice  or  help] ;  or  whether  y*  ch''  chuses  to  send  for  a  council  of  ch**  to  ad- 
vise in  y*  afiair."  The  consideration  of  the  "  affair  "  was  adjourned  for  one  month,  and 
then  for  twelve  days  longer.  August  5  the  church  met ;  nothing  more  was  said  about  a 
Council ;  biit  "  'twas  voted  y*  y'  rules  greed  upon  by  y*  chf*  be  presented  to  M'^  Moor- 
bead's  [Rev.  John  Moorhead  of  Boston],  Presbutery  y*  first  oppetunity,  &  in  Case  y* 
•*  Presbutery  consent  y*  y*  ch**  retain  her  own  rules  in  admiti  members  electi  Elders  & 
Disciplini  offenders  by  y*  Sessions,  &c.,  y"  y*  y*  ch*'  consent  to  be  joyn'd  to  s*  Presbutery, 
aud  desire  y"  to  take  our  affairs  respecti  Disciplin  so  far  undr  y'  care  as  is  propr  to  a 
Presbutery.  At  y*  same  nleeti  'twas  voted  y*  Mevs"  John  Brown  &  Moses  Brad- 
street  with  y«  Pastor  be  desir'd  to  present  to  s*  Presbutery  y*  vote  of  y*  ch^  respecti  her 
consent  as  above,  &  sho  y"  y*  Articles  or  Rules  of  Discipline,"  &c. 

But  at  a  meeting  held  October  9, 1746,  "  Voted  y*  upon  furthr  consd"  y*  ch**  agrees 
to  defer  y*  offer  to  unite  w*  Mr.  Moorhead's  Presbytery  for  y*  present,  &  continue  in 
y*  state  it  now  is." 

The  truth  appears  to  be,  that  this  ultra-Congregational  church  did  not  adopt  the 
Presbyterian  form  of  church  order  till  nearly  three  years  later,  when  they  had  failed, 
after  several  attempts,  to  secure  from  the  Legislature  the  rights  of  a  distinct  parish,  and 
as  the  only  possible  means  which,  however,  proved  impossible,  of  securing  those  rights. 
Presbyterianism  has  always  been  distasteful  to  the  New  England  mind.  This  church, 
the  Old  South  Church  in  Newbury  port,  is  still  Congregational  in  heart,  under  a  Pres- 
byterian outward  form.  The  present  membership  is  about  three  hundred  and  fifty. 
See  "  Contributions  to  the  Ecclesiastical  History  of  Essex  County,  Mass.,"  Boston, 
1S65,  pp.  241  -243,  also  249, .267,  342. 


842  JanaJthan  Parsam.  [J^Ji 

the  First  Parish,  were  obliged  bj  law  to  contribute,  by  their  taxes,  for  its 
expenses  for  many  years.  They  petitioned  the  Legislature  of  the  Pror* 
ince  for  relief,  but  in  vain.  In  1770  partial  relief  was  obtained ;  and  in 
1780  the  new  State  Constitution  secured  perfect  liberty. 

**  The  connection  thus  formed  continued  happily  for  thirty  years,  and  nntH 
death  dissolved  the  tie.  The  church  was  enlarged  during  the  ministry  of  Mr. 
Parsons  to  the  number  of  several  hundred  members,  at  least  two  hundred  of 
whom  were  supposed  to  have  been  converted  by  his  instrumentality ;  and  the 
congregation  increased  till  it  became  one  of  the  most  numerous  on  the  continent. 

**  In  this  great  congregation  Mr.  Parsons  labored  abundantly,  casting  abroad 
the  good  seed  of  the  Word  with  an  unsparing  hand.  His  ministry  here  was  not 
marked  with  any  great  events.  It  was  peaceful  and  useful,  and  the  yean 
glided  away  till  the  time  of  his  departure."  —  Greenleaf  8  Memoir  of  Rev.  Jona- 
than Parsons,  in  American  Quarterly  Register,  Vol.  XIV.  p.  115. 

As  one  of  the  fruits  of  the  Great  Awakening  we  may  reckon  Dart- 
mouth College.  Rev.  Eleazar  Wheelock,  born  in  Windham,  Conn.,  May, 
1711,  graduated  at  Yale  College  1733,  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  church 
at  Lebanon  Crank,  now  the  town  of  Columbia,  Conn.,  in  March,  1735. 
He  soon  became  eminent  as  a  preacher;  and  in  the  revival  of  1740  he 
labored,  not  only  in  his  own  parish,  but  extensively  in  other  places,  with 
great  diligence  and  success.  Trumbull  says  that  his  public  ^  addresses, 
were  close  and  pungent,  and  yet  winning  beyond  almost  all  comparison,  so 
that  his  audience  would  be  melted  into  tears  before  they  were  aware  of 
it.*'  *  Aflter  the  religious  excitement  had  subsided  Mr.  Wheelock,  to  eke 
out  a  small  salary,  took  a  few  scholars  to  instruct  at  his  own  house. 
Among  these  boys  was  Samson  Occum,  a  Mohegan  Indian,  then  about 
ninefeen.  This  youth  proving  to  be  one  of  great  promise,  Mr.  Wheelock 
took  other  Indian  boys  to  instruct,  until  in  1762  he  had  more  than  twenty 
young  men  under  his  care,  chiefly  Indians.  For  their  maintenance  funds 
were  obtained  from  benevolent  individuals,  in  this  country  and  in  Great 
Britain.  The  plan,  by  degrees,  was  enlarged,  until  Mr,,  now  Dr.  Wheel- 
ock, determined  to  remove  his  school  to  some  newly  settled  region,  which 
might  be  nearer  to  the  Indians,  and  where  a  thorough  education  might  be 
given  to  the  youth,  both  Indian  and  English,  who  might  resort  to  it.  He 
at  length  determined  to  establish  his  school  in  the  western  part  of  New 
Hampshire.  More  fully  to  accomplish  bis  benevolent  purpose,  a  charter 
was  obtained  from  Governor  John  Wentworth,  dated  December  13,  1769, 
establishing  Dartmouth  College.!  For  some  months  afler  this  it  was 
not  fully  decided  in  what  place  the  college  should  be  located.     Governor 

♦  Trumbull  says  Wheelock  had  the  best  voice,  by  far,  for  a  preacher  he  ever  knew. 

t  Dr.  William  Allen,  grandson  of  Dr.  Wheelock,  says  that  Governor  John  Went 
worth,  and  not  the  Earl  of  Dartmouth,  was  the  real  founder  of  Dartmouth  College. 
He  meani),  of  course,  not  to  deny  the  superior  claim  of  his  own  ancestor. 


1869.] 


Jonathan  Parsons.  848 


Wentworth  thought  that  Landaff  would  be  the  most  eligible  site,  while 
Wheelock  preferred  Hanover.  At  Wheelock's  desire,  Mr,  Parsons  visited 
Portsmouth,  in  March,  1770,  and  called  on  the  governor.  The  interview 
between  them  is  narrated  in  a  letter  never  before  printed,  which  will  be 
found  in  the  note  below.* 

•  Mr.  Parsons  to  Rct.  Eleazar  Wheelock,  d.  d.,  Lebanon,  Conn. :  — 

"  N.  Port,  March  27, 1770. 
"  R.  &  D.  B.,  — 

"  Yo"  of  y«  U***  Instant,  by  Mr.  Call,  came  safe  to  hand  on  y*  IS"*  at  evni.    Y* 
next  day  I  rid  over  to  Portsmouth  &  h**  a  private  and  rery  free  interview  w**"  Gov. 

W h,  he  freely  told  me  y*  he  co-d  not  approve  of  any  proposal  y*  he  h*  heard 

of  to  fix  y*  College  in  any  town  w"  the  chief  of  y*  Lands  lay  in  a  few  men's 
hands  —  y*  w*ever  mi't  be  said  in  favor  of  such  a  scheme  for  y*  present,  y*  College 
wo-d  in  all  probability,  be  bro*t  under  contributions  if  fixed  in  such  a  town — y*  y«  ' 
Lands  proposed  for  y*  College  wo'd  be  liable  to  a  tax  for  town  &  Province  affairs,  &c., 
&c.  — he  s**  that  he  own'd  a  gre't  p*  of  severl  towns  ims.  &  it  wo*d  gretly  raise  our  pri- 
vate interests  to  have  it  fixed  in  one  of  y***  towns ;  but  y^  he  was  not  consulti  private 
interest  but  y'  declared  design  of  y*  Institution.  .  —  Y*  rather  y»  y"  sho'd  not  be  suited 
be  wo'd  yield  it  sh'd  be  in  Haverhill  or  Bath,  as  y^  towDs  were  tolerably  situated. 
But  be  gre'tly  preferred  Landaff  to  any  Pla,  not  only  B.  it  is  situated  as  near  the  cen- 
tre  of  y*  Province  accord!  as  he  expects  y*  line  wil  be  fixed  &  so  wil  accommodate  y* 
inhabitants  &  Indians ;  but  especially  as  y*  whole  township  is  given  to  y*  College  — 
y*  Oxford  &  Cambrige  Universities  in  England  re  upon  y'  own  lands,  &  y*  it  will  be  of 
gret  importance  to  ve  y*  new  College  settled  on  its  own  lands.  Prticulrly  on  y"  accts 
viz.  B.  y"  all  y*  Civil  &  religious  afiairs  of  y*  whole  town  will  be  under  y*  direction  & 
manage'nt  of  y*  authority  of  y*  College  —  y*  if  vicious  or  contentious,  bad  men  get  in, 
yy  can  be  turned  off —  &  further  y*  y'  incomes  to  y*  College  wil  probably  be  double  if 
it  is  on  its  own  lands  &  j*  President  &  fello's  ve  y*  Improvers  of  y*  land  under*  y' 
eye,  &c.  &c. 

"  'Twas  objected  y'  y*  President  h*  almost  worn  ims.  out  in  y'  Indian  service  &  it  wo*d 
be  an  insupportabl  burden  to  be  planted  in  a  Wildcrn.  —  y*  other  towns  y*  had  made 
improvements  mit  be  well  situated  for  y*  Province  &  more  comfortabl  to  y*  &c.  — 
Ans'.  All  y**  consd"  wil  not  take  off  the  objections  offr'd  agnst  placi  it  in  any  town 
y*  is  chiefly  own*  by  a  few  proprietors,  nor  answ'  the  reasons  for  its  bci  at  Landaff — 
y*  he  did  not  dout,  D'  Wheelock  h*  a  good  h*  &  uprit  intentions  &  y*  happiness  he 
wo'd  feel  in  promoti  y*  public  Interest  wo'd  carry  im  thro  &  surmount  all  imaginary 
difficulties  —  y*  y**  difficulties  wil  soon  be  removed  —  y'  3  years  ago  Wolfsborough  was 
ii  Wildem.  &  now  so  pleasant  a  situation  y*  he  is  movi  ims.  &  family  y"  spring  to  abide 
y, — But  further,  he  said,  it  wo'd  not  be  necessary  to  move  to  Landaff  bcfo.  prepara" 
re  made  —  y*  the  Pros'd^  fellos,  &  scholars  mit  abide  for  some  years  in  some  settled 
town  until  y*^  re  put  in  order  &c.  &  it  is  his  opinion  y^  a  house  need  not  be  built  for  the 
scholars  till  a  future  time  —  y*  the  first  building  sho'd  be  for  the  President  &  for  two 
fello's.  Y»  y"  wil  be  large  eno.  to  hold  all  y*  scholars  for  the  present  &c.  But  fur- 
ther, he  s*,  it  wo'd  not  be  necessary  to  move  to  Landaff  befo.  prepara"  re  made  —  y* 
y*  President,  fello's  &  scholars  mit  abide  for  some  years  in  some  settled  town  untill 
y'g*  ro  put  in  order,  &c.  &  it  is  his  opinion  y*  a  house  need  not  be  built  for  the 
scholars  till  a  future  time  —  y*  the  first  buildings  sh*  be  for  y'  President  &  for  two 
folio's  —  y*  y*  wil  be  large  eno.  to  hold  all  y*  scholars  for  y*  present  &c.  —  y*  it  wil 
NEW  SERIES.  —  VOL.  I.  NO.  3.  24 


844  Jonathan  Parsons.  [Jiil7» 

It  IB  well  known  that  Greorge  Whitefield,  the  great  evangeUst  of 
modern  days,  died  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Parsons,  in  Newhurjporty  od 
the  morning  of  the  Sabbath,  September  80,  1770.  Whitefield  came  fixnn 
Newport,  R.  I.,  to  Boston,  early  in  August;  preached  there  several 
times ;  came  to  Newburyport,  and  preached  once ;  went  to  York,  Me. ; 
and  on  his  way  back,  having  preached  at  Exeter  on  Saturday  in  the  open 
air,  returned  to  the  house  of  Mr.  Parsons,  expecting  to  preach  for  him  the 
next  day.  But  being  very  ill  during  the  night,  he  fell  asleep  in  Jesus 
about  sunrise,  and  Parsons  preached  to  an  immense  and  sorrowing  congre- 
gation, from  Phil  i.  21,  ^  To  die  is  gain."  A  letter,  relating  minutely  the 
facts  of  the  case,  written  by  Mr.  Parsons  to  Dr.  Gillies,  of  Glasgow,  will 
be  found  in  the  sequel.  This  letter,  which  has  never  before  been  printed, 
we  copy  from  Parsons's  letter-book.  Mr.  Parsons  did  not  survive  White- 
field  many  years.  His  constitution  gave  way  under  his  long-continued  and 
arduous  labors,  and,  afler  a  long  and  distressing  sickness,  he  died  in  much 
peace,  on  the  19th  of  July,  1776,  aged  seventy-one.  Afler  the  death  of' 
Whitefield,  a  tomb  was  built  to  receive  his  remains  underneath  the  pulpit, 
agreeably  to  a  wish  he  had  often  expressed  to  be  buried  there.  Mr.  Par- 
sons's remains  were  laid  in  the  same  vault.  There  tliey  who  in  life  had  en- 
joyed such  endeared  friendship  will  repose  together,  till  the  archangel's 

soon  be  coach  road  fh>  Portsmouth  to  Landaff —  y'  it  is  tolerably  so  already  to  Wolfs- 

boTongh  w«  is  46  miles,  &  30  of  it  better  y"  fro  Portsmouth  to  B n — y*  T^yi<f*iy  is 

ab*  30  miles  or  a  little  more  or  less  fro  his  Seat. 

"  But  I  can  only  give  hints  by  w«  y*  may  more  y'  guess  at  his  sentiments.  I  askt 
im  whither  the  Province  wo'd  not  settle  sorae"g  handsome  upon  y*  President  —  he  told 
me  he  designed  to  make  y*  motion,  but  was  waiti  for  a  good  time  —  y*  X  200  L.  M.  per 
annum  was  y*  least  he  hop'd  wo'd  be  granted. 

"  Thus  I've  laid  befo  y"  y*  substance  of  a  free  conversa'  w*^  his  E ^y  w"  7  *  has 

rais'd  up,  I  believe  for  some  gre't  and  good  y'gs  &  now,  tho  I  cant  advise,  my  D' 

B r,  y*  wil  suffer  me  to  exh*  y*  —  it  shal  be  in  y'  words  of  y*  Apos.,  *  Look  not 

evry  man  on  his  own  y'gs,  but  evry  man  also  on  y*  y'gs  of  others.  Let  y*  same  mind  be 
(<f>povia6a)i)  J*  same  act,  &  exercise  of  y*  mind  &  will  be  in  y*  w^  was  also  in  X.  J.'  I 
was  lately  shewn  y*  passage  of  a  letter  fro  a  gentleman  to  his  friend,  viz. '  y^your  interest 
is  y*  grand  object  of  your  pursuit.'  I  hope  y^l  give  mattr  of  conviction  to  evry  one 
desirous  to  kno'  y*  truth,  y*  y*  re  not  governed  by  a  narro'  selfish  spi.,  seeki  y*  own 
honor,  ease,  or  secular  interest;  but  by  y*  meekn*,  humility,  love,  &  wisdo.  w*  was 
eminently  conspicuous  &  perfectly  exemplified  in  our  L.  j,  X. 

"  I  desire  y*  wo'd  not  expose  me  fro  y*  two  last  letters  I  wrote  y* :  but  look  upon  y" 
in  confidence.  His  Exellency  sends  his  Compliments,  &  assure  y  yo'self  I  am  your 
faithful  friend  &  ser*.  J.  P. 

**  To  Dr.  Eleazar  Whbelock,  Lebanon,  Connct*. 

"P.  S.  I  forgot  to  tell  y,  he  s*  if  y«  College  was  fixed  in  Landaff  it  wo*  b©  y« 
fettlement  of  y*  Town,  but  if  not,  6000  acres  must  be  given  to  settlers :  i.  e.  100  acres 
to  each  settler." 

*  Seven  is,  in  the  Bible,  the  number  of  perfection.  He  uses  the  number  7  m  a 
symbol  of  the  all-perfect  God. 


L869.]  Jonathan  Parsons.  846 

mmpet  shall  awake  them  to  glory  everlasting.*    His  funeral  sermon  was 
>reached  by  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Searl,  of  Salisbury,  and  published. 

Mr.  Parsons  was  of  a  middle  stature,  light  complexion,  with  blue  eyes, 
ind  a  somewhat  prominent  chin.  He  had  a  strongly  marked  c'baracter, 
which  was  impressed  upon  his  countenance.  His  manners  were  easy  and 
K>li8hed.  His  natural  temper  was  hasty  and  somewhat  severe.  Though 
^ucation  and  divine  grace  had  done  much  to  soften  and  subdue  it,  it  cost 
lim  many  struggles  to  keep  it  under,  even  to  the  end  of  life.  When  he 
!eft  college,  he  was  considered  an  accurate  scholar,  well  versed  in  the  Latin 
wd  Greek  languages  ;  and  he  had  made  a  good  beginning  in  the  study  of 
Hebrew.  He  was  a  ready  and  correct  writer,  and  on  this  account  was 
regarded  as  a  useful  member  of  ecclesiastical  bodies.f  He  made  consider- 
able proficiency  in  the  study  of  medicine,  to  the  practice  of  which  he 
levoted  much  time  during  the  first  years  of  his  ministry.  |  But  when  his 
prhole  soul  became,  as  we  have  seen,  filled  with  the  energy  of  divine  truth 
ind  the  power  of  the  world  to  come,  nothing  was  to  him  of  any  value  but 
the  salvation  of  souls.  Christ  and  him  crucified  now  became  the  centre  of 
ill  his  thoughts.  He  often  spoke  with  an  eloquence  truly  grand,  and  a 
[>ower  overwhelming.  One  who  was  accustomed  to  hear  him  at  Lyme 
thus  describes  his  manner  of  preaching :  — 

**  O,  with  what  astonishing  terrors  have  I  heard  him  represent  the  torments  of 
lell,  and  the  imminent,  amazing  danger  of  the  impenitent  sinner !  With  what 
flowing  colors  and  sweetly  surprising  language  would  he  paint  the  glories  of 
leaven,  and  describe  the  holy  and  elevated  joys  of  immortality  I  In  what  melt- 
ng  strains  would  he  represent  the  sufierings  of  Christ,  and  his  dying  love  to  sin- 
lers !  How  would  he  open  afresh  the  scenes  of  Grethsemane  and  Calvary ! 
^ith  what  alluring  words  would  he  entreat  sinners,  in  Christ's  stead,  to  be  recou- 
nted to  God  !  Such  was  the  fervor  of  his  spirit,  and  the  tender  emotion  of  his 
leart,  that  he  would  sometimes  appear  as  a  fiame  of  fire,  and  then  all  dissolved  in 
;ears.  lie  had  a  ready  and  fruitful  invention,  a  rich  and  lively  imagination,  a 
:Iear  and  commanding  voice,  lie  excelled  most  of  his  brethren  in  the  gift  of 
prayer,  and  at  times  he  seemed  to  come  near  to  God's  throne  of  grace,  and  pour 
)nt  his  soul  before  Him  in  the  most  ardent  desires  and  devout  addresses."  § 

His  printed  sermons,  of  which  there  are  many,  are  characterized  by 
very  considerable  mental  vigor,  by  a  brilliant  imagination,  by  great  depth 
>f  feeling,  and  a  most  uncompromising  adherence  to  the  system  of  divine 
a*uth  which  he  had  cordially  embraced. 

Mr.  Parsona's  first  wife  died  December  26,  1770.  The  following  year 
lie  married  Mrs.  Lydia  Clurkson,  widow  of  Andrew  Clarkson,  Esq.,  of 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.     She  died  April  30,  1778. 

•  GreonleoTs  Memoir  of  Parsons,  in  American  Quarterly  Register,  Vol.  XIV.  p.  115. 

t  Ibid. 

I  This  was  not  nnnsual  in  the  clerical  profession  at  that  time. 

§  Bev.  Mr.  Searl's  sermon  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Parsons. 


846  Jonathan  Parsons.  L'^^Ji 

Rev.  Jonathan  and  Mrs.  Phebe  (Oris wold)  Parsons  had  thirteen  chil- 
dren, of  whom  six  died  in  infancy.  Those  who  lived  to  enter  the  marriage 
relation  were,  1.  Afarshfieldy  born  February  7,  1733  ;  married  Lois  Wait; 
their  descendants  are  numerous  in  Ohio  and  Western  New  York.  2.  Jona- 
than, bom  April  25,  1735 ;  married  Hannah  Gyles,  a  shipmaster;  they 
had  four  sons,  who  all  died  unmarried,  and  six  daughters.*  3.  Samuel 
Hotderij  bom  May  14,  1737 ;  graduated  at  Harvard  College  1756 ;  a 
lawyer  in  Middletown ;  a  major-general  in  the  army  of  the  Revolution  ; 
one  of  the  founders  of  Ohio,  and  governor  of  the  Northwestern  Terri- 
tory. 4.  Thomas,  bom  April  28,  1739;  a  shipmaster,  supposed  to  have 
been  murdered  at  sea  in  February,  1772.  5.  Phebe,  bom  March  6, 1748 ; 
married  Captain  Ebenezer  Lane,  of  Boston.  6.  Lucia,  bom  December 
23,  1752 ;  married  Captain  Joseph  Tappan,  of  Newburyport  7.  Lydia, 
bom  April  3,  1755  ;  married  Moses  Greenleaf,  a  shipbuilder  of  Newbury- 
port, afterwards  of  New  Gloucester,  Me. ;  parents  of  Moses  Greenleaf, 
of  Williamsburg,  Me.,  who  constructed  a  map  of  Maine ;  of  Hon.  Simon 
Greenleaf,  Professor  of  Law  in  Harvard  University ;  and  of  Rev.  Jona- 
than Greenleaf,  pastor  of  the  church  in  Wells,  preacher  to  the  seamen  in 
Boston,  and  for  twenty-two  years  pastor  of  the  Wallabout  Presbyterian 
Church  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

The  printed  works  of  Mr.  Parsons  are  the  following :  — 

1.  Two  Letters  in  Prince's  Christian  History,  dated  1741  and  1744. 

2.  A  Needful  Caution  in  a  Critical  Day.     A  Sermon  preached  at  Lyme,  1742. 

3.  Sermon  at  the  Boston  Thursday  Lecture,  September,  1742,  from  Matthew 

xi.  19,  entitled  "  Wisdom  justified  of  her  children." 

4.  Lectures  on  Justification,  1 748. 

6.  Good  News  from  a  Far  Country.     Seven  Discourses,  1 756. 

6.  Rejoinder  to  R.  Abercrombie's  Remarks,  1 758. 

7.  Sermon  on  Connection  between  True  Godliness,  &c.,  1 759. 

8.  Manna  gathered  in  the  Morning,  1761. 

9.  Sermon  on  Death  of  Mr.  Ebenezer  Little,  1768. 

10.  Infant  Baptism  from  Heaven.    Two  Sermons,  1770. 

11.  Sermon  on  the  Death  of  Mr.  Wbitefield,  1770. 

12.  Controversial  Letters  to  Rev.  Hezekiah  Smith  on  Baptism. 

13.  Freedom  from  Civil  and  Ecclesiastical  Tyranny  the  Purchase  of  Christ,  1774. 

14.  Two  volumes  of  his  sermons,  sixty  in  number,  printed  in  Newburyport  in 

1781,  by  John  My  call,  the  husband  of  his  granddaughter  Elizabeth  Parsons. 

The  Rev.  Edward  Bass,  who  had  been  ordained  priest  in  Episcopal 
fashion  by  Dr.  Sherlock,  bishop  of  London,  May  24,  1752,  in  the  autumn 
of  that  year  took  up  his  residence  in  Newburyport,  where  he  spent  the 
remainder  of  his  long  life.  In  1796  he  was  elected  by  the  Episcopal 
Convention  of  JMassachusetts  their  first  bishop.     The-  Episcopal  parishes 

*  A  particular  account  of  Captain  Jonathan  Parsons  is  contained  in  the  "  Giles  Me- 
morial/' by  the  compiler  of  this  article,  published  in  Boston  1864. 


.869.]  Jonathan  Parsons.  847 

A  Rhode  Island  and   New  Hampshire  soon  followed  the  example;  and 

hese   three   States,  with  Vermont  afterwards,  constituted  the  "  Eastern 

diocese."     Soon  after  the  coming  of  this  clergyman  to  Newburyport,  Mr. 

?ar5ons,  having  heard  that  his  reverend  brother  was  indulging  in  card- 

daying  and  other  sports  not  strictly  in  accordance  with  his  sacred  profes- 

ion,  addressed  to  him  the  following  characteristic  epistle,  which  we  Jiave 

»pied  from  Parsons's  letter-book  :  — 

"NuBiRiA,  Dec  28, 1758. 

**  Domino  Reverendo  Edvardo  Bass, 
Nubiria  in  Nov.  Ang. 

J.  Parsons,  S.  P.  D. 
**  Reverende  et  Frater  Dilecte, 

"•  Cum  primum  in  hoc  Oppido,  tu  ut  Minister  Yerbi 
Dei  advenisti,  erat  mibi  spes  magna  Nccessitudinem  excolendi  tecum ;  prascipue 
XMtquam  tu  mc  amic^  visitasti.  Sed  ex  ea  Die  ad  hanc  Diem  (multoties  te 
K)mitante,  nunquam  comitato),  i\uai  primo  fecisti  in  Judicium  voco. 

**  Quid  Rationis  dici  potest  vix  Conjecturam  facio,  nisi  (ut  audivi)  alienam 
^ocietatem  appetis,  etiam  ludibundam  et  aleatoriam.  Yalde  attonitus  fui,  cum 
mdiverim  Rumorem ;  et  quideui  speravi  nihil  nisi  Insidias  Inimicorum  inter  se 
Ucentium,  "  Indicate  nobis  Verbum  aliquod  falsum  contra  Dominum  Baas,  et  an- 
lunciabimus  ejus  Inimicis."     Sed  nup«rrime  vereor  ne  Rumor  sit  verus. 

"  His  ita  pnumissis ;  permittesne  mibi  gratis  dicere,  si  te  usitate  indulges  in 
illo  ludibundo,  non  potes  dicere  iis  qui  custodi&B  tuae  committuntur,  ut  sanctus 
apostolus,  in  Phil.  iii.  17  :  ^^  Kstote  simul  me  Imitatores,  et  eos  considerate  qui  ita 
imbulant,  sicut  habetis  nos  pi*o  Exemplari.**  Num  tcipsum,  in  Lusibus  addictum, 
>roponis  Exemplum  Fratribus,  vel  Ovibus,  vel  Turba;,  in  Sanctitate  vitaj  ? 

**  Sed  prffisertim,  si  indulges  in  Lusibus  in  quibus  est  Sors  proprie  dicta,  estne 
noffenso  cursu  pergere,  repleri  fructibus  qui  sunt  per  Jesum  Christum  ad  gloriam 
it  laudem  Del  ?  Minime,  Domine,  oonsidercmus  naturam  Sortis  generalem  ;  et 
[uid  est,  nisi  Petitio  Dioini  Testimonii  per  Beterminationem  eventus  in  mera  contin- 
^entixe  manifestandi  ad  controversiam  aliquam  dirimendam.  (Prov.  xvi.  33.)  In 
irremium  conjicitur  Sors ;  a  Jehova  autem  est  tota  Ratio  ejus.  Et  cap.  xviii.  18. 
iinc  scquitur,  quod  ad  Providentiam  Dei  determinantem  Sors  habet  Respectum. 
innon,  igitur,  abusus  est  Sortis,  si  non  habes  Respectum  ad  Providentiam  Dei 
leterminantem,  sed  ad  merum  Casum^  aut  Fortunam,  sortibus  praesidentem  ? 
!fonne  etiam  abusus  Sortis,  si  abscjue  justa  et  momentosa  causa  sit  ?  Certo, 
Nomine,  hie  est  turpis  abusus  Nominis  Divini  et  Providential,  et  meretur  justa 
Ua  vindicta  Dei,  quam'  comminatus  in  tertio  Prarcepto,  recidetque  consequeuter, 
Q  Damnum  sortientis. 

*'  Frater  dilecte,  docemur  a  Deo,  ut  simus  conformati  Imagini  Filii  ejus,  ut 
pte  sit  Primogenitus  inter  multos  fratres ;  i.  e.  Ut  veterem  Hominem  exuamus, 
tt  novum  induamus ;  exuamus  Aifectus  naturales  erga  Commoda  et  Voluptates 
^nsus  moventes,  et  spirituales  induamus ;  nuUam  Nostri  habeamus  Rationem, 
[US  nos  vel  tantillum  a  Deo  abducat;  sed  magnis  Animis,  magna  Alacritate, 
kudio,  Fervore,  Virtutis  Exercitia  capessamus :  et  multo  magis,  ut  nosmetipsos 
mitandos  Populo  et  Ecclesiae  proponamus ;   quo  perstringamus  eos,  quorum* 


848  Jonathan  Par9on8.  [Jttly> 

mores  sunt  coxrupti ;  non  I>icta  tantum,  sed  Facta  nostra,  alib  sequenda  pro- 

ponere  debemus,  dicentes,  Imitatores  nostri  Facti  estis  et  Domini. 

"  Ta  ipse  jndicabis,  Domine,  de  quo  scripsi,  et  quid  rescribendum  sit.    Vive 

diu,  idque  ntilis  Religion!  Christiann.    Vale. 

"J.  Parsons." 

Mr.  Parsons  to  Rev.  John  Gillies,  d.  d.,  of  Glasgow :  — 

♦♦Rev*  AND  D»  Sir,— 

"  Yo^  of  June  y*  11*^  came  to  hand  ab*  a  month  past ;  but  as  I  knew  of  no  op- 
portunity I  waited  till  now. 

"  I  co'd  give  a  long  acco*  of  Mr.  Whitefield's  tours  thro'  N.  Eng*  for  80  years 
past,  as  I  kept  a  Journal  of  all  the  Opportunities  I  had  w^  im.  But  as  y*  will  be 
needless  accordi  to  yo^  Letter,  I  shal  confine  my's  to  his  last  visit,  his  dea'  and 
funeral,  as  I  kno'  y*  public  've  b*  imposed  upon  in  y*  y'gs. 

<*  Mr.  Whitefield's  last  visit  to  N.  £.  was  sometime  y*  beginni  of  Aug*,  1 770 ;  he 
came  fro'  Newport  to  B~n  [Boston]  and  preachd  sevrl  times.  Y'  he  set  out 
Eastw'  and  came  to  N — port  [Newburyport]  w"  he  preachd  once,  and  h*  deter- 
mined to  proceed  to  Portsmouth  22  miles  Eastw^  of  us.  But  by  y*  solicita*  of 
some  independent  Ministers,  I  persuaded  im  to  alter  his  course.  Y'fo  he  returned 
8  miles  back  &  preachd  sevrl  times  at  Rowley.  Then  he  was  to  've  retnmd 
with  me  to  N.  Port ;  but  bei  taken  very  ill  he  steard  his  course  for  B — n,  in  hopes 
of  a  relaxa'  fro"  busin. 

**  Afler  a  few  Days  he  retumd  to  y*  Eastw'  &  went  as  far  as  O.  York,  SO  miles 
Eastw'  of  us.  Upon  his  return  fro"  York  I  met  im  at  Portsmouth,  w**  I  found  im 
as  well  as  he  h'  b"  since  his  arrival  to  y**  p^.  I  spoke  with  im,  &  he  incouraged 
me  to  come  y  next  Day  (Sep'  29)  to  N.  port,  by  y'  way  of  Exeter,  &  keep  Sab« 
w*^  us.  He  rode  fro^  Portsmouth  to  Exeter  (15  miles)  in  y*  momi,  &  preach 'd 
j  for  Mr.  Rogers,  of  y'  Town.  Y*  concourse  was  too  gre't  to  crowd  into  y*  house, 
&  y'fo  yy  urg'd  his  preaching  abroad,  w*  I  openly  opposed,  as  I  really  tho't  it  was 
throwi  away  his  life.  Tho.  y*  weather  was  warm,  yet  y  was  a  moisture  in  the  air, 
w  he  must  suck  in,  &  be  prejudicial  to  an  asthmatic  constitution. 

"  However,  he  preach'd  in  y*  open  air,  &  stood  w*^)ut  any  y*g  to  hold  by  or 
lean  agnst  His  text  was  2  Cor.  13,  5,  &  as  mi't  wel  be  expected,  he  press'd 
y*  duty  of  self-examina*,  &  laid  down  some  good  marks  of  bei  in  y*  faith.  In  ser- 
mon time  he  s*  y*  he  believ'd  or  hop'd  it  wod  be  y*  last  Sermon  y'  ever  he  sh* 
preach,  —  y*  he  longd  for  his  dismission,  &c.  Afler  Service  wo  din'  at  CoL 
Oilman's,  and  set  out  for  N.  port,  &  arrivd  at  my  house  ab*  Sundown.  Afler 
he  had  supped  freely,  he  complained  of  gre't  wearin'  &  went  early  to  bed.  Ab* 
4  o'clock  on  Sab.  momi  I  heard  an  unusual  noise,  &  instantly  rose  fro  my  bed, 
&,  goi  into  y*  Chamber  entry,  sa  a  Li't  shini  under  y'  door  of  the  chamber  w'» 
Mr.  Whitefield  lodg'd,  &  y'fo  proceeded  &  knock'd  at  his  door.  His  serv* 
asked  who  was  y'.  I  answered  that  I  was  afraid  Mr.  "Whitefield  was  worse,  be- 
cause I  saw  a  li't  under  y*  door.  Y'  his  Serv*  opn'd  y*  door,  &  told  me  Mr. 
W — d  h**  ordered  im  to  kindle  a  fire  &  warm  im  some  gruel  —  y*  he  had  not 
rested  so  well  as  at  some  other  Times ;  but  he  h'  kno.  im  to  breath  worse.  Upon 
this  I  returned  to  my  own  bed-chamber,  &  sat  in  my  ni't  gown  till  about  5  o'clock 
—  but  heari  Mr.  W — d  breathe  like  a  person  in  an  agony,  I  sprang  unto  y* 


1869.]  Jonathan  Parsons.  849 

chamber-entrj,  w>*  I  met  im  &  took  hold  of  im  for  his  support.  Mr,  W — d  s*  to  me, 
*  I  am  dyi/  or  w^  to  /  purpose,  &  Dever  spoke  anoth^r  w'.  His  serv*  seem'd  like 
a  man  bereav'd  of  his  senses,  &  said  many  y'gs  y*  co'd  not  be  for  his  honor  to 
mention.  I  sent  imediately  for  a  Physician  ab*  100  rods  fro  my  door,  &  in  y* 
meantime  I  w**^  my  child"  afforded  im  all  y*  help  in  our  power.  Y*  I>  came,  but 
aftr  ab*  40  minutes  of  eztream  agony,  he  rallied  &  died  in  his  chair  ab*  6  o'clock, 
Sei/  30*^,  on  Sab.  momi,  to  y  gre't  grief  &  surprise  of  multitudes. 

"  Early  y«  next  momi,  Octr  y*  first,  James  Claricson,  Esq.,  &y*  Rev.  Dr.  Haven, 
iji  Portsmouth,  y*  Capital  of  N.  Hampshire,  waited  upon  me  in  a  genteel  manner, 
w*  a  request  fro  Mr.  Sherbom,  of  y'  Town,  for  me  to  consent  that  Mr.  W — d's 
remains  might  be  carried  to  Portsmouth,  &  've  an  honorable  burial  in  his  own 
new  Tomb,  at  his  own  expense.  This  indeed  discovered  y*  hi  esteem  &  gi*  af- 
fection w*  y**  gentlemen  &  others  in  y*  Town  h'  for  Mr.  W — d  &  his  ministry 
while  livi.  But  I  told  y*  y*  I  co'd  not  gratify  y",  tho.  y*  request  carried  in  it  some 
y^  very  obligi  &  generous ;  —  especially  because  Mr.  W — d,  under  7»  gave  exist- 
ence to  y*  congregation  of'w*  I  am  the  minister,  &  hd  repeatedly  desired  to  be 
buried  befo  my  pulpit  if  he  sh'd  die  in  y'  pla.  Therefo'  y«  gentlemen  fro 
Portsmouth  submitted  to  y*  Denial  in  a  very  Xn  manner,  &  y«  next  Day  attended 
y*  funeral ;  one  as  a  mourner,  &  y*  othr  as  a  Pall-bearer. 

'*  But  at  Candle  liti  on  the  evni  befo  y*  funeral,  several  private  gentlemen  fro 
B — n  came  to  my  house,  &,  in  a  manner  y*  appeared  pretty  sovreign,  yy  made  a 
sort  of  demand  of  Mi*.  W— d's  body  to  carry  to  B — n  &  bury  y.  I  told  y"  y'  I 
co^d  not  consent  to  their  taki  his  body  fro  us  —  y'  I  meant  to  submit  to  y*  riteous 
providence  of  7»  &  wo'd  not  contend ;  but  was  not  willi  to  've  his  body  carried 
fro  y*  pla.  W*  he  h  desir'd  it  shd  be  laid. 

**  Y*  gentlemen  of  our  congrega"  were  at  y*  expense  of  buildi  a  new  &  very  spa- 
cious Tomb  for  his  Interment,  &  y\  with  y*  other  expenses,  amounted  to  ab*  £  50 
■terling. 

'^  Y*  funeral  was  attended  fro  my  house  by  a  vast  concourse  of  People,  I  believe 
not  less  y  10,000,  some  say  12,000,  tho.  it  was  a  cold  &  rainy  Day. 

"  I  wrote  to  Lady  Huntington  soon  after,  desiring  her  to  send  an  Inscription  for 
a  Monument  to  be  set  up  at  his  head  :  but  whether  she  rec'  my  letter  I  cant  say. 
This  b  certain,  I  never  've  heard  fro  her,  &  we  're  at  a  loss  w*  to  do  for  fear  of 
offendi  so  great  a  Patroness  as  she  was  to  Mr.  W — d. 

*♦  I  co'd  've  wrote  largely,  but  've  studied  the  shortest  view  of  Mr.  W — d's  last 
visit,  hb  dea  &  funeral.  If  y*  see  any  yg  to  be  added  fro  my  Sermon  &  Mr. 
Jewett's  exh*,  Pve  sent  y"  for  y"  to  do  as  y"  like,  &  am, 

"  Y"  affectionate  Friend  &  B — ^r, 

"JoNA*"  Parsons. 
**  N — PORT,  Jany.  1, 1772. 

"  P.  S.  I've  sent  y*  w"*  jr*  my  Sermon  on  Mr.  W — d's  dea  —  Mr.  Searl's  on  Mrs. 

Parsons's  dea  —  Communion  of  faith  essential  to  Communion  of  ch'^  —  Dr.  Chaun- 

cy  against  y*  Bp  of  Llandaff,  &  my  Sermon  on  Mr.  Little's  dea. 

"  Yors  ut  supra, 

«  J.  P. 
**  To  y*  Rev.  D".  Jno  Gellies  at  Glasgow,  Scotland."    ^    ^ 


50  ^Jhunee  of  the  Masses  on  Idteraty  Men*  [Jnljy 


INFLUENCE  OF  THE  MASSES  ON  LITERARY  MEN. 

Vert  much  has  been  said  concerning  the  extent  and  importance  of  the 
influence  which  the  educated  classes  exert  upon  the  masses.  There  is 
a  scarcely  less  important  reflex  influence,  of  which  we  hear  but  little,  — an 
influence,  we  are  convinced,  that  is  not  suflicientlj  appreciated  hj  literary 
men  fiiemselves.  While  seeking  to  draw  others  towards  us,  we  are  too  apt 
to   be  insensible  of  our  own  motion  towards  them. 

Wherever  we  are  placed  among  men,  we  are  subjected  to  the  attracting 
force  of  peculiar  social  influences,  to  the  stimulus  of  certain  external  mo- 
tives. The  result  is  a  peculiar  development  of  mental  and  moral  charac- 
ter. It  is  generally  supposed  that  the  principal  impress  which  any  edu- 
cated mind  receives  is  made  upon  it  by  the  college  or  seminary.  But 
when  any  one  graduates  from  these  he  only  passes  into  another  school,  — 
his  business  or  profession,  —  in  which  the  educational  process  is  still  going 
on,  perhaps  more  rapidly  than  ever  before.  Not  that  the  academic  life 
has  less  real  influence,  or  is  less  important,  than  the  professional.  Quite 
the  contrary.  Academic,  and  practical  life  stand  related  to  each  other, 
somewhat  as  does  the  autumnal  growth  of  root  to  the  summer  stalk.  As 
the  grain  must  germinate  and  become  well  rooted  in  a  healthy  soil  in  order 
to  its  subsequent  rapid  growth,  so  must  the  mind  of  the  student  in  the 
comparative  concealment  of  academic  life  become  imbedded  and  rooted  in 
the  lore  of  the  best  books  in  preparation  for  the  right  kind  of  leafing, 
blossoming,  and  fruitage  in  the  summer  of  practical  life.  The  educational 
nursery  is  a  good  place  for  the  process  of  sprouting,  but  chai'acter  matures 
fastest  in  the  storm  and  sunshine  of  the  outside  world. 

We  propose  to  consider  the  Influence  of  Contact  ivith  the  Popular  Mind  on 
the  Development  of  our  Educated  Men. 

More  than  we  are  aware,  the  literary  and  professional  classes  in  our 
country  are  influenced  by  their  contact  with  the  masses.  At  the  very 
moment  they  are  giving  impressions  they  are  also  taking  impressions.  The 
law  of  mechanics,  that  action  and  reaction  are  equals  may  not  be  precisely 
applicable  to  this  case,  but,  whatever  the  ratio  of  influence,  the  general 
fact  remains.  No  man  can  adapt  himself  to  the  opinions  and  customs  of 
society  without  very  important  modifications  of  his  own  character. 

For  it  should  be  remembered  that  the  popular  mind  —  that  is,  the  ^x&^ 
and*  prevalent  views  and  tendencies  of  society  —  is  far  from  being  a  plas 
tic  material  ready  to  be  moulded  by  the  facile  manipulations  of  educate 
men.    It  is  not  the  clay  which  the  sculptor,  by  the  easy  and  gentle  pressui 
of  hit  fingers  fashions  into  a  model,  but  rather  the  marble  or  the  flint,  tb 


1869.]  Influence  of  the  Masses  on  Literary  Men.  861 

dalls  and  sometimes  breaks  the  steel  edge  of  his  chisel.  It  is  common  to 
speak  of  the  instability  of  the  popular  mind.  When  we  see,  as  we  oflen 
do,  whole  communities  tumultuously  excited  by  some  trivial  question, 
—  when  we  see  the  masses  swayed  hither  and  thither  by  the  lightest 
utterance  of  some  popular  leader,  as  a  breath  of  wind  waves  the  unhar- 
▼ested  field,  we  are  inclined  to  think  ^^  surely  the  people  is  grass."  But  we 
forget,  perhaps,  that  these  are  only  waves  of  excitement.  In  a  country 
like  ours,  where  the  people  think  for  themselves,  where  codes  and  customs 
are  established,  and  business  of  every  kind  has  found  its  permanent  chan- 
nels, popular  excitements  from  trivial  issues  are  mere  surface  ripples.  True 
it  is,  that  the  gentlest  breeze  will  raise  waves  upon  the  Atlantic,  but  no 
hnmcane  even  can  stop  the  steady  onward  flow  of  its  Gulf  Stream.  It  is 
a  great  and  irreparable  mistake  in  any  one  who  aims  at  influencing  the 
masses  to  under-estimate  this  inertia  of  the  popular  mind.  Doubtless,  a 
single  mind  may  move  a  nation.  ^<  The  meditations  of  a  single  closet " 
says  Choate  (magnifying  the  influence  of  educated  minds),  ^'  the  pamphlet  of 
a  single  writer,  have  inflamed  or  composed  nations  and  armies,  shaken 
thrones,  determined  the  policy  of  governments  for  years  of  war  or  peace." 
This  is  true,  but  we  are  too  apt  to  forget  that  the  nation  thus  moved  is  al- 
ready predisposed,  by  education,  or  taste,  or  self-interest,  to  such  a  movement 
The  fuel  is  all  ready  to  burn  perhaps,  and  your  orator  or  pamphleteer  only 
i^)plies  the  match.  We  shall  best  appreciate  the  force  of  public  opin- 
ion if  we  try  to  oppose  it.  We  do  not  say  that  even  then  one  man  may 
not  move  a  nation.  So  it  is  said  that  a  child  can  move  the  Great  Eastern ; 
bat,  be  it  remembered,  it  must  be  by  long,  patient,  steady  application  of 
force,  not  by  a  jerk.  ^^  The  accumulated  intellect  of  the  masses  is  greater 
than  the  heaviest  brain  God  ever  gave  a  single  man."  On  the  whole,  prob- 
ably a  more  diflicult  task  could  not  be  imposed  than  that  of  changing  the 
settled  mental  habits  of  a  people.  Every  parent  or  teacher  has  found 
that  it  is  diflicult  enough  to  shape  to  his  own  ideal  the  plastic  mind  of  a 
single  child.  How  much  more  diflicult  is  it  to  modify  the  matured  and  fixed 
convictions  of  a  community  !  If  men  are  almost  immovable  as  individuals, 
how  much  more  so  when  joined  together  tod  braced  in  the  social  struc- 
ture! 

Becognizing,  then,  this  stability  of  society,  in  its  prevalent  habits  of 
thought  and  action,  we  are  impressed  with  the  truth  that  no  one,  how- 
ever superior  in  learning  and  culture,  or  however  independent  in  his  judg- 
ment, can  become  a  member  of  society  without  being  influenced,  and  in  his 
own  character  modified.  The  tendency  is,  however  high  he  may  be  ele- 
vated, to  sink  down  to  the  social  level. 

First,  there .  is  that  silent  and  generally  unnoticed  attraction,  that  is  all 
tbe  while  assimilating  men  in  society.    Even  strong,  independenti  self- 


i 


352  Influence  of  the  Mcisses  on  Literary  Men.  [Joljy 

poised  men  are  unconsciously  swayed  by  it.  Probably  no  one  could  go 
from  the  community  in  which  he  was  educated  into  another  of  entirely 
different  customs  and  tastes,  and  become  identified  with  that  people,  without 
more  or  less  modification  of  his  own  feelings  and  tastes ;  not  so  much  in 
consequence  of  any  thought  about  it,  as  in  consequence  of  the  silent  conta- 
gion of  public  opinion.  When,  in  former  days.  Northern  men  with  North- 
em  principles  used  to  go  South  and  cast  in  their  lot  with  the  people  there, 
(particularly  if  they  became  matrimonially  interested  in  a  plantation  of 
slaves,)  it  was  almost  a  matter  of  course  that  their  Northern  rigor  of  prin- 
ciple would  be  relaxed,  and  that  in  too  many  cases  they  would  come  to 
out-Herod  the  born  Southerner  in  their  defence  of  the  divinity  of  slavery, 
and  in  their  cruelty  to  the  slave.  Making  due  allowance  for  the  want  of 
moral  principle  which  such  defection  often  may  have  indicated,  keeping 
in  mind  also  the  fact  that  self-interest  would  incline  them  to  Southern 
principles  and  practices,  still  the  change  in  them  is  to  be  attributed  largely 
to  the  mere  subtle  influence  of  public  sentiment  The  pestilence  was  in  the 
very  atmosphere  of  Southern  society,  and  one  could  not  breathe  it  without 
danger  of  contamination.  We,  breathing  a  different  atmosphere,  surrounded 
and  sustained  by  a  different  public  sentiment,  could  easily  condemn  the 
apostates  ;  but  we  cannot  avoid  the  humiliating  reflection,  that  in  all  proba- 
bility very  many  of  us  would  have  rallied  to  arms  under  the  traitor's  flag, 
and  ignominiously  fought  against  our  own  brothers,  if  we  too  had  happened 
to  take  up  our  abode  in  early  life  on  Southern  soil,  and  had  become  thor- 
oughly identified  with  the  Southern  people. 

An  earnest  man  of  Puritan  stock,  and  of  Puritan  principles,  will  utter 
in  the  ears  of  a  New  England  audience  to-day  his  abhorrence  of  political 
corruption.  We  should  think  him  incapable  of  taint,  and  yet  this  same 
man  shall  spend  no  more  than  three  winters  at  our  National  Capital,  and 
as  many  summers  in  political  caucusing  before  he  will  become  insensibly 
transfused  with  the  very  sentiments  and  principles  he  was  wont  to  abhor. 
From  the  poisonous  atmosphere  of  committee-rooms  and  lobbies  and  din- 
ners and  levees  he  takes  in  a  moral  malaria  that  becomes  deep-seated  be- 
fore he  is  aware.  Men  of  true  principle,  doubtless,  can  and  do  often  with- 
stand the  subtlest  temptations  of  political  life,  like  Abdiel,  ^^  faithful 
among  the  faithless."  Gold  will  retain  its  brightness  amid  vapors  that  will 
quickly  tarnish  the  most  highly  polished  brciss.  But  the  tendency  of  a  cor- 
rupt public  sentiment  is  to  corrupt  every  one  who  comes  under  its  influence. 
And  there  have  always  been,  and  are  to-day,  certain  social  circles  so  thor- 
oughly pervaded  with  false  notions,  so  completely  impregnated  with  the 
odors  of  perverted  tastes,  that  no  one  can  habitually  mingle  in  them 
without  the  probability  of  infection.  And  the  spectacle  which  is  presenj 
as  men  of  seeming  moral  soundness  come  into  this  miasmatic  atmosph| 


1869.]  Influence  of  the  Masses  on  Literary  Men.  858 

reminds  one  of  the  scene  depicted  by  Coleridge's  Ancient  Mariner,  when  the 
gaj  ship's  crew  under  full  sail  and  smacking  breeze  (hot  into  that  ^  silent 
sea  "  where  "  the  very  deep  did  rot,"  and 

"  Slimy  things  did  crawl  with  legs 
Upon  the  slimj  sea/' 

And  there  lingering  for  a  time  as  spell-bound,  ^'  without  breath  or  motion  " 
at  last 

"  Four  times  fifty  liring  men, 
With  neyer  sigh  or  groan, 

a  lifeless  Inmp, 
They  dropped  down  one  by  one. 


The  many  men,  so  beantifnl ! 
And  they  all  dead  did  lie  1 " 


But  leaving  the  consideration  of  this  silent  attraction,  which  everywhere 
assimilates  men  unconsciously  to  the  temper  and  character  of  society  about 
them,  let  us  pass  to  another  source  of  influence,  which  always  is  and 
must  be  felt  by  every  educated  man  whose  profession  brings  him  in  contact 
with  the  people.  We  refer  to  the  conscious  necessity  that  literary  an^  pro- 
fessional men  are  under  of  adjusting  themselves  to  the  customs  and  notions 
of  the  people  among  whom  they  live  and  whom  they  seek  to  influence. 

It  is  inevitable  that  men  who  write  or  speak  should  adapt  their  thoughts 
to  the  minds  that  are  to  receive  them.  What  they  will  say,  and  how  they 
yNJ\\  say  it,  depend  very  much  upon  their  idea  of  the  capacity  or  disposi- 
tion of  tlieir  readers  or  hearers  to  apprehend  and  appreciate  their  thoughts. 
There  may  be  some  almost  inspired  men,  whose  minds  are  like  running 
fountains,  that  will  pour  forth  truths  whether  there  are  or  are  not  appre- 
ciative .auditors  to  drink  them  in.  But  these  are  rare,  and  generally  very 
undesirable  exceptions.  A  genuine  soliloquy  is  apt  to  be  a  very  stupid 
utterance.  The  best,  the  most  effective  thoughts,  are  those  that  are  pur- 
posely communicated  to  other  minds.  The  primary  design  of  all  expres- 
sion is  to  convey  thought.  Without  some  instinctive  sense  of  the  presence 
of  other  minds  to  which  his  thought  may  be  conveyed,  it  is  doubtful 
whether  any  one  would  ever  make  use  of  speech  at  all.  Certain  it  is, 
that  our  best  and  most  clearly  expressed  thoughts  are  those  that  are  drawn 
from  us,  like  sparks  from  the  Leyden  jar,  by  the  felt  presence  of  minds  that 
are  themselves  electrified.  What  men  want  to  hear  or  read,  that  very 
tiling  some  thinker  who  divines  the  popular  heart  will  endeavor  to  say.  It 
is  not  the  amount  of  talent  there  is  in  our  educated  men  that  will  deter- 
mine the  number  and  kind  of  books  that  will  be  written,  but  rather  the 
receptivity  of  the  reading  public.  Our  literary  men  will  be  prompted  to 
produce  just  what  they  think  will  be  read  and  applauded.    They  may  mis- 


854  Injluence  of  (lie  Masses  an  Literary  Men,  t^^h 

take  the  real  intellectual  wants  of  the  community,  or  they  may  lack  power 
to  meet  these  wants;  still  this  is  their  aim.  Who  would  write  a  book  if  he 
did  not  believe  it  would  be  read  ?  Where  is  the  orator  that  will  pour  forth 
eloquent  periods  to  empty  benches  ?  Where  is  the  metaphysical  professor 
who  will  enthusiastically  read  his  essay  on  Liberty  and  Necessity,  or  the 
Philosophy  of  the  Conditioned,  to  children  in  the  primary  school ;  or  the 
scientific  lecturer  who  would  patiently  deliver  his  lecture  on  Palasontology 
to  a  wigwam  of  Camanches  ?  Every  educated  man  who  would  produce 
anything  must  have  a  ^  fit  audience,  though  few."  He  must  come  into  con- 
tact with  appreciative  minds.  He  must  feel  that  the  thought  he  expresses 
is  understood  and  felt,  else  he  will  be  likely  to  cease  from  the  expression 
of  his  thought ;  and  when  that  comes  to  pass,  he  will  very  likely  cease  to 
think  at  all.  Cato  before  his  judges  expressed  essentially  the  same  idea 
when  he  said :  '*  How  difficult  is  it  to  defend  one's  self  before  men  with 
whom  he  has  not  lived  !  **  One  must  live  with,  and  have  intellectual  sym- 
pathy with,  those  whom  one  would  influence. 

And  then  there  is  another  influential,  though  not  the  noblest,  reason,  why 
our  educated  men  must  adapt  their  professional  efforts  and  their  literary  pro- 
ductions to  the  capacities  and  wants  of  the  people ;  namely,  because  they  desire 
that  very  acceptable  token  of  popular  appreciation  which  takes  the  form  of 
money.  We  express  our  estimate  of  the  products  of  mental  as  well  as  of 
physical  labor  by  the  amount  of  money  we  pay  for  them.  Lawyers,  doc- 
tors, chemists,  geologists,  teachers,  editors,  and  ministers,  all  have  their 
market  quotation  like  the  farmer's  live  stock  or  the  manufacturer's  goods. 
It  is,  to  be  sure,  very  unpleasant,  somewhat  humiliating  indeed,  that  this 
should  be  so.  We  cannot  help  feeling  thdt  there  is  something  exceedingly 
unseemly  in  weighing  out  professional  or  literary  productions,  as  the  mer- 
chant does  his  groceries,  for  so  much  money.  Think  of  Raphael  and  Michael 
Angelo  deliberately  bartering  their  sublimest  creations  of  art  for  so  many 
Papal  baiocchis,  or  of  Milton  putting  a  book-market  value  of  five  pounds 
upon  the  ^  Paradise  Lost " !  It  reminds  one  of  commercial  dealings  with 
savages,  who  for  a  string  of  beads  would  barter  away  a  gold-mine  or  a 
thousand  acres  of  arable  soil.  Yet  to  just  this  pecuniary  standard  must 
even  the  highest  creation  of  art  and  literature  be  brought.  There  are 
book-dealers  standing  between  the  author  and  the  reading  public  who 
will  tell  us  just  how  many  dollars  a  poem  of  Wliittier  or  a  commentary  of 
Tholuck  is  Worth. 

Now,  it  would  be  futile  to  complain  of  this  state  of  things.  The  humil- 
iating truth  is,  that  men  of  the  highest  and  nobles  tcallings  must  have 
food  and  clothes  and  shelter ;  and  to  obtain  them,  and  other  things  that 
contribute  to  health,  comfort,  enjoyment,  and  tf^efulness,  they  must  have 
money ;  to  obtain  money  they  offer  their  professional  or  literary  talent. 


1869.]  Influence  of  the  Masses  on  Literary  Men,  855 

Not  that  the  poet  would  himself  be  disposed  to  put  a  money  price  upon  his 
poem  or  the  preacher  upon  his  sermon,  but  the  price  is  fixed  bj  others, 
and  he  needs  the  equivalent.  Why  shall  he  not  take  what  is  offered 
as  a  stipend  for  his  support  ?  Still,  'because  men  are  susceptible  to 
worldly  temptations,  and  no  one  despises  money,  educated  men,  as  well 
as  others,  are  very  apt  to  be,  perhaps  excessively,  alive  to  this  kind 
of  popular  appreciation.  Our  favorite  orators,  whose  desire  it  is,  we 
do  not  doubt,  to  enlighten  and  benefit  the  large  audiences  they  address 
during  the  lecture  season,  are  at  the  same  time  not  unwilling  (why 
should  they  be  ?)  to  receive  two  hundred  dollars  per  night  as  an  expres- 
sion of  the  people's  appreciation.  No  doubt  Mrs.  Stowe  and  Dr.  Holmes, 
and  others  of  the  same  class,  have  found  their  desire  to  diffuse  correct 
sentiments  among  the  people  to  be  very  much  stimulated  by  the^offer  of  ten 
dollars,  more  or  less,  per  page  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly.  '^Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin  "  came  from  undoubted  sympathy  with  the  poor  slave,  but  it  might 
never  have  been  written  if  it  had  not  been  for  the  writer's  pressing  need 
of  money  to  relieve  domestic  want.  Money  answereth  all  things.  It  is 
the  equivalent  of  whatever  in  this  world  is  purchasable.  Why,  then,  may 
not  any  one  legitimately  desire  to  get  all  he  can,  if  so  be  he  defrauds  or 
impoverishes  no  one  ?  Let  it  be  borne  in  mind  just  here,  that  in  our  coun- 
try the  people^  not  kings  and  aristocracies,  are  the  patrons  of  our  educated 
and  professional  men.  Here  the  successful  orator  must  speak,  the  success- 
ful author  must  write,  the  successful  statesman  must  frame  legislative 
enactments  in  such  a  manner  as  to  please,  not  princes  or  savans  or  critical 
reviewers,  but  the  people.  Their  arena  is  not  the  drawing-room  of  a 
regal  court,  or  the  round-table  of  a  literary  club-room,  but  the  open  area, 
where  they  are  exposed  to  the  public  gaze.  Here,  as  in  old  Athens,  the 
people  vote  the*  crown. 

Literature,  science,  art,  and  all  kinds  of  professional  talent  being  thus 
dependent  upon  the  people's  patronage,  it  follows  as  a  matter  of  course 
that,  in  the  productions  of  these  various  departments  of  mind,  we  are  likely 
to  have  measured  out  to  us  the  standard  of  popular  cultivation  and  taste. 
In  the  literature  of  a  nation  we  have  reflected  the  national  mind ;  and  by 
the  nation's  literature  we  mean,  not  the  dust-covered  tomes  of  our  libraries, 
which  the  people  never  take  down  and  read,  but  those  soiled  and  dog-eared 
volumes  which  we  find  in  the  homes  of  the  people.  Now,  the  chief  reason 
why  in  these  days  we  may  find  reckless  story-telling  newspapers  filled  with 
minutest  details  of  murders,  robberies,  and  rapes,  sensational  novels  dis- 
guised as  Sabbath-school  books,  and  the  weakest  magazines  as  numerous 
as  the  frogs  of  Egypt,  (and  far  more  filthy  and  pestilent,)  in  the  very  bed- 
chambers and  kneading-trgughs  of  our  American  homes,  is  not  so  much  be- 
cause our  literary  men  and  women  prefer  to  produce  such  a  literature,  as 


856  Influence  of  (he  Masses  on  Literary  Men.  [July, 

because  the  people  want  it.  Authors  will  write  and  publishers  will  print 
what  will  ^  sell"  There  is  many  an  able  writer  who  would  to-day  be  de- 
voting a  cultured  intellect  to  the  production  of  books  that  would  really 
feed  and  strengthen  the  popular  mind  if  such  books  were  demanded, 
but  instead  of  this  are  spending  their  time  in  manufacturing  ornamented 
literary  sugar-plums.  Our  authors  have  very  naturally  an  eager  desire  to 
be  immediately  read.  They  have  an  instinctive  impression  that  if  their 
productions  are  not  bought  and  read  within  a  year,  they  never  will  be ; 
for  literature  with  us  is  coming  to  consist  more  and  more  of  gaudy  and 
luxuriant  but  fragile  annuals,  and  less  and  less  of  hardy,  symmetrica], 
graceful,  towering  trees  that  outlive  generations.  The  highest  ambition  of 
our  literary  men  seems  to  be  satisfied  with  a  mere  transient  name  and  in- 
fluence. Their  aim  is  to '^' serve  the  present  age  ^  only,  it  seems  far 
more  desirable  to  get  the  momentary  attention  of  the  million  than  to  pro- 
duce able,  elaborate  works  that  will  be  appreciated  years  or  ages  hence. 
Hence,  some  of  our  best  minds  are  spending  themselves  in  spinning  out 
their  slender  thoughts  into  ephemeral  newspaper  articles.  It  is  right,  to  be 
sure,  and  very  desirable,  to  get  the  popular  attention.  It  is  very  pleasant, 
too,  to  have  one's  opinions  disseminated  by  means  of  a  widely  circulated 
newspaper ;  but  it  would  seem  as  though  this  pleasure  ought  to  be  somewhat 
diminished,  if,  in  order  to  obtain  it,  one  must  allow  himself  to  be  adver* 
tised  by  Bonner,  or  serve  as  a  string  (perchance  tail)  to  the  kite  of  some 
egotistic  editorial  upstart. 

There  are  among  us  some  able  men,  who,  without  popular  celebrity,  are 
patiently  toiling  in  the  various  departments  of  science  and  theology,  and 
bringing  to  light  facts  and  principles  that  are  of  permanent  worth. 
But  the  provision  which  is  made  for  the  support  and  encouragement  of 
such  scholars  in  our  country  is  not  sufficient  to  secure  large  results.  Oor 
men  of  learning  do  not  liave  the  leisure  for  study  which  is  generously  af- 
forded by  governmental  patronage  and  by  large  university  endowments  in 
the  Old  World.  Most  of  them,  in  order  to  earn  their  bread,  must  spend  their 
time  in  efforts  that  will  be  immediately  appreciated  and  paid  for  by  the 
people  who  have,  and  can  be  expected  to  have,  no  present  interest  in  such 
matters  as  Arabic  or  Sanscrit  philology,  the  discovery  of  ancient  maoo- 
scripts  or  of  relics  of  the  Stone  Age  in  Swiss  lake  dwellings.  For  but  few 
men  of  wealth  in  our  country  have,  like  Williston  and  Cornell,  found  out 
(as  it  is  to  be  hoped  they  will)  that  it  is  wiser  and  more  satisfying  to  in- 
vest their  money,  in  institutions  of  learning  than  to  bury  fortunes  in  pala- 
tial residences,  and  forever  hide  away  in  the  diamond  jewelry  of  a  wife 
or  daughter  more  wealth  than  would  be  needed  to  endow  a  college  profe»* 
sorship.  Here  it  is  we  find  the  great  reason  why,  for  the  presenf,  we  mast  be 
content  to  borrow  the  results  of  the  profounder  researches  of  German  and 


1869.]         Influence  of  the  Masses  on  Literary  Men.  857 

/British  scholars.  The  masses  of  the  people  are  the  patrons  of  our  edu- 
cated men,  and  the  people  do  not  and  cannot  value  at  its  real  worth  the 
precious  ore  of  sound  learning. 

In  the  sphere  of  oratory  there  is  less  to  fear  from  the  reflex  influence  of 
the  popular  mind,  hut  baneful  effects  from  the  same  cause  are  here  quite 
too  palpable.  The  stump  orator  who  harangues  the  crowd,  knowing  as  he 
instinctively  does  the  tastes  of  his  hearers,  will  be  very  ready  to  nlay  the 
buffoon,  and  interlard  his  rhetoric  with  slang  phrases  and  vulgar  stories  to 
evoke  laughter  or  to  gain  his  cause ;  and  in  so  doing  he  is  corrupting  his 
own  taste  and  morals  fts  much  as  he  is  those  of  the  people.  The  lyceum 
lecturer  must  needs  be  popular,  or  he  might  better  stay  at  home,  and  there- 
fore he  must  learn  how  to  amuse  his  audience  with  anecdote  and  wit,  or 
else  he  must  make  the  vulgar  gape  at  some  astonishing  rhetorical  flight. 

"  After  all,"  says  Hawthorne  (commenting  on  some  of  his  own  oratorical 
experiences  while  Consul  at  Liverpool),  —  ^  after  all,  it  must  be  a  remark- 
ably true  man  who  can  keep  his  own  elevated  conception  of  truth,  when  the 
lower  feeling  of  a  multitude  is  assailing  his  natural  sympathies,  and  who 
can  speak  out  frankly  the  best  that  there  is  in  him,  when,  adulterating  it  a 
little  or  a  good  deal,  he  knows  he  may  make  it  ten  times  more  acceptable 
to' the  audience." 

The  same  influence  affects  the  pulpit  The  perverted  taste  of  the  people 
in  the  pews  is  too  oflen  exactly  reflected  in  the  thought  and  style  of  the 
preacher.  There  is  not  a  more  fruitful  source  of  vapid  pulpit  rhetoric  than 
that  unhealthy  state  of  the  popul^  mind  which  seems  often  to  demand  it. 
How  often  are  men  of  good  sense  and  simple  piety  pained  at  seeing  the 
multitudes  crowd  the  church  where  some  clerical  mountebank  entertains  his 
audience  on  a  Sabbath  morning  with  a  charming  flow,  of  words,  with  a  lit- 
tle pleasant  imagery,  an  abundance  of  pretty  sentiment,  an  occasional  spicy 
oddity,  but  with  no  weighty,  instructive,  stirring  truth.  There  is  certainly 
a  large  demand  in  some  quarters  for  very  poor  preaching.  And  in  trying 
to  meet  this  demand,  how  natural  that  the  ministry  t^hould  degrade  both 
themselves  and  their  sacred  calling.  ^ 

And  yet  there  is  a  plausible  excuse  for  the  clergyman  who  resorts  to 
popular  expedients  in  order  to  attract  the  crowd.  If  it  be  his  duty  to 
preach,  must  he  not  be  called  ?  And  if  it  be  necessary  that  he  should 
make  himself  so  acceptable  that  a  congregation  will  invite  him  to  preach 
and  support  him  in  his  office,  must  he  not  conform  to  their  tastes  ?  Like 
the  great  exemplar  of  the  highest  pulpit  eloquence,  must  he  not  sometimes, 
in  order  to  get  the  attendance  and  the  ears  of  his  people,  and  that  he  may 
save  Bome  by  the  **  foolishness  of  preaching,"  '*  become  all  things  to  all 
men"?  And  who  shall  blame  him  if,  in  order  to  gain  the  weak,  he  literally 
make  himMlf  weak  ?    There  is  force  in  this  plea.    The  false  standard 


f 

4 
t 


858  Influence  of  the  Masses  an  lAterary  Men.  [Julj, 

of  criticism  which  prevails  in  our  churches  has  almost  necessitated  a 
faulty  style  m  the  pulpit  Without  stopping  here  to  inquire  how 
far  the  pulpit  itself  is  responsible  for  this  false  taste,  we  will  only 
say  that,  if  thoughtfulness  and  good  sense  and  true  piety  were  in  the 
ascendency  in  our  churches,  then  would  simple,  plain,  earnest,  weighty, 
pungent  preaching  be  heard  in  the  pulpits.  There  are  men  enough  in  oar 
countr3^whoare  able  to  meet  thb  healthy  want  just  so  soon  as  such  a  want 
shall  become  generally  felt.  The  rise  of  true  pulpit  eloquence  will  be  co- 
incident with  the  improvement  of  the  popular  mind  and  heart  But  how 
this  improvement  is  ever  to  be  secured,  how  a  debauched  public  taste  can 
ever  regain  its  tone  while  feeding  still  on  the  unhealthy  literature  which 
authors  and  publishers  are  too  eager  to  furnish,  it  is  difficult  to  conjecture. 
Especially  discouraging  is  the  prospect  when  we  see  how  much  the  Sunday 
reading  and  study  of  the  Bible  are  supplanted  by  Sabbath-school  story- 
books, and  we  behold  in  consequence  a  generation  of  children  growing 
up  in  utter  innocence  of  any  thorough  knowledge  of  either  catechism  or 
Scripture. 

But  we  have  dwelt  too  long  upon  this  side  of  our  theme.  Our  remarks 
thus  far  may  seem  to  show  a  disposition  to  disparage  the  popular  mind. 
This  is  far  from  our  real  intent  TVe  have  the  profoundest  respect  for  that 
substratum  of  good  Saxon  sense  which,  beneath  all  these  false  and  frivo- 
lous tastes  and  notions,  to  which  allusion  has  been  made,  is  truly  character- 
istic of  our  American  people.  We  mayjiot  be  able  easily  to  reconcile  the 
two  facts,  yet  both  exist  While,  as  we  have  painful  evidence,  there  is 
a  popular  love  of  unsubstantial  shows  and  shams,  there  is  also  in  the  same 
people  an  underlying  moral  conviction,  a  sense  of  that  which  is  true  and 
good,  which  in  the  end  will  make  itself  felt  in  spite  of  folly.  And  if  edu- 
cated men  would  not  allow  themselves  to  be  so  much  attracted  to  and 
occupied  with  these  false  tastes  of  the  masses,  and,  with  bold  confidence  in 
the  popular  heart,  would  strike  at  once  at  these  deep,  permanent  convic- 
tions, they  would  no  doubt  always  awaken  a  most  encouraging  response. 
A  rock  may  seem  a  very  unlikely  place  for  a  fountain,  but  when  Moses, 
with  an  arm  invigorated  by  faith,  smites  it  with  his  rod,  quickly  you  shall 
see  the  waters  gush  forth.  Man  is  depraved,  but  he  is  not  destitute  of  con- 
victions of  truth  and  duty.  He  may  be  naturally  inclined  to  choose  the 
worse,  but  he  has  a  reason  and  conscience  that  cause  him  to  approve 
the  better.  He  may  not  love  the  truth ;  but  he  will  respect  him  who 
boldly  utters  it  in  his  ears  without  compromise  or  fear.  The  appar- 
ent indifference  which  the  people  sometimes  manifest  to  t^at  which  is 
right  and  'good  betokens  the  temporary  sway  of  passion  rather  than  a 
lack    of  deep,    underlying    connections.     The    waves    upon    the    river 


\ 


1869.]  Injbience  of  the  Masses  on  Literary  Men.  869 

often  run  against  the  stream.  The  politician,  or  the  preacher,  or  the 
reformer,  will  seem  to  succeed  most  rapidly  in  his  purposes  by  trimming 
his  sails  so  as  to  catch  the  surface  breeze ;  but  it  were  better  to  trust 
himself  to  the  deeper  current.  A  Douglas  may  seem  to  be  riding  most 
prosperously  on  the  top-wave  of  popular  favor  to  immediate  preferment ; 
bat  he  who,  like  our  revered  Lincoln,  confides  in  the  conscience  and  com- 
mon sense  of  the  people  will  at  length  be  lifted  by  a  tide  that,  slowly 
perhaps,  yet  surely,  will  either  bear  him  on  to  power  or  else  certainly  to 
posthumous  renown. 

Will  not  history,  rightly  studied,  teach  us  that  the  power  of  the  ablest 
educators  and  leaders  of  the  masses  always  has  been  the  result  of  a  clear 
apprehension,  a  deep  sense  of,  and  a  warm  response  to  what  we  may  call 
the  popular  heart  ?  Coming  into  close  contact  with  this,  their  own  souls 
have  caught  a  strengthening  influence,  even  as  Antaeus  was  always  strong 
80  long  as  he  was  in  contact  with  his  kindred  earth.  These  leaders,  seem- 
ingly in  advance  of  the  people,  are,  af\er  all,  but  standard-bearers  of  an  ad- 
vancing host.  They  are  but  the  interpreters  of  a  popular  want,  felty  but 
perhaps  not  hitherto  uttered.  And  so,  on  the  other  hand,  many  a  dema- 
gogue and  usurper  has  succeeded  only  because  he  has  been  borne  along 
by  the  felt  power  of  a  people  already  gravitating  towards  slavish  sub- 
mission. Cffisar  became  Emperor  because  Rome  was  no  more  Rome. 
Napoleon  the  Third  never  would  have  dared  to  usurp  the  imperial  throne, 
upon  which  he  has  sat  so  long  and  so  securely,  if  he  had  not  felt  in  him 
the  spirit  of  the  French  nation,  that  was  not  prepared  for  self-govern- 
ment, and  really  wanted  an  iron-willed  Napoleonic  master  rather  than  a 
Constitutional  President.  And  because  the  same  nation  was  not  a  na- 
tion of  Americans,  therefore  it  was  that  if,  (as  he  is  reported  to  have  said 
at  St.  Helena,)  Napoleon  the  First  had  imitated  Washington,  he  would 
have  been  guilty  of  mere  silliness.  "  All  that  I  could  strive  for,*'  said  he, 
**  was  to  be  a  crowned  Washington." 

Such  is  human  nature,  such  the  social  bond  that  unites  us,  that  men 
must  need  move  in  masses.  No  man  who  is  isolated  from  society  can  be 
either  an  influential  or  indeed  truly  a  great  man.  That  member  of  the 
social  body  into  which  the  warm  currents  of  sympathy  and  humanity  do 
not  flow  will  soon  become  withered.  Only  let  us  take  care  to  what  kind 
of  a  people  we  become  attached,  and  what  kind  of  an  influence  we  feel. 

The  salvation  of  our  nation  in  our  late  crisis  was  due  principally,  with 
the  blessing  of  Divine  Providence,  to  the  fact  that  there  were  integrity, 
love  of  justice,  hatred  of  slavery,  and  some  measure  of  Christian  faith  in 
the  national  heart.  We  shall  maintain  our  liberty  and  our  prosperity  just 
so  long,  and  only  so  long,  as  the  people  retain  this  moral  life. 

This  Puritanism  —  for  we  can  find  no  better  name  for  it  —  this  Puritdn' 

NEW  SERIES.  —  VOL.  I.  NO.  3.  25 


860  Influence  of  the  Masses  on  Literary  Men.  [Jnljy 

ism  of  our  common  people  is  that  which  has  given  vitality  to  our  institu- 
tions of  learning,  and  has  been  the  real  pn^nitor  of  our  best  educated  and 
ablest  men.  Thanks  to  our  Pilgrim  Fathers,  thanks  to  our  common-school 
education,  thanks  to  our  free,  untrammelled  Christian  faith,  thanks  to  the 
homes  of  sobriety,  industry,  and  intelligence,  in  which  so  many  have  gained 
their  love  of  the  true  and  the  good, — for  it  is  here,  in  the  midst  of  these  so- 
cial influences,  that  our  best  men  have  continually  taken  an  inspiration  that 
has  breathed  into  them  the  animus  of  their  noblest  purposes  and  efforts. 
Bulwer  says  of  that  remarkable  people,  the  ancient  Greeks,  that  ^'  Aris- 
totle unconsciously  individualized  them  when  he  laid  down  as  a  general 
proposition,  which  nowhere  else  can  be  received  as  a  truism,  that  the  common 
people  are  the  most  exquisite  judges  of  whatever  is  graceful,  harmonious, 
and  sublime.''  Our  people  are  not  and  never  may  be  possessed  of  that 
sesthetic  culture  which  characterized  the  citizens  of  ancient  Athens.  Prob- 
ably artists,  poets,  and  orators  here  will  never  catch  from  this  sesthetic 
appreciativeness  of  the  masses  that  stimulus  which  did  so  much  towards 
creating  the  leaders  of  Grecian  thought,  but  we  may  hope  that  our  countiy- 
men  will  have  a  far  higher  and  better  moral  and  religious  culture,  and,  it 
may  be  (let  us  hopefully  labor  for  it),  that  they  will  yet  become  so  intelli- 
gent, so  cultured,  as  well  as  Christianized,  that  hereafter  it  will  be  neces- 
sary that  the  leaders  of  the  people,  our  professional  men,  shall  themselves 
have  a  higher  ideal  and  a  completer  development.  *'  We  must  see  to  it  now," 
said  Mr.  Lowe,  in  the  British  Parliament  (after  the  passage  of  the  bill 
extending  the  franchise),  ^'  that  our  future  masters  shall  have  learned  the 
alphabet."  A  most  pregnant  remark,  and  very  pertinent  in  its  applica- 
tion here  as  well  as  there.  In  an  important  sense  the  people  are  here  the 
masters,  the  controllers, —  not  of  political  affairs  only,  but  of  the  republic 
of  letters  as  weU. 

If  our  purpose  were  only  to  promote  the  interests  of  an  elevated  Chris- 
tian literature  in  our  country  we  should  be  obliged,  in  order  to  do  this,  to 
make  the  people  capable  of  appreciating  it.  As  a  nation  must  be  civilized 
80  as  to  feel  the  need  of  various  articles  of  skill  before  manufactories  will 
produce  them,  so  must  the  common  people  be  made  capable  of  comprehend- 
ing the  higher  forms  of  truth  in  poetry,  science,  and  theology  before  these 
truths  will  be  widely  uttered.  To  make  the  people  appreciative  of  the 
beautiful,  the  true,  and  the  good,  is  the  great  work  to  which  our  educators 
at  the  present  time  are  called.  This  is  the  high  mission  of  mothers  and  of 
teachers  in  Sabbath  schools  as  well  as  in  our  common  schools.  This  ought 
to  be  the  aim  of  the  literature  which  is  prepared  for  the  young.  When  a 
purer  and  better  popular  education  prevails  there  will  be  a  higher  culture 
and  a  nobler  aim  (where  there  is  so  much  need  of  it)  in  our  educated 
men. 


f 
\ 


1869.}  A  Puritan  Catechism  and  its  Author.  S61 


A  PURITAN  CATECHISM  AND  ITS  AUTHOR. 

There  is  a  beautiful  road  in  Essex  County,  of  this  State,  beginning  in 
the  old  town  of  Rowley,  winding  through  thickets  and  over  salt  marshes, 
with  lo\«ly  views  to  the  right  hand  and  the  left,  crossing  the  Parker  River, 
rising  upon  a  ridge  of  fertile  upland  that  for  two  miles  commands  a  fine 
view  of  the  sea,  then  becoming  High  Street,  in  the  goodly  town  of  New- 
buryport,  lined  with  the  stately  mansions  of  sixty  years  ago,  coming  out  at 
last  upon  the  hills  of  the  Merrimack,  and  rolling  over  them  for  fifteen  or 
twenty  miles  further,  in  almost  continual  view  of  that  graceful  river.  If 
the  traveller  on  this  road  will  turn  off  to  the  left  just  before  he  reaches  the 
meeting-house  and  old  burial-ground  in  "  Oldtown,"  he  will  have  before  him, 
on  his  left  hand,  an  ancient  house,  still  in  excellent  repair,  standing  with  its 
end  to  the  road  and  its  front-door  looking  towards  him,  partly  shaded  by  an 
elm-tree.  That  house  was  built  by  Rev.  James  Notes,  "  Teacher  "  of  the 
church  in  Newbury,  more  than  two  hundred  years  ago.  It  is  in  too  good 
condition;  for  the  diamond-paned  windows  have  disappeared,  and  other 
changes  have  been  made  within ;  yet  it  is  substantially  the  same  house 
as  of  old.  Though  a  new  fireplace  has  been  built  within  the  one  whose 
light  gladdened  the  faces  of  its  builder  and  his  nine  sons  and  daughters, 
still  the  expanse  of  the  other  is  easily  measured,  and  its  mighty  mantel-tree 
of  solid  oak  is  almost  as  fresh  and  free  from  stain  as  when  laid.  A  be- 
nignant old  man  will  welcome  the  visitor,  with  the  true  flavor  of  the  old- 
time  courtesy.  The  virtues  of  the  fathers  still  live  in  the  places  that  knew 
them^nd  that  have  not  forgotten. 

Rev.  James  Notes  was  born  at  Chaldrington  (otherwise  given  as 
Cboulderton),  in  Wiltshire,  in  the  year  1608.  His  father.  Rev.  William 
Noyes,  was  rector  there,  and  appears  to  have  been  a  man  of  learning! 
His  mother  was  sister  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Parker,  whom  Cotton  Mather 
describes  as,  "without  any  ungrateful  comparisons,  one  of  the  greatest 
scholars  in  the  English  nation,"  the  author  of  learned  books,*  and,  "  in 
some  sort,  the  Father  of  all  the  Non- Conformists  in  our  age."  Thomas 
Parker,  son  of  Robert,  was  under  the  tuition  of  Rev.  William  Noyes,  in 
preparation  for  the  University  of  Oxford  ;  and  himself  rendered  a  similar 
service  to  James  Noyes,  whom  he  afterwards  called  from  Brazen  Nose 
College  to  become  his  colleague  in  a  "  free  school  at  Newbury,"  in  Eng- 
land. The  cousins  taught  this  school  together,  until  they  came  to  New 
England  in  1634. 

*  Among  them  a  book  "De  Politica  Ecclesiastica/'  and  "A  Discourse  against 
symbolizing  with  Anti-Christ  in  Ceremonies,  especially  in  the  Sign  of  the  Cross." 


362  A  Puritan  Catechism  and  iU  Author.  [Jnij? 

Mr.  Nojes  was  converted  in  his  youth,  under  the  ministry  of  Dr.  Twiss 
and  Mr.  Thomas  Parker,  and  bore  a  character  in  his  early  years  ^Tor 
piety  and  virtue.*'  It  is  interesting  to  read,  that,  while  ^  at  sea,  Mr.  Parker 
and  Mr.  Noyes  preached  or  expounded,  one  in  the  forenoon,  the  other  in 
the  afternoon,  every  day  during  the  voyage,  unless  some  extraordinary 
thing  intervened ;  and  were  abundant  in  prayer."  The  two  friends  were 
separated  for  a  short  season  afler  their  arrival,  Mr.  Parker  preaching  at 
Ipswich  and  Mr.  Noyes  at  ^  Mistick'* ;  but  were  afterwards  united  for  life 
in  the  joint  care  of  the  church  founded  on  the  banks  of  Parker  River,  in  the 
town  of  Newbury.  Of  this  church  Mr.  Parker  was  chosen  pastor  and  Mr. 
Noyes  teacher.  There,  after  a  ministry  of  more  than  twenty  years,  Mr. 
Noyes  died,  on  the  22d  of  October,  1656,  and  in  the  forty-eighth  year  of 
his  age. 

His  biographer  in  the  ^Magnalia,"  Rev.  Nicholas  Noyes,  of  Salem, 
writing  in  1702,  says  of  him :  ^  He  was  as  religious  at  home  as  abroad, 
in  his  family  and  in  secret  as  he  was  publicly ;  and  they  that  best  knew 
him  most  loved  and  esteemed  him.  Mr.  Parker  and  he  kept  a  private 
feast  once  a  month,  so  long  as  they  lived  together.*' 

Very  beautiful  was  the  friendship  which  joined  these  two  cousins  and 
fellow-workers  in  life-long  union.  The  brief  record  of  their  love  which 
has  come  down  to  us  is  calculated  to  awaken  a  renewed  sense  of  the  absur- 
dity of  the  representations  of  Puritan  life  and  manners  current  for  the  first 
half  of  this  century.  About  the  time  that  a  portion  of  the  New  England 
people  fell  away  into  the  so-called  ^  Liberal  *'  religion  it  was  discovered 
that  the  fathers  were  narrow  and  hard ;  and  from  that  time  to  this,  the  lit- 
erature cast  in  these  most  illiberal  ^^  Liberal "  moulds  has  delighted  to  paint 
the  New  England  fathers  in  gloomy  colors.  To  read  some  of  its  repre- 
sentations you  would  hardly  suppose  them  human.  They  are  set  forth  as 
an  exceptional  race.  Though  in  their  treatment  of  the  witch  mediums  of 
,the  day  they  were  more  cautious  of  justice  than  any  other  people  of  their 
time,  and  got  over  their  erroneous  beliefs  far  in  advance  of  their  age,  —  if 
not  of  ours,  — and  with  comparatively  a  small  sacrifice  of  life,  they  have 
had  to  bear  for  these  long  years  a  blackened  reputation  for  superstition 
and  cruelty,  put  upon  them  by  their  more  narrow-minded  sons. 

It  is  pleasant,  therefore,  to  read  the  testimony  of  one  who  was  personally 
acquainted  with  some  of  them,  and  was  in* a  situation  to  know  all  about 
them. 

"  There  was  the  greatest  amity,"  says  this  writer,  "  intimacy,  unanimity, 
yea,  unity  imaginable  between  them.  So  unshaken  was  their  friendship, 
nothing  but  death  was  able  to  part  them.  They  taught  in  one  school, 
came  over  in  one  ship,  were  pastor  and  teacher  of  one  church,  and,  Mr. 
Parker  continuing  always  in  celibacy,  they  lived  in  one  house  till  death 


1869.]  A  Puritan  Catechism  and  its  Author.  868 

separated  them  for  a  time  ;  but  thej  are  both  now  together  m  one  heavenj 
as  they  that  best  knew  them  have  all  possible  reason  to  be  persuaded." 

^  Mr.  Parker  continued  in  his  house  as  long  as  he  lived ;  and  as  he 
received  a  great  deal  of  kindness  and  respect  there,  so  he  showed  a  great 
deal  of  kindness  in  the  educating  of  his  children,  and  was  very  liberal  to 
that  family  during  his  life  and  at  his  death.  He  never  forgot  the  old 
friendship,  but  showed  kindness  to  the  dead  in  showing  kindness  to  the 
living." 

The  reader  is  pleased  to  be  further  told  that "  Mr.  Parker  and  Noyes 
were  excellent  singers,  both  of  them,  and  were  extraordinary  delighted. in 
singing  of  psalms.  They  sang  four  times  a  day  in  the  public  worship,  and 
always  just  after  evening  prayer  in  the  family,  where  reading  the  Scripture, 
expounding,  and  praying  were  the  other  constant  exercises." 

Mr.  Noyes  "  was  very  much  loved  and  honored  in  Newbury ;  his  memory 
is  precious  there  to  this  day ;  and  his  Catechism  (which  is  a  public  and 
standing  testimony  of  his  understanding  and  orthodoxy  in  the  principles  of 
religion)  is  publicly  and  privately  used  in  that  church  and  town  hitherto." 

'*  He  was  very  well  learned  in  the  tongues,  and  in  Greek  excelled 
most.  He  was  much  read  in  the  fathers  and  schoolmen,  and  he  was  much 
esteemed  by  his  brethren."  Twice,  during  the  threatening  times  of  the 
Antinomian  controversy,  was  he  called  upon  by  Bev.  Mr.  Wilson,  of  Bos- 
ton, to  preach  on  that  theme.  Though  he  differed  from  the  majority  of  the 
clergy  and  laity  of  his  day  in  his  theory  of  church  polity,  inclining  to  give 
more  power  to  the  ministry  and  less  to  the  people  than  was  agreeable  to 
the  general  view,  yet  he  carried  himself  ever  with  so  much  charity  that 
those  who  most  differed  from  him  held  him,  nevertheless,  in  high  esteem. 

We  conclude  this  notice  with  the  testimony  of  his  colleague,  Rev.  Thomas 
Parker,  to  his  rare  ability  and  worth. 

"  Mr.  James  Noyes,  my  worthy  colleague  in  the  ministry  of  the  gospel,  was  a 
man  of  singular  qualiOcations,  in  piety  excelling,  an  implacable  enemy  to  all 
heresie  and  schism,  and  a  most  able  warriour  against  the  same.  He  was  of  a 
reaching  and  ready  appreheDsion,  a  large  invention,  a  most  profound  judgment,  a 
rare  and  tenacious  and  comprehensive  memor}',  fixed  and  unmovable  in  bis 
grounded  conceptions ;  sure  in  words  and  speech  without  rashness  ;  gentle  and 
mild  in  all  his  expressions,  without  all  passion  or  provoking  language.  And  as  he 
was  ^  notable  disputant,  so  he  never  would  provoke  his  adversary,  saving  by  the 
short  knocks  and  heavy  weight  of  argument.  He  was  of  so  loving,  and  compas- 
sionate, and  bumble  carriage,  that  I  believe  never  were  any  acquainted  with  him 
but  did  desire  the  continuance  of  his  society  and  acquiuntance.  He  was  resolute 
for  truth,  and  in  defence  thereof  had  no  respect  to  any  persons.  He  was  a  most 
excellent  counsellor  in  doubts,  and  could  strike  at  an  bairns  breadth,  like  the  Ben^ 
jamites,  and  expedite  the  entangled  out  of  the  briars.  He  was  courageous  in 
dangers,  and  still  was  apt  to  believe  the  best,  and  made  fair  weather  in  a  storm. 


864  A  Puritan  Catechism  and  its  Author.  [Jnlj, 

He  was  much  honored  and  esteemed  in  the  country,  and  his  death  was  mach  be- 
wailed.   I  think  he  maj  be  reckoned  among  the  greatest  worthies  of  the  age."  * 

Such  was  the  man  who  prepared  the  Catechism  which  we  here  lay  before 

our  reader8.t 

A  SHORT  CATECHISM 

COlfPOSED    BY    BfR.    JAMBS    NOTES,    LATE    TEACHER    OF    THE    CHUBCH    OF 
CHRIST    IN    NEWBURT,    IN    NEW    ENGLAND.       FOR    THE    USE 

OF    THE    CHILDREN    THERE. 

Question*    How  do  the  Scriptures  prove  themselves  to  be  tnie  ? 

Answer,  Bj  the  holiness  of  the  matter,  by  the  majesty  of  the  style,  by  the  ac- 
complishment of  the  Prophesies,  by  the  efficacy  of  their  power  on  the  hearts  of 
men,  besides  the  Holy  Ghost  beareth  witness,  helping  us  to  discern  the  tmth  of 
them.  (John  vii.  46  ;  xiv.  29.  1  John  ii.  20.  2  Tim.  ii.  16,  17.  Bom.  xvL  26; 
X.  9.     1  John  Y.  1.    John  xvii.  2.    Acts  viii.  87.)  ' 

Q,    What  is  the  sum  of  the  Scriptures  ? 

A.    A  Doctrine  of  a  godly  life. 

Q.    Wherein  consists  a  godly  life  ? 

A,    In  the  obedience  of  Faith.     (John  vi..40.) 

Q.    What  is  Faith  ? 

A,  Faith  is  an  effectual  assent  to  the  Doctrine  of  the  Scriptures,  especially 
concerning  the  Grace  of  God  in  Christ.     (1  John  iv.  15 ;  iii.  6.) 

Q.    What  doth  the  Scripture  reveal  concerning  God  ? 

A,    His  Nature,  and  hb  Acts. 

Q.    What  is  revealed  concerning  his  Nature  ? 

A,    His  Essence,  and  his  Persons. 

Q.    How  is  the  Essence  of  God  made  manifest  ? 

A,    By  his  Names,  and  Attributes. 

Q.    What  are  his  Attributes  ? 

A,  His  Independency,  Unity,  Immutability,  Eternity,  Infiniteness,  Omni- 
presence, Omnipotency,  Wisdom,  Omnisciency,  Holiness,  Blessedness,  Soveraign- 
ty.  Goodness,  Mercy,  Meekness,  Clemency,  Justice  and  Verity. 

Q.    How  many  Persons  are  there  in  the  Godhead  ? 

A,  Three,  Father,  Son,  and  Holy-Ghost ;  and  every  one  of  these  is  God,  and 
yet  there  is  but  One  God.     (1  John  v.  7.    Matt,  xxviii.  19.) 

Q.     How  many  fold  are  the  acts  of  God  ? 

A,    Twofold,  eternal  and  temporal.    (2  Cor.  xiiL  14.) 

Q.    What  are  the  eternal  acts  of  God  ? 

A.    His  Decrees.     (Job  i.  1.) 

Q.     How  many  fold  are  his  Decrees  ? 

A.    Twofold,  general  and  particular.     (Acts  v.  3,  4.    1  Cor.  viiL  6.) 

Q.    What  is  the  general  Decree  of  God  ? 

A,  An  eternal  act  of  God,  whereby  he  did  determine  to  make  the  World,  and 
dispose  of  all  things  therein. 

Q.    What  are^the  particular  Decrees  of  God  ? 

*  Magnalia.  t  See  History  of  Newbury,  pp.  287-291. 


1869.]  A  Pvrita.n  CateeUtm  and  itt  Avthor.  865 

A.    Election  and  Reprobation. 

Q.    What  it  Election  ? 

A.  An  sternal  act  of  God,  whorebjhe  did  deteTmine  to  glorifiehiBwelf  innT- 
inga  certain  number  of  persons  through  Faith  in  Chrigt.     (f^h.  i.  4-6.) 

Q.     What  ia  Reprobation  ? 

A.  An  eternal  act  of  God,  ifherehj'  he  did  determine  to  glorifie  binnelf  in 
condemning  a  certain  number  of  perwni  for  their  aina.  (Bom.  ix.  S3.  1  Pet.  ii. 
8.    JudeiT.) 

Q.    Wbat  ar«  tLe  Temporal  acta  of  God  ? 

A.    Creation,  Preeervation  and  Government. 

Q.     How  many  fold  is  bis  Government  ? 

A.     Twofold  :  general  and  special. 

Q.     Wbat  ia  the  general  Government  ? 

A.  A  temporal  act  of  God,  whereby  be  doth  dispose  of  all  craatnrea  according 
to  a  general  Providence.     (Matt  i.  29,  SO.     Acta  zvu.  28.) 

Q.     What  is  the  special  Government  of  God  ? 

A .  A  temporal  act  of  God,  whereby  he  dotb  dltpoM  of  the  rwaonable  erealnre 
according  to  a  special  Covenant.     (Jer.  xxxi,  31,  3!.) 

Q.     How  many  Covenants  hath  God  made  with  man  ? 

A.    Two :  The  Covenant  of  the  Law  and  the  Covenant  of  the  Gospel. 

Q.    Wbat  is  the  Covenant  of  the  Law? 

A.    A  promise  of  Life  on  perfect  and  personal  Obedience.    (Gal.  iii.  II,  12.) 

Q.     What  is  the  Covenant  of  the  Gospel  ? 

A.    A  promise  of  Life  upon  Faith  in  Christ    (Mark  xvi.  16.) 

Q.     What  is  the  Occasion  of  the  Covenant  of  the  Gospel  ? 

A.     aSam's  Sin,     (Rom.  v.  1  J.) 

Q.     What  is  Sin  ? 

A.     A  breach  of  Code  Ijiw,     (iJohn  iii.  4.)  ' 

Q.     How  many  kinds  of  Sin  are  there  7 

A.     Two  ;  Original  and  Actual. 

Q.     What  is  Original  Sin  7 

A.     A  Being  contrary  to  Gods  Law.     (Eph.  iv,  22,)' 

Q.     What  is  Actual  Sin  7 

A.     A  Doing  contrary  to  Gods  I^w.     (Rom.  vii.  23.     1  John  iii.  4.) 

Q.    What  are  the  eSeuls  of  Sin  ? 

A.    Guilt  and  Punishment 

Q.    What  is  Guilt  7 

A.    A  liableness  to  Punishment    (Rom.  iii.  10,23.) 

Q.    Wbat  is  Punishment  ? 

A.  An  infliction  of  evil  for  Sin ;  namely,  Death  temponl  and  eternal. 
(Rom.  V.  12;  vi.  23.) 

Q.    How  may  we  escape  eternal  Death  7 

A.     By  the  covenant  of  the  Gospel  only.     (Rom.  iii.  23,  24.) 

Q.     Can  we  not  escape  death  by  the  Covenant  of  the  Law7 

A.  No  :  becanse  we  cannot  perform  the  condition  of  it,  which  is  perfect  Obe- 
di^ce  ;  yea  by  reason  of  the  Fall  of  Adam,  we  cannot  do  any  good  thing. 
(Ueb.  xii.  20.    Rom.  iii.  SO.    John  xv.  5.) 


866  A  Puritan  Catechism  and  its  AtUhor.  [.^^Jj 

Q,    Can  we  perform  the  condition  of  the  Covenant  of  the  Gospel  ? 

A,    Yes :  because  God  has  shewed  us  in  his  Scriptures,  that  he  will  help  QS 
through  Faith  in  Christ  to  perform  the  condition  of  it     (Jer.  xxxi.  88.) 

Q.    What  is  Christ  ? 

A,    The  Eternal  Son  of  God,  and  both  God  and  Man.  (John  L  14.   Heb.  ii.  16.) 

Q.    What  are  we  to  consider  in  Jesus  Christ  ? 

A,    His  Natures,  his  personal  Union,  and  his  Offices.     (Isa.  iz.  6.  Rom.  ix.  5.^ 

Q,    How  many  Natures  hath  Christ  ? 

A,    Two:  the  Nature  of  God,  and  the  Nature  of  Man;  otherwise  called  the 
Divine  Nature  and  the  Humane. 

Q.    What  is  the  personal  Union  of  Christ  ? 

A.    The  Subsistence  of  the  Humane  nature  in  the  second  person  of  the  Deity. 
(Phil.  ii.  6  -  8  ) 

Q.    What  are  the  Offices  of  Christ  ? 

A.    His  Mediatorship,  Kingship,  Priesthood  and  Prophetship.     (1  Tim.  iL  5. 
Zech.  iz.  9.    Psalm  ex.  4.    Deut  xviii.  15.) 

Q,    What  is  the  work  of  Christs  Office  ? 

A,    Redemption. 

Q.    What  is  Redemption  ? 

A,    A  deliverance  of  the  Elect  from  Sin  and  misery,  by  the  price  of  Christs 
Obedience.     (Titus  ii.  14.) 

Q.    How  many  fold  is  Christs  Obedience  ? 

A.    Twofold,  active  and  passive. 

Q,    What  is  his  active  Obedience  ? 

A.    A  Doing  the  will  of  God. 

Q.    What  is  his  passive  Obedience  ? 

A.    His  Suffering  the  Will  of  God,  even  to  the  Death  of  the  Cross.     (Rom. 
viii.  4.    Matt.  ii?.  15.     Isa.  liii.  12.) 

Q,    What  is  the  Application  of  Redemption  ? 

A.    A  giving  of  the  Spirit,  in  and  with  the  graces  of  the  Spirit.  (Eph.  ii.  5,  €.) 

Q.    What  are  the  graces  of  the  Spirit  ? 

A.    Vocation,  Justification,  Adoption  and  Glorification.    (2  Tim.  i.  9.) 

Q.     What  is  Vocation  ? 

A,    A  grace  of  the  Spirit,  whereby  God  doth  give  Faith  and  Repentance  unto 
his  elect  ones.    (Rom.  viii.  SO.) 

Q.    What  is  Faith? 

A,    A  sight  of  the  grace  of  the  Gospel  whereby  we  come  to  cleave  to  God  in 
Christ  above  all  things  for  Salvation.    (Matt.  xvi.  28.) 

Or  else  a  belief  that  God  will  pardon  our  sins  in  the  way  of  Repentance  for 
Christs  sake.   (Acts  ii.  88.     Mark  i.  15.) 

Q.    What  is  Repentance  ? 

A.     An  overcoming  purpose  to  forsake  sin,  with  sorrow  for  sin.     (Psalm  xxxvii. 
27.     Zech.  xii.  10.     Hos.  xiv.  2,  8.) 

Q,    What  is  Justification  ? 

A,    A  grace  of  the  Spirit  whereby  Grod  doth  accept  and  pronounce  all  those 
that  are  called,  to  be  just  unto  eternal  life.    (Rom.  viii.  80. )  , 

Q.    What  is  Adoption  ? 


1869.]  A  Puritan  Catechism  and  its  Author.  867 

A,  A  grace  of  the  Spirit,  whereby  God  doth  accept  and  pronounce  all  those 
that  are  called,  to  be  His  Children,  and  heirs  unto  eternal  life.  (Bom.  viii. 
14-17.) 

Q.    What  is  Glorification  ? 

A.  A  grace  of  the  Spirit,  whereby  God  doth  translate  a  man  out  of  the  misery 
of  sin,  into  blessedness.    (  Rom.  viii.  80.) 

Q.     How  is  the  Application  of  Redemption  made  known  ? 

A,  By  the  experiencing  of  the  graces  of  the  Spirit,  and  by  the  witness  of  the 
Spirit  helping  us  to  discern  the  truth  of  them.     (1  Thess.  i,  4  -  7.    Bom.  viii.  15.) 

Q.    What  is  the  subject  of  Redemption  ? 

A,    The  Church. 

Q,    What  are  the  means  of  appl3ring  Redemption  ? 

A,  They  are  especially  publick  Ministry  and  private  duties.  (Bom.  x. 
13-15.) 

Q,    What  are  the  Ministerial  Acts  ? 

A,  Preaching  of  the  Word,  Prayer,  Administration  of  the  Sacraments,  and 
Discipline.    (Matt,  xxviii.  19.     1  Tim.  ii.  1.    Matt  xviii.  17;  xvi.  19.) 

Q,    What  is  a  Sacrament  ? 

A,    A  visible  sign  instituted  by  God  for  the  confirmation  of  the  Covenant 

Q.     How  many  Sacraments  are  there  ? 

A.     Two,  Baptism  and  the  Liords  Supper. 

Q,    What  is  the  sign  signifying  in  Baptism  ? 

A.    Water,  and  the  washing  with  water. 

Q.     What  is  the  thing  signified  ? 

A,  The  blood  of  Christ  washing  away  our  sins  unto  eternal  life.  (1  Pet  iii. 
21.     Rom.  vi.  4.) 

Q.     What  is  the  sign  signifying  in  the  Lords  Supper  ? 

A,  The  Bread  and  Wine  :  the  Bread  broken,  and  the  Wine  poured  out,  the 
giving  and  receiving  of  it 

Q.    What  is  the  thing  signified  in  the  Lords  Supper  ? 

A,  The  Body  of  Christ  broken  on  the  Cross,  his  Blood  shed  for  our  sins, 
offered  to  sinners  in  the  way  of  believing  and  received  by  Faith,  for  assurance  of 
eternal  life.    (1  Cor.  xi.  23  -26.    John  vi.  51.) 

Q.    What  is  Discipline  ? 

A .   A  Correction  of  scandalous  Professors  by  Church  Censures.  (Matt  xviii.  1 7.) 

Q,    What  is  the  season  of  attending  the  Publick  Ministry  ? 

A.    Especially  on  the  first  day  of  the  week,  or  Lords  Bay.    (Acts  xx.  7.) 

Q.    When  is  Redemption  consummated  ? 

A,  In  the  Resurrection  at  the  last  Judgment,  at  the  second  coming  of  Christ 
(Matt  xxiv.  2.     Hos.  xiii   14.     Isa.  IxiiL  34.) 

Q,    How  many  Commandments  are  there  ? 

A.    Ten. 

Q.    Into  how  many  Tables  are  the  Commandments  divided  ? 

A.    Into  two  Tables. 

Q.    What  doth  the  first  Table  contain  ? 

A.  Our  duties  towards  God,  or  Duties  of  Religious  Worship,  in  the  four  first 
Commandments.   (Deut  iv.  13.    Matt  xxii.  87,  88.) 


868  A  Puritan  Catechi9m  and  its  Author.  U^^h 

Q.    What  doth  the  second  Table  contain  ? 

A.    Oar  duties  towards  the  Creature,  in  the  six  last.    (Matt.  xxiL  89,  40. 
Bom.  ziii.  9.) 

Q.    What  is  contained  in  the  first  Commandment  ? 

A,  Natural  Worship ;  in  Faith,  Hope,  Love,  Fear,  hearing  the  Word  and  Prayer. 

(2.    What  is  Hope  ? 

A.    A  cleaving  to  God  as  oar  chiefest  good,  for  Blessedness.    (Psalm  IxziiL 
25.     1  Cor.  xiii.  18.) 

(2.    What  is  Love  ? 

A,    A  cleaving   to  God  as  the  chiefest  good,    and   deserving   all    Gloiy. 
(Deut.  vi.  5.) 

Q.    What  is  Fear  ? 

A,    An  admiring  and  adoring  of  Grods   Holiness,  and   all  his  perfections. 
(Deut  vi.  13.    Heb.  xii.  28.) 

Q,    What  is  contained  in  the  second  Commandment  ? 

A.    Instituted  Worship ;  in  Ministry,  Sacraments,  and  Discipline.    (Eph.  iv. 
11,  12.    Matt  xxviii.  19.) 

Q.    What  is  contiuned  in  the  third  Commandment  ? 

A,    A  due  manner  of  Worship,  in  reverence,  devotion  and  alacrity.    (1  Cor. 
vi.  23,  24.     Matt  xxviii.  1 7.) 

Q.    What  is  contained  in  the  fourth  Commandment  ? 

A.    A  due  time  of  Worship,  as  all  due  seasons.  Morning  and  Evening,  es- 
pecially on  the  Lords  Day.     (Heb.  xii.  28.    Psalm  cxxxii.  7 ;  ex.  3.) 

Q.    What  is  contained  in  the  fiAh  Commandment  ? 

A,    A  due  respect  to  the  good  name  or  dignity  of  our  Neighbour,  in  humility, 
gratitude  and  obedience.    (Psalm  cxli.  2 ;  Iv.  1 7.    Acts  xx.  7.) 

Q,    What  is  Humility  ? 

A,    A  grace  which  moderateth  the  love  of  excellency.  (1  Pet  v.  5.  Phil.  ii.  3.) 

Q.    What  is  Gratitude  ? 

A,    A  grace  which  disposeth  us  to  recompense  benefits.    (Bom.  xii.  16.) 

Q.    What  is  obedience  ? 

A,    A  grace  which  disposeth  us  to  honour  all  such  as  are  in  authority,  by  being 
subject     (1  Sam.  xxx.  26,  31.     2  Sam.  ix.  1.     1  Pet  ii.  13.) 

Q.    What  is  contained  in  the  sixth  Commandment  ? 

A,    A  due  respect  to  the  life  of  our  Neighbour,  in  goodness,  mercy,  meekness, 
and  patience. 

Q.    What  is  Goodness  ? 

A,    A  grace  which  disposeth  us  to  shew  kindness  to  all.   (1  Cor.  xiii.  4.    Luke 
vL  36.) 

Q.    What  is  Mercy? 

A,    A  grace  which  disposeth  us  to  relieve  all  such  as  are  in  misery.    (Numb, 
xii.  3.) 

Q.    What  is  Meekness  ? 

A,    A  grace  which  moderateth  anger  and  revenge.     (1  Pet  iii.  4.    Luke  xxL 
19.    Col.  i.  11.) 

Q.    What  is  Patience  ? 

A,    A  grace  which  moderateth  grief  in  Afilicdon. 


1869.]  A  Puritan  CateckUm  and  it$  Author.  .869 

Q.    What  is  contained  in  the  seventh  Commandment  ? 

A.  A  doe  respect  to  the  purity  of  our  Neighbour,  in  temperance,  chastity, 
modesty,  gravity. 

Q.    What  is  Temperance  ? 

A.    A  grace  which  moderateth  affection  to  all  sensual  pleasures.    (Tit  iii.  S.) 

Q.    What  is  Chastity  ? 

A.    A  grace  which  regulateth  the  lusts  of  the  flesh.    (1  Thess.  iv.  S  -  5.) 

Q.    What  is  Modesty  ? 

A.    A  grace  which  restraineth  us  from  wantonness.    (1  Tim.  ii.  9.) 

Q.    What  is  Gravity  ? 

A.    A  grace  which  inclineth  us  to  purity.    (1  Pet.  iiL  2,  8.) 

Q.    What  is  contained  in  the  eighth  Commandment  ? 

A.  A  due  respect  to  the  goods  of  our  Neighbour,  in  righteousness,  liberality, 
and  frugality. 

Q.     What  is  Righteousness  ? 

A.  A  grace  which  inclineth  us  to  give  all  men  their  due.  (Rom.  xiii.  7. 
Mic.  vi.  8  ) 

Q.    What  is  Liberality  ? 

A.  A  grace  which  inclineth  us  to  communicate  our  goods  freely  to  our  Neigh- 
bour.  (Rom.  xii.  13.) 

Q.     What  is  Frugality  ?• 

A,  A  grace  which  inclineth  us  to  be  provident  and  diligent  in  our  Calling. 
(Prov.  xxxi.  27.) 

Q.    What  is  contained  in  the  ninth  Commandment  ? 

A,    A  due  respect  to  the  innocency  of  our  Neighbour  in  verity  and  fidelity. 

Q.     What  is  Verity  ? 

A,  A  grace  which  inclineth  us  to  speak  the  truth  for  our  Neighbours  good. 
(Zech.  viii.  16.) 

d    What  is  Fidelity  ? 

A.     A  grace  which  inclineth  us  to  keep  our  Promises.    (Psalm  xv.  4.) 

Q,    What  is  contained  in  the  tenth  Commandment  ? 

A.  A  due  respect  to  the  prosperity  of  our  Neighbour,  in  rejoycing  in  his  pros- 
perity, and  accepting  our  own  portion  with  contentation.    (Rom.  xii.  15.) 

Q.     What  is  Contentation  ? 

A,  A  grace  which  inclineth  us  to  accept  our  own  portion,  whether  good  or 
evil,  with  Thanksgiving.    (1  Tim.  vi.  6.     Heb.  xiii.  5.    Phil.  iv.  11.) 

''  The  preceding  catechism  is  an  exact  transcript  from  the  edition  of 
1714,  published  in  Boston  by  Bartholomew  Green." 

It  is  interesting  to  contrast  the  strictness  of  logical  method  and  the  terse- 
ness of  expression  which  characterized  some  of  the  early  New  England 
fathers  with  the  style  of  to-day.  There  are  those  who  contrive  yet  to  talk 
about  blue  laws  and  bigotry,  and  who,  notwithstanding  Planchette  and  the 
Spiritists,  still  try  to  smile  at  the  credulity  of  the  Puritans  in  accepting  the 
universal  belief  respecting  the  spiritism  of  their  day ;  but,  after  all,  those 
men  were  scholars  and  thinkers  of  no  mean  rank,  and  wont  to  marshal 


870  A  Puritan  Catechism  and  its  Author.  [Jiljr, 

their  thoughts  in  very  orderly  array.     The  poetry  of  Dr.  Holmes  is  cer- 
tainly smoother  than  the  verses  that  we  find  on  our  fathers'  gravestones  or^ 
in  the  prefaces  to  their  books.     It  tnay  be  granted  that  our  Atlantic  roll& 
more  rounded  billows  than  theirs.     But  in  philosophic  nicety  the  wittj^ 
Doctor  must  yield  the  palm  to  the  earlier  scholars.    The  logic  of  our  **  Fre^ 
Religionists  *'  would  sing  small  in  an  assembly  of  the  ancient  divines.     The 
assumptions  which  go  down  so  smoothly  with  these  modem  intuitionists 
would  not  have  been  swallowed  with  unquestioning  devoutness  two  hnn-  . 
dred  years  ago.    Their  very  foggy  generalizations  might  have  been  laughed 
at,  but  for  the  seriousness  of  the  theme  ;  their  lack  of  precision  and  system 
would  certainly  have  met  with  little  respect.     Nor  is  it  quite  clear  that  the 
aspect  of  superiority  with  which  some  gentlemen  and  ladies  of  our  day  look 
down  upon  the  Bible  is  more  beautiful  than  the  reverence  of  their  ances- 
tors.    It  is,  at  least,  less  reasonable. 

The  mind  experiences  a  grateful  change  in  rising  from  the  warm  streaks 
of  flatulent  air  that  frequently  cross  our  path  in  these  modem  lowlands 
into  the  bracing  atmosphere  of  the  best  of  the  old  Puritan  authors.  We 
seem  to  grow  stronger  as  we  dwell  upon  the  sentences  of  a  writer  who  has 
conscientiously  thought  out  his  theme,  and  has  condensed  and  arranged  his 
ideas  with  careful  completeness. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  Catechism  takes  strong  hold^  at  once.  The 
author  was  "Teacher**  of  the  church  at  Newbury.  He  begins  with  a 
question  in  regard  to  the  Scriptures,  the  text-book  of  his  instructions ;  and 
his  answer  is  equally  good  for  the  educated  man  and  for  a  thoughtful 
young  farmer  or  artisan.  And  the  second  question,  with  what  a  grasp  it 
lays  hold  of  the  whole  matter  in  hand,  comprehensive  and  close !  The 
others  follow  in  beautiful  logical  order.  It  is  easy  to  imagine  with  what 
interest  every  clause  and  every  word  in  these  answers  would  be  unfolded 
in  extemporaneous  discussions,  and  how  broad  and  clear  a  light  would 
thus  be  shed  on  the  greatest  themes  of  the  soul. 

One  series  of  answers  will  probably  give  rise  to  objections  in  some  minds 
at  the  present  day,  —  those  upon  the  **  particular  decrees  "  and  "  election." 
And,  indeed,  the  answer  to  the  question,  "  What  are  the  particular  decreet 
of  God  ?  "  is  less  broad  than  that  given  to  the  preceding  inquiry.  Here 
the  theology  of  the  day  cramped  the  natural  breadth  of  the  author's  mind. 
For  manifestly  if  God's  "general"  decree  is  his  purpose  "to  make  the 
world  and  dispose  of  all  things  therein,"  then  his  "  particular  "  decrees  arc 
his  disposals,  not  of  men  alone,  but  of  all  the  things  included  in  his  eternal 
purpose. 

Then,  again,  the  phraseology,  —  "  Whereby  he  did  determine  to  ghrifie 
himself y^  —  though  justified  by  strong  warrant  of  Scripture,  is  probably  not 
the  most  sure  at  the  present  day  to  convey  the  author's  idea.  And  yet  the 
phrase  is  ui  strict  agreement  with  the  profoundest  philosophy. 


1869.]  A  Puritan  Catechism  and  its  Author.  871 

For  what  other  conceivable  object  is  so  great,  so  high,  so  pure,  so  com-^ 
prehensive  of  all  good  possible  even  to  thought,  as  the  ghry  of  God  J  This 
necessarily  involves  that  condition  of  the  universe,  material,  sentient, 
intelligent,  and  moral,  which  is  the  most  complete  setting  forth  of  divine 
excellency.  The  reward  of  virtue  and  the  punishment  of  wickedness  are 
both  expressions  of  the  same  trait,  and  logically  involve  one  another. 
That  character  which  is  the  highest  glory  of  God  is  seen  in  each. 

The  definitions  of  original  and  of  actual  sin  given  in  this  Catechism  are 
elegant.  The  one  is  described  as  ^'  A  Being  contrary  to  God's  law  "  ;  and 
the  other,  "  A  Doing  contrary  to  God's  law."  Very  much  better  this  than 
the  Westminster's  Assembly's  ^'  corruption  of  his  whole  nature,  which  is 
called  original  sin  "  ;  and  while  readily  understood  by  common  people,  they 
seem  also  to  meet  the  requirements  oi  the  speculative  thinker. 

The  answer  to  the  question,  "  What  is  faith  ?  "  is  also  very  clear  and 
beautiful :  ^^  A  sight  of  the  grace  of  the  Gospel  whereby  we  come  to  cleave 
to  God  in  Christ  above  all  things  for  salvation."  It  is  a  '^  sight,"  not  an 
assent ;  of  the  grace  offered  in  the  Gospel, —  not  primarily  of  our  own  pro- 
spective salvation  ;  and  it  is  the  sight  **  whereby  we  come  to  cleave,"  not  to 
Christ  as  a  human  guide,  but  *^  to  God  in  Christ,  above  all  things,  for  our 
salvation." 

See,  again,  with  what  discrimination  and  what  brevity  the  nature  of 
repentance  is  described:  **An  overcoming  purpose  to  forsake  sin,  with 
sorrow  for  sin."  Not  a  feeling,  but  a  purpose ;  not  a  purpose  merely,  for 
we  oAen  purpose  and  do  not,  but  an  "overcoming  purpose,"  —  a  purpose 
that  is  "  predominant " ;  nor  yet  a  dry  determination,  but  'one  that  is  at- 
tended with  "  sorrow." 

The  unfolding  of  the  inner  meaning  of  the  Ten  Commandments  is  quite 
remarkable,  showing  a  most  subtle  and  at  the  same  time  comprehensive 
intellect  Take,  for  instance,  the  first  commandment :  ^^Thou  shah  have  no 
other  gods  before  me.*'  What  were  the  children  of  Newbury,  two  hun- 
dred years  ago,  taught  to  find  here  ?  Ans.  "  Natural  Worship ;  in  Faith, 
Hope,  Love,  Fear,  hearing  the  Word  and  Prayer."  Praise  is  left  out,  — 
perhaps  the  singing  was  not  good  in  Oldtown.  The  children,  then, 
were  given  to  understand  that  they  were  not  only  forbidden  here  to  bow 
down  before  idols,  but  were  commanded  to  worship  God.  Not  only  this, 
again,  but  the  nature  of  worship  was  profoundly  unfolded  to  them,  as  in- 
volving (1.)  "Faith."  This  had  already  been  sufficiently  defined.  (2.) 
^  Hope,"  which  is  explained  as  "  a  cleaving  to  God  as  our  chiefest  good, 
for  blessedness.*'  For  when  we  hope,  we  have  respect  to  something  that 
is  good,  for  ourselves.  (3.)  "Love,"  "a  cleaving  to  God  as  the  chiefest 
good,  and  deserving  all  glory."  When  we  love,  we  are  absorbed  in  the 
object,  and  forget  ourselves.     (4.)  "  Fear,"  or  "  an  admiring  and  ador? 


872  A  Puritan  Catechinn  and  its  Author.  [J^lji 

ing  of  6od*8  holme88»  and  all  his  perfections."  We  imagine  that  there  are 
some  thousands  of  people  in  the  one  city  of  Boston,  who  have  been  led  to 
suppose  that  their  fathers  were  thinking  of  the  terrors  of  the  Almighty 
when  thej  dwelt  upon  his  fear.  But  down  on  the  banks  of  Parker  River, 
at  least,  the  children  were  taught  to  ^  admire  and  adore "  the  divine  per- 
fections ;  and  this,  thej  were  told,  is  the  ^'  fear  of  the  Lord  "  which  ^  is  the 
beginning  of  wisdom."  (5.)  Thej  were  trained  to  regard  the  ^hearing  of 
the  Word  and  Prayer "  as  a  part  of  the  worship  due  to  God.  Attendance 
on  church  was,  in  those  days,  a  service  rendered  to  the  Most  High,  and  not 
simply  an  entertainment  or  even  a  means  of  edification.  We  shall  never 
gather  all  the  people  into  Grod*s  house  until  we  both  return  to  this  view, 
and  realize  it  better  in  the  services  of  the  sanctuary.  Sermons  ought  to 
lifl  the  thoughts  to  Grod,  by  virtue  of  their  tone,  whatever  the  subject  may 
be.  To  treat  any  theme  in  a  secular  spirit  would  be  an  imposition  upon 
the  congregation ;  and,  so  far  as  it  goes,  justifies  absence  from  the  sanc- 
tuary thus  abused. 

We  ask  attention  also  to  the  instruction  given  in  connection  with  the 
fifth  commandment.  This  was  held  up  as  including  not  only  our  duty  to 
our  parents,  but  ^  a  due  respect  to  the  good  name  or  dignity  of  our  neigh- 
bor, in  humility,  gratitude,  and  obedience,''  —  whoever  this  neighbor  may 
be.  The  same  reasons,  obviously,  which  make  it  right  for  us  to  honor  our 
father  and  mother  bind  us  to  render  a  due  respect  to  every  one.  But 
what  is  this  "respect"?  It  includes  (1.)  "humility,"  "a  grace  which 
moderateth  the  love  of  excellency  "  (ambition  of  superiority  might  express 
it  more  clearly  to  modem  ears) ;  (2.)  "  gratitude,"  or  a  disposition  "  to 
recompense  benefits";  and  (3.)  "obedience,"  which  "disposeth  us  to 
honor  all  such  as  are  in  authority,  by  being  subject" 

The  last  question  in  this  Catechism  is,  "  What  is  Contentation  ?  "  And 
the  answer,  "  A  grace  which  inclineth  us  to  accept  our  own  portion, 
whether  good  or  evil,  with  thanksgiving.** 

The  modern  idea  of  contentment  is,  we  fear,  hardly  up  to  this.  Would 
not  many  Sabbath-school  teachers  nowadays  have  said,  instead, "  without 
complaining"?     That  is  heathen  contentment.     The  other  is  Christian. 

In  reading  such  a  "  question  book "  as  this  are  we  not  ashamed  of  the 
quality  of  instruction  which  children  often  get  in  churches  of  the  present 
day?  Were  they  dependent  upon  it,  in  any  considerable  measure,  for 
intellectual  stimulus,  how  feebly  would  their  powers  be  developed !  Ncm* 
is  it  strange  that  some  of  our  Young  Christianity  shows  a  poor  quality  of 
stuff,  —  malleable,  but  not  tenacious.  It  is  time  that  a  more  masculine  and 
a  more  divine  character  were  given  to  the  religious  teaching  of  children 
and  youth.  If  Sunday  schools  leave  their  pupils  with  the  feeling  that 
they  know  very  much,  they  certainly  fail  of  their  object    A  religious 


1869.]  A  Puritan  Catechism  and  its  AiUhar.  878 

training  that  is  wise  will  give  a  sense  of  the  depth  and  height,  the  mys- 
tery and  the  immensity  of  divine  knowledge,  and  will  tend  to  make  men 
quiet  and  teachable  rather  than  conceited  and  tonguey.  The  truth  is, 
that  while  the  nineteenth  century  has  learned  many  things,  it  has  forgotten 
some  of  the  greatest  value;  and  among  them  these  two, — the  necessity 
of  family  training,  and  the  vast  importance  for  laymen  as  well  as  ministers 
of  a  really  profound  and  systematic  instruction  in  the  Truth  of  God. 

Does  not  a  catechism  seem  to  be  a  necessary  instrument  in  any  thorough 
system  of  Christian  training  ?  Can  we  impart  profound  and  comprehensive 
views,  —  the  kind  of  views  that  are  necessary  to  the  deepest  feeling  and  the 
most  steadfast  purposes,  —  to  an  intelligent  and  a  sure  conviction,  and  to  dig- 
nity, consistency,  and  stability  in  godly  living,  —  can  we  give  such  views, 
without  the  precision,  without  the  discrimination,  without  the  subtlety,  and 
without  the  comprehensiveness  which  belong  to  a  good  catechism  ?  The 
que&tion  seems  to  answer  itself.  To  know  Jesus  Christ  and  to  teach 
Christ,  is  something  more  than  to  be  able  to  speak  fluently  in  a  conference 
or  a  convention. 

Those  congregations  which  are  trying  the  experiment  of  putting  the 
Sunday  6.chool  in  place  of  the  regular  service  and  sermon  would  do  well  to 
consider  the  following  question.  By  how  much  does  the  average  instruc- 
tion given  by  Sabbath-school  teachers  exceed  in  intelligence,  accuracy, 
thoroughness  and  power,  the  average  preaching  of  our  ministers  ?  Should 
the  general  verdict  declare  this  excess  to  be  something  considerable,  it  will 
be  time  for  us  all  to  inquire,  whether  it  is  right  to  send  our  ministers  to 
college  and  the  seminary,  and  thus  deprive  them  of  those  limitations  of 
training  which  prove  to  be  of  so  great  advantage  to  the  religious  instructor. 

One  further  inquiry  will  not  be  omitted  by  those  accustomed  to  look 
beyond  immediate  results,  upon  the  ultimate  effects  of  systems  long  pur- 
sued; namely,  What  protection,  in  a  Sunday  school  that  is  under  the  sole 
management  of  its  superintendent  and  teachers,  against  grave  misinterpre- 
tations and  the  creeping  in  of  error?  What  if  ingenious  sceptics  con- 
clude, that  the  adult  classes  offer  a  good  field  for  the  raising  of  their  fa- 
vorite questions  ? 

The  truth  is,  the  Sabbath  school  should  never  be  lef^  to  itself;  and  it  is 
seldom  wise  to  substitute  the  mere  school  for  the  aflemoon  service.  If  the 
ordinary  form  of  that  service  fails  to  draw  a  full  congregation,  some  better 
form  can  probably  be  devised,  —  some  Bibie  service^  perhaps,  involving 
study  and  class  instruction,  but  under  the  pastor's  eye,  and  not  without  a 
public  worship  and  public  instruction.  Various  forms  of  this  service  have 
been  tried.  The  best  of  these  add  to  the  class  exercises  (which  should 
never  occupy  more  than  three  quarters  of  an  hour),  —  a  united  recitation 
of  a  psalm,  or,  better,  a  responsive  recitation  or  reading,  not  by  verses,  bat 


374  A  Puritan  Catechism  and  its  Author.  [July, 

• 
by  the  parallels  —  a  chant,  hymns,  and  an  extemporaneous  summing  up  of 
the  lesson,  or  of  some  important  part  of  it,  by  the  minister. 

Pastor  Harms  catechized  his  whole  congregation.  Are  not  our  minis- 
ters ingenious  enough  to  find  out  ways  in  which  similar  effects  can  be 
wrought,  under  their  changed  circumstances  ?  It  is  certainly  practicable 
to  vary  the  form  of  pulpit  instructions ;  and  in  some  parishes  it  is  clear 
that  changes  must  be  made,  if  the  ministers  would  hold  their  congregations 
as  their  fathers  did.  Yet  the  matter  is  a  very  grave  one,  and  requires  the 
utmost  prudence  and  sagacity.  Frequent  changes  will  bring  the  whole 
day  into  discredit,  and  disgust  the  people. 

But,  besides  this  adaptation  of  the  pulpit  to  the  times,  we  greatly  need,  as 
already  hinted,  an  active  pastoral  supervision  of  the  Sunday  school,  such 
oversight  and  direction  as  shall  secure  a  more  masculine,  more  serious,  more 
systematic,  and  more  powerful  instruction.  A  nobler  tone  is  needed  in  a  great 
many  of  our  schools.  There  are  signs  that  the  gingerbread  and  anecdote 
dispensation  is  passing  away  ;  but  it  is  not  completely  gone.  There  is  a 
stern  necessity  that  the  clear  tones  of  divine  authority  be  heard  throughout 
all  Christian  teaching,  and  that  awe  should  be  a  source  of  interest  and 
a  strong  attraction.  And  it  is  time  that  flaccid  intellects  should  receive  a 
tonic,  and  experience  the  benefit  and  delight  of  those  higher  emotions 
stirred  within  us  by  the  contemplation  of  the  great  things  of  God  and  the 
soul,  and  by  a  conscientious  searching  after  the  truth.  Such  catechisms  as 
this  which  we  reprint,  are  an  important  help  to  this  study.  Perhaps  it  is 
not  too  much  to  say,  they  are  a  necessity.  Without  something  answering 
the  same  end,  the  churches  will  fall  into  a  decline,  and,  if  nothing  more 
violent  takes  them  off,  die  of  anaemia. 


Now  I  firmly  believe  that  the  World  is  under  the  Government  of  my 
Saviour,  and  that  he  fets  at  the  right  Hand  of  God,  and  that  the  affairs  of 
the  Divine  Providence  are  under  his  Administration.  He  does  particularly 
employ  the  Miniftry  of  His  mighty  Angels  in  governing  the  Children  of  Men, 
and  yet  more  particularly  make  them  the  Guardians  of  His  little  ones;  mod 
of  all  when  in  His  Providence  He  makes  them  Fatherlefs  Children.  0! 
orphans  are  provided  for  ! 

Wherefore,  O  my  Saviour,  I  commit  my  Children  into  thy  Fatherly 
Hands.  I  pray  to  Thee  that  thy  gracious  Providence  may,  and  I  truft  in  Thee 
that  it  will  be  concerned  for  them.  Oh  !  Let  nothing  be  wanting  to  them  that 
fhall  be  good  for  them.  Cause  them  to  Fear,  to  Love  Thee,  to  walk  in  thy 
ways  ;  and  make  ufe  of  them  to  do  Good  in  their  Generation.  Be  Thou  their 
Friefid^  and  raife  them  up  fuch  as  may  be  necejfary  and  in  a  convenient  Man- 
ner fupply  all  their  Neceflities.  Give  thy  Angels  a  charge  of  them ;  and 
when  their  Father  and  Mother  forfake  them,  then  do  Thou  take  them  up. 

This  is  the  Supplication,  this  the  Refignation,  this  the  Dependence  of 

C.   MaTU£R« 


f 


1869.] 


Andova-  Catalogutj  Becemier  6,  1818. 


ANDOVER  CATALOGUE,  DECEMBER  6,   1818. 

The  Catalogue  of  the  above  date  is  printed  "  broadside."    Aaita  voy 
vre,  ne  copj  it  verbatim,  from  the  one  in  poMession  of  A.  H.  Q. :  — 

CATALOGUE 


PBOFESSOBS  AND   STUDENTS  OF  THE  THEOLOGICAL  INSTITOTION, 
Ahdotsb,  Decehbbs  6,  1813. 
Ret.  EBKKKEaR  Pobtkr,  Bardet  Pro/ator  of  Sacred  Rhelorie. 
Kbv.  Lkomard  Woods,  D.  D.,  Abbot  Profiaorof  ChrUtitm  Tkeologj. 
Ret.  Mosis  Stuabt,  Associate  Projator  of  Sacred  LUerature. 


Senior  Class. 

Kama. 

Jbndflw. 

Horatio  Bardtrell 

GoshtH,  Mo>$. 

Calvin  Colton 

Yt^ColL 

818. 

Katph  Emerson 

HolUt,  N.  H. 

YaU  ColL 

811. 

Braintree,  Vt. 

Middleburj,  ColL 

811. 

Thomu  H,  GaUaudflt 

Hartford,  Conn. 

Yale  CoU. 

8(U. 

Salmon  Gidding. 

Banland,  C<mn. 

Waiiar^  CoU. 

811. 

WilliaiD  R.  Gould 

Sharon,  Conn. 

Yale  ColL 

811. 

Calvin  Hitchcock 

WeHimnMler,  Vu 

MiddUb^  CM. 

811. 

Leonard  Jeirett 

-  H.aa,  N.  H. 

810. 

David  M.  MitcbeU 

N.  Yarmovth,  Me. 

YaUCoU. 

811. 

Daniel  Poor 

Danvers,  Mau. 

811. 

iRsel  W.  Putnam 

Danvtn,  Mai$. 

Danmouth  CoU. 

809. 

David  M.  Smith 

Purham,  Conn. 

YaU  CoU. 

811. 

Hilet  F.  Squter 

Neu>  Haven,  VL 

MiddUbarg  CoU. 

811. 

JnUua  S(e«le 

BelhUhem,  Conn. 

YaU  CoU. 

811. 

Hervey  Talcott 

Coventry,  Conn. 

YaUCoO. 

810. 

Sylvester  WoodbHdge 

Middle  Class. 

Muw. 

IU,id«ut. 

Ormdwaui. 

Jonadttn  Adams 

Boothbay,  Me. 

MiddUbuty  CoU. 

812. 

Elijah  Bajdwin 

Mil/ord,  Conn. 

YaU  CoU. 

812. 

Ebenezer  Burgesa 

Wareham,  Miut. 

Brown  Univer. 

809. 

Joseph  W.  Cartia 

Windsor,  VI. 

811. 

Eleanr  T.  Fitch 

Neuj  Haven,  Conn. 

YaU  CoU. 

810. 

TboniM  R.  Gold 

Comu>a!i,  Conn. 

YaU  CoU. 

806. 

Allen  Gravel 

Rupert,  VL 

Middlebun,  CoU. 

812. 

Herman  Balaer 

WUlianaCoU. 

811. 

Ebeneser  KeUogg 

Venum,  Conn. 

YaieColL 

810. 

HKW  BEBIX8.  — VOL. 

I.  NO.  3.              26 

876                 Andover  Catalogue^  Lecember  6,  1818.  [J^J} 

Cjrus  Kingsbury                   Alsteadj  N,  H,                  Brown  Umver,  1812. 

Nathan  Lord                         Berwick,  Me,                    Bowdoin  ColL  1809. 

Stephen  Mason                     Litchfield,  Conn.                WiUianu  ColL  1812. 

Robert  Page                          Reedjield,  Me.                   Bowdoin  ColL  1810. 

Isaac  Parsons                        Southampton^  Mass.           Yale  ColL  1811. 

George  Pajson                      Pomfret,  Conn.                  Yale  ColL  1812. 

Henry  Smith                         Durham^  N.  H.                 Bowdoin  ColL  18^0. 

Job  S.  Swift                           Addison,  Vt.                      Middlelmry  CcU.  1812. 

Samuel  White                       Thetford,  Vt.                    Dartmouth  CoO.  1812. 

Junior  Class. 

Names.  Residence,  Chradmated. 

Solomon  M.  Allen                 PiUsfield,  Mass.                Middlebury  ColL  181S. 

Joseph  R.  Andrus                 Middlebury,  Vu                Middlehury  ColL  1812. 

Baynolds  Bascom                  Chester,  Mass.                   Williams  ColL  1818. 

£lam  Clark                           E.  Hampton,  Mass.            Williams  ColL  1812. 

Nehemiah  Cleaveland           Topsjield,  Mass.                Bowdoin  ColL  181S. 

Nathan  Douglas                    New  London,  Conn.          Middlebury  ColL  1813. 

Louis  Dwight  *                       Stockbridge,  Mass.             Yale  CoU.  181S. 

Joel  Hawes                            Brookfield,  Mass.              Brown  Univer,  1818. 

Nathaniel  He  wit                   New  London,  Conn.          Yale  CoU.  1808. 

David  L.  Hunn                     Longmeadow,  Mass.           Yale  ColL  1813. 

Lavius  Hyde                         Franklin,  Conn.                Williams  ColL  1813. 

William  Kimball                   Hanover,  N  H.                Yale  Coll.  1813. 

Sylvester  Lamed                  Pittsjield,  Mass.                Middlebury  ColL  1813. 

Alexander  Lovell                  W.  Boylston,  Mass.          Dartmouth  ColL  1813. 

Hiram  F.  Mather                  Chatham,  Conn.                 Yale  Coll.  '  1813. 

John  McKeen                        Brunswick,  Me.                 Bowdoin  ColL  1811. 

John  Nichols                          Antrim,  N.  H,                   Dartmouth  ColL  1813. 

William  Perrin                      Berlin,  Vt.                         Middlebury  CoU  1812. 

Henrj'  Robinson                    GuU/ord,  Conn.                 Yale  ColL   *  1811. 

Thomas  Shepard                   Norton,  Mass.                   Brown  Univer.  1813. 

Hart  Talcott                         Bdion,  Conn.                    Dartmouth  ColL  1812. 

Alfred  Wright                        Columbia,  Conn.                Williams  ColL  1812. 

Calvin  Yale                           Lenox,  Mass.                     Union  Coll.  1812. 

*  Absent  on  account  of  ill-health. 

Senior  Class 17 

Middle  Class 18 

Junior  Class 23 

Total       .        .        .     • 68 

[Imprint.]    Axdotxe,  Flaqo  asv  Gocld. 

The  above  Catalogue  makes  some  changes  in  the  TrienniaL     Prior  to 
1816  no  distinction  is  made,  in  the  Triennial,  between  those  who  graduated 

and  those  who  left  the  Seminary  before  their  respective  classes.  Doab^ 


1869.]  •  Andover  Catalogue,  December  6,  1818.  377 

less  this  is  dae  to  want  of  records.  But  a  decided  error  is  added  in  pla- 
cing the  names  of  these  non-graduates,  not  with  their  classes,  but  with  the 
classes  that  graduated  the  year  they  happened  to  leave  the  Seminary.  This 
Annual  Catalogue  shows  that  the  following  transfers  should  be  made  in 
the  Triennial :  — 

Class  of  1814. 

Solomon  M.  Allen,  to  partial  list  in  Class  of      .        .        .        1816 
Joseph  R.  Andnis  u  ii  a  ...     1816 

Nehemiah  Cleaveland     «<  «  <«  ...        1816 

Alexander  M.  Fisher  is  not  in  Annual  of  1818.    He  probi^bly  entered  the 

next  year  in  Class  of  181 7,  and  soon  left.    He  became  Tutor  at  Yale  in  1815. 
Thomas  R.  Grold,  to  partial  list  in  Class  of        .        .        .        1815 
Nathaniel  Hewit,         "  "  "  .        .        .        .1816 

Otto  S.  Hoyt  is  not  in  Annual  of  1818.    His  case  b  doubtless  like  that  of  Fisher. 

He  was  Tutor  at  Middlebury  in  1815,  and  was  at  Princeton  Seminary  in  1816. 
Sylvester  Lamed,  to  partial  list  in  Class  of      .        .        .        1816. 
Alfred  Wright,  una  ...     1816. 

Class  of  1815. 

Rufus  W.  Bailey  is  not  in  Annual  of  1818.  He  was  one  year  at  Andover; 
probably  in  Class  of  181 7.  ^ 

Hiram  F.  Mather,  to  partial  list  in  Class  of     .        .        .        1816. 

Class  of  1816. 

There  should  be  added  to  partial  list  Elam  Clark  and  John  McEeen,  neither 
of  which  names  now  appears  in  the  Triennial. 

Raynolds  Bascom  and  Louis  Dwight  graduated  in  1819. 
Joel  Hawes  graduated  in  1817. 

Of  the  Senior  Class,  at  the  date  of  this  Annual  Catalogue,  four  are  sup- 
posed to  be  still  living,  —  Gould,  Mitchell,  Smith,  and  Woodb ridge.  The 
average  age,  at  death,  of  the  other  thirteen  was  G9-|-.  The  shortest  life  was 
that  of  Giddings,  a  home  missionary,  who  died  at  St  Louis,  JVIo.,  in  1828, 
aged  46.  The  longest  life  was  that  of  Dr.  Putnam,  who  died  in  1868, 
aged  81. 

Of  the  Middle  Class  there  are  supposed  to  be  living  Dr.  Burgess, 
Dr.  Fitch,  Halsey,  Dr.  Kingsbury,  Dr.  Lord,  Mason,  Page.  The  age  of 
T.  R.  Gold,  at  death,  in  1829,  is  not  given  ;  but  estimating  his  birth  at  the 
average^  date  of  his  Class,  the  lives  of  the  deceased  average  56.  This  will 
be  largely  increased  in  future  years.  The  youngest  at  death  was  Elijah 
Baldwin,  who  was  not  ordained,  and  who  died  in  1819,  aged  30.  The 
oldest  at  death  was  Jonathan  Adams,  who  died  in  1861,  aged  79. 

Of  the  Junior  Class  there  are  supposed  to  be  living  Cleaveland, 
Hunn,  Mather,  Hobinson,  Dr.  Shepard,  and  Yale.    The  age  of  William 


878  Andover  Catalogue,  December  6,  1818..  [Jwljt 

Kimball,  at  death  in  1832,  is  not  given.  Allowing  his  year  of  birth  to  he 
at  the  average  date  of  his  Class,  the  lives  of  the  deceased  average  54r-|'. 
The  youngest  at  death  was  Sylvester  Lamed,  who  died  in  1820,  aged  24. 
The  oldest  at  death  was  Dr.  Hewit,  who  died  in  1867,  aged  79.  Of  this 
Class  several  died  yoang,  —  Lamed,  24 ;  Prof.  Allen,  28 ;  Andnis,  30  ; 
Kimball,  about  30;  Perrin,  32;  Nichols,  34;  Bascom,  87;  while  of  the 
Senior  Class  only  one  died  under  the  age  of  60,  and  six  of  the  thirteen 
lived  to  be  over  74. 

In  the  above  list  there  are  recognized  as  foreign  missionaries, —  Dr. 
Bardwell,  Dr.  Poor,  Allen  Graves,  and  John  Nichols ;  while  Joseph  R.  An- 
drus  was  agent  to  Africa.  Home  Missionaries, —  Dr.  Colton,  Giddings, 
Grould,  Jewett,  Dr.  Squier,  Halsey,  Dr.  Kingsbury  (to  the  Indians), 
Mason,  and  Wright  (to  the  Indians).  Professors  in  Colleges  and  Theolog- 
ical Schools,  •*-  Dr.  Colton,  Dr.  Emerson,  Dr.  Squier,  Kellogg,  Dr.  Bniv 
gess,  Dr.  Fitch,  and  Solomon  M.  AUen ;  while  Dr.  Lord  was  President  of 
Dartmouth  College,  Dr.  Bailey  President  of  Austin  CoUege,  Texas,  and  Ne> 
hemiah  Cleaveland  a  famous  teacher.  Louis  Dwight's  work  in  Prison  Dis- 
cipline, and  Thomas  H.  Gallaudet's  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumls  and  Inaane, 
are  matters  of  history.  D.  M.  Mitchell  was  long  a  city  missionary.  An- 
drus  and  Colton  were  ordained  in  the  Epiicopal  Church.  Gold,  Kellogg, 
Mather,  Swift,  Kimball,  and  McKeen  were  not  ordained;  Mather  is  a 
lawyer,  and  Swift  was  a  planter  in  Georgia  where  he  died  in  1859. 


Why  doe  ye  not  confider  that  God  worketh  from  yeare  to  yeare  in  the  order 
of  nature  ?  Sometimes  ye  fee  the  face  of  the  earth  decked^and  beautified  with 
herbes,  flowers,  graife,  and  fruites.  Againe  ye  fee  the  fame  Vterlye  taken 
awaye  by  (tonnes  and  vehemencie  of  the  winter.  What  doth  God  to  replen- 
ifhe  the  earth  again,  and  to  reflore  the  beauty  thereof  ?  He  fendeth  downe  his 
fmall  and  foft  dewe,  the  droppes  whereof  in  their  defcending  are  neyther  great 
nor  vifible,  and  yet  thereby  are  the  pores  and  fecrete  vaynes  of  the  earth, 
which  before  by  vehemencie  of  froft  and  colde  were  fhut  vp,  opened  againe. 
And  fo  doth  the  earth  produce  againe  the  like  herbes,  flowers,  and  fruites. 
Shal  ye  then  think  ?  that  the  dew  of  God's  heavenly  grace  (hall  not  be  as 
eflectuall  in  you  to  whome  he  hath  made  his  promife,  as  that  it  is  in  the 
herbes  and  fruites  that  from  yeare  to  yeare  buddeth  forth  and  decayeth  ?  If 
ye  doe  fo  the  Prophet  would  fay  your  incredibility  is  inexcufable,  becaufe  ye 
doe  neyther  rightlye  waighe  the  power  nor  the  promife  of  your  God. 

lOHN  KnOXI. 

Edinbrough,  the  19  of  September,  2565. 


1869.]  Pastoral  FaithftUnesi.  879 


PASTORAL   FAITHFULNESS. 

^*  Wide  was  his  parish,  and  his  hoases  &r  asnnder ; 
Bat  he  neglected  nought  for  either  rain  or  thander, 
In  sickness  and  in  mischief  to  Tisite 
The  farthest  in  his  parish,  moche  and  lite." 

Chauceb's  Good  Patter, 

The  old  conception  of  a  faithful  pastor  is  bj  no  means  obsolete.  He  is 
not  content  to  teach  and  preach.  He  visits  from  house  to  house.  He 
takes  heed  to  all  the  flock.  He  cares  alike  for  high  and  low,  rich  and 
poor.  He  becomes  intimately  acquainted  with  the  families  in  his  parish, 
and  adapts  himself,  so  far  as  possible,  to  the  peculiar  spiritual  necessities  of 
every  man,  woman,  and  child. 

Much  has  been  said  about  the  **  importance  of  the  pastoral  office  " ;  and, 
doubtless,  there  are  many  ministers,  not  only  in  country,  but  in  city  par- 
ishes, who  devote  themselves  with  a  good  degree  of  diligence  to  their 
pastoral  duties.  The  common  impression,  howerer,  seems  to  be  that  the 
claims  of  the  pulpit  are  far  more  sacred  and  imperative  than  those  of  the 
parish.  In  fact,  there  is  a  "  chronic  controversy  "  between  the  two,  which 
is  more  apt  to  turn  in  favor  of  sermons  than  visits.  How  often,  afler  ten 
or  twelve  years'  experience,  will  the  half-discouraged  preacher  be  tempted 
to  say  :  "  This  visiting,  talking,  and  praying  from  house  to  house  is  of  com- 
paratively little  account.  It  takes  time  which  I  need  and  want  for  study. 
It  draws  so  hard  on  my  vitality,  my  sympathy,  my  available  energy  and 
strength,  that  it  leaves  me  unfit  to  write  and  preach.  It  exposes  me  to  all 
manner  of  petty  personal  criticism.  It  pleases  at  first,  but  soon  excites 
envy,  jealousy,  and  discontent.  It  increases  the  difficulty  of  maintaining 
pleasant  relations.  It  makes  social  demands  which  cannot  be  permanently 
satisfied.  We  ministers  are  chosen  and  settled  for  our  preaching  abilities. 
If  we  preach  well  enough,  we  can  stand  as  high  and  stay  as  long  as  we 
please.  Many  are  dismissed  for  visiting  too  much  ;  few,  if  any,  for  visiting 
too  little.     I  shall  visit  less,  and  try  to  preach  better  in  future." 

This  is  certainly  a  very  low  view  of  the  subject.  The  question  is,  not 
what  will  be  easiest  for  the  preacher  himself,  or  best  for  his  professional 
standing  and  influence,  but  what  will  do  the  most  good,  or  best  fulfil  the 
idea  of  a  devoted  and  faithful  Christian  minister.  What  if  he  study  less, 
and  pfeach  but  seldom  when  he  is  fully  prepared  ?  What  if  he  is  brought 
so  much  nearer  to  the  people  that  his  faults  and  weaknesses  will  be  noted, 
and  his  services  somewhat  cheapened  in  their  eyes  ?  What  if  he  excite 
jealousies  by  his  apparent  neglects  and  partialities  ?  What  if  he  irritate 
and  repel  by  his  free  and  familiar  ways  ?     What  if  he  fail  to  satisfy  him- 


880  Pastoral  Faithfulness.  [J^ff 

self  or  others,  —  fail  utterly  to  meet  the  demands  of  a  large  and  scattered 
people  ?  What  if  he  must  leave  them  the  sooner,  because  thej  want  better 
preaching  and  appreciate  not  his  pastoral  labors  ?  Christ's  minister  is  not 
to  be  a  self-seeker.  He  should  .not  love  study  more  than  souls.  He  should 
not  aspire  to.  preach  like  a  professor  of  .divinity,  rather  than  as  a  bearer  of 
good  news  to  sinners  and  a  tender  sympathizer  with  mankind.  He  shonld 
not  wish  to  be  exempt  from  the  necessity  of  maintaining  a  high-toned  per^ 
sonal  character,  an  irreproachable  and  self-denying  Christian  life.  Why 
not  guard  against  laziness,  negligence,  and  favoritism,  and  learn  how  to 
distribute  his  attentions  so  as  to  reach  as  many  and  offend  as  few  of  the 
people  as  possible  ?  Why  not  be  content  to  stay  in  a  place  only  so  long  as 
he  may  be  welcomed  both  as  preacher  and  pastor  ? 

Besides,  how  many  whose  experience  is  just  the  opposite.  They  would 
rather  testify :  ^  The  more  I  visit,  the  more  I  see  and  feel  the  need  of 
preaching ;  the  more  I  study,  if  not  science  or  literature  or  theology  in 
general,  at  least  the  things  which  I  am  called  to  preach,  the  better  my 
sermons  are,  if  not  in  themselves,  if  not  as  judged  by  an  intellectual  or 
critical  standard,  at  least  as  adapted  to  the  necessities  of  the  people  before 
me ;  and  the  more  spiritual  strength  I  have  in  preaching  them,  the  more 
manifestly,  too,  do  I  gain  the  hearts  and  save  the  souls  of  those  who  hear 
them,  the  more  inclined  are  they  to  look  with  charity  on  my  failings ;  I 
become  so  endeared  to  them,  and  they  to  me,  that  nothing  short  of  an 
earthquake  in  my  parish  can  disturb  me.  When  I  must  leave  them  I 
find  that  the  links  are  closest  that  bind  me  to  those  who  have  had  most 
reason  to  value  me  as  a  pastor.  I  never  seem  to  lose  my  influence  over 
them." 

This,  however,  is  but  arguing  in  the  same  selfish  strain.  Let  us  sink 
ourselves,  personally  and  professionally,  and  consider  whether  ministers  do 
really  increase  their  usefulness  by  attempting  to  visit  their  whole  people. 
Look,  it  may  be .  said,  at  the  great  preachers.  How  little  do  or  can  they 
go  from  house  to  house,  except  occasionally,  when  sent  for,  or  in  a  mere 
social  way  for  their  own  pleasure  and  refreshment  ?  How  could  they 
preach  as  they  do,  if  they  should  thus  divide  and  scatter  themselves  ? 
How  much  better  for  them  to  cultivate  their  gifls  and  concentrate  their 
powers  in  the  one  great  work  of  preaching  to  the  masses  ?  And  why  not 
better  for  all  of  us,  according  to  our  ability  ?  Never  was  good,  strong, 
effective  preaching  so  sadly  needed  or  so  highly  appreciated.  Do  we  not 
lose  more  than  we  gain  by  trying  to  do  so  many  things  ?  * 

One  thing  is  enough  to  do,  especially  under  the  high  pressure  of  this 
busy  and  exciting  age.  Be  that  one  thing  to  preach.  Perhaps  there  are 
preachers  who  can  do  nothing  but  preach.  There  is  no  rule  which  will  not 
have  its  exceptions.     The  ministry  is  large  enough  to  admit  of  all  possible 


1869.]  Pastoral  FaiO^tdness.  88l 

diversities  in  its  methods  of  working.  If  any  must  give  up  pastoral  visiting 
on  account  of  the  magnitude  or  multiplicity  of  their  other  cares,  we  would 
not  complain  of  them.  K  any  have  such  peculiarly  unsocial  natures,  or 
Buch  morbidly  unhappy  spirits  that  they  cannot  enjoy  it,  or  such  unskilful 
tongues  and  ungraceful  manners  that  they  cannot  accomplish  much  by  it, 
we  would  not  insist  upon  their  doing  it.  But  who  preach  with  the  greatest 
efficiency  and  success  ?  Let  that  be  the  question.  Those  who  preach  the 
greatest  sermons  ?  who  have  the  greatest  professional  talents  and  re- 
sources? who  are  most  admired  and  applauded  ?  or  who  make  the  most 
elaborate  preparation  for  the  pulpit  ?  No ;  but  those  obviously  who  secure 
the  best  hearing  for  the  truth.  Preaching  is  simply  a  means  to  an  end. 
We  are  not  to  be  mere  sermon-makers,  but  fishera,  that  is,  catchers  of  men. 
How  can  we  most  effectually  save  them  by  preaching  ?    We  answer,  — 

1.  By  bringing  ourselves  into  personal  contact  and  sympathy  with  them. 

2.  By  adapting  our  preaching  to  their  personal  peculiarities  and  present 
condition. 

3.  By  following  up  our  preaching  with  all  possible  private  influence. 
Let  us  dwell  on  these  points. 

1.  By  personal  contact  and  sympathy.  ^I  know  my  sheep  and  am 
known  of  mine,"  said  the.Gropd  Shepherd.  Who  cannot  preach  best  to 
those  with  whom  he  is  most  intimately  acquainted?  Who  can  preach 
with  advantage  to  those  with  whom  he  has  but  a  general  and  superficial 
acquaintance  ?  Who  does  not  need  to  see  his  people  in  their  homes  and 
fiimilies,  or  at  least  to  have  frequent  and  familiar  interviews  with  them  by 
the  way,  in  order  to  divide  the  word  of  truth,  so  as  to  give  unto  each  his 
portion  in  due  season?  ^r.  Rhetoric  draws  his  bow  at  a  venture. 
Somebody,  doubtless,  is  hit  by  his  arrows.  So  with  Mr.  Finespun,  and 
Mr.  Flash,  Mr.  Prim,  and  some  of  our  modern  sensational  preachers. 
We  would  not  dispute  their  powers  or  undervalue  their  services.  Their 
popularity  is  astonishing.  But  their  splendid  sermons  are  splendid  sins, 
because  prepared  and  preached  with  a  mere  professional  ambition.  Who 
listens  to  them  as  to  a  devoted  personal  friend  and  pastor  ?  Who  takes  even 
the  gospel  of  Christ  from  their  lips  as  from  the  messenger  and  ambassador 
of  heaven  ?  Dr.  Decalogue  may  thunder.  Bishop  Love  may  speak  in 
Calvary's  sweetest  and  most  thrilling  accents.  '^But  what  does  he  care 
for  me  f**  sighs  the  sinner.  ^'  One  good  visit,  one  affectionate  word  from 
him,  would  give  such  point  and  power  to  his  appeals  that  I  could  hardly 
resist  them." 

Far  more  than  we  imagine  is  involved  in  the  fact  that  we  are  personal 
and  social  beings.  We  regard  everything  in  its  personal  aspect.  We  in- 
vest opinions  and  principles  with  the  associations  belonging  to  the  person 
who  supports  them.    We  are  facilitated  amazingly  in  gaining  Qur  ends  with 


i82  Pa^ond  FaiO^fvlneit.  U^^ 

our  fellows  bj  coming  into  direct  personal  comnHiniei^ion  with  them.  The 
man  of  business  secures  patronage  not  so  much  by  deeply  laid  scheHMS  and 
widely  scattered  circulars  as  by  his  own  personal  acquaintance  and  addrCHL 
The  teacher  utterly  fails  who  does  not  somehow  ingratiate  hifeiself  into  tiie 
affections  of  parents  and  children.  The  general  who  would  riTal  the  gveal 
Napoleon  must  have  a  marvellous  personal  magnetism.  So  the  pieacher 
who  would  plant  the  victorious  standard  of  the  cross  on  the  frowning  far* 
tress  of  sin  must  not  be  content  to  stand  up  with  an  adamantine  orthodoxy 
and  thunder  at  it  with  the  distant  artillery  of  evangelical  preachings  bol 
must  storm  its  walls  and  rush  to  its  battlements  in  a  hand-to-hand,  &oe-to» 
face  conflict.  There  is  no  church  and  no  ministry  whidi  can  carry  its 
point  by  addressing  men  in  the  mass,  without  dealing  with  Uiem  in  detail 
and  as  individuals.  The  people  will  come  to  the  sanctuary  when  they  have 
learned  to  respect  and  love  and  confide  in  the  minister.  They  will  be  wide 
awake  there,  and  not  complain  of  being  ^  hard  <3^  hearing"  when  he  speaks* 
They  will  hang  on  his  lips,  as  if  to  ask  for  all  he  can  say,  and  eagerly 
take  from  him  even  what  is  scarcely  worth  taking.  They  will  listen  to 
him  with  a  docility  of  mind,  with  a  hospitality  of  heart,  with  a  dispoeitum 
to  profit  even  by  his  most  unworthy  efforts.  Alas  for  the  good  preaching 
which  is  spoiled  by  the  hearing, — perhaps  nevermore  than  half  heard 
because  the  preacher  is  known  only  by  his  preaching !  If  he  would  be 
^  wise  in  winning  souls,"  must  he  not  have  more  of  the  spirit  of  £Bm  who 
came  ^  to  seek  "  as  well  as  ^  to  save  "  the  lost  ?  How  can  he  really  say, 
**  I  seek  not  yours,  but  you,"  if  he  allow  the  demands  of  the  study  and  the 
pulpit  to  drive  him  into  virtual  seclusion  except  on  the  Sabbath  ? 

2.  By  adaptation  to  the  peculiar  and  pressing  wants  of  the  people.  It 
may  be  said  that  the  gospel  is  ever  the  same  and  that  men  are  ever  essen- 
tially the  same,  so  that  good  strong  evangelical  preaching  will  always  take 
effect  This  is  true.  But  it  is  equally  true  that  the  gospel  is  perpetuaUy 
changing  in  its  relations  to  the  minds  and  hearts  of  the  people.  Its  power 
is  in  its  infinite  flexibility  and  ever-varying  adaptations.  The  grand  diffi- 
culty in  preaching  it  is  not  so  much  in  defining  and  discussing  and  illus- 
trating it  as  in  applying  it,  or  rather  in  making  men  apply  it  to  themselves. 
Especially  in  these  days  of  excessive  individualism  are  men  conscious  of 
their  own  peculiar  prejudices,  doubts,  trials,  and  conflicts.  Not  only  polid- 
cal  and  social,  but  local  and  personal  differences  must  be  taken  into  account. 
The  wonder  is  that  those  who  believe  in  preaching  ^  to  the  times,'*  and  who 
adapt  themselves  to  those  "  general  movements  of  the  popular  mind,"  which 
are  like  ocean  waves  and  currents,  do  not  learn  how  to  adjust  their  preach- 
ing more  frequently  to  the  very  day  and  hour.  All  agree  that  the  sinner 
must  be  made  to  feel  '^  /am  the  transgressor.  My  guilt  is  my  own,  and  I 
must  answer  for  it."    He  must  be  wise  for  himself.     He  must  have  that 


1869.]  Pagtoral  Faithfulness.  888 

mpint  of  inquirj,  confessioOy  and  prajer  which  says,  ^  Lord,  is  it  /?  "  ^  I 
have  dnDed  against  Heaven.  God  be  merciful  to  me.^  The  Wesleys  and 
Whitefields,  even  while  addressing  thousands,  have  aimed  not  at  the  mul* 
titnde,  but  ^'  as  if  at  a  single  bosom."  They  have  been  profoundly  and 
intensely  personal  in  their  appeals.  A  genuine  revival  of  religion  shows 
itselfy  not  in  any  mere  public  sensation  or  excitement,  but  in  the  truth  of 
God  sent  home  to  the  heart  as  a  bullet  to  its  mark.  This  being  so,  the 
question  is,  not  who  can  preach  with  the  greatest  amount  of  knowledge  or 
fervor  or  force,  but  who  with  the  most  direct  and  definite  aim,  who  with 
the  most  real  tact  and  skill,  who  with  the  closest  and  tenderest  adapta« 
tion  of  the  truth  to  individual  souls  ? 

What  if  we  take  broad,  comprehensive  views,  and  preach  God  as  the 
Monarch  of  the  universe,  Christ  as  the  Saviour  of  the  world,  sin  as  an  evil 
that  pertains  to  all  flesh  and  blood,  salvation  as  a  necessity  for  every  sin* 
ner  ?  Is  not  the  life  of  the  doctrine  in  its  personal  application,'  and  must 
we  not  know  the  persons  to  whom  we  would  apply  it  in  order  to  fix  it  as  a 
nail  in  a  sure  place  ?  Would  not  far  more  be  saved  if,  by  greater  famil- 
iarity with  our  hearers  as  well  as  subjects,  we  could  be  less  abstract  and 
general,  or  more  individualizing  in  our  ministrations  ?  Would  not  the  gos- 
pel be  invested  with  new  and  unwonted  power  ? 

It  will  not  answer  to  say  that  if  we  know  ourselves  we  know  others.  We 
can  see  through  men  at  a  glance.  We  can  tell  how  they  Uiink  and  feel  by 
intuition.  We  need  not  take  any  great  pains  to  become  acquainted  with 
them.  We  can  learn  more  about  them  by  study  than  ordinary  social  inter- 
course. All  this  we  may  admit.  But  can  any  knowledge  of  human  nature 
supersede  the  necessity  of  knowing  those  committed  to  your  immediate 
cha%e  ?  As  well  might  the  physician  shut  himself  up  in  his  ofiice  and 
prescribe  for  his  patients  without  visiting  them  and  observing  their  symp- 
toms. What  if  he  should  plead  his  acquaintance  with  sickness  and  death 
as  an  excuse  for  not  visiting  the  sick  and  dying  ? 

3.  By  following  up  our  preaching  in  private.  This  is,  perhaps,  the  most 
important,  as  it  is  certainly  the  most  difficult  and  delicate  part  of  a  pastor's 
duty,  —  to  add  to  the  efficacy  of  his  preaching  by  visiting  those  for  whom 
it  is  particularly  designed  or  to  whom  it  is  peculiarly  adapted.  In  this  he 
attends  most  strictly  to  ^<  the  cure  "  of  souls ;  he  may  have  all  the  power  of 
the  heart's  chosen  priest  in  probing  its  wicked  and  deceitful  depths  and 
prescribing  for  its  strangely  complicated  maladies  ;  yes,  all  the  real  advan- 
tages ever  secured  within  the  mysterious  veil  which  hangs  around  the 
confessional  in  the  courts  of  a  corrupt  Christianity  ;  he  needs  far  more  of 
the  wisdom  of  the  serpent  and  of  the  harmlessness  of  the  dove  than  in  any 
public  duty,  for  he  is  recognized,  cherished,  and  trusted,  not  as  a  mere  pro- 
fesnonal  servant,  but  as  an  affectionate  and  faithful  personal  friend.     Can- 


884  Pastoral  FaiO^ness.  [July, 

he  not  watch  the  effect  of  his  own  words  ?  Can  he  not  explain  them  to 
the  inquiring  and  doubting  so  as  to  guard  them  against  perversion  ?-  Gao 
he  not  commend  them  to  the  careless  and  forgetful  ?  CSan  he  not  open  the 
way  for  them  to  help  even  the  most  morbidly  and  miserably  affected,  the 
spiritual  dyspeptics  and  hypochondriacs  ?  No  art  of  riietbric  or  cogency  of 
logic,  no  ingenuity  of  speculation  or  beauty  of  illustration,  no  public  force 
or  fascination,  can  carry  the  truth  of  God  to  the  human  heart  like  a  loving, 
sympathizing,  confiding  personal  interview. 

Indeed,  this  is  preaching  like  Christ.  Not  so  much  on  special  occasioiis, 
or  at  stated  intervals,  or  in  formal  discourses,  as  by  constant  and  confiden- 
tial intercourse  with  his  disciples,  and  by  simple  conversations  with  those 
around  him,  did  he  carry  on  his  work.  This,  too,  is  like  the  preaching  of 
the  primitive  *  apostles.  The  world  was  converted  not  so  much  by  their 
public  addresses  as  by  their  every-day  talking  and  praying,  when  they  were 
*•  scattered  abroad.'' 

It  may  be  doubted  whether  the  minister  is  called  to  be  a  pastor  to  all  his 
people.  He  is  to  ^  feed  the  Church  of  Christ,"  not  the  indifferent  and  un- 
godly world.  He  is  given  *^  for  the  perfecting  of  the  saints,  for  the  edifying 
of  the  body  of  Christ"  It  belongs  rather  to  the  members  of  the  church  to 
carry  the  truth  preached  to  the  unconverted,  just  as  Christ  gave  the  loaves 
to  the  disciples,  and  the  disciples  to  the  multitude.  There  should  be  a  lay 
ministry,  if  not  an  earnest  co-operation  on  the  part  of  the  brethren  in  gen- 
eral for  this  pastoral  as  well  as  for  all  other  practical  work.  The  minister 
is  not  to  do  the  church's  business.  We  concede  that  he  should  only  try  to 
be  the  leader  in  it.  He  can  accomplish  comparatively  little  without  active, 
wise,  and  warm-hearted  lay  helpers.  He  should  be  able  to  reach  through 
them  many  whom  he  cannot  reach  in  person.  His  own  duty  is  prinunilj 
to  the  body  of  Christ.  He  is  to  preach  and  labor  for  its  edification,  —  not 
merely  or  mainly  for  the  conversion  of  sinners.  But  how  can  he  build  ap 
a  church  by  preaching  without  visiting,  or  by  visiting  believers  and  neglect- 
ing unbelievers  ?  How  bring  its  members  to  go  forward  or  help  in  a  work 
which  he  is  not  inclined  to  do  himself?  What  would  give  such  an  impulse 
to  their  efforts  in  ^  home  evangelization  "  as  a  better  example  of  zeal  and 
fidelity  in  the  pastoral  office  ? 

It  may  be  objected  that  we  put  upon  ministers  an  impossible  task.  To 
know  everybody  with  more  than  a  mere  casual  and  passing  acquaintance, 
to  adapt  their  preaching  to  everybody,  to  follow  up  their  preaching  to  every 
heart  and  home,  —  utterly  impracticable  !  —  at  least,  in  a  large  and  con- 
stantly changing  parish.     The  attempt  to  do  it  is  perfectly  disheartening. 

Perhaps  so,  if  it  be  attempted  in  a  set,  formal,  mechanical  way,  calling 
at  every  house  within  a  given  time,  or  besieging  every  person  on  religions 
themes  with  a  pious  and  familiar  freedom.     Such  impertinence  soon  wearies 


1869.]  Pastoral  FaitJ^fUlness.  885 

and  embarrasses  and  defeats  itself.  So  does  the  more  easy  and  common 
'way  of  spending  hour  after  hour  in  miscellaneous  if  not  frivolous  chit-chat, 
with  hardly  any  mixture  of  direct  religious  conversation.  The  art  of  doing 
it  without  overdoing  or  underdoing  must  be  learned.  The  power  of  doing 
it  with  facility  and  despatch  may  be  acquired.  The  study  of  time  and 
place  and  manner  is  not  enough.  A  glance  of  the  eye,  a  gentle,  tender 
word  by  the  way  may  be  better  than  a  visit.  The  industrial  and  domestic 
habits  of  the  people,  their  varying  moods  and  whims  even,  are  to  be  con- 
sidered. Those  who  can  be  induced  to  call  on  the  minister  need  seldom  be 
called  upon  by  him.  There  can  be  no  conventional  rules  for  pastoral 
work.  The  heart  that  remembers  each  name,  recognizes  each  &ce,  cher- 
ishes and  follows  each  one  with  a  genuine  solicitude  for  his  eternal  welfare, 
may  be  allowed  the  largest  liberty  in  details.  Perhaps  never  can  it  com- 
plete its  rounds,  however  rapidly  it  may  move  through  its  circuit.  In  this, 
as  in  every  other  inspiring  and  absorbing  work,  we  can  only  hope  to  ap- 
proximate to  the  true  ideal. 

But  is  it  not  equally  impossible  to  preach  so  as  to  satisfy  one's  own  mind 
or  to  accomplish  all  the  good  desired  ?  What  more  impracticable  than  to 
prepare  with  little  or  no  visiting  such  sermons  as  are  suited  to  the  souls  of 
even  the  smallest  congregation  ?  What  more  disheartening  than  to  preach 
what  is  elaborated  in  the  study  and  closet  without  any  special  knowledge  of 
or  sympathy  with  the  people  ? 

Impossible  ?  Is  not  the  difficulty  owing,  in  part,  to  a  want  of  entire  de- 
votion to  the  ministry  ?  Many  are  not  content  to  be  good  parish  minis- 
ters. Their  hearts  are  not  where  their  homes  are.  They  feel  as  if  they 
were  ordained  for  the  ministry  at  large  rather  than  for  their  own  particular 
fields.  And  then  they  are  not  content  to  be  of  one  work.  They  do  not 
give  themselves  wholly  to  it  They  would  shine  in  literary  and  scientific 
circles.  They  would  be  amateur  artists  or  popular  lecturers,  political  agita- 
tors or  financial  speculators,  editors  of  papers,  visitors  of  schools,  or  agents 
of  educational  and  benevolent  societies.  Of  course  they  have  hardly  time 
enough  even  for  the  sick  and  afflicted.  Do  they  not  love  their  singleness 
of  purpose  ? 

The  practical  difficulty  may  be  traced  to  a  want  of  love  for  souls. 
Many  seem  to  love  mankind  without  caring  for  individual  saints  arid  sin- 
ners. They  love,  perhaps,  those  who  by  nature  or  culture  are  congenial 
with  themselves.  They  delight  in  special  friendships  and  companionships. 
They  talk  with  unction  aboat  the  sacred  cause  of  humanity ;  but  they 
are  strangely  lacking  in  that  Christ-like  passion  for  souls,  which  would 
devote  itself,  at  least  for  Christ's  sake,  to  even  the  most  ignorant  and  de- 
praved and  unlovely.  Should  it  not  be  considered  a  fair  test  of  the  minis- 
ter's valuation  of  man,  whether  he  will  sacrifice,  if  need  be,  his  own  love 


886  PoBtoral  FaiOtfulnesi.  [J^Jf 

of  knowledge  and  study,  finr  the  sake  of  saving  even  the  poorest  and  wont 
in  hia  parish  ?  With  a  real  ^  enthnsiasm  of  humanity  "  would  not  the 
greatest  pains  be  taken  in  pastoral  duty  ?  ' 

Impossible  ?  Does  not  the  grand  difficulty  spring  from  certain  ideas  of 
preaching,  which  are  entertained  if  not  inculcated  in  some  of  our  semi- 
naries, and  which  prevail  in  many  of  our  parishes  ?  The  idea  that  eadi 
sermon  is  to  be  a  finished  thing,  —  complete  in  itself,  —  like  a  written 
essay,  like  a  perfect  work  of  art,  the  work,  periiaps,  of  a  whole  week  or 
month,  fit  to  be  printed,  read,  studied,  and  criticbed  I  The  idea  that  the 
preacher  should  concentrate  himself  upon  his  theme,  his  argument^  his  style, 
and,  if  possible,  surpass  himself  in  each  new  effort !  The  idea  that  he 
should  try  to  be  as  scholarly,  learned,  erudite,  eloquent,  attractiye,  as  he  can 
be  in  his  regular  preaching !  The  idea  that  he  must  preach  with  reference 
to  the  dignity  of  his  profession  or  the  power  and  beauty  of  lus  own  words  1 
With  such  ideas,  of  course,  he  may  find  no  time  fbr  anything  but  preach- 
ing. But  studying,  praying,  preaching  to  save  souls,  forgetting  and  denying 
himself,  making  himself  *'  of  no  reputation,"  valuing  scholarly  attainments 
and  literary  accomplishments  and  popular  gifls  only  as  means  to  the  one 
great  end,  counting  the  best  sermons  no  better  than  the  worst,  except  as 
they  can  be  made  savingly  effectual,  he  will  not  be  less  diligent  and  faith- 
ful as  a  pastor  for  the  sake  of  being  more  admired  and  honored  as  a 
preacher. 

If  it  be  true  that  the  whole  pastoral  work  is  too  heavy  for  one  man, 
what  follows  ?  That  he  who  ^  labors  in  word  and  doctrine  "  should  be  ex- 
cused from  doing  it  ?  No,  but  simply  this :  that  he  should  be  helped  in 
it  by  the  more  devoted,  judicious,  and  efficient  brethren,  perhaps  by  a 
colleague  in  the  ministry.  Doubtless  each  local  church  should  be  like  an 
army,  thoroughly  organized,  with  various  subordinate  officers,  divided  and 
subdivided  into  districts  or  classes,  each  member  being  broug|it  under  the 
constant  supervision  of  some  pastoral  helper,  from  whom  the  pastor  shall 
receive  notice  of  those  cases  of  sickness  and  affliction,  or  of  inquiry  and  de- 
clension, which  need  his  immediate  attention.  But  tell  us,  O  ye  learned 
and  eloquent,  how  the  people  can  be  savingly  reached  by  even  the  best  of 
preaching  without  a  greater  fidelity  in  pastoral  duty  ? 

Is  it  said  that  we  under-estimate  the  amount  of  good,  strong,  solid  thought 
which  the  people  need  for  their  spiritual  food?  that  they  need  better 
preaching  than  can  be  furnished  by  those  who  divide  themselves  between 
the  street,  the  parlor,  and  the  study  ?  We  reply  that  he  cannot  be  trusted 
as  a  theologian  who  knows  only  what  he  can  learn  from  books  and  solitary 
studies.  If  Augustine  had  associated  more  with  women  and  children,  the 
world  might  have  been  spared  some  features  of  his  theology.  If  preachers 
did  but  know  men,  women,  and  children  as  they  are,  they  would  be  saved 


1869.]  New  England  ffymn.  38T 

from  manj  of  their  angularities  and  absurdities  in  speculation,  and  become 
more  trustworthy,  if  not  more  profound  in  doctrine.  What  can  keep  them 
from  being  mere  tkearitU  f  What  better  test  the  truth  of  the  doctrines  as 
taught  in  the  schools,  and  show  wherein  they  should  be  modified  ?  What 
more  effectuallj  prevent  the  ereed^  as  well  as  the  church  and  the  ministry, 
from  being  alienated  from  human  and  popular  83rmpathie8  than  pastoral 
duty  ?  Why  does  religion  itself  so  often  suffer  and  decline,  and  with  it 
theology,  if  not  because  it  needs  to  come  down  to  the  hearts  and  homes  of 
the  people,  and  thus  prove  in  practice  as  well  as  theory  its  divine  char* 
acter? 

After  all,  it  may  be  hinted  that  there  is  something  degrading  rather  than 
exalting  to  the  ministry  in  ^  peddling,"  as  it  were,  the  gospel  from  house 
to  house.  We  have  no  patience  with  such  a  suggestion.  Suffice  it  that 
there  is  the  greatest  dignity  in  even  the  humblest  service  for  Christ's  sake*. 


NEW    ENGLAND    HYMN. 

Adapted  to  America  tune. 

To  Thee  the  tuneful  anthem  soars, 
To  Thee,  our  father's  God,  and  ours ; 

This  wilderness  we  chose  our  seat : 
To  rights  secured  by  equal  laws. 
From  Persecution's  iron  claws. 

We  here  have  sought  our  calm  retreat 

See !  how  the  flocks  of  Jesus  rise  ! 
See !  how  the  face  of  Paradise 

Blooms  through  the  thickets  of  the  Wild ! 
Here  Liberty  erects  her  throne ; 
Here  Plenty  pours  her  treasures  down  I 

Peace  smiles,  as  heavenly  cherubs  mild. 

Lord,  guard  thy  favors ;  Lord,  extend 
Where  farther  western  suns  descend; 

Nor  southern  seas  the  blessings  bound; 
Till  Freedom  lift  her  cheerful  head, — 
Till  pure  Religion  onward  spread, 

A^id  beaming,  wrap  the  globe. 

Rbv.  Mather  Bylbs,  D.  D.    177a 


888  The  Benediction.  [Jdj, 


THE  BENEDICTION. 

One  of  the  few  things  in  which  Christians  of  almost  all  denominations 
are  agreed  is  the  practice  of  ending  public  worship  with  a  benediction,  or 
blessing,  from  the  presiding  minister.  It  is  also  one  of  the  few  forms 
transmitted  from  a  remote  antiquity,  which  are  still  retained  by  those  C(h»- 
gregational  Churches  that  use  the  ^  largest  liberty,"  not  yet  discarded  nor 
disused,  nor  essentially  changed,  through  the  caprice  of  individual  minis- 
ters, or  the  jealous  scruples  of  hearers,  or  the  prevailing  passion  for  inno- 
vation and  experiment.  Our  fathers  would  recognize  our  public  serviced  as 
like  their  own  in  this  particular,  whatever  exception  they  might  take  to 
.many  or  most  others.  The  form  commonly  used  is  one  of  those  with 
which  the  Apostle  Paul  ends  his  epistles  in  ^he  New  Testament ;  the 
longer,  referring  to  all  the  Trinity,  as  in  2  Cor.  xiii.  14,  or  that  which 
names  Christ  only,  as  in  1  Cor.  xvi.  23 ;  of^en  the  similar  invocations  in 
the  openings  of  these  epistles,  as  in  1  Cor.  i.  3  ;  af^er  the  communion,  in 
the  practice  of  many  pastors,  the  beautiful  sentence  in  Heb.  xiii.  20,  21 ; 
and  on  some  occasions  the  Levitical  benediction.  Numb.  vi.  24-26.  The 
propriety  and  beauty  of  the  rite  are  generally  acknowledged,  but  perhaps 
some  attention  called  to  it  here  may  contribute  to  its  more  reverential  and 
profitable  use. 

While  there  is  so  much  uniformity  throughout  Christendom  in  the  use  of 
this  "  form  of  sound  words,"  three  diverse  views  are  held  of  its  character  as 
a  rite.  The  first,  which  belongs  to  the  more  churchly  and  sacramental 
theory  of  worship  in  general,  and  of  course  prevails  in  prelatical  com- 
munions, represents  it  as  an  exclusively  priestly  act,  having  an  inherent 
value  and  mystical  virtue  derived  from  the  prerogative  of  the  administra- 
tor. We  need  not  stop  to  refute  or  reject  this  notion,  which  is  not  supposed 
to  have  infected  the  readers  of  the  "  Quarterly,"  nor  to  be  favored  by  the  ten- 
dencies of  our  times.  But  among  evangelical  Protestants  there  are  those 
who,  in  recoiling  from  that  theory,  hold  an  opposite  extreme  on  this  as  on 
some  other  matters.  With  them,  the  benediction  is  only  a  brief  prayer,  as 
if  addressed  to  God,  by  the  minister  in  behalf  of  the  people,  in  no  respect 
difiering  from  any  other  prayer,  and  as  proper  to  be  offered  as  any  other 
by  any  one  of  them  for  the  rest.  Sometimes  they  take  care  to  indicate 
this  construction  by  prefacing  the  scriptural  form  with  an  auxiliary  word, 
as  "  may  the  grace,"  &c.,  and  substituting  "  us  "  for  ^^t/ou*'  at  the  end,  as 
also  by  shutting  their  eyes  in  the  manner  of  other  prayer,  instead  of  look- 
ing toward  the  people.  But  this  is  not,  in  fact,  the  common  understanding 
of  the  rite  in  our  churches.     In  the  less  formal  assemblages  for  worship 


1869.]  The  Benediction.  889 

without  preaching,  the  layman  who  presides,  though  offering  other  prayer, 
refrains  from  this  act,  and  asks  it  of  a  minister,  when  one  happens  to  be, 
present,  or  in  his  absence  concludes  the  meeting  with  the  doxology.  The 
benediction  is  felt  to  be  in  some  sort  an  act  of  a  minister  as  such.  As  far 
as  we  know,  in  the  few  exceptional  cases  where  laymen  have  adopted  the 
coarse  expected  of  ministers,  they  have  been  oftener  conceited  and  forward 
or  factious  persons,  than  the  more  cultivated  and  eminent.  The  greater 
strictness  of  our  New  England  fathers  on  this  point  may  be  learned  from 
their  usage,  —  now  lost  sight  of  to  a  great  extent  in  our  churches,  though 
not  among  Presbyterians,  —  which  did  not  allow  even  a  licentiate  to  pro- 
nounce the  benediction  till  he  was  ordained,  just  as  he  could  not  then,  and 
cannot  now,  administer  the  sacraments. 

It  is  evident  that  our  ministers  and  churches  generally  now,  as  hereto- 
fore, hold  a  third  theory,  intermediate  between  the  two  that  have  been 
stated.  Though  not  sharply  defined,  the  benediction  is  considered  not  as  a 
priestly  ceremony,  nor  yet  as  a  mere  prayer,  but  as  an  official  act  of  minis- 
ters, a  part  of  their  business  as  ordained  persons,  pronouncing  God's  blessing 
in  his  name  upon  his  worshippers.  At  least,  as  much  as  this  may  be 
affirmed  of  it  in  the  practice  of  the  most  thoroughly  Protestant  denomina- 
tions. It  is  ministerial  in  the  same  sense  as  the  sacraments  are  ministerial. 
There  are  those  who  would  have  every  Christian  man  allowed  to  do  all  these 
things,  and  some  would  claim  as  much  for  every  Christian  woman ;  but 
such  is  not  in  fact,  as  we  have  shown,  the  order  of  our  churches.  None 
more  readily  recognize  this  act  as  belonging  to  ministers  than  our  most  de- 
vout and  intelligent  laymen.  It  is  distinguished  from  a  mere  prayer  by  its 
manner  and  phraseology.  It  is  addressed  directly  to  the  people,  not  to 
Grod ;  pronounced,  not  offered  up.  The  Bible  form  is  *^  Grace  be  with  you,'* 
not  ^'  May  grace  be  with  U9  " ;  and  our  prevailing  usage  is  thence  derived. 
It  is  declarative,  not  supplicatory. 

If  now  we  are  asked  what  warrant  there  is  for  such  a  ministerial  func- 
tion, we  answer,  first  of  all,  no  other  warrant  is  necessary  than  the  propriety 
and  beauty  of  the  act  on  the  part  of  a  minister  pi-esiding  in  an  assembly  for 
Christian  worship.  Though  not  a  priest  under  the  old  law,  yet  as  a  minis- 
ter under  the  gospel  he  may  be  said  both  to  represent  the  people  before 
God  and  God  before  the  people,  and  as  in  the  one  view  he  asks  a  blessing, 
80  in  the  other  he  offers  a  blessing  as  well  as  gives  instruction.  We  need' 
no  proof-text  to  show  any  mystical  efficacy  in  the  rite  as  performed  by  him, 
for  we  ascribe  to  it  no  such  properties.  But  surely  there  are  examples. 
Though  Aaron  and  his  sons  were  distinctly  required  to  bless  the  children 
of  Israel  in  a  certain  manner,  the  same  authority  is  not  necessary  in  order 
that  a  Christian  pastor  may  address  the  same  words  to  his  congregation.- 
Some  rite  of  this  sort  seems  to  have  been  always  connected  with  divine^ 


890  The  Benediction.  [J^7» 

worship.  The  ordinaiy  service  in  the  Jewish  sjmagogae  was  oondiided 
with  a  benediction,  for  which  we  know  of  no  such  distinct  precept  as  in  the 
case  of  Aaron,  and  Christian  churches  are  allowed,  though  not  required,  to 
conclude  their  worship  in  a  similar  manner.  The  Apostle  Paul  b^ins  and 
ends  most  of  his  epistles,  and  Peter  his  first  also,  with  a  benediction.  We 
may  believe  that  the  worshipping  assemblies  under  their  care  were  dis- 
missed in  this  manner,  for  ecclesiastical  history  teUs  us  that  such  was  the 
practice  of  the  primitive  churches  after  the  days  of  the  apostles.  They 
separated  with  the  words  "  Depart  in  peace,''  or  some  brief  blessing  from 
the  presiding  minister.  The  simple  rite,  usually  in  words  borrowed  from 
the  Scriptures,  has  come  down  to  us  through  the  long  succession  of  wor- 
shipping assemblies.  Being  what  it  is,  and  a  settled  usage  in  our  ehurdies, 
with  such  precedents,  it  deserves  and  will  maintain  its  place.  As  to  its 
significance  or  efficacy,  the  same  questions  might  have  been  raised  in  the 
primitive  times  as  now,  and  may  be  answered  now,  as  we  beKeve  they 
were  then,  without  countenancing  the  superstitions  that  have  largely  pre- 
vailed regarding  die  ministry  and  its  functions.  We  have  called  the  bene- 
diction  declarative,  and  if  asked  ^declarative  of  what?"  we  answer,  of  the 
divine  good-will  to  the  worshippers,  even  of  the  grace  of  the  gospeL  Its 
effect,  as  fiur  as  the  advantage  of  the  hearers  is  concerned,  most  depend  oo 
their  reception,  which  may  be  said  also  of  the  gospel  itself.  Indeed,  the 
benediction  is  virtually  the  minister's  concluding  proclamation  of  the 
gospel. 

It  deserves  to  be  suggested  here,  in  behalf  of  propriety  and  the  feeUngs 
of  the  more  cultivated  worshippers,  that  in  this  part  of  our  public  services 
any  needless  deviation  from  the  familiar  scriptural  forms  is  undesirable, 
and  ought  to  be  avoided.  Some  ministers  like  to  exchange  the  eld  s^itence 
for  a  new  one  occasionally,  or  to  mix  with  it  something  of  their  own,  inter- 
polating their  text,  or  an  explanation  or  application,  with  the  idea  of  giving 
it  more  effect  But  it  is  found  to  be  the  more  impressive  wh^  given  in 
its  own  integrity,  with  the  sacred  associations  that  time  has  gathered  about 
the  very  words  in  that  connection.  As  we  have  said,  it  is  one  of  the  few 
ancient  forms  still  retained  in  our  mode  of  public  worship,  and  let  it  be 
^  strengthened  "  among  "  the  things  which  remain." 

In  respect  to  the  posture  of  the  worshippers  in  this  part  of  public  wor- 
ship, no  doubt  either  standing  as  in  singing,  or  kneeling  or  inclining  the 
head  as  in  prayer,  is  entirely  appropriate.  In  some  of  our  congregations 
the  latter  has  been  adopted  as  in  the  Episcopal,  and  in  connection  with  the 
concluding  prayer,  in  order  to  greater  quietness,  but  that  prayer  is  thos 
unhappily  separated  from  the  sermon  by  the  singing  when  a  third  hymn  is 
sung.  We  see  no  reason  why  the  benediction  should  not  be  received  in  the 
same  posture  as  the  next  preceding  act  of  worship,  whether  of  prayer  or 


1869.]  The  Bmedidum.  891 

singing.  Where  the  standing  posture  is  retained  there  is  great  diversity 
among  different  congregations  in  the  matter  of  decorum.  In  some  the 
assembly  is  as  still  and  reverent  as  in  prayer,  and  no  part  of  the  service  is 
more  solemn,  while  in  others  the  blessing  seems  to  be  regarded  only  as  a 
signal  for  dismission,  the  people  taking  the  interval  for  adjusting  their 
clothes  and  hats,  as  if  (as  one  minister  complained)  his  words  were  ^  For- 
ward, march  I "  This  difference,  we  believe,  is  due  largely  to  the  feeling 
and  manner  of  the  ministers  themselves.  If  they  make  light  of  the  bene-^ 
diction,  the  people  will  follow  their  example.  Are  not  some  of  tham  in 
need  of  caution  against  irreverence  or  haste  in  this  more  tlian  in  any  other 
part  of  their  pulpit  service  ? 

We  take  this  opportunity  to  suggest  also  that  as  the  worship  of  Christian 
congregations  is  appropriately  ended  with  a  benediction  from  the  close  of 
one  of  Paul's  epistles,  so  it  might  be  appropriately  begun  with  a  salutation 
such  as  he  uses  in  the  beginning;  ''  Grace  be  unto  you,"  etc  The  Dutch 
churches  use  this,  or  the  Levitical  blessing,  afler  the  opening  invocation. 
Still  better,  let  it  precede.  As  the  minister  leaves  the  people  with  a  bene- 
diction, why  should  he  not  come  to  them  with  a  like  salutation  ? 

One  suggestion  more,  particularly  as  to  the  ending  of  a  prayer-meeting 
in  the  absence  of  a  minister.  Our  laymen,  as  w6  have  seen,  refrain  from 
pronouncing  the  benediction  ;  but  how  happens  it  that  in  Episcopal  congre- 
gations, where  stricter  notions  of  ministerial  prerogative  are  contended  for, 
a  similar  form  is  always  used  by  laymen  who  publicly  read  the  servi<!e  ? 
The  answer  is  that  among  them,  while  the  minister  addresses  the  words  to 
the  people  as  a  benediction,  the  lay-reader  uses  it  simply  as  a  prayer 
offered  to  God,  taking  the  posture  of  supplication,  and  substituting  ^u^" 
for  ^  yott,"  and  hence  he  uses  the  words  as  properly,  even  in  that  church, 
as  any  of  the  foregoing  prayers.  Why  should  not  laymen  in  our  churches 
use  the  same  privilege  ?  With  the  same  easy  modification,  why  should  .not 
the  sacred  words  which  all  recognize  as  properly  the  last  from  a  minister's 
lips  in  our  larger  assemblages  be  heard  at  the  same  point  from  laymen  pre- 
siding in  our  smaller  meetings  for  prayer  ?  In  the  absence  of  a  minister  a 
worshipping  assembly  cannot  separate  more  properly  than  with  the  prayer, 
^  May  the  grace  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  and  the  love  of  Gk)d,  and  the 
eomouinion  of  the  Holy  Ghost  be  with  us  all :  Amen.** 


PEW  SBBIBS.  —  VOL.  I.  NO.  8.  27 


892  The  Doctrine  of  the  Holy  Spirit.  [July, 


THE  DOCTRINE  OF  THE  JHOLY  SPIRIT. 

-  The  few  truths  which  we  know  of  God  are  given  us  one  bj  one.  It 
was  four  thousand  jears  before  he  revealed  himself  in  the  face  of  Jestis 
Christ ;  and  it  maj  be  four  thousand  more  before  we  fully  apprehend  con- 
cerning him  even  so  much  as  is  contained  in  the  Bible.  Revelation  has 
beeo  gradual.  "  There  was  a  twilight  before  the  dawn,  a  dawn  before  the 
morning,  and  there  must  be  a  morning  before  the  day." 

We  cannot  help  speculating  why  the  entire  Revelation,  as  it  now  stands, 
if  no  more,  was  not  given  at  the  beginning ;  why  Christ  did  not  appiear  at 
once  to  the. sinning  Adam  and  Eve;  why  the  free  salvation,  which  we 
enjoy,  irith  all  its  powerful  motives,  was  not  offered  to  the  first  transgres- 
sors, rather  than  reserved  to  a  distant  age,  through  such  long  centuries  of 
guilt  and  affliction.  There  must  be  a  certain  presumption  in  the  attempt 
to  solve  such  questions  as  these,  upon  which  the  Scripture  has  not  turned 
aside  to  cast  one  single  clear  beam.  But  in  this  instance  there  are  prob- 
able reasons  of  much  weight,  which  a  reverent  spirit  will  naturally  d^gfat 
to  find,  and  bys  which  it  must  be  led  more  deeply  to  adore  that  vasl  and 
unsearchable  wisdom,  which  has  planned,  and  is  executing,  so  grand  a 
scheme  of  redemption. 

'It  is  self-evident  that  man  could  have  no  true  religion  without  some 
true  knowledge  of  God.  But  how  should  Grod  reveal  himself?  With  our 
limited  and,  far  more,  our  fallen  powers,  we  might  form  wrong  notions 
from  what  was  revealed,  get  an  idea  of  a  very  different  being  from  Jeho- 
vah, and  thus  be  led  to  a  religion  not  only  not  pleasing  in  his  sight,  but, 
even,  diametrically  opposed  to  the  true,  and  constituting  our  most  flagrant 
transgression.  Evidently,  great  care  must  be  taken  how  he  revealed  him- 
self. As  little  knowledge  as  possible  would  be  given,  no  jnore  than  sof- 
ficient  for  absolute  needs ;  and  this  in  such  shape  as  to  be  least  open  to 
abuse.  The  remarkable  fact  is  in  favor  of  this  view,  that,  for  a  long 
period,  there  was  no  written  revelation;  that,  moreover,  when  one  was 
given  it  was  to  a  people  selected  and  for  centuries  trained  for  the  trust ; 
and  that  in  the  growth  of  this  record,  the  Old  Testament  Scriptures,  daring 
the  extended  period  of  eleven  hundred  years,  there  is  evidently  a  continual 
development  ia  the  teaching  concerning  Jehovah.  The  Grod  of  David  is  a 
completer  conception  than  that  of  Moses.  Through  Isaiah,  ney  attributes 
still  are  revealed,  and  new  truths  of  the  mighty  plan,  which  were  only 
hinted  to  Moses,  Job,  and  David,  or  were  wholly  hidden  from  their  ejes. 

The  purpose  of  the  sacred  writings  is  only  suggested  at  the  first.  It  is 
all  hidden  and  involved,  like  some  rich  melody,  in  the  variations  of  its  gor- 


1869.]  The  Doctrine  of  the  Holy  Spirit.  898 

geous,  suggestive,  and  baffling  prelude.  But  as  it  progresses  we  catch  a 
DOte  of  the  lofly  theme.  An  interval  of  brilliant  distraction,  and  another 
note  separates  itself  full  and  clear ;  and  we,  for  a  moment,  fancy  that  the 
strain,  at  length,  is  fairly  grasped,  in  its  strong,  steady,  jubilant  grandeur. 
Bat  it  is  immediately  lost  again  in  a  confusion  of  seemingly  nnmeaning 
^aoonds.  Again  it  rises,  as  the  grand  notes  once  more  marshal  themselves 
in  the  linked  order  of  that  glorious  melody,  and  again  it  is  drowned  and 
lost.  But  it  grows  more  distinct.  It  bursts  out  purer  and  clearer  from  the 
janglings  and  the  confusions  of  the  varying  harmony,  loader  and  fuller, 
sweeter  and  more  majestic,  till,  in  Isaiah  and  God,  its  full  grandeur  seems 
in  passages  to  roll,  giving  us  in  distinguishable  note,  piece  upon  piece,  the 
varibos  and  noble  minstrelsy  of  heaven,  and  the  blended  rapture  of  count- 
less voices,  ever  shouting  in  the  rising  and  the  falling  of  their  billowy 
cadences,  "  Glory  to  God ! ''  "  Peace  on  Earth  I"  «  Good  will  to  Men  I " 

How,  now,  are  we  to  account  for  this  gradual  method  pursued  in  the 
Scripture?  i.  e.  what  particular  point  was  it  necessary  to  guard?  The 
following  explanation  seems  to  harmonize  iYi^factt  very  completely. 

The  general  gospel  plan  is  evident  almost  from  the  very  beginning; 
namely,  to  send  to  men  a  Divine  Redeemer,  who  should  save  them  from  the 
impending  wrath  of  God.  But  this  formidable  danger  is  to  be  guarded 
against  before  he  can  safely  appear.  He  is  to  come  in  the  form  of  a  man. 
This  human  form  is  liable  to  be  received,  and  worshipped,  as  the  true  God. 
Men  will  be  led  to  believe  that  God  is  altogether  such  a  one  as  themselves. 
The  salvation,  as  a  consequence,  will  be  misunderstood  and  despised.  We 
may  lo<^  therefore,  upon  the  Old  Testament  as  the  protracted,  repeated, 
and  more  and  more  emphatic  inculcation  of  the  first  two  commandments ; 
namely,  ^^  Thou  shalt  have  no  other  gods  before  me,'*  and,  '*  Thou  shalt  not 
make  onto  thee  any  graven  image";  that,  notwithstanding  their  great, 
universal  tendency,  as  shown  in  the  infinite  variety  of  human  gods,  and  the 
countless  shapes  in  which  these  were  conceived  to  exist,  mankind  might 
accept  our  Saviour  when  he  came  as  the  one  true  God,  temporarily  in 
human  form,  but  in  essential  being,  a  pure  and  infinite  spirit  '^  Grod  is  a 
^irit,"  is  the  truth  evermore  impressively  repeated  from  Moses  to  Malachi. 
The  Jew  continually  made  gods  of  wood  and  stone  in  place  of  Jehovah, 
and  would  not  be  limited  to  a  spiritual  worship.  He  was  disciplined  ac- 
cordingly by  terrible  providences.  His  history,  indeed,  is  little  other  than 
a  record  of  these  providences,  his  training  in  the  worship  of  a  pure  spiritual 
deity ;  till,  at  length,  but  not  till  after  the  nation  had  been  divided,  con- 
quered, carried  bodily  away  to  the  sorrows  of  an  idolatrous  land,  and,  as  a 
nation,  utterly  destroyed,  they  wholly  abandoned  images  and  false  gods,  and 
settled  upon  a  spiritual  worship,  they  were  the  first  and  only  people  be- 
fore Christ  to  receive  God  as  he  is.     And  who  cannot  see,  as  he  reads  the 


894  The  Doetrme  of  ike  Holy  Spirit.  [July, 

history,  that  every  year  of  delay,  and  every  provideDce  m  the  long  and 
tragic  succession,  was  required  thoroughly  to  reveal  to  them  the  true  GM. 
There  may  have  been  other  ends  in  view  in  the  divine  method,  but  this 
seems  sufficiently  important  to  have  been  the  principal  purpose.  GUkL  only 
reveals  himself  as  a  spirit.  The  God  whom  we  know  is  a  spiritual  being. 
He  may  manifest  himself  in  many  different  modes,  but  we  only  know  Him 
in  this  mode,  as  a  spirit,  invisible  and  infinite. 

That  this  is  correct  reasoning  further  appears  from  the  gradual  revelar 
tion  in  the  New  Testament  of  Christ.  The  Old  Testament  is  the  progres- 
sive revelation  of  the  Father,  to  prepare  for  the  revelation  of  the  Son. 
The  Son  himself  is  gradually  revealed. 

The  writer  of  Ecce  Homo  has  been  universally  criticised  for  attempting 
to  take  the  contemporary  Jew's  position,  and  regard  Jesus  as  a  teacher 
merely  of  extraordinary  claims,  without  reference  to  his  divine  nature,  or 
to  the  doctrines  which  are  generally  held  with  regard  to  his  character  and 
work  as  the  Messiah.  It  is  commonly  conceived  to  be  impossible  to  take  this 
position  without  doing  violence  to  the  Gospel  narrative.  In  a  friendly  and 
very  acute  criticism  upon  this  work,  however,  Mr.  Gladstone  examines  the 
narratives  in  the  first  three,  or  synoptic  Gospels,  and  shows  conclnsivdy, 
from  the  discourses  and  parts  of  discourses,  from  the  injunctions  oHen 
delivered  to  those  who  had  been  the  subjects,  or  witnesses,  of  miraculous 
cure  or  relief,  from  the  method  of  teaching  by  parables,  from  the  commis- 
sions or  charges  given  to  the  twelve  apostles,  and  to  the  seventy  diadplea, 
and,  in  the  fourth  Grosp^l,  from  the  distribution  of  doctrinal  teaching  there- 
in, that  there  is  a  marked  and  evident  reserve  in  the  teaching  of  the  central 
and  fundamental  doctrine  concerning  his  own  person,  the  great  truth  of 
divinity.  ^  He  does  not  so  much  teach  himself,  as  prepare  the  way  for  the 
teaching  of  himself,  and  thus  acts  once  more,  though  from  a  different  point, 
and  in  a  new  relation,  the  part  of  his  own  forerunner.**  To  one  who  has 
not  had  his  mind  turned  to  this  examination,  these  will  seem,  it  may  be, 
hasty  and  irreverent  assertions.  But  whoever  will  take  the  pains  to 
examine  for  himself  will  be  struck  with  the  (act,  evident  even  on  a  cursory 
inspection,  that  the  Saviour's  divinity  was  not  distinctly  revealed  in  his  own 
lifetime.  For  some  purpose  manifestly  it  was  constantly  and  industriooslj 
concealed.  The  reason  which  the  profound  thinker  already  quoted  assigns 
is,  that  the  first  great  object  of  Jesus  was  to  fix  the  belief  in  his  divine 
miesion  only,  leaving  the  doctrine  concerning  himself  for  others  to  teach 
and  establish,  that  mankind  might  not  be  unduly  infiuenced  by  hid  personal 
appearance  and  claims,  and  so  might  the  more  dispassionately  and  sincerely 
receive  his  message  of  salvation.  Other  reasons  which  he  suggests  are 
similar  in  their  bearing ;  namely,  that  he  wished  the  message  of  salvation, 
80  fiur  as  possible,  to  make  its  own,  unaided  way.    There  is  force  in  these 


1869.]  The  Doctrine  of  the  Holy  Spirit.  895 

reasons,  possibly  considerable  force ;  but  the  great  main  reason  appears  to 
me  to  be  a  very  different  one. 

From  the  opening  of  his  ministry  his  countrymen  showed  a  strong 
tendency  to  misconceiye  the  entire  Messianic  work  of  Jesus.  In  their 
Tiew  the  new  kingdom  was  to  be  of  this  world ;  the  new  king,  an  earthly 
sovereign.  They  regarded  no  Canaan  but  that  between  the  Mediterranean 
and  the  Jordan,  no  royal  house  save  the  Jewish  lineage  of  David.  They 
interpreted  everything  by  these  false  preconceptions.  They  seized  upon 
the  body  of  the  Messiah  to  make  of  it  their  king.  The  notions  of  a  spirit- 
ual sovereign,  a  spiritual  triumph,  a  spiritual  state,  were  to  them  new,  dif- 
ficult, repugnant 

If  Jesus,  therefore,  had  fully  made  known  his  divine  claims  in  person, 
the  Jews,  so  far  as  they  received  him,  would,  quite  certainly,  have  returned 
to  their  abandoned  idolatry,  lost  the  God  in  the  incarnation,  the  eternal 
Redeemer  in  the  perishable  lamb  of  sacrifice.  Consequently  the  great 
truth  was  only  suggested ;  more  and  more  clearly  indeed,  as  the  end  ap- 
proached, but,  to  the  last,  so  obscurely  that  the  most  intimate  of  the  chosen 
twelve  did  not  fully  receive  it  until  af^er  his  ascension.  Not  until  his 
ministry  was  ended,  and  he  had  forever  disappeared  from  sight  and  touch, 
and  all  sensible  apprehension,  was  Jesus  openly  proclaimed  to  be  Qod. 
Why  ?  In  order  that  the  infinite  contrast  between  the  man  Christ  Jesus 
and  the  Divine  Son  of  God  might  be  distinctly  emphasized,  so  that  the 
dullest  intellect  could  see  it ;  that  as  men  had  been  painfully  taught  in  the 
former  canon  that  God  the  Father  is  a  spirit,  so  with  equal  care  and  con- 
viction they  might  now  be  assured  that  God  the  Saviour  is  also  a  spirit. 
That  is,  the  method  of  the  Bible  in  both  Testaments  is  one  whose  uniform, 
patient  aim  seems  to  be  tP  make  clear,  not  simply  so  that  it  can  be  popu- 
larly conceived,  but  so  that  it  cannot  be  misconceived,  the  spiritual  being 
of  God. 

'  A  doctrine  so  taught,  and  so  impressively  enforced,  must  be  very  precious 
in  God's  sight,  one  absolutely  essential  to  true  ideas  of  religion.  It  neces- 
sarily results  that  oar  religious  ideas,  attainments,  and  character  must 
depend  upon  the  completeness  with  which  everything  material  is  refined 
out,  and  the  conception  obtained,  and  fixed  never  to  be  lost  from  view,  of  a 
purely  spiritual  Deity,  who  only  hath  immortality,  dwelling  in  the  light 
which  no  man  can  approach  unto,  whom  no  man  hath  seen,  or  can  see,  to 
whom  belong  honor  and  power  everlasting. 

This,  I  believe,  is  the  Bible  doctrine,  that  we  only  know  God  as  a  Spirit. 
The  Spirit,  in  other  words,  is  the  sole  Revealer.  The  Father  speaks ;  the 
Son  is  the  Word ;  the  Spirit  is  the  Voice.  God  the  Father  revealed  in 
the  Old  Testament,  God  the  Son  brought  to  light  in  the  New  Testament, 
are  only  known  to  us  as  God  the  Spirit.  The  Holy  Spirit  is  the  revealed 
God. 


396  The  Doctrine  of  the  Holy  Spirit.  [Jdy, 

Do  we  give  this  doctrine  its  true,  central  place  in  our  religion  ?  Am  I 
wrong  in  the  impression  that  Christians  generally  have  vague  CGncet>tion8 
of  the  Third  Person  in  the  Trinity  ?  We  know  the  Father  and  the  Son, 
but,  so  far  as  spiritual  acquaintance  is  concerned,  we  have,  too  commonly, 
I  suspect,  no  worthy  conceptions  of  the  Holy  Spirit  As  a  necessary  con- 
sequence, our  views  of  the  Father  and  the  Son  are  unworthy.  The 
prayers  and  the  conversation  of  many  Christians  most  painfully  indicate 
that  they  have  not  so  much  as  heard,  with  spiritual  sense,  whether  there 
be  a  Holy  Ghost !  The  prevailing  language  of  Christians  refers  to  him  in 
the  neuter,  as  ^  it,"  as  if  he  were  but  a  mere  influence,  and  not  a  true 
beino:.  That  he  is  as  distinct  in  the  Godhead  as  the  Father  and  the  Son 
we  do  not  practically  apprehend.  Very  few  pray  to  the  Spirit ;  very  few, 
apparently,  seek  the  communion  of  the  Spirit,  or,  indeed,  understand  very 
clearly  what  is  meant  by  this  gift,  and  by  this  witness  with  the  spirit  of 
man.  Thus  we  dishonor  the  Holy  Ghost,  no  less  a  being  than  Grod  with 
us,  that  single  manifestation  of  the  Deity,  with  which  it  is  possible  for  us 
directly  to  commune. 

It  would  be  a  sufficient  reason  for  making  prominent  the  Holy  £rhost  in 
our  religious  life,  that  the  Bible  makes  him  so  central  an  object.  But  we 
have,  in  addition  to  this  purely  doctrinal  ground,  considerati(His  of  intense 
personal  interest  and  attractiveness. 

Our  practical  dealing  with  Grod  is  as  thus  manifested.  The  Spirit  calls 
and  converts.  Our  first  desire  after  God  tells  of  his  presence.  Ilie 
first  token  of  favor  is  his  smile.  All  the  tenderness  of  the  Father  comes 
out  in  his  gracious  acts.  He  communed  with  Adam,  and  accepted  Abel, 
and  branded  Cain,  and  instructed  Noah,  and  led  forth  Abraham.  He 
dwelt  in  the  bosom  of  the  pillared  cloud  and  fire,  the  spirit  of  the  bush. 
He  wakened  Samuel,  and  stirred  the  harp  of  David  as  the  wind  in  the 
wood,  and  whispered  in  the  prophet's  breast,  "  Thus  saith  the  Lord.*  It 
was  he  who  stayed  the  pestilence  and  the  sword,  and  his  hand  smote  with 
alternate  wrath.  His  counsel  widened  and  shrunk  the  Hebrew  borders^ 
made  kings  the  tributaries  of  Israel,  and  yoked  them  once  again  in  Baby- 
lon, a  dull  race  of  slaves.  He  consecrated  the  Tabernacle,  and  it  was  his 
glory  that  shone  between  the  cherubim.  The  threatening  and  the  promises 
all  were  his.  He  was  the  unfailing  and  beneficent  Providence  of  Israel, 
and,  alike  for  the  timid  Gentile  proselyte,  he  was  the  gracious  and  only 
hope.  In  a  word,  to  the  elder  world  he  was  the  life  from  the  fathomless 
voids,  the  light  in  darkness,  the  still  voice  from  the  silences,  declaring  the 
unknown,  and  making  it  mighty  with  the  motives  of  life  and  death. 

It  is  understood  by  some  that  the  doctrine  of  the  Spirit  belongs  pecu- 
liarly to  the  New  Testament;  that  he  was  but  the  Comforter  of  our 
Saviour's  promise ;  and  that  thus  he  did  not,  for  the  first  time,  appear  until 


1869.]  The  Doctrine  of  the  Holy  Spirit.  397 

after  the  Ascension,  in  the  mighty  pentecostal  morning.  It  is  in  accordance 
with  this  view  that  one  of  our  principal  evangelical  denominations,  if  a 
prominent  divine  at  the  head  of  one  of  their  theological  schools  b  to  be 
allowed  to  speak  for  the  body,  holds  that  the  influences  of  the  Spirit  are 
limited  to  Christians  alone ;  that  only  general  influences  of  the  truth  and 
Christian  life  are  granted  to  the  unconverted.  No  error  could  be  at  once 
more  total  and  fatal.  This  is  a  Bible  doctrine.  It  belongs  to  both  canons. 
It  is  the  power  of  all  true  religion  since  the  Fall.  All  mankind  have  the 
offices  of  the  Spirit.  Otherwise  th^y  were  absolutely,  instead  of  but  mor- 
ally  and  voluntarily,  **  without  God  in  the  world."  This  enormous  mis- 
take, striking  at  the  very  root  of  gospel  religion,  seems  to  arise  from  the 
failure  to  make  a  very  obvious  distinction ;  namely,  between  the  Spirit  as 
the  representative  of  the  Father,  and  as  the  representative  of  the  Son,  or,  in 
his  offices  of  Converter  and  Sanctifier.  As  a  persuading  and  converting 
presence,  the  Holy  Spirit  visits  all  men  in  all  times,  —  before  Christ  not  less 
than  since  his  coming.  The  doctrines  of  repentance  and  conversion  are 
not  new  with  the  apostles.  They  are  as  old  as  true  religion,  as  old  as 
human  sin.  They  are  the  necessary  steps  by  which  man  always  returns  to 
God,  and  they  are  always  at  the  direction  of  this  divine  guide.  All  that 
the  unconverted  man  receives  in  the  New  Testament  which  under  the  Old 
he  did  not  enjoy  is  a  more  vivid  motive.  A  thousand  years  before  Christ 
the  messenger  cried,  '*  Turn  ye,  turn  ye,  for  why  will  ye  die  ?  "  And  with 
Him^  ^  repent "  is  still  the  message,  announced,  indeed,  by  the  voice  of  the 
king,  and  powerfully  joined  with  the  startling  addition,  increasing  in  an  in- 
conceivable degree  its  impressiveness,  '*  the  kingdom  of  heaven  is  at  hand," 
but  the  message  of  the  Old. Testament  and  the  New  to  the  sinner  is  one. 
In  each  there  is  the  wide  gospel  of  a  free  salvation  through  a  Divine  Re- 
deemer. That  is,  the  Spirit,  as  representative  of  God  the  Father,  thus  far 
always  strives  with  men. 

But  with  his  arousing  and  converting  work  the  Spirit's  errand  to  tl^B  un- 
converted ends.  There  is,  therefore,  an  inconceivably  rich  and  precious 
sense  in  which  they  do  not  receive  or  know  him  at  alL  As  the  specially 
promised  Comforter,  for  them  he  has  nothing !  This  special  office  he  does 
fill  for  disciples  only.  To  them  he  is  instead,  not  simply  of  the  Father,  but 
of  both  Father  and  Son.  No  impenitent  man  knows  anything  of  the  Spirit 
as  the  representative  of  Jesus.  The  Spirit  as  from  the  Father  he  knows, 
for  by  him  he  has^  been  called  to  repent ;  but,  as  from  the  Son  also,  the 
Spirit  will  remain  for  him  an  unknown  God,  until  he  hearkens,  forsakes 
his  sins,  and  is  converted.  While  the  New  Testament,  therefore,  has 
much  for  the  world,  it  has  immeasurably  more  for  the  church.  It  is  true, 
we  are  not  accustomed  to  look  upon  the  dispensation  of  the  Spirit  as  pecu- 
liarly for  the  church.     It  seems  a  selfish  limiting  of  the  great  gift     But 


898  The  Doctrine  of  the  Holy  Spirit.  [J«^7» 

whoever  will  examine  the  passages  which  refer  to  it  will  see  that  the  gift 
of  the  Holy  Ghoet  is  not  to  the  world,  but  to  the  church  alooe.  loto  its 
riches  the  unconverted  have  not  entered,  and  thus,  to  them,  it  is,  for  the 
greater  part,  a  sealed  and  incomprehensible  book. 

If  the  reasoning  thus  given  is  correct,  the  doctrine  of  the  Spirit  is  every* 
Mng  to  the  diurch.  It  is  our  chief  inheritance.  Without  it,  the  eflfective 
power  of  our  Saviour's  incarnation  were  in  great  measure  lost,  and  the 
church  would  fall  back  to  the  position  of  the  disciples  before  the  Pentecost^ 
when  the  heavenly  gill  was  but  a  promised  good  as  truly  as  in  the  days  of 
Abraham. 
•  Let  us  consider  for  a  moment  how  our  entire  religious  life,  so  far  as  it 
has  any  substance,  depends  upon  this  doctrine. 

From  the  very  start,  they  who  enter  the  heavenly  way,  if  they  make  any 
progress,  go  in  the  power  of  the  Spirit  The  true  Christian  walks  in  the 
Spirit,  prays  in  the  Spirit,  speaks  ^  in  demonstration  of  the  Spirit.*'  All 
the  Christian  gifts  are  bestowed  by  him.  It  is  undertaken  in  the  New 
Testament  to  exhibit  a  new  style  of  Christian,  essentially  purer  and  more 
elevated  than  the  old  dispensation  could  secure. 

The  new  man  is  to  triumph  over  the  flesh,  not  in  any  vain  effort  of 
asceticism,  but  through  the  assertion  of  a  spiritual  predominance.  He  is 
to  make  the  soul  heard  and  seen  and  felt,  till  the  subdued  body  itself 
preaches  the  immortal  faith  and  love ;  so  that  they  who  see  the  perfect 
saint,  even  but  as  perfect  as  in  rare  instances  we  actually  do  see,  will  almost 
be  led  in  doubt  whether  he  is  truly  in  the  body  or  out  of  the  body. 
Though  clothed  with  this  perishable  vestment  still,  and  surrounded  by  all 
the  delusions  of  mortal  circumstance  and  condition,  this  pure  soul  shines 
radiantly  among  us  in  daily  transfiguration,  an  untranslated  spirit  of  the 
skies.  He  is  delivered  from  the  flesh,  alike  from  the  stain  and  the  terror  of 
the  flesh,  and  he  is  free.  He  has  cast  off  the  fetters  of  this  earthen  world. 
He  sWU  inhabits  with  us ;  but  he  has,  at  length,  torn  away  the  rooted  foot* 
hold  which  forbids  unblessed  mortals  to  rise  above  its  glooms  and  damps, 
and  goes  lightly  among  us,  with  noiseless,  tiptoeing  feet,  as  if  ready  to 
spring  clear  as  soon  as  he  catches  some  expected  word,  and  beat  up  on 
stjrong  white  wings  to  the  city  of  the  saints*  and  the  bosom  of  Grod.  He 
is  emancipated  while  he  remains  below ;  where  he  walks  is  redeemed  soil. 
To  him  the  kingdom  of  heaven  is  no  more  at  hand  ;  it  is  come.  Throogfa 
the  complete  sanctifying  office  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  the  Christian  is  or  may 
become  a  spiritual  soul. 

He  is  the  Christian's  comforter,  by  which  we,  understand,  not  a  consoler 
merely,  —  though  in  this  relation  he  tenderly  ministers  to  our  weaknesses,-— 
but  a  universal  helper. 

From  the  etymology  of  the  word,  he  "bears  with''  us  every  burden. 


1869.]  The  Doctrine  of  the  Holy  Spirit.  899 

This  word  is  exactly  rendered  by  Paul's  expression :  "  The  Spirit  likewise 
helpeth  our  infirmities."  Everything  is  an  infirmity  through  which  we  fall 
short,  by  never  so  little,  of  absolute  perfection.  The  Spirit,  in  other  words, 
makes  wise  out  of  ignorance,  strong  out  of  weakness,  pure  from  the  linger- 
ing vestiges  of  corruption,  till  he  may  render  ua  complete,  ^  without  spot, 
or  blemish,  or  any  such  thing  "  to  our  Heavenly  Father^s  eternal  embrace. 
Christians,  too  generally,  limit  the  meaning  of  burdens  to  the  cares  and 
sorrows  of  life ;  the  very  lightest  weights  we  have  to  carry,  if,  indeed,  they 
be  not  rather  wings  to  our  feet,  to  make  us,  like  the  fabled  Mercury  of  the 
Greeks,  the  messengers  of  God. 

When  a  leading  physical  philosopher  of  England  recently  said,  in  a  pat- 
ronizing way,  ^  that  religion  had  its  place,  no  doubt,  and  that  he  trusted  he 
valued  its  consolations  as  truly  as  any  man,"  it  was  to  be  expected,  per- 
haps, that  a  materialist,  to  whom  the  Bible  is  but  a  fallible  book,  and  con- 
secration to  Jesus  only  a  fanaticism,  should  so  entirely  misapprehend  the 
meaning  and  spirit  of  religion ;  but  Christians  should  not  be  found  in  such 
an  error.  We  are  weakest,  not  on  the  side  that  suffers,  but  the  side  that 
sins.  Here  are  our  great  infirmities.  What  Professor  Huxley  pressingly 
wants  in  religion  is,  not  the  tender  patience  and  considerate  sympathy  of 
God  in  his  share  of  earthly  afiiictions.  This  he  can  forego,  0  how  well ! 
if  he  may  but  find  the  sense  of  the  ruin  of  sin,  and  the  saving  mercy  of 
€rod,  and  the  compassions  of  Jesus;  if  he  may  but  learn  to  feel  the 
poverty  of  his  knowledge,  and  the  sad  absurdity  of  his  wisdom ;  if  he  may 
but  be  led  to  look  upon  the  types  of  sin  all  about  him  in  London  streets, 
and  far  and  near,  as  marked  as  the  fossil  remains  which  furnish  him  his 
clever  arguments  against  the  historic  Scripture,  and  take  in  them  some  least 
part  of  that  interest  which  has  inspired  his  physical  researches  of  a  life- 
time ;  if  he  might  see  the  one  work  of  man  in  the  world,  identical  with  the 
one  great  work  of  Grod,  to  redeem  mankind,  and  begin  to  ache  at  heart  to  do 
his  share  in  the  mighty  task  before  him,  and,  in  the  consciousness  of  abso- 
lute weakness,  be  constrained  to  solicit  the  aid  of  the  Holy  Ghost :  then^  and 
only  then,  he  would  know  something  of  the  real  value  of  religion,  beginning 
to  comprehend  with  all  saints  the  breadth,  and  length,  and  depth,  and 
height,  and  to  know  the  love  of  Christ  which  passeth  knowledge. 

Many  a  Christian  is  wellnigh  as  ignorant  of  the  true  power  of  religion 
as  this  eminent  and  ignorant  philosopher,  with  him  truly  misconceiving  the 
ofiftce  of  the  Holy  Spirit  When  the  Christian  Church  shall  once  see  with 
a  single  eye  the  end  for  which  she  is  placed  in  the  world,  and  shall  un- 
reservedly undertake  to  accomplish  it,  and  thus  first  finds  out  what  she 
never  has  effectively  learned,  —  namely,  her  own  wecJmesSj  —  we  shall  see 
this  central  doctrine  of  the  Holy  Spirit  emphasized  as  never  before  in  Chris- 
tian history,  and  close  upon  that  time  the  favored  men  of  a  more  blest  gen- 
eration will  see  the  kingdom  of  Grod  coming  with  power. 


400  A  Bare  Tract  on  Witchcraft.  [July, 


A  RARE  TRACT  ON  WITCHCRAFT. 

DuRiNO  the  witch  excitement  and  trials  at  Salem  in  1692  a  heated  controversy  arose 
in  the  Province  respecting  the  methods  to  be  pursued  by  the  civil  magistrates  in  detect- 
ing and  punishing  witchcraft,  there  being  at  the  time  no  doubt  in  anj  mind  as  to  the 
reality  of  diabolical  agencj.  With  regard  to  the  methods  of  dealing  with  this  sabtile 
and  mysterious  agency  there  was  a  wide  divergence  of  opinion. 

One  theory  was  that  the  Devil  could  operate,  by  means  of  spectres,  fits,  spasms,  &e., 
only  through  persons  who  were  in  willing  league  with  him,  or,  in  other  words,  with 
actual  witches.  This  was  the  theory  of  Sir  Matthew  Hale,  and  was  generally  main- 
tained at  the  witch  trials  in  England.  Testimony  as  to  spectral  and  other  preternatural 
appearances  was  freely  admitted  against  the  accused,  and  a  prima  fade  case  of  witch- 
craft was  thereby  established,  which  was  usually  fatal.  This  theory  was  strennously  . 
maintained  by  the  legal  profession.  The  minds  of  the  judges  who  condemned  the 
twenty  victims  at  Salem  wero  chained  to  this  dogma. 

Another  theory  was  the  one  generally  maintained  by  the  clergy  of  that  day  in  New 
England,  that  the  Devil  could  and  did  cause  the  spectres  of  pious  and  virtuous  persons  to 
appear  as  readily  as  that  of  persons  in  league  with  him  ;  that  spectral  evidence  was  the 
**  Devil's  testimony  "  ;  that  the  evidence  of  confessed  witches  must  be  rejected,  and  the 
accused  tried  by  legal  evidence,  and  by  the  same  rules  as  if  the  charge  had  been  that  of 
murder  or  burglary.  This  was  the  substance  of  the  advice  given  to  the  Governor  and 
Council  June  15,  1692,  by  the  ministers  of  Boston  and  the  vicinity. 

The  discussion  of  these  two  theories  was  the  great  question  in  debate  at  the  time,  and 
this  fact  has  been  singularly  ignored  by  Mr.  IJpham  and  other  writers  on  Salem  Witch- 
craft. Mr.  Poole,  in  his  paper  on  "  Cotton  Mather  and  Salem  Witchcraft,"  in  the 
April  number  of  the  North  American  Review,  has  presented  the  subject  in  a  new  light  by 
famishing  contemporaneous  documents,  of  which  Mr.  Upham  seems  never  to  have 
heard.  One  of  these  is  a  rare  and  anonymous  tract  written  by  Reverend  Samuel  Wil- 
lard,  of  the  Old  South  Church,  entitled  "Some  Miscellany  Observations  respecting 
Witchcraft  in  a  Dialogue  between  S.  and  B.,"  and  printed  in  Philadelphia  in  1692.  It 
is  a  quarto  tract  of  sixteen  pages.  "  Its  reproduction,"  says  Mr.  Poole,  ''  at  this  time 
would  throw  moro  light  upon  the  opinions  of  the  New  England  clergy  respecting  witch- 
craft than  any  other  document  that  has  not  been  republished.  It  is  written  with  great 
ability  and  logical  acumen."  The  "  S.  and  B."  who  carry  on  the  Dialogue  may  have 
been  intended  for  Stoughton  and  Brattle,  or  Salem  and  Boston.  **  S."  defends  the 
theory  of  the  magistrates,  and  "  B."  that  of  the  clergy. 

Calef,  in  his  ''  More  Wonders  of  the  Invisible  Worid,"  1700,  p.  38,  mentions,  in  a  letter 
to  Mr.  Willard,  "  that  late  seasonable  and  well-designed  dialogue  entitled  '  Some  Mis- 
cellany Observations,'  &c.,  of  which  yourself  is  the  supposed  author,  and  which  was  so 
serviceable  in  the  time  of  it,"  and  he  attempts  to  confute  some  of  its  positions.  Calef' s 
testimony  on  any  matter  of  fact,  unless  supported  by  other  evidence,  is  of  little  value. 
Calef  in  this  instance  is  correct  in  ascribing  the  authorship  of  this  tract  to  Mr.  Willard, 
for  we  have  the  corroborating  testimony  of  Cotton  Mather  to  the  same  fact.  Mr.  Mather 
writes  in  1702  :  "  I  remember  that  when  this  miserable  man  [Calef]  sent  unto  an  eminent 
minister  in  the  town  [Mr.  Willard]  a  libellous  letter  reflecting  on  a  judicious  discourse 
written  by  him,  and  when  he  demanded  and  expected  an  answer  to  his  follies,  that 
reverend  person  only  said,  '  Go  tell  him  that  the  answer  to  him  and  his  letter  is  in  the 
twenty-sixth  of  the  Proverbs  and  the  fourth.' "     (Some  Few  Retnarh,  p.  35.) 

The  following  is  a  faithful  and  entire  reprint  of  (he  tract. 


1869.]  A  Rare  Tract  on  Witchcraft.  401 

Some    Mifcellany 

O  B  S  E  R  V  A  T  I  O  N  S 

On   our   prefent    Debates   refpecting 

Witchcrafts^  in  a  Dialogue 

Between  S.  &  B. 

By  P.  E.  and  J.  A, 

Philadelphia^  Printed  by  William  Bradford,  for  Hesukiah   Ufher, 

1692. 

S.      T  *  Underftand  that  you  and  many  others  are  greatly  diffatisfied  at 
X  *  the  Proceedings  among  us,  in  the  purfuance  of  thofe  that  have 

*  been  Accufed  for  Witchcraft,  and  have  accordingly  fought  to  obftruct 

*  them ;  which  I  am  afraid  will  prove  pernicious  to  the  Land ;  and  that 

*  for  more  reafons  than  one  ;  principally  in  the  hazzard  of  Breaches  and 

*  Divifions  among  us,  which  tend  to  fome  unhappy  Change ;  and  fome- 
'  body  will  be  to  blame. 

B.  Sir,  the  Peace  of  a  Place  is  eameftly  to  bq  fought,  and  they  that 
fmfuUy  caufe  Divifions,  will  be  guilty  of  all  the  miferable  effects  of  them  : 
but  whether  this  blame  will  truly  fall  upon  you  or  us,  is  to  be  confidered : 
there  is  an  earned  contending  for  the  Truth  requifite,  and  that  is  not  to 
be  parted  with  for  Peace. 

S.     *  No  doubt  every  one  will  juflifie  himfelf  in  his  own  way ;  but  men 

*  are  not  for  that  Innocent :  yea,  the  mod  blameworthy  are  for  the  mod 

*  part  carried  out  with  the  greated  Confidence. 

B.  True,  I  could  reflect  here ;  but  I  fpare.  Only  give  me  leave  to 
[2]  tell  you,  that  we  Jiave  more  reafons  to  plead  our  integrity  by,  than  pof- 
fibly  you  know  of  or  will  eafily  believe. 

S.     ^  I  would  gladly  hear  them, 

B.  I  confefs,  the  Animofities  on  both  fides  have  been  finful,  and 
much  obdru6tive  to  the  coming  at  the  Truth :  but  if  you  will  promife 
placidly  to  argue  the  Cafe  with  me,  you^hall  hear  what  we  have  to  fay ; 
and  I  will  as  readily  entertain  anything  from  you  :  and  if  we  can  come 
to  a  better  underdanding  between  us,  it  will  be  well. 

S.  *  The  propofal  is  fair,  and  I  shall  endeavor  to  comply  with  it ; 
^■only  give  me  leave  fird  to  Catechife  you  in  a  few  things. 

B.-    I  diall  freely  give  you  my  fenfe  of  anything  you  will  ask. 

*  Reprinted  from  .a  copy  belonging  to  the  MassachoBetts  Historical  Society,    figures 
in  brackets  indicate  the  pages  of  the  original. 


402  A  Bare  Tract  on  Witchcraft.  [J^ly, 

S.     '  Do  you  believe  that  there  are  any  Witches  ? 

B.  Yes,  no  doubt;  the  Scripture  is  clear  for  it;  and  it  is  an  injurious 
refle<5lion  that  fome  of  yours  have  call  upon  us,  as  if  we  called  that  Truth 
in  queftion.  AVhether  anything  We  atteft  doth  undermine  it,  is  to  be 
confidered. 

S.     *  And  ought  not  thefe  Witches  to  be  Puniflied  ? 

B.  Without  queftion ;  the  Precept  of  Gk>ds  Word  is  for  it :  only  they 
muft  firft  be  fo  proved. 

S.     *  But  may  not  Witches  be  fo  Dete6led,  as  to  be  liable  to  a  right- 

*  eous  Sentence  and  Execution  ? 

B.  I  believe  it,  though  I  think  it  not  fo  eafy  as  fome  make  it,  yet  God 
often  righteoufly  leaves  them  to  difcover  themfelves. 

S.     'Ought  not  the  Civil  Magiftrate  to  ufe  utmoft  diligence  in  die 

*  Searching  out  Witchcraft,  where  he  is  dire6led  by  Gods  Providence  to 

*  grounds  of  a  juft  sufpicion  of  it  ? 

B.  Doubtlefs :  yet  ought  he  to  manage  the  matter  with  great  Pru- 
dence and  Caution,  and  attend  right  Rules  in  the  Search.  But  now 
give  me  leave  to  take  the  like  liberty  of  propounding  two  or  three 
queftions  to  you  ? 

S.     '  With  Freedom. 

B.  Taking  it  for  granted  that  there  are  Witches  in  NEW  ENG- 
LAND, which  no  rational  man  will  dare  to  deny;  I  alk  whether  In- 
nocent Perfons*may  not  be  falfely  accufed  of  Witchcraft  ? 

S.     *  I  verily  believe  it,  and  hope  none  of  you  fuppofe  us  fo  uncharit- 

*  able  as  to  think  the  contrary. 

B.  Do  you  not  think  it  an  hard  lot  for  an  Innocent  Perfon  to  have 
the  afperfion  of  Witchcraft  caft  upon  him  ? 

S.  *  Without  fcruple ;  there  being  no  Crime  more  fcandalous  and 
'  abominable ;  nor  any  that  is  with  more  difficulty  wiped  off. 

B.  All  of  you  are  not  fo  minded  on  my  Knowledge  :  but  ought  there 
[3]  not  to  be  good  grounds  of  fufpicion,  before  a  perfon  (efp>ecially  of 
honeft  Converfation)  be  brought  on  to  the  ftage  to  be  examined  for 
fuch  a  Crime  ? 

S.     *  I  fee  no  danger  in  owning  the  Affirmative ;  I  am  not  yet  con-  . 

*  vinced  that  there  is  any  Reflexion  in  it  upon  us. 

B.  That  is  not  my  bufinefs  rbut  do  you  think  that  every  fufpicion  lis 
enough  to  commit  a  man  to  Prifon  for  fuch  a  Crime  t 

S.  *  Why  not,  if  the  fufpicion  be  built  on  juft  Prefumptions  !  for. this 
'  is  only  in  order  to' a  fair  Trial,  which  is  to  pafs  through  two  Juries,  where 
'  he  will  have  the  liberty  to  Vindicate  his  Innocence  openly. 

B.  You  muft  give  me  leave  to  diftent  from  you  here,  before  I  Proceed 
in  my  Queries.     I  am  informed  that  in  a  Legal  Warrant  made  for  the 


kk 


1869.]  A  Rare  Trad  on  Witchcraft.  408 

Commitment  of  a  Perfon,  his  Crime  may  not  be  mentioned  under  the 
Lenefying  term  of  fufpicion ;  but  the  A6t  or  A<5ts  are  to  be  Exprefly 
Charged  ;  £.  G,  you  are  to  take  into  your  Cuftody,  6-r.  for  feveral  A6ls 
of  Witchcraft  Committed  on  the  body  of,  6r»c.  now  certainly,  there  is 
more  than  a  meer  fufpicion  upon  fallacious  Prefumptions,  neceffary  for 
the  doing  of  this  Honeftly.  Our  flatute  Laws  therefore  have  provided 
great  Cautions  againfl  the  Committing  of  perfons  without  Subflantial 
grounds :  Befides,  it  is  certain,  that  on  lighter  fufpicions  of  Capital 
Crimes,  Bail  may  be  taken ;  fo  that  if  the  perfon  be  committed  to  Goal, 
his  Mittimus  goes  for  want  of  Bail,  and  doth  not  diredtly  charge  the 
Crime  on  him ;  yea  and  Bail  may  flill  be  taken  after  Commitment  More- 
over, Reafon  it  felf  faith,  that  when  a  man  is  Committed  without  Bail, 
and  may  not  come  off  without  a  Jury ;  and  in  order  to  that  an  Indi6bnent 
mud  be  formed  againft  him,  where  the  A6ts  are  again  to  be  Pofitively 
&  Particularly  charged  upon  him,  and  WitnefTes  to  be  Examined,  which 
expofeth  him  to  open  Ignominy,  there  ought  to  be  fomething  Subflantial 
againfl  him.  Yea  Confcience  will  tell  a  Juflice,  that  if  he  verily  believes 
that  a  Grand  Jury  ought  not,  or  cannot  Legally  find  jBi//a  vera  againfl 
fuch  a  man,  he  doth  him  an  ineparable  wrong  in  fo  committing  him ; 
fince  hereby,  his  Credit  is  Steined,  his  Liberty  Reflreined,  his  Time 
Lofl,  and  great  Charges  and  Damages  come  upon  him ;  which,  whojhall 
repair  f 

S.     *  Thefe  things  feem  to  have  fome  weight  in  them,  but  I  think  them 

*  aliene  from  our  Cafe  :  pleafe  then  to  Proceed. 

B.  I  believe  them  not  fo  aliene  ;  but  for  the  prefent  let  me  afk :  Do 
you  think  that  a  lefs  clear  Evidence  is  fufftcient  for  Conviction  in  the 
Cafe  of  Witchcraft,  than  is  neceffary  in  other  Capital  Cafes,  fuppofe 
Murder,  &»c, 

S.  *We  fuppofe  it  neceffary  to  take  up  with  lefs,  how  elfe  fhall 
'Witches  be  dete6led  and  punifhed   according   to   Gods   Command? 

*  Witchcraft  is  [4]  then  efleemed  Capital,  when  the  perfon  is  Guilty  of 

*  being  in  Combination  with  the  Devil ;  which  mufl  be  proved  by  Pref- 

*  fumptions  ;  for  who  faw  or  heard  them  Covenanting  ? 

B.  This  is  a  dangerous  Principle,  and  contrary  to  the  mind  of  God, 
who  hath  appointed  that  there  fhall  be  good  and  clear  proof  againfl  the 
Criminal :  elfe  he  is  not  Providentially  delivered  into  the  hands  of 
Juflice,  to  be  taken  off  from  the  earth.  Nor  hath  God  exempted  this 
Cafe  of  Witchcraft  from  the  General  Rule.  Befides,  reafon  tells  us,  that 
the  more  horrid  the  Crime  is,  the  more  Cautious  we  ought  to  be  in  making 
'  any  guilty  of  it. 

S.  *  But  how  then  fhall  Witches  be  detedled  and  executed  ?  Mufl 
'the  Land  grown  under  the  burden  of  them,  and  is  there  no  relief? 


404  A  Bare  Tract  an  WUehcraft.  [July, 

B.  Witches  (as  other  Criminals)  are  not  to  be  executed  till  dete<^ed ; 
nor  are  they  detected,  till  indubitably  proved  to  be  fo  :  for  which  we  are 
to  ufe  Gods  way,  and  wait  his  time :  and  his  will  in  his  Providence  is, 
that  fome  mens  fms  fhall  go  before  hand  to  Judgment,  and  others  (hall 
come  after. 

S.  *But  Divines  &  Lawyers  put  great  weight  on  Prefumptions  ais 
^  Perkins y  Bernard^  Daltofiy  6-r.,  and  you  feem  to  make  them  infignl- 
*ficant. 

B.  So  we  are  indeed  charged,  but  injurioufly.  As  for  DcUtoHy  he 
only  prefcribes  Rules  for  Jullices  in  their  private  Capacity,  for  the  Ex- 
amining, or  at  mod  the  commitment  of  the  Perfons  fufpedted ;  and  his 
Rules  are  given  fo  Confufedly,  that  I  think  no  Juftice  can  undeiHand  his 
Duty  by  them.  As  for  Perkins  and  Bernard^  whom  you  inflance  in  ;  I 
prefume  that  either  you  have  not  read  them,  or  miftake  them.  They 
rightly  diftinguifh  between  Prefumption  and  Conviction  \  and  tell  us  that 
some  Prefumptions,  are  ftronger  than  others  ;  fome  only  fufficient  for  Ex- 
amination, others  enough  for  Commitment :  but  they  confidently  aver, 
that  all  prefumptions,  which  are  no  more  but  fo,  are  (hort  of  being  Con- 
viction ;  and  where  are  you  then  f  and  indeed  they  fay  nothing  but  what 
hath  good  reafon  in  it ;  for  to  put  a  man  to  death  by  bare  Prefumptions, 
is  to  do  it  by  guefs,  and  that  is  fomething  hard. 

S.     *  You  feem  to  be  very  nice  and  critical  in  this  point 

B.  And  why  not  ?  there  is  Life  in  the  cafe ;  befides  a  perpetual  in- 
famy  on  the  perfon,  and  a  ruinous  reproach  upon  his  Family. 

S.     *  But  what  then  will  you  allow  for  a  clear  Conviction  ? 

B.  I  will  tell  you  my  thoughts  in  feveral  Particulars,  Againlt  which  if 
you  pleafe  you  may  objeCt :  and  Firft,  there  muft  be  a  matter  of  fa6t 
evidently  done,  and  proved:  for,  where  there  is  no  faCt  there  is  no 
ground  of  accufation  againft  any  perfon. 

S.     *  I  (hall  make  no  reply  againlt  this. 

[5]  R  Secondly ;  this  matter  of  faCt  muft  carry  in  it  the  Evidence 
of  the  Crime  which  it  is  brought  to  prove. 

S.     *  What  do  you  mean  by  Evidence  ? 

B.  I  mean,  that  it  be  infallibly,  or  if  you  will,  indubetably  certain, 
that  he  who  did  that  faCt,  rendered  himfelf  by  it  Guilty  of  the  Crime,  for 
the  proof  whereof  it  is  alledged  3  otherwife,  the  Crime  is  not  found  out  by 
the  faCt 

S.  *  Why  may  not  a  (trong  Prefumption  do  here,  efpecially  if  there 
*  be  many  faCts  which  look  that  way  ? 

B.     Good  reafon  ;  for  if  the  faCt  may  be  done,  and  yet  the  perlbn 
doing  it  be  innocent  of  the  Crime,  the  VerdiCt  is  meerly  conjectural,  afl^> 
the  man  dyes  by  will  and  doom  :  whereas  God  hath  not  granted  to  men 


1869.]  A  Bare  Tract  an  Witchcraft.  406 

fuch  a  power  over  one  anothers  Lives.  If  the  H3rpothefis  be  not  necef- 
laiy,  there  can  be  no  Evidence  or  Demonflration  drawn  from  it :  and  if 
the  artificial  argument  fail,  the  Teftimony  cannot  afre6t  the  party. 

S.     *  You  may  pleafe  to  proceed. 

B.  Thirdly ;  a  full  and  clear  Legal  difcovery,  that  the  party  accufed 
hath  done  the  fadl  by  which  the  Crime  is  evidenced.  For  it  is  one  thing 
to  be  certain  that  there  is  Witchcraft  in  the  thing,  and  another  to  know 
who  is  concerned  in  it :  nor  are  we  to  fix  it  upon  conje6hires,  be  they 
never  fo  probable. 

S.     *  We  (hall  agree  in  this  Do<5lrine  of  a  Legal  difcovery,  and  if  we 

*  can  do  fo  in  the  Application,  I  hope  there  will  be  no  further  difference 

*  between  us.     Pleafe  then  to  interpret  your  mind  in  this  matter. 

B.  There  are  two  things  whereby  this  Conclufion  may  be  made  evi- 
dent ;  and  any  one  of  them  is  fufiicient :  and  they  are  both  of  them  well 
known,  and  plentifully  fpoken  to  by  Authors :  it  will  there  be  needlefs 
now  to  infill  on  them. 

S.     *  Let  us  a  little  Difcourfe  on  it,  for  pofllbly  we  are  not  of  one  mind 

*  about  them. 

B.  The  firft  is,  A  free  and  full  Confeflion  made  by  the  Accufed  Per- 
fon,  of  the  Fact,  being  in  his  right  mind,  and  not  frighted  or  forced  into 
it 

S.     *  But  may  not  a  perfon  falfly  accuse  himfelf,  and  fo  dy  of  a  Crime 

*  of  which  he  is  Innocent  ? 

R  He  m^y :  neverthelefs,  if  all  due  means  be  ufed,  his  Blood  is  on 
his  own  Head,  and  the  Civil  Authority  will  be  bldmelefs. 

S.     *  What  mean  you  by  a  perfon  in  his  right  mind  ? 

B.  One  that  is  neither  diftradted  nor  difcontented ;  and  fo  may  not 
be  fuppofed  either  to  confefs  he  knows  not  what ;  or  to  do  it  to  rid  him- 
felf of  life,  and  to  diflra6lion  I  account  deep  Mellancholy  expreffed  by  the 
[6]  prevalency  of  fbrange  Imaginations,  apt  to  lead  him  into  a  belief  of 
anything  againfl  himfelf  or  others.  In  thefe  cafes  much  tendernefs  is  to 
be  ufed. 

S.     *  But  how  (hall  this  be  known  ? 

B.  Enquiry  is  to  be  made  of  thofe  that  converfe  with  them  :  and  if 
there  be  nothing  appear  but  that  they  are  in  their  right  mind,  the  Cafe  is 
clear  againd  them. 

S.     *  But  you  talk  of  a  free  and  voluntary  ConfefHon  ;  Do  you  con- 

*  demn  the  Examining  of  them  by  Civil  Authority,  and  ftridtly  proving 

*  them  by  queftions,  which  are  proper  to  bring  them  to  fuch  a  Confef- 
*fion.> 

B.     By  no  means,  provided  it  be  fairly  done. 
S.     '  When  is  that  ? 


406  A  Bare  Tract  an  WUcherqft.  [July, 

R  Firft,  When  there  are  ftrong  Prefumptions  againfl  the  Perfbn ; 
and  that  is  the  main  ufe  of  Prefumption,  viz,  to  bring  the  perfon  upon 
Examination ;  and  to  do  it  without  fuch,  is  a  breach  of  the  Rule  of 
Charity,  which  is  to  think  no  evil. 

S.     *  And  when  elfe  ? 

B.  Secondly,  As  I  before  faid,  when  means  are  not  ufed  to  force  or 
fright  them  into  it.     Extorted  Confefiions  are  not  fair. 

S.     '  You  talk  of  Spanifh  Inquifitions ;   I   hope  none  of  ours  are 

*  chargeable  with  it,  and  yet  I  know  there  are  fome  who  plead  for  Ex- 
'amination  by  Torture? 

R  See  you  to  that ;  I  am  not  accufmg,  but  arguing ;  and  let  me  tell 
you,  there  are  other  ways  of  undue  force  and  fright,  befides.  Racks, 
Strappadoes  and  fuch  like  things  as  Spanilh  Inquifitors  ufe. 

S.     *  What  are  they  ? 

B.  I  may  tell  you  another  time  :  but  I  now  pais  to  the  fecond  ground 
of  Convi6lion,  which  is.  The  Teftimony  of  two  fufficient  Humane  Witncif- 
es,  to  one  and  the  fame  Individual  Fadl,  as  done  by  the  Party  Accufed. 

S.  '  You  are  too  llreight  Laced  in  expreffing  of  this,  and  I  am  dif- 
'  fatisfied  with  it 

B.     I  am  willing  to  be  convinced  by  Reafon. 

S.  *I  fee  no  reafon  why  it  is  neceffary  that  there  fhould  be  two  Wit- 
'  neffes  to  the  fame  Individual  Fa6t :  I  thought  it  had  been  enough,  if  it 

*  were  to  the  fame  t'adt  in  Specie  :  I  know  Judicious  and  Learned  Men 
'  are  of  this  mind,  and  tell  us,  that  it  is  enough  to  gain  Humane  credit ; 

*  if  one  man  fay  that  hfe  faw  Lions  in  Africa  laft  year,  and  another  corned 

« 

*  &  fays  that  he  faw  Lions  there  this  year ;  though  it  was  not  at  the  fame 

*  time,  nor  likely  the  fiaune  Individual  Lions :  why  then  may  it  not  do  in 

*  this  Cafe  ? 

[7]  B.  The  cafe  is  vallly  different  I  may  give  an  Historical  Credit  to 
Reports,  upon  probable  grounds,  becaufe,  if  they  fhould  prove  falfe,  no 
man  is  hurt  by  it,  and  therefore,  one  good  credible  Author  may  fufhce 
here.  But  to  take  away  the  Names  and  Lives  of  Perfons  on  fo  eafy  a 
belief,  is  not  fo  light  a  matter.  The  midake  doth  a  mifchief  irreparable. 
Befides,  the  moral  reafon  of  appointing  two  WitnefTes  at  leafl  to  confirm 
a  matter  by,  is  properly  referrible  to  Individual  Fadts :  for,  it  is  by  fuch 
that  a  man  is  proved  guilty  :  now  my  denial  challengeth  as  much  credit 
as  anothers  affirmation  againft  me :  and  every  particular  Fadt,  having 
my  particular  denial  againfl  him  that  chargeth  me  ;  there  is  but  one  to 
one  in  that  Individual :  and  the  Law  of  Equity  and  Charity  requires  that 
I  be  believed  in  my  own  Defence,  Vhere  there  is  nothing  to  preponderate. 

S.  *If  this  Rule  be  always  followed,  it  will  be  hard  to  punifh 
Wickednefs. 

B.    If  it  be  not  carefully  followed,  there  will  be  no  Security  for  Innocence. 


1869.]        •  A  Rare  Tract  on  Witchcraft.  407 

S.     *  I  am  not  clear  what  you  mean  by  Humane  Witneffes ;  I  have 

*  underftood  that  you  deny  the  Affli6led  Perfons  to  be  fuch. 

B.  That  is  one  of  your  miflakes ;  and  you  labour  of  a  great  many  in 
your  judging  of  us  :  We  acknowledge  the  Affll<5led  Perfons  to  be  Humane ; 
and  if  they  are  Witneffes  at  all,  they  muft  be  Humane  Witneffes ;  but  I 
trufl  you  will  fee  your  Error  anon. 

S.     *  But  what  then  do  you  mean  by  the  Teftimony  of  Humane  Wit- 

*  neffes  ? 

B.  I  mean,  that  the  Teftimony  it  felf  be  Humane,  as  well  as  the  Wit- 
neffes ;  or,  to  fpeak  more  plain,  that  the  Thing  Teftified  be  that  which 
he  came  to  the  knowledge  of,  after  the  manner  of  men. 

S.     *  What  do  you  mean  by  that  ? 

B.  I  intend.  That  which  one  man  can  know  concerning  another  by 
his  Senfes,  and  that  according  to  the  true  nature,  and  ufe  of  them ;  what- 
foever  comes  in  any  other  way,  is  either  by  extraordinary  Revelation 
from  God,  or  by  the  infinuation  of  the  Devil ;  and  what  Credit  is  legally 
to  be  given  to  a  thing  which  an  Humane  Perfon  fwears,  meerly  upon 
the  Devils  Information  ? 

S.     *  It  feems  then  you  would  altogether  invalidate  the  Teftimony  of 

*  our  Afilidled  ? 

B.  I  have  many  things  againft  it,  which  I  fhall  reduce  to  two  Heads. 
Firfl,  I  cannot  think  them  to  be  competent  Witneffes. 

S.  *  It  may  be  you  run  away  with  the  common  vogue,  that  they  are 
'  fcandalous  perfons,  liars,  and  loofe  in  their  Conyerfation,  and  therefore 

*  not  to  [8]  be  believed :  but  you  are  miftaken :  and  if  they  were,  yet  they 
'  may  by  this  affli6lion  be  made  better ;  but  however ;  they  are  not  upon 

*  Record  for  any  of  thefe  things,  and  are  therefore  without  any  legal  ex- 

*  ception. 

B.  I  have  heard  many  things  of  that  nature,  and  I  do  believe,  if  they 
be  true,  and  made  fo  to  appear,  it  ought  to  weaken  their  Teftimony, 
although  they  do  not  fland  upon  Record ;  fo  that  if  fuch  things  be 
proved  before  a  Jury  (who  are  Judges  of  Witneffes,  and  of  the  weight  of 
their  Evidence)  they  are  in  Confcience  to  count  them  infufficient,  and  I 
am  fure  that  utmoft  care  ought  to  be  had  about  the  qualifications  of  fuch 
whofe  Teftimony  is  taken  againft  mens  Jives ;  that  they  be  according  to 
the  Rules,  which  Moral  Heathen,  by  the  light  .of  nature  have  acknowl- 
edged to  be  neceffary.     But  here  is  not  my  great  ftick. 

S.     *  Why  ?  They  are  Humane  Perfons  as  well  as  you. 

B.  True ;  and  yet  there  may  be  tljat  which  will  render  them  incom- 
petent. As,  fuppofe  them  to  be  poffeffed  perfons.  I  know  you  ftifly 
deny  it,  becaufe  you  fore-fee  that  if  you  grant  it,  their  Witnefs  is  thereby 
rendred  invalid. 

NEW  SERIES.  —  VOL.  I.  NO.  3.  28 


408  A  Bare  Tract  on  Witeheraft.  '         [Joly, 

S.     *  Yea,  and  we  have  fufficient  reafon  to  deny  it. 
B.     Be  not  over  confident,  you  may  be  miftaken.    What  are  your 
reafons? 

S.  *  They  are  bewitched,  and  therefore  not  poflefled ;  there  are  fevcn 

*  figns  of  one  bewitched,  and  fix  of  thefe  agree  in  them. 

B.  I  difpute  not  that ;  though  I  find  fome  to  be  very  confiifed  in  this 
point :  but  fuppofmg  them  bewitched,  they  may  be  pofTeffed  too :  and  it 
is  an  ordinary  thing  for  a  pofTeflion  to  be  introduced  by  a  bewitching,  as 
there  are  many  inflances  in  Hiflory  do  confirm. 

S.     '  But  they  have  their  fits  by  times  and  are  out  of  them  again. 

B.  And  yet  they  may  be  poflTefTed.  Such  as  were  pofTefTed  by  Devils, 
on  the  records  of  the  Gofpel  Hiflory,  were  fo. 

S.  *  But  there  is  no  Symptom  on  them,  which  may  not  well  agree  to 
'  one  that  is  bewitched,  and  not  poffeffed. 

B.  I  believe  you  are  mif^en.  I  could  name  many  things,  which  I 
think  mufl  prove  them  Witches  or  poffeffed ;  and  I  charitably  believe 
the  latter  of  them. 

S.     *  I  could  never  be  convinced  of  that 

R  It  may  be  fo ;  and  I  could  give  a  reafon  for  it  But  what  do  you 
think  of  their  extraordinary  fight,  which  you  make  fo  much  ufe  of  to  the 
aflonifhment  of  fome  of  us  ?  and  what  of  their  telling  of  things  done  at 
a  diflance,  their  Predi6Hng  of  things  future !  and  (if  you  may  be  Cred- 
ited) their  difcovering  of  things  Secret,  and  done  before  they  were  bom, 
[9]  and  telling  the  names  of  perfons  whom  they  never  heard  of;  and 
manv  things  of  like  nature. 

S.     *  I  believe  thefe  mav  be  the  effects  of  Witchcraft. 

R  Not  of  meer  Witchcraft :  nor  vet  are  infallible  e\-idence  of  Witch- 
craft :  thev  mav  be  without  it,  immediatelv  from  the  Devil :  and  cannot 
be  without  either  fome  poffeffion,  or  fome  unlawful  commerce  with  the 
De\nl. 

•  S.     *  You  will  hardly  perfwade  ours  to  believe  you  on  this  point 

B.  It  may  be  fo  :  but  I  have  further  to  object  againil  their  being  fuf- 
ficient Witnelfes.  Viz.  Their  incapacit}-  to  give  a  fiill  and  clear  Teflimony, 
to  the  face  of  the  Prifoner  at  the  Barr ;  and  yet  that  is  requifite  by  Law 
and  Reafon. 

S.  *  That  is  becaufe-the  Witches  finite  them  down  with  their  poifoned 
'  Looks. 

R  That  is  more  than  you  can  prove  :  but  fuppofe  it ;  they  are  here- 
by Providentially  prevented  of  doing  that  which  is  requifite  in  a  Legal 
Witnefs, 

S.  '  It  is  indee^l  an  Obltruction  for  a  time  :  but  with  much  Paticiice 
'  there  is  at  length  a  Teltimony  gained  of  them. 


1869.]  A  Bare  Tract  on  Witchcraft.  400 

B.  A  poor  one  too :  for  you  fay  that  the  Devil  fomtimes  takes  away 
their  memory,  and  it  mud  be  refrelhed,  by  putting  things  to  them,  and 
that  is  enough  :  fomtimes  alfo  there  muft  be  a  great  many  parcels  in  the 
Evidence,  and  that  muil  make  it  confufed. 

S.  *  But  fomtimes  they  are  as  well  as  you  are,  and  are  they  not  com- 
*petent  WitnefTes  now? 

B.  I  doubt  that ;  for  whiles  they  have  their  fpedlral  fight,  I  cannot 
fuppose  them  to  be  clear  from  the  Charm.  But  this  is  not  the  thing  I 
mainly  infift  upon ;  But  the  fecond  thing  I  would  plead  to  is,  their  Tef- 
.timony  is  not  Convidlive. 

S.     *  How  fo  ? 

B.  For  two  reafons,  becaufe  it  is  not  Humane ;  nor  doth  it  afFe6l  the 
perfon. 

S.  *Why  not  Humane?  they  are  Humane  perfons  I  fuppofe  that 
*give  it 

B.  True  ;  but  how  came  they  by  their  Knowledge  ?  it  is  not  accord- 
ing to  the  way  that  is  natural  for  men  to  know  things  by  ;  but  it  is  either 
Supematurally,  or  Preter-naturally ;  and  that  muft  be  Extraordinarily, 
either  from  God  or  Satan, 

S.     *  Many  of  us  think  it  to  be  from  God  for  the  difcovery  of  Witch- 

*  craft. 

[lo]  B.  And  one  of  yours  tells  me,  he  is  confirmed  in  it,  becaufe  the 
confefling  Witches  fay  fo.  But  no  more  of  that  I  am  fure,  by  your  own 
conceflions,  the  moft  of  their  information  is  from  the  Afiii6ling  Spe6lres, 
and  the  Black  man,  (it  may  be  fomtimes  he  puts  on  white,  to  look  like  an 
Angel  of  Light)  I  believe  when  God  raifeth  up  Prophets,  he  will  reveale 
himfelf  in  fome  other  way  to  them,  than  by  Devils ;  and  in  fome  other 
fort  of  raptures  than  in  Tormenting  Fits. 

S.  *  But  if  it  be  of  the  Devil,  it  may  be  over-ruled  by  God  to  difcover 
'  wicked  perfons,  and  bring  them  to  deferved  punifhment 

B.  I  believe  Devils  are  under  the  Government  of  Gods  Providence, 
&  may  be  by  his  ruling  hand  improved  in  fuch  difcoveries;  but  it  is 
without  their  defigning  either  the  Glory  of  God  or  the  good  of  men,  but 
the  contrary ;  and  therefore  whatever  comes  from  them  is  to  be  fufpe6ted  ; 
and  it  is  dangerous  ufing  or  crediting  them  too  far. 

S.     *  But  what  if  God  will  Extraordinarily  ufe  Devils  in  this  affair  ? 

*  (hall  we  rejedt  his  Providence  in  it  ? 

B.  This  is  a  thing  which  I  am  not  ready  to  believe  in  this  Cafe; 
and  that  becaufe  it  is  an  infufficient  Medium  to  attain  the  end,  and 
that  for  the  Second  reafon  I  named,  Vtz,  it  doth  not  affe6t  the  perfon 
accufed. 

S.     *  You  faid  fo  indeed ;  but  it  needs  proof. 


410  A  Bare  Tract  an  Witchcraft.  [Julff 

B.  When  I  lay  it  affe6ls  him  not ;  I  principally  intend,  it  will  not 
amount  to  an  evidence  againft  him ;  and  if  fo,  what  difcovery  is  there  in 
it? 

S.     *  Do  you  not  believe  that  his  Spedlre  is  feen  affli6ling  by  the  per- 

*  fon  affli6ted  ? 

B.     Suppofmg  it ;  yet  it  doth  not  hence  follow  that  he  is  the  Witch. 

S.  *  We  mud  grant  that  it  is  the  Devil  in  the  Spe6lre ;  but  it  is  by 
'  the  Parties  confent,  and  therefore  it  proves  him  Guilty. 

B.  I  know  you  all  plead  fo ;  and  tell  us  that  the  Devil  cannot  repre- 
fent  an  Innocent  perfon  doing  mifchief,  but  never  proved  it ;  nor  can  we 
believe  you. 

S.  *  Where  then  is  the  Redloral  Holinefs  of  God  in  Governing  the 
'  World  ? 

B.  Where  was  it  when  God  fuffered  Nahoths  Life  to  be  taken  away, 
by  falfe  Witnefles  ?  where  was  it  when  Solomon  made  that  remarke  in, 
Ecclef,  8.  14  ?  It  is  not  for  fuch  filly  Mortals  as  you  and  I  to  prefcribe 
to  him  who  fits  King  for  ever. 

S.     *  But  how  could  the  World  (land  if  it  might  be  fo  permitted  ? 

B.  There  are  fome  things  now  and  then  Evene ;  that  if  it  were  corn- 
el i]  mon,  would  fubvert  the  World  :  and  if  Devils  had  their  unrefbrained 
Liberty,  they  would  foon  difcover  it :  and  yet  for  God  when  he  pleafeth 
to  fuffer  fuch  things,  to  Evene  in  a  way  of  Judgment,  is  confiflent  with  his 
Holinefs,  and  is  alfo  Do6lrinal  to  us. 

S.     *  But  by  this  notion  good  mens  lives  might  be  expofed  and  loft. 

B.  That  is  your  fault  who  give  fuch  a  credit  to  thefe  things.  I  be- 
lieve, if  it  were  your  lot  to  be  thus  accufed,  you  would  think  it  hard  fo  to 
be  fo  cenfured,  or  dealt  by  :  you  would  either  repent  of  your  rafhnefs, 
or  turn  Atheift. 

S.     *  I  never  fear  it ;  God  will  never  permit  fuch  a  thing. 

B.  That  makes  you  fo  cenforious  :  and  others  have  fo  faid,  but  now 
they  are  accufed,  and  eat  their  words. 

S.     *  Can  you  give  an  inftance  of  any  Godly  Perfon  fo  accufed  ? 

B.  Hiftory  fupplies  us  with  enough,  and  thofe  not  only  Innocent, 
which  were  fufficient,  but  famous  for  extraordinary  Piety. 

S.     *  Who  knows  but  they  were  Hypocrites  and  Witches  for  all  ? 

B.  True,  and  fo  are  you  for  ought  /  certainly  know  :  but  the  Rule  of 
Charity  bids  us  to  think  well  of  them,  till  that  appear  which  ought  to 
remove  this  Charity. 

S.     *  We  think  fo  too,  but  fuppofe  here  is  enough,  prefuming  it  necef- 

*  fary  that  there  muft  be  the  confent  of  the  party. 

B.  And  it  is  a  prefumption  in  you,  and  infufficient,  till  you  can  prove 
that  the  Devil  cannot  do  it  without  their  confent,  which  I  believe  you 
never  will. 


1869.]  A  Rare  Tract  an  Witchcraft.  411 

S.     *  We  do  not  yet  fee  that  you  have  proved  that  he  ever  hath  fo 

*  done. 

B.  That's  a  wheedle  :  none  knows  anothers  heart :  let  us  produce  the 
mod  eminent  inftances  of  that  kind,  and  you  reply,  who  knows  but  they 
were  Hypocrites  and  Witches  ?  But  meanwhile  you  forget  that  it  lies 
upon  you  to  prove,  that  it  cannot  be  ;  elfe  how  can  you  fafely  conclude 
the  Evidence  you  would  draw  from  it?  it  is  a  principle  you  pra<5lifc 
upon,  and  fure  you  (hoiild  make  it  good  :  Befides,  we  have  arguments  to 
make  it  Rationally  appear,  that  it  may  well  be. 

S.     *  We  are  willing  to  hearken  to  Reafon. 

B.  That's  well :  Do  you  really  believe  that  all  the  perfons  accufed 
are  Witches  ? 

S.     *  God  forbid  that  I  (hould  be  fo  uncharitable. 

B.  This  is  a  plain  contradiction  :  for  if  you  believe  the  former  con- 
clufion,  you  mud  either  fufpe6l  the  Accufers  of  Falfliood,  which  you  will 
not  bear,  or  of  a  delufion,  which  you  deny,  or  that  all,  fo  Accufed  are 
Guilty. 

[12]  S.     *  We  are  indeed  aftonifhed  at  the  thing;  efpecially  fmce  the 

*  number  of  the  accufed  is  fo  formidably  encreafed. 

B.  Nor  is  there  a  profpe<5t  of  an  end  of  thofe  accufations  in  this  way. 
But  will  you  admit  of  a  little  reafoning  in  this  cafe  ?  I  fuppofe  you  be- 
lieve that  the  Devil  can  "do  this,  and  will  too,  fhould  God  permit  him  fo 
far. 

S.     '  No  doubt 

R  That  God  may  permit  him,  confident  with  his  Redloral  Holinefs, 
is  (I  think)  undeniable.  He  can  make  a  fcourge  of  it  to  punifh  a  Back- 
fliding  People  by  :  he  can  humble  his  own  Children  by  it,  and  make  it 
turn  to  their  good  in  the  end  ;  he  hath  done  things  as  unaccountable  as 
this  ;  and  who  hath  limited  him  in  this  only  cafe. 

S.     *  But  if  the  Afflidled  Perfons  Teftifie  that  they  fee  fuch  an  one 

*  afflicting  them  perfonally,  muft  not  this  be  Convi6live  ?  fhall  he  excufe 

*  himfelf  by  faying  the  Devil  did  it  in  his  likenefs,  without  his  confent  ? 

*  may  not  men  make  this  excufe  in  all  other  Crimes  that  are  witneffed 

*  againfl  them  ?  and  where  is  the  courfe  of  Juftice  then  ? 

B.  I  have  heard  much  fuch  infignificant  talk  :  Suppofmg  the  Afflidled 
capable  of  giving  a  Teftimony,  we  dill  fay ;  that  if  two  WitnelTes  aver 
fuch  a  thing  concerning  a  perfon,  and  he  cannot  prove  himfelf  to  be  in 
another  place  at  the  fame  time,  he  is  legally  convi<5led,  and  (if  innocent 
yet)  he  muft  adore  God's  Sovereign  Providence,  and  acquit  the  Judges 
and  Juries  :  But  what  do  you  fay,  when  they  do  it  whilft  the  Accufed  is 
in  prefence,  and  many  WitnefTes  muft  fay  it  is  not  he  ?  for  he  cannot  be 
in  two  places  at  once. 


412  A '^  Rare  Tract  on  Witchcraft,  [J^7> 

S.     '  That  IS  the  Witchcraft  in  the  cafe,  which  is  hereby  difcovered  : 

*  for  it  is  the  Devil  who  doth  all  the  mifchief,  only  it  is  by  their  confent, 

*  otherwife  they  could  not  be  fupofed  to  be  Witches. 

B.  But  when  it  is  fo,  it  ftill  remains  to  prove  their  confent,  which 
they  deny  j  and  your  argument  is  not  valid  to  evince  h  ;  it  being  a  con- 
clufion  which  you  draw  at  leaft  from  uncertain  premifes,  how  then  fhould 
it  be  certain !  where  the  Word  of  God  requires  that  the  thing  be  certain. 

S.     *  Witches  then  muft  not  be  known  but  by  their  perfonal  Confef- 

*  fion  :  and  this  is  to  prevent  the  finding  out  of  fuch  abominations. 

B.  Otherwife  Innocent  Perfons  may  be  condemned  for  Witches  :  and 
what  a  fearful  thing  is  that  ?  and  know  it,  that  God  never  intended  to 
bring  to  light  all  hidden  works  or  workers  of  Darknefs  in  this  World  ;  nor 
will  it  be  imputed  as  a  Sin,  that  men  did  not  punifli  fecret  fins  without 
clear  difcoveries  :  but  if  in  a  precipitant  zeal,  they  Ihould  cut  off  any  for 
Crimes  not  proved,  it  will  be  imputed.  Neverthelefs,  there  are  other 
[13]  ways  to  find  out  Witches  befides  their  own  Confeffion. 

S.     *  But  I  hope  you  will  allow  this,  with  fome  other  weighty  Circum- 

*  fiance,  to  make  up  an  Evidence  againft  the  Accufed. 

B.  I  think  not :  'and  my  reafon  is,  becaufe  there  muft  be  at  leaft  one 
Fa6l  proved  againft  the  perfon,  for  which  he  ought  to  dy :  and  that  is  it 
which  his  Guilt  is  to  be  found  upon  ;  and  it  is  enough :  but  if  there  be 
no  one  fuch  thing,  all  the  Sufpicious  Circumftances  will  not  make  it  up, 
becaufe  the  thing  is  not  made  certain  by  them.  Befides,  wife  men  tell 
us,  that  never  fo  many  meer  Prefumptions  will  not  do  it. 

S.      *  But  fuppofe  the  perfon  accufed  cannot  prove  himfelf  in  another 

*  place  at  the  time,  will  not  the  Accufation  then  fuffice. 

B.  No,  not  in  cafe  of  Witchcraft,  when  only  the  Afflidled  accufe,  and 
By-ftanders  can  neither  fee  nor  feel  anything  :  for  that  fight  is  Sf)e<5lral, 
and  that  is  preternatural,  and  fo  not  convi6live  ;  becaufe,  as  I  before 
told  you,  witnefs  to  matter  of  Fadl,  muft  be  of  things  that  come  under 
our  Senfes,  as  they  are  Humane  :  this  therefore  proves  nothing  diftin6Vly, 
or  individually,  but  only  disjundlively,  viz,  that  it  is  either  by  Witchcraft, 
or  more  immediately  from  the  Devil. 

S.     *  I  hope  you  will  allow  this  to  be  enough  to  commit  perfons  to 

*  Prifon  upon  fufpicion  ;  which  may  be  an  introduction  to  bring  in  other 
'  things  againft  them. 

B.  The  Law  provides  that  perfons  committed  for  Capital  Crimes,  be 
without  Bayl  j  and  they  muft  at  leaft  pafs  a  Grand-jury  ere  they  can 
have  a  delivery :  and  for  that  Reafon,  it  alfo  provides  that  no  perfon 
ftiall  be  fo  Committed  but  for  fomthing  which  hath  at  leaft  the  value  of 
one  clear  Teftimony  to  prove  it  fuch  a  Crime  :  Befides,  the  name,  and 
Life  of  the  perfon  is  hereby  expofed  ;  and  reafon  tells  us,  there  muft  be 


1869.]  A  Bare  Tract  on  Witchcraft.  418 

fomthing  Teflifiable  againfl  him  for  fuch  a  thing :  this  is  no  light  matter 
to  have  mens  names  for  ever  Stigmatized,  their  Families  ruined,  and 
their  Lives  hazarded. 

S.     *  But  by  this  means  have  many  been  difcovered,  and  other  things 

*  brojught  in  againfl  them,  which  have  detected  them  and  they  have  fuf- 

*  fered  juftly. 

B.  I  have  nothing  to  fay  on  that  account  j  I  never  faw  their  Trials. 
But  I  know,  an  error  in  the  Firfl  Conco6lion  is  not  RecSlified  in  the 
Second.  Evil  is  not  to  be  done  that  good  may  come  of  it.  You  cannot 
tell  how  many  Innocent  perfons  may  be  by  it  ruined  for  this  World. 
However,  good  events  do  not  Juftify  unwarrantable  adlions. 

S.     *  Sure  you  will  grant  it  to  be  enough  to  bring  perfons  upon  Ex- 

*  amination. 

[14]  B.  Do  the  Afflicted  perfons  know  perfonally  all  whom  they  cry 
out  of? 

S.     *  No ;  fome  they  never  faw,  it  may  be  never  heard  of  before. 

B.     And  upon  whofe  information  will  you  fend  for  the  accufed  ? 

S.     '  That  of  the  Afflicted. 

B.     And  who  informed  them  ? 

S.     *The  Spectre. 

B.  Very  good,  and  that's  the  Devil,  turned  informer :  how  are  good 
men  like  to  fare,  againfl  whom  he  hath  a  Particular  malice. 

S.     *  For  the  mofl  part  they  are  known  by  them,  at  the  leafl  one  or 

*  other  of  them. 

B.  It  is  but  a  Prefumption ;  and  wife  men  will  weigh  Prefumptions 
again  (I  Prefumptions.  There  is  to  be  no  Examination  without  grounds 
of  fufpicion.  Some  perfons  Credit  ought  to  be  accounted  too  good  to  be 
undermined  fo  far  as  to  be  fufpected  on  fo  flight  a  ground ;  and  it  is  an 
injury  done  them  to  bring  them  upon  Examination,  which  renders  them 
openly  fufpected.  I  will  not  deny  but  for  perfons  already  fufpected,  and 
of  ill  fame,  it  may  occafion  their  being  Examined ;  but  if  nothing  elfe 
comes  in,  nor  a  ConfefTion  be  made  ;  the  ufe  of  fuch  a  Prefumption  any 
further  ceafeth  :  but  if  other  things  of  moment  appear,  a  further  Legal 
proceeding  may  be  made. 

S.     *That  is  enough  for  me;  we  never  imprifoned  any  on  a  meer 

*  Spectral  Evidence,  or  the  bare  accufation  of  the  Afflicted. 

B.  Nor  Examined  any  Publickly,  who  were  before  of  good  reputation 
for  Piety  ?  Some  think  other  wife  ;  but  what  is  that  to  me  ?  I  would 
fain  know  what  the  other  thing  is : 

S.     'When  they  have  been  brought  before  the  Afflicted,  they  have 

*  flruck  them  down  with  their  Eyes,  and  raifed  them  again  with  a  touch 

*  of  their  hands. 


414  A  Rare  IVact  an  Witchcraft.  [Jolr, 

B.  You  are  very  uncharitable  to  fay  they  did  it,  becaufe  there  hive 
been  fuch  things  in  concomitancy. 

S.     *  The  very  poifon  of  the  Witches  eyes  hath  knock't  them  down. 

B.  I  fee  you  are  no  Philofopher :  I  am  fatisfied  that  there  is  lUofioa 
in  this  as  well  as  the  other ;  I  pray  do  thefe  effects  follow  meeiiy  on  tbdr 
coming  in  their  fight,  or  by  ufmg  of  it  as  an  Ordeal  ? 

S.   ^It  was  firfl  difcovered  occafionally,  but  iince  hath  been  niedfcr 

*  an  experiment,  and  is  found  never  to  fail. 

B.  The  ufe  of  this  as  a  Trial,  is  utterly  unlawful,  as  will  ere  long  be 
made  to  appear  to  the  World  :  and  befides,  the  thing  is  not  evidential, 
when  it  is  done ;  but  exceedingly  fallacious :  yea  indeed,  it  is  not  any 
whit  more  a  Prefumption  than  the  former,  if  fo  much. 

[15]  S.     *  But  it  never  fails, 

B.  The  more  awful  the  Judgment  of  God,  and  the  greater  the  Trial 
of  our  fmcerity,  if,  though  the  thing  comes  to  pafs,  yet  we  will  not  be 
drawn  from  our  obedience  to  God. 

S.     *  We  have  old  prefidents  for  the  ufing  of  fuch  a  courfe. 

B.  No  prefident  will  Juftify  that  which  is  finful,  the  older  an  error 
the  worfe :  befides,  it  was  borrowed  from  Popifh  Elxorcifls  originally. 

S.     *  Some  tell  us  that  there  is  a  natural  caufe  for  it 

R  And  you  believe  them  I  The  effect  is  preternatural,  and  the  thing 
unaccountable :  and  mens  wild  gueffes  in  fuch  an  affair,  ought  not  to 
pafs  for  Maxims,  where  life  is  concerned.  I  know  not  how  you  (land 
affedled ;  but  I  profefs  I  Ihould  be  loth  to  dy  upon  a  meer  point  of  Phi- 
lofophy  that  is  at  mod  difputable. 

S.     *  You  are  an  admirable  Advocate  for  the  Witches. 

B.  This  is  not  the  firft  time.  But  if  you  thus  Reflect,  we  had  as  good 
break  off  at  prefent. 

S.     *  I  would  willingly  before  we  part  a(k  you  what  you  think  of  the 

*  accufation  of  the  Confeffors,  who  fay  they  have  feen  fuch  in  their  Meet- 

*  ings,  and  diverfe  Baptized  by  the  Devil.     I  have  heard  that  you  make 
Might  of  this  too;  whereas  we  thought  it  would  have  put  all  out  of 

*  queflion. 

B.  I  have  already  told  you  my  Judgment  of  the  Confeffors  againfl 
themfelves  :  but  there  is  enough  (I  think)  to  invalidate  their  evidence 
againfl  others. 

S.     *  The  Law  provides  that  Accomplices  confeffmg  are  valid  againft 

*  their  Affociates. 

B.     There  are  difputes  about  that,  and  I  am  not  fo  good  a  Lawyer  as 
to  determine  it :  only  I  have  to  except  in  this  Cafe. 
S.     *  I  would  gladly  hear  what  you  can  fay  to  it. 
B.     Firft,  the  perfons  confeffing  are  Witches  by  their  own  confeflion, 


1869.]  A  Rare  Tract  'on  Witchcraft.  415 

and  have  therefore  abjured  God  and  Chrift,  and  given  themfelves  up  to 
the  Devil,  the  Father  of  Lies ;  and  what  Credit  is  to  be  given  to  the 
Teflimony  of  fuch  againfl  the  Lives  of  others  : 

S.     *  But  what  if  they  have  openly  renounced  that  Covenant,  and  tef- 

*  tified  repentance,  why  are  they  not  now  valid  ? 

£.  Lefs  Crimes  require  a  long  probation  of  perfons  repentance  :  and 
their  bare  fay  fo,  is  but  a  poor  evidence  for  them ;  nay  though  they  ihed 
tears  and  afk  forgivenefs.  Furthermore,  fome  things  ought  to  be  a  per- 
petual infamy  to  perfons,  and  forever  difeble  them  for  giving  Teftimony 
in  this  World ;  to  be  fure,  till  they  are  reftored  plentifully  in  the  Charity 
of  all  good  men. 

[i6]  S.     *  This  feems  harih  Do<5bine. 

R  But  I  think  it  good  Dodtrine.  Yet,  Secondly,  The  things  them- 
felves which  they  Teftifie  are  liable  to  many  Illufions.  The  Witches 
themfelves  do  not  know  when  they  go  in  Spectre,  and  when  in  Body, 
and  how  (hould  they  then  tell,  whether  the  other  be  the  perfon  bodily  or 
only  in  Spectre?  inflances  enough  may  be  produced  of  fuch  as  con- 
fidently averred  they  were  carried  away  in  Body,  when  many  WitnefTes 
knew  the  contrary. 

S.     *  I  fee  the  difference  between  us  and  you  is  very  wide ;  and  I  fear 

*  the  confequence. 

B.  God  is  able  to  clear  up  thefe  things,  and  let  us  herein  agree  to 
feek  him  for  it,  in  the  ways  of  his  Appointment 


FINIS. 


416         CoUeffes  of  Special  Interest  to  CongregationalUt%.     [Julj, 


COLLEGES   OF   SPECLA.L   INTEREST   TO   CONGBE- 

GATIONALISTS- 

What  constitutes  a  college?  We  do  not  purpose  to  answer  this 
question.  The  appropriation  which  is  made  of  this  name  calls  to  mind  the 
declaration  of  the  apostle,  '^  There  be  that  are  called  gods,  whether  in 
heaven  or  in  earth,  as  there  be  gods  manj  and  lords  manj."  The  last 
instalment  of  colleges  was  brought  to  us  by  the  velocipede.  Alas !  what 
is  there  in  a  name  ?  But  leaving  out  of  the  account  all  ridiculous  applica- 
tions of  the  terra,  and  confining  our  view  to  literary  institutions,  we  are  by 
no  means  free  from  embarrassment.  Shall  every  academy  which  the  trus- 
tees, in  order  to  render  it  popular,  christen  a  college,  be  recognized  as 
such  ?  Shall  every  new  town  where  land  speculators,  that  they  may  raise 
the  value  of  real  estate,  establish  some  kind  of  an  institution,  and  call  it  a 
college,  be  acknowledged  to  have  a  title  to  this  distinction  ?  Shall  institu- 
tions for  the  education  of  females  exclusively  be  called  collies  ?  These 
and  various  other  questions  may  be  more  easily  asked  than  answered.  The 
statement  has  been  made,  with  what  degree  of  correctness  we  are  not  tiAt 
to  determine,  that  the  State  of  Kansas  a^eady  has  forty  colleges.  The 
American  Year-Book  for  1869,  enumerating  the  colleges  of  the  United 
.States,  gives  the  names  of  285. 

It  is  our  design  not  only  to  restrict  our  view  to  those  colleges  which  are 
unquestionably  entitled  to  the  name,  but  also  still  further  to  those  which 
are  of  special  interest  to  Congregationalists.  Without  presuming  to  decide 
upon  the  relative  claims  of  some  new  colleges,  we  will  limit  our  notice  of 
new  institutions  to  those  which  have  received  aid  from  the  Society  for  the 
Promotion  of  Collegiate  Education,  as  it  is  much  easier  to  draw  the  line  here 
than  anywhere  else.  We  speak  of  colleges  of  special  interest  to  Congre- 
gationalists, rather  than  of  Congregational  colleges,  because  although  our 
denomination  has  taken  the  lead  in  educational  affairs,  yet,  strictly  speah- 
ing,  we  have  no  Congregational  college,  that  is,  we  have  none  whose 
charter  limits  its  government  to  members  of  our  own  denomination,  and  but 
few  of  the  colleges  are  even  nominally  Congregational.  We  find  it  difficult  to 
decide,  not  only  what  institutions  should  be  recognized  as  colleges,  but  also 
in  some  instances  when  an  institution  becomes  a  college.  Illinois  College 
was  in  some  sense  organized  in  1830,  and  yet  it  did  not  obtain  a  charter 
until  1835.  Pacific  University  was  chartered  in  1849  as  Tualatin  Acad- 
emy "  with  collegiate  powers."  It  was  recognized  as  a  college  and  aided 
by  the  College  Society  in  1852,  an^  yet  its  first  alumnus  received  his 
degree  in  1864.     When  was  it  organized  ? 


1869.]     Colleges  of  Special  Interest  to  Conffregatumcdists.        417 

The  column  in  the  following  tahle  which  is  least  accurate  is  that  which 
gives  the  value  of  huildings,  grounds, and  endowments;  —  for  the  following 
reasons:  — 

1.  The  data  at  our  command,  in  different  instances,  have  varied  very 
much  as  to  fulness  and  explicitness. 

2.  In  estimating  the  value  of  a  library  or  cabinet,  there  may  be  a 
rare  book,  specimen,  or  coin,  the  price  of  which  is  factitious  or  nominal. 

3.  The  value  of  grounds  depends  upon  locality.  In  a  city  their  worth 
in  the  market  may  be  very  great,  and  yet  their  value  for  educational  pur- 
poses be  no  greater  than  it  would  be  in  a  rural  district 

The  question  may  arise.  Why  not  confine  this  column  to  productive  prop- 
erty ?  But  what  is  the  productive  property  of  a  college  ?  The  funds 
which  yield  interest  of  course  are  productive.  But  so  to  some  extent  are 
the  buildings,  for  the  use  of  which  a  charge  is  made  to  the  students,  al- 
though this  charge  probably  is  not  ordinarily  over  three  per  cent  on  the  cost 
of  such  buildings. 

If  we  confine  this  column  to  productive  fimds,  still  it  will  not  represent 
the  facilities  which  the  college  has  for  meeting  its  expenses.  Lord  Bacoo 
once  remarked,  that  men  who  had  the  largest  income  oflen  found  it  most 
difficult  to  pay  their  debts.  This  observation  resulted  from  that  peculiar 
state  of  society  in  England  which  renders  it  necessary  for  a  man  to  support 
the  dignity  of  the  family  name.  But  the  same  statement  may  be  made  with 
truth  in  respect  to  our  colleges,  for  a  large  part  of  the  money  which  is 
given  them  is  bestowed  for  specific  purposes,  and  on  such  conditions  as  to 
impoverish  them.  For  instance,  when  a  sum  of  money  is  contributed  for 
the  endowment  of  a  particular  professorship  and  proves  to  be  only  two 
thirds  enough  to  support  a  professor,  it  obliges  the  college  to  draw  on  its 
general  funds  to  make  up  the  deficiency.  Thus  donations  are  often  made 
which  a  college  cannot  afford  to  accept,  and  which  it  is  not  in  a  condition 
to  reject.  The  more  mch  productive  funds  it  receives  the  greater  its  diffi- 
culty in  meeting  its  expenses.  What  our  colleges  most  need  is  funds  for 
general  purposes,  without  any  restrictions  imposed  by  the  donors.  It  may 
be  more  gratifying  to  the  pride  or  ambition  of  the  donor  to  found  a  profes« 
sorship,  and  have  it  *'  called  after  his  own  name,"  but  he  who  seeks  only 
the  best  interests  of  education  will  give  of  his  wealth  to  the  trustees  of  our 
colleges  without  condition  or  specification,  leaving  them  to  exercise  their 
own  judgment  as  to  how  it  shall  be  expended.  It  is  often  true  that  the 
richer  a  college  is,  the  poorer  it  is.  The  possession  of  property  may  in- 
volve it  in  debt.  Harvard  College,  for  instance,  has  a  library  which  it 
values  at  $  400,000 ;  and  important  as  this  treasure  is  to  the  highest  welfare 
of  the  institution,  yet,  as  respects  current  expenses,  it  is  practically  equal  to 
a  debt  of  something  like  $  150,000,  for  it  costs  $  10,000  a  year  to  take  cara 
of  it 


418        CoUeges  of  Speeial  Interest  to  CongregatiQnalUt9,     [Julj, 

In  tlie  statistics  in  the  following  table  we  have  given  onlj  the  facts 
which  respect  the  colleges  proper,  not  including  any  preparatory  depart- 
ment or  any  professional  school.  It  may  be  of  interest,  however,  to  preface 
the  tabular  view  with  the  following  statements :  — 

Beloit  College  has  a  Partial  Course,  with  13  students ;  and  a  Normal  and 
Preparatory  Department,  with  175  students. 

Bowdoin  College  has  a  Medical  Department,  with  90  students;  and  a 
Science  Class,  with  8  students. 

The  College  of  California  has  a  Preparatory  Department,  with  800  stu- 
dents ;  and  a  Mining  and  Agricultural  Department 

Dartmouth  College  has  a  Partial  Course,  with  10  students ;  a  Medical  De- 
partment, with  48  students  ;  a  Scientific  Department,  with  51  students ;  and 
an  Agricultural  Department,  with  10  students. 

Harvard  College  has  connected  with  it  a  Divinity  School,  with  19  students ; 
a  Law  School,  with  188  students ;  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School,  with 
41  students;  a  School  for  Mining  and  Practical  Geology,  not  yet  fully 
organized ;  an  Astronomical  Observatory,  with  8  students ;  a  Medical  School, 
with  808  students ;  a  Dental  School ;  a  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology ; 
and  an  Episcopal  Theological  School,  with  7  students.  Including  5  resident 
graduates,  the  whole  number  of  students,  undergraduates  and  others,  is 
1,050 ;  tuition  to  each  undergraduate,  $150  a  year. 

JUinois  CoUege  allows  its  students  to  pursue  optional  courses  of  study. 

Iowa  College  has  a  Scientific  Course,  with  4  students ;  an  Optional  Course, 
with  18  students  ;  a  Preparatory  Department,  with  148  students  ;  a  Ladies' 
Course,  with  25  students ;  and  a  Ladies'  Preparatory  Department,  with  70 
students. 

JSnox  College  has  a  Preparatory  Department,  with  79  students.  It  draws 
on  its  general  funds  to  aid  students  in  paying  college  bills. 

Marietta  College  has  a  Preparatory  Department,  with  72  students. 

Oherlin  CoUege  has  a  Theological  Department,  with  16  students ;  a  Sci- 
entific Course,  with  34  students ;  a  Preparatory  Department  for  gentlemen, 
with  467  students ;  a  Ladies'  Course,  with  179  students ;  a  Ladies'  Prepar- 
atory Department,  with  288  students.     Whole  number  of  students,  1,100. 

Olivet  College  has  a  Scientific  Department,  with  26  students ;  a  Prepar- 
atory Department,  —  a  Classical  Course,  with  53  students;  an  English 
Course,  with  95  students ;  a  Ladies'  Course,  with  22  students ;  a  Ladies' 
Preparatory  Course,  with  67  students ;  a  course  of  Elective  Studies,  with 
12  students. 

The  Pacific  University  has  '^  academic  students " ;  males,  60 ;  females, 
84. 

Ripon  College  has  a  Scientific  Course,  with  40  students ;  a  Preparatory 
Department,  with  46  students ;  and  a  course  of  Englbh  Optional  Studies, 
with  206  students. 


1869.]     Colleger  of  Special  Interest  to  (hngregationdlUU.        419 

Hie  University  of  Vermont  has  a  Scientific  and  Agricaltural  Course,  with 
6  students  ;  a  Special  Course  in  Chemistry,  with  2  students ;  and  a  Medical 
Department,  with  54  students. 

Wabash  College  has  a  Scientific  Course,  with  16  students ;  a  Preparatory 
Department,  with  52  students  ;  a  Preparatory  Scientific  Department,  with 
25  students  ;  and  an  English  course,  with  52  students.  It  has  temporary 
funds  to  aid  students. 

Washburn  College  has  a  Scientific  Course,  with  2  students ;  and  a  Pre- 
paratory Department,  with  55  students. 

Western  Reserve  College  has  a  Preparatory  Department,  with  46  students ; 
and  has  funds  which  may  he  used  to  pay  the  tuition  of  100  students. 

TaU  College  has  a  Theological  Department,  with  25  students ;  a  Law 
School,  with  17  students  ;  a  Medical  Department,  with  23  students ;  a  De- 
partment of  Philosophy  and  the  Arts,  with' 140  students.  Total  number  of 
students,  723 ;  tuition  to  each  undergraduate,  $  60  a  year. 

"The  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Collegiate  and  Theological  Education 
at  the  West "  has  aided  thirteen  institutions  included  in  our  table,  namely, 
Beloit,  College  of  California,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Knox,  Marietta,  Oberlin,  Oli- 
vet, Pacific  University,  Bipon,  Wabash,  Washburn,  and  Western  Reserve, 
all  which  are  out  of  New  England. 

This  society  has  also  aided  (1.)  Wilberforce  University,  an  institution  at 
Zenia,  Ohio,  connected  with  the  African  Methodist  Episcoi)al  Church; 
(2.)  Wittenberg  College  at  Springfield,  Ohio,  a  Lutheran  institution; 
(3.)  Lane  Theological  Seminary,  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  It  has  also  afibrded 
temporary  assistance  to  two  small  German  institutions,  one  in  Ohio  and 
the  other  in  Missouri. 

This  society  has  been  sustained  by  the  Congregationalists  and  Presby- 
terians, —  the  former  contributing  about  three  quarters  of  the  funds.  Of 
the  colleges  included  in  our  table  which  have  been  assisted  by  the  College 
Society,  two  have  no  presidents,  and  of  the  remaining  eleven  all  but  two 
have  presidents  who  are  Congregationalists.  This  is  not  to  be  accounted 
for  as  an  apportionment  of  honors  with  any  reference  to  the  constituency 
of  the  society  or  their  relative  liberality,  —  for  the  trustees  of  each  insti- 
tution are  lefl  unbiased  to  choose  such  officers  and  manage  its  affairs  in 
such  a  manner  as  shall  be  promotive  of  its  highest  success.  But  it  is  an  il- 
lustration of  the  general  fact  that  New  England  furnishes  educated  men 
for  other  parts  of  our  country  ;  and  may  we  not  also  add  that  it  illustrates 
the  general  principle  that  Congregationalism  is  peculiarly  suited  to  the  de- 
velopment of  such  men  as  are  fitted,  by  broad  views  and  generous  culture, 
to  be  educators,  and  to  fill  the  highest  positions  of  responsibility  and  trust? 

We  do  not  claim  for  the  following  table  perfect  accuracy,  but  only  as 
great  accuracy  as  it  was  possible  to  secure  by  any  reasonable  amount  of 
labor. 


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illllllliljlllllillii. 


1869.]  Congregational  Necrology.  421 


CONGREGATIONAL  NECROLOGY. 

Rev.  HERVEY  TALCOTT  died  in  Portland,  Conn.,  December  19,  1865,  in 
the  fifly-third  year  of  a  faithful  ministry,  and  the  seventy-fifth  of  a  useful  life.  He 
was  bom  in  Coventry,  Conn.,  January  6,  1791,  of  a  family  of  distinguished  piety. 
Evincing  an  early  predilection  for  study,  he  entered  the  Junior  Class  of  Yale  Col- 
lege at  the  age  of  seventeen,  and  graduated  two  years  later,  in  1810,  with  a  class 
which  has  given  to  the  world  such  names  as  E.  A.  Andrews,  Jonathan  Barnes, 
William  W.  Ellsworth,  Professors  E.  T.  Fitch  and  Chauncy  A.  Goodrich,  A.  L. 
Hillhouse,  S.  F.  B.  Morse  (inventor  of  the  electric  telegraph),  and  others  scarcely 
less  eminent.  After  graduating  at  Andover  Theological  Seminary  in  1814,  he 
spent  two  years  in  Home  Missionary  labors,  being  the  first  missionary  employed 
by  the  Connecticut  Domestic  Society.  He  was  ordained  and  installed  over  the 
Frst  Church  in  Portland  (then  Chatham),  Conn.,  October  23,  1816.  Every 
member  of  that  council  preceded  him  to  the  church  above.  But  two  members 
then  connected  with  the  church  survive.  His  death  has  broken  one  of  the  last 
links  that  bind  us  to  the  former  generation,  especially  of  ministers.  He  was  the 
patriarch  and  Nestor  of  the  association  with  which  he  was  connected,  and  arrange- 
ments were  made  to  have  a  union  of  those  ministers  and  churches  upon  the  fiftieth 
anniversary  of  his  settlement  in  the  next  October,  to  hear  him  detail  the  experi- 
ences of  half  a  century.  He  was  truly  a  good  man.  His  whole  life  was  an  ex- 
emplification of  the  truths  he  taught.  His  whole  being  was  pervaded  by  a  sense 
of  religious  obligation.  The  habitual  contemplation  of  great  and  solemn  themes 
rendered  him  grave  and  serious,  and  yet  beneath  this  apparent  severity  there  beat 
one  of  the  kindest,  gentlest  hearts  that  ever  throbbed  in  human  bosom.  He  had 
the  sensibility  of  a  woman  and  the  simplicity  of  a  child.  Few  better  enjoyed  or 
appreciated  a  play  of  humor  or  a  sally  of  wit,  and  his  sympathetic  tear  made  a 
quick  response  to  any  touch  of  pathos  or  tale  of  sorrow.  His  humility  was  great. 
He  was  not  disposed  to  think  of  himself  more  highly  than  he  ought  to  think,  not 
as  highly  as  others  thought 

Well  did  he  lead  the  way  to  the  better  land.  He  went  before  the  flock.  Like 
his  great  Master,  he  gave  them  an  example,  that  they  should  follow  his  steps. 

On  the  anniversary  of  the  day  when  the  Pilgrims  brought  to  these  shores  the 
principles  he  loved  so  well  (December  22)  we  laid  him  to  rest  in  the  soil  they 
consecrated  to  liberty  and  religion. 

A.  c.  D. 

Mrs.  C.  TALCOTT,  widow  of  the  late  Rev.  Hervey  Talcott,  of  Portland, 
Conn.,  died  in  Waterbury,  Conn.,  April  23, 1869,  aged  sixty-nine  years. 

To  those  who  knew  her  no  words  of  eulogy  are  necessary  to  add  to  their  esti- 
mation of  her  life  and  character ;  to  those  who  knew  her  not,  many  such  words 
could  not  adequately  set  forth  her  excellences;  while  to  herself  all  eulogy 
would  be  most  distasteful.  **  But  a  woman  that  feareth  the  Lord,  she  shall  be 
praised."    **  Her  own  works  praise  her  in  the  gates.'*    Her  pure  and  useful  life. 


422  Canffregational  Necrology.  [SxAfy 

ber  consistent  example,  winning  deportment,  and  earnest  piety,  shed  a  beandfal 
halo  over  a  favored  home,  and  a  gentle  radiance  over  a  husband's  pastorate  of 
almost  half  a  century.  To  that  beloved  and  venerated  pastor,  she  was  tmlj  a 
helpmeet  in  all  home  duties,  and  a  most  efficient  aid  in  winning  soals  to  Chnst. 
Many  such  rise  up  and  called  her  blessed. 

Forgetful  of  self,  she  seemed  to  live  in  and  for  others.  Her  highest  happiness 
consisted  in  making  others  happv.  Even  to  the  last  this  feeling  predominated. 
She  expressed  a  desire,  if  it  were  the  Lord*s  will,  that  she  might  remain  longer 
with  her  family  below ;  but  with  great  assurance  said,  '*  I  know  it  is  far  better  to 
depart  and  be  with  Christ."  Thus  she  went  down  into  the  dark  valley,  leaning 
on  the  arm  of  her  Beloved,  and  with  her  all  was  peace. 

A.   O.  ]>. 

Mrs.  LOUISA  C.  HADLEY,  wife  of  Rev.  James  B.  Hadley,  died  in  Camp- 
ton,  N.  H.,  SaturdayyJune  20, 1868,  in  the  fiily-seventh  year  of  her  age. 

She  was  a  native  of  Amherst,  Mass.,  and  pursued  a  course  of  study  at  tiie 
Ipswich  Seminary,  under  the  instruction  of  Miss  Grant  and  Miss  Lyon.  ^ 

A  child  of  the  covenant,  in  early  life  ^e  learned  of  Christ,  gave  her  heart  to 
him,  and  became  a  member  of  the  visible  church. 

She  married  in  1 838,  and  at  once  shared  heartily  in  the  Christian  work  of  her 
husband,  who  was  then  settled  in  Amesbnry,  Mass.,  afterwards  in  Standish,  Me., 
and  Campton,  N.  H.  She  was  a  devoted  companion,  a  wise  counsellor,  an  effi- 
cient leader  in  every  good  work,  and  above  all  an  earnest  Christian,  in  true  sym- 
pathy with  Christ  and  his  cause.  Her  labors  were  abundant  for  the  salvation  of 
souls.  In  her  family,  in  the  Sal^bath  school,  in  the  female  prayer-meeting,  in  the 
social  circle,  everywhere,  her  influence  was  on  the  side  of  right  and  for  Christ 
She  was  in  the  habit  of  making  appeals  to  the  unregenerate  of  her  acquaintance 
in  writing,  and  from  the  many  afiecting  replies  received  she  had  reason  to  believe 
that  God  blessed  the  cfibrt. 

For  the  last  five  years  she  had  been  in  very  poor  health,  and  for  the  last  two 
years  entirely  blind.  But  she  did  not  cease  to  work  for  the  Master.  When  she 
could  no  longer  go  forth  and  take  sinners  by  the  hand  and  lead  them  to  Christ,  nor 
write  notes  to  them  to  persuade  them  to  attend  to  their  eternal  interest,  she 
singled  out  individuals  and  made  them  special  subjects  of  prayer.  Some  of  those 
prayers,  heard  in  heaven,  have  already  been  answered  on  earth.  She  was  un- 
usually resigned  to  God*s  will,  submitting,  without  a  murmur,  to  all  his  afflictive 
dealings  with  her.  She  was  apparently  more  concerned  for  the  comfort  of  others 
than  for  her  own.  She  frequently  said,  "  How  thankful  we  ought  to  be  for  our 
mercies ! "  It  was  hardly  possible  for  one  to  spend  even  a  short  time  in  her  pres- 
ence without  being  spiritually  benefited,  and  resolving  for  himself  to  live  nearer 
Christ  and  endeavor  to  do  more  for  his  glory.  Her  faith  was  strong  in  the  Lord, 
her  mind  filled  with  bright  anticipations  of  the  future.  Her  death  was  eminently 
peaceful.     Without  a  groan,  gently,  she  passed  away. 

q.  B. 

Deacon  EBENEZER  BUTLER  died  in  Winchendon,  on  the  15th  of  Octo- 
ber, 1868,  aged  sixty-three.     Though  months  have  passed  since  his  lamented 


•  1 

1869.]  Congregational  Necrology.  428 

decease,  it  is  fitting  that  so  good  a  man  should  have  a  brief  memorial  in  those 
pages  more  enduring  than  tablets  of  marble. 

Deacon  Butler  was  born  in  Townsend,  where  he  li/ed  to  years  of  maturity.  He 
moved  toWinchendon  in  1825  or  1826,  and  with  his  father,  Joel  Butler,  who  lived 
to  his  ninety-ninth  year,  purchased  a  farm  and  mill  in  the  easterly  part  of  the 
town.  There  he  remained  till  a  year  or  two  before  his  death,  when  he  removed 
to  his  house  in  the  village.  He  was  a  member  of  the  First  Church  until  the  or^ 
ganization  of  the  North  Church,  in  December,  1843.  In  the  spring  of  1844  he 
was  chosen  deacon  of  the  new  church,  without  a  dissenting  voice,  and  he  held 
the  ofHce,  faithfully  performing  its  duties^  till  called  up  higher.  He  ever  felt  the 
deepest  interest  in  the  welfare  of  the  church,  and  gave  time,  money,  and  prayer, 
without  stint,  to  secure  its  prosperity.  He  was  a  thoroughly  good  man ;  upright 
in  business  according  to  the  Christian  standard ;  industrious  and  frugal,  that  he 
might  have  the  means  to  give ;  and  giving  with  discrimination,  that  he  might  do 
the  most  good.  As  his  means  increased,  he  did  not  increase  his  family  expen- 
ditures, but  enlarged  his  benefactions.  He  was  early  in  the  ranks  of  the  total- 
abstinence  army,  and  from  the  beginning  was  a  firm  friend  of  the  slave.  Missions, 
home  and  foreign,  were  dear  to  his  heart,  and  his  joy  was  to  know  of  the  progress 
of  the  Redeemer's  kingdom.  He  was  a  firm  and  judicious  friend  to  his  pastor, 
and  was  of  such  rare  prudence  in  speech  and  sweetness  of  disposition,  that  he 
never,  even  in  times  of  very  trying  difficulties  in  the  congregation,  said  a  word 
that  needed  to  be  modified,  or  which  could  justly  be  deemed  offensive.  He  was 
a  disciple  without  guile,  who  had  much  of  the  spirit  of  the  Master,  and  therefore 
was  ready,  when  called,  to  go  and  be  forever  with  the  Lord. 

Am    P.    ML. 

Deacon  JOAB  TYLER  died  at  Amherst,  January  13,  1869.  He  was  bom 
in  Attleboro',  Mass.,  July  23,  1 784.  His  father.  Deacon  John  Tyler,  —  through 
several  generations,  who,  for  the  most  part,  bore  the  name  either  of  John  or  Job,  — 
descended  from  Job  Tyler,  of  Andover,  who  was  born  in  England.  His  mother, 
Mercy  Thachef,  was  the  daughter  of  Rev.  Peter  Thacher,  of  Attleboro*,  who, 
through  an  uninterrupted  succession  of  Rev.  Peter  Thachers,  all  oldest  sons,  de- 
scended from  Rev.  Thomas  Thacher,  the  first  pastor  of  the  Old  South  Church  in 
Bostx)n,  who,  in  turn,  was  the  son  of  Rev.  Peter  Thacher,  of  Old  Sarum,  England ; 
and  there  is  a  tradition  that  the  series  of  the  Rev.  Peter  Thachers  on  the  other 
side  of  the  water  was  even  longer  than  it  has  been  on  this  side.  In  1794  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  removed  with  his  father  to  Harford,  Susquehanna  County, 
Penn.,  then  an  almost 'unbroken  wilderness,  where  he  became  a  pioneer  and 
leader  in  laying  the  foundations  of  civil  and  religious  society,  and  lived  long  the 
life  of  a  public-spirited  man,  a  patriotic  citizen,  and  an  earnest  Christian.  The 
church  which  was  organized  in  the  log-house  of  his  father,  and  of  which  his  father 
and  himself  were  in  succession  deacons,  "afler  prayer  to  God  for  direction, 
solemnly  declared  themselves  to  be  of  the  Congregational  order  by  vote  unani- 
mously," and  adopted  "the  confession  of  faith  of  the  Second  Church  in  Attleboro*, 
and  Covenant,  together  with  the  Cambridge  Platform,  as  the  rule  of  their  faith 
and   discipline."    And  from  that  day  to  this,  though  most  of  the  neighboring 

2ZeW  SERIES.  —  VOL.  I.  NO.  3.  29 


424  Congregational  Necrology.  [Jcdji 

cburches  bare  become  Presbyterian,  and  tbe  associations  in  that  section  bavto 
given  place  to  Presbyteries,  that  church  has  retained  its  intejpity,  and  adheres  to 
its  original  form  and  order  of  government  and  discipline.  While  toiling  to  dear 
away  the  forests,  aad  taking  the  lead  in  every  effort  to  advance  society,  educa- 
tion, and  religion  in  Harford,  Deacon  Tyler  would  devote  days  and  weeks  at  the 
call  of  feeble  churches  in  the  vicinity  to  labors  in  revivals  and  protracted  meet- 
ings ;  and  not  a  few  churches  in  places  now  of  far  greater  importance  than  bis 
own  town  —  such  as  Binghampton,  Montrose,  and  Carbondale — were,  in  their 
origin,  greatly  indebted  to  his  counsel  and  co-operation. 

.  In  those  days,  when  such  occupations  were  universally  deemed  lawful  and 
proper,  he  was  a  distilling  and  rum-selling  deacon.  But  no  sooner  had  Dr. 
Beecher  and  his  coadjutors  blown  the  first  blasts  of  the  temperance  refonnatioo, 
than  he  bought  out  his  partners,  and  at  great  pecuniary  sacrifice  stepped  the 
manufacture  and  the  sale  of  whiskey. 

An  ardent  Republican,  he  zealously  supported  the  cause  of  liberty  and  homaa- 
i^y  in  the  Congressional  district  which  was  so  long  represented  by  David  Wilmot, 
author  of  the  Wilmot  Proviso,  and  then  by  Galusha  A«  Grow,  lately  Speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives.  Always  lamenting  his  own  want  of  early  advaa- 
tages,  he  resolved  that,  cost  what  it  might,  his  sons  shonld  have  the  opportunity 
of  a  public  education.  Forty  years  ago  last  winter  he  took  his  eldest  son  into  his 
own  one-horse  sleigh,  with  books  and  clothes  and  bed  and  bedding,  and  brought 
him  all  the  way  —  for  there  were  no  railroads  then  —  from  his  home  in  Northeni 
Pennsylvania,  and  entered  him  at  Amherst  College,  where  all  his  sons,  and  neariy 
all  his  grandsoQS,  have  since  been  educated.  And  here,  at  Amherst,  this  seat  of 
learning  consecrated  to  religion,  and  in  the  house  of  that  eldest  son  [Prof.  Tyler] 
he  found  a  congenial  home  for  his  last  days,  which  he  spent  very  much  in  prayer 
and  preparation  for  **  tbe  better  country,"  till,  at  the  age  of  eighty-four,  he  almost 
literally  "  fell  asleep  in  Jesus.*' 

W.   8.   T 

Rey.  JAMES  D.  MOORE  died  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  January  17,  1869,  in  the 
fifty-sixth  year  of  his  age. 

He  was  born  of  pious  parents  in  Corsham,  Wiltshire,  England,  in  the  year  1813, 
and  was  confirmed,  according  to  the  rites  of  the  Established  Church'in  that  country, 
at  the  age  of  twelve  years.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  came,  with  his  father  and 
other  members  of  the  family,  to  Montreal,  in  Canada,  to  engage  in  businem  in 
that  city.  Fortunately  for  himself,  and  for  those  who  have  had  the  benefits  (^  his 
valuable  services,  he  fell,  while  in  Montreal,  under  the  wafbh,  care,  and  devout  in- 
fluence of  that  truly  excellent  Christian  minister.  Rev.  George  W.  Perkins,  at 
that  time  pastor  of  the  American  Presbyterian  Church  in  that  city.  Young 
Moore  connected  himself  with  that  church,  and  entered  at  once,  with  the  ardent 
zeal  of  a  youth  who  sincerely  loved  the  Great  Master  and  his  work,  into  the 
Christian  service  which  his  profession  required  of  him.  Here  it  was  that  he  first 
began  to  entertain  thoughts  of  entering  the  Christian  ministry.  He  entered  with- 
out delay  on  the  work  of  preparing  for  college ;  and  with  what  ability  he  per- 
formed his  task  may  be  seen  in  the  fact  that  within  a  little  more  than  two  yean 


1869,]  Conffregational  Necrology.  425 

he  was  foand  qaalified  to  join  the  Sophomore  Class  in  Middleboiy  College.  He 
was  graduated,  with  the  honors  of  the  college,  and  with  the  high  esteem  of  his 
fellow-students,  in  1835. 

In  the  autumn  of  the  year  in  which  he  was  graduated  he  entered  the  Theolog- 
ical Department  of  Tale  College,  in  which  he  remained  three  years,  and  there, 
as  at  Middlebury,  he  won  the  esteem  of  his  instructors  and  classmates.  Having 
received  ordination  from  the  Presbytery  of  Champlain  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
year  1838,  he  passed  the  succeeding  year  in  miitsionary  labors  in  Canada,  par- 
ticularly in  connection  with  the  Sabbath-school  cause.  Hb  first  experience  at 
pastoral  work  was  at  North  Buffalo,  where,  without  installation,  he  acted  as 
minister  for  a  few  years  to  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  that  place.  At  the  close 
of  his  labors  in  North  Buffalo  he  returned  to  Connecticut,  and  having  received  a 
eall  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Congregational  Church  in  Middlefield,  in  that  State, 
was  installed  on  December  30,  1846.  But  as  the  results  of  his  labors  in  this  com- 
munity were  not  what  he  desired  and  had  hoped  to  secure,  after  a  trial  of  three 
years  he  felt  constrained  to  seek  a  larger  and  more  promising  field.  The  church 
in  Clinton,  Conn.,  extended  him  a  call  to  become  their  pastor  July  2,  1850,  and 
here  it  may  with  propriety  be  said  his  life  work  was  performed.  His  labors  were 
greatly  blessed  to  the  conversion  of  souls  and  the  enlargement  of  the  church. 
Under  his  sound  and  faithflil  teaching,  the  standard  of  charitable  contributions 
was  raised  nearly  fourfold,  and  the  marks  of  strength  and  efficiency  in  the 
Maater^s  service  were  conspicuously  visible  in  the  enlarged  assembly  in  the  house 
of  God  on  the  Sabbath,  in  the  more  elevated  tone  of  piety  among  the  members, 
and  in  the  improved  morals  of  the  town.  If  success  be  the  proof,  we  may  be  sure 
that  he  took  good  heed  to  the  flock  over  which  the  Holy  Ghost  had  made  him  an 
overseer.  He  was  dismi$>8ed  from  bis  charge  in  Clinton,  March  4,  1866.  The 
circumstances  which  made  that  event  a  necessity  need  only  a  bare  mention. 
From  the  earliest  beginnings  of  our  recent  great  struggle  for  national  life  and 
civil  freedom,  Mr.  Moore  cherished  a  style  of  patriotism  which  was  not  acceptable 
to,  perhaps  not  appreciated  by,  some  of  the  leading  members  of  his  church  and 
people.  The  convictions  of  right  and  duty  which  held  and  controlled  him  were 
of  too  clear  and  sturdy  a  character  to  allow  him  to  suppress  the  utterance  of  them, 
whenever  he  thought  his  country's  welfare  required  it  Hence  the  breach  be- 
tween him  and  his  people.  Separation  was  the  only  remedy ;  and  be  yielded  to 
the  necessity.  But  the  abandonment  of  a  field  on  which  he  had  bestowed  the 
principal  work  of  his  life  solely  for  its  improvement,  together  with  the  breaking 
up  of  so  many  endeared  associations  with  the  place  and  people  of  his  choice,  was  a 
•train  upon  his  nervous  system  too  heavy  to  be  borne  with  safety.  On  the  next 
year,  in  July,  1867,  he  was  installed  very  much  to  his  satisfaction,  and  with  fair 
promise  of  usefulness,  over  two  churches,  now  united  under  one  pastorate,  —  the 
one  in  Flainfield  and  the  other  in  Central  Village,  Conn.  But  the  Great 
Master  had  but  a  short  work  for  him  to  do  in  his  new  field. 
*  Symptoms  of  the  disease  which  terminated  his  earnest  and  useful  life  now  be- 
gan to  appear,  and  suspended  his  labors.  He  died  at  the  Allyn  House,  in  Hart- 
ford, on  the  Lord's  day,  the  17th  of  January  of  the  present  year,  with  full 
faith  in  the  Saviour,  and  in  the  enjoyment  of  the  sweetest  peace  of  mind.    His 


426  C(mgregational  Necrology.  [^^7^ 

burial  took  place  in  Clinton  on  the  following  Wednesday.  Mr.  Moore  enter- 
tained Terj  high  views  of  the  ministerial  office  and  work;  this  fact  led  him 
to  be  a  diligent  and  successful  student  in  every  department  of  human  learning 
that  could  be  advantageously  used  in  his  profession,  an  accurate  and  instmctive 
teacher,  a  prudent  and  faithful  pastor. 

I>.  0.   B. 

Deacon  MATTHEW  CHAMBERS  died  at  Galesburg,  HI,  January  %1, 
1869,  aged  eighty-three  years. 

The  first  twenty-five  years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  West  Nottingham,  N.  H., 
his  native  place.  During  this  period  the  dependence  of  his  aged  parents  on  his 
care  subjected  him  to  a  stem  discipline.  But  he  cheerfully  accepted  his  filial 
duty,  and  taxed  all  his  youthful  energies  to  fulfil  it  faithfully.  After  the  death 
of  his  father  he  spent  five  years  in  Addison,  Vt.  This  included  the  period  of 
our  last  war  with  Great  Britain,  in  which  he  took  an  active  part  and  fought  at  the 
battle  of  Plattsburg.  After  the  close  of  the  war  he  engaged  in  mercantile  baaineas 
at  Bridport,  Vt.,  in  which  place  he  remained  twenty  years.  Here  he  was  married, 
the  21st  of  May,  1815,  to  Hannah  Smith,  the  worthy  companion  of  his  lifo,  who  stfll 
survives.  They  celebrated  their  golden  wedding  more  than  three  years  before  Ins 
death.  He  yielded  to  the  claims  of  the  gospel,  and,  with  his  companion,  united  with 
the  Congregational  Church  in  Bridport  about  six  years  after  their  marriage.  fVora 
that  time  his  life  was  that  of  an  earnest,  active,  growing  Christian.  In  1886  he 
removed  with  his  family  to  Illinois,  where  he  met  the  founders  of  Galesbarg  and  of 
Knox  College,  who  were  just  selecting  a  location  for  their  colony.  He  entered  at 
once  into  hearty  sympathy  with  the  plans  of  the  colony,  and  wto  one  of  the  first  pur- 
chasers on  the  tract  of  land  which  they  had  taken  up.  As  eariy  as  practicable 
he  built  his  future  home  and  established  his  family  in  that  new  settlement.  Here 
he  had  opportunity,  in  agricultural  and  horticultural  pursuits,  to  gratify  his  ardent 
love  for  trees  and  shrubbery,  for  fruits  and  flowers.  In  their  cultivation  he  took 
great  delight,  and  manifested  a  degree  of  skill  and  refined  taste,  in  marked  con- 
trast with  the  rude  improvements  of  a  new  settlement.  His  example  doubtless 
contributed  much  among  his  neighbors  to  encourage  that  attention  to  shade- 
trees  and  shrubbery  and  flowers  now  so  conspicuous  in  the  charming  scenery  of 
Galesburg. 

Deacon  Chambers  was  made  one  of  the  trustees  of  Knox  College  by  the  act  of 
incorporation.  For  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  he  rendered  the  collie 
very  valuable  service  in  that  capacity,  and  for  a  number  of  successive  years  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Trustees.  On  his  removal  to 
Galesbui^  he  united  with  the  First  Church  of  Christ  in  that  place,  and  remained 
a  valued  and  beloved  member  till  the  time  of  his  death. 

In  all  the  great  movements  of  the  age  he  took  an  intense  interest,  and  was 
ready  to  help  them  forward  as  he  had  opportunity.  On  questions  of  reform  he 
was  not  an  enthusiast,  but  he  was  candid  and  open  to  conviction.  When  con- 
vinced he  never  hesitated  to  act  acconlingly.  He  was  bold  and  uncompromising 
for  the  right,  and  fearless  of  personal  loss  or  opprobrium.  At  the  commencement 
of  the  temperance  reform,  like  other  country  merchants,  he  dealt  in  ardent 


1869.]  C0nffreff(Uumal  Necrology.  427 

■pints.  Bat  u  toon  u  his  mind  was  awakened  to  the  eviU  of  the  traffia  be  de- 
Mroyed  hia  whole  slock  of  liquors,  and  heoceforth  was  a  consistent  advocate  of  the 
temperknce  caase.  He  was  among  the  early  and  earnest  friends  of  the  antislaverj 
reform.  In  that  cau«e  be  cheerfnlly  labmitted  to  reproaches,  perils,  and  lanei, 
Boffering  jojfully  for  righteotiBneM'  sake. 

As  he  drew  near  his  end  the  great  truths  of  evangelical  religion  which  centre 
in  the  atonement  of  Christ  were  apprehended  with  a  peculiar  Tividneis  and  con- 
fidence, as  the  )^uDd  of  his  hope  and  a  warrant  for  his  joy.  He  reaffirmed  his  be- 
lief of  them  with  new  energy.  He  triumphed  over  the  fear  of  death,  aod  joyfully 
departed  to  be  forever  with  the  Lord. 


Ret.  ABRAM  FROWEIN  waa  bora  in  Barmen,  Kingdom  of  Pruma,  la 
Germany,  on  tbe  28th  day  of  February,  IS09,  and  died  near  La  Orange,  Lewis 
County,  Mo.,  on  tbe  lOtb  day  of  February,  1869,  aged  nearly  sixty-four  yean. 
He  emigrated  from  his  native  land,  and  landed  at  New  York  on  the  18th  day  of 
June,  1849,  and  located  in  Lafayette,  Indiana,  where  he  remained  until  tbe  8th 
day  of  August,  1850.  Here  he  look  a  decided  position  as  a  Christian,  but  soon,  on 
kccoant  of  continual  ucknee*,  lefl  with  bis  family,  and  located  in  Iowa.  He  felt 
an  iDteDse  interest  in  bU  German  friends,  and  be  seemed  to  hear  a  voice  saying, 
"  Woe  i»  me  if  I  preach  nut  the  goepel."  This  voice  prevailed  with  bim ;  he 
lefl  a  lucrative  business  to  preach  Christ  and  him  crucified. 

Having  been  ordained  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel  in  the  winter  of  the  year 
I8S2,  he  received  a  call  from  tbe  German  Congregational  Church  in  Sberrill* 
Mount,  Iowa,  where  be  labored  with  great  usefulnen,  leading  many  of  his  German 


friends  tc  the  gospel  banner,  preach! 
fatigue,  exposure,  and  incidents  of . 
he  felt  that  the  large  German  populati 


it  four  different  points,  enduring  all  the 
pioneer  missionary  until  the  year  185G,  when 
n  of  Davenport,  Iowa,  composed  mostly  of 
Atheists  and  Rationalists,  needed  light  on  the  subject  of  pure  religion,  and  he 
planted  the  banner  of  the  Cross  among  them.  Tbe  result  was  that  the  Lord 
blessed  his  labors,  and  be  organized  a  German  Congregational  church,  and  built 
a  neat  chapel. 

In  1860  he  received  a  call  from  the  German  Congregational  churches  in  La 
Grange  and  Canton,  Mo.,  and  supplied  them  until  1862,  when  nearly  all  of  the 
male  members  of  his  churches  entialedin  the  service  of  their  adopted  country. 
The  condition  of  affairs  in  Missouri  rendered  it  unsafe  for  a  Congregational 
minister  to  labor  there ;  consequently  he  lefl  that  State  and  sought  temporary  safety 
in  Illinois,  where  he  preached  and  labored  among  the  Germans.  In  I86T  he  was 
nnstruck,  and  the  result  was  that  he  was  troubled  afterwards  with  convulsions, 
and  his  death  at  last  was  sudden. 

He  was  interred  at  La  Grange,  Mo.,  where  the  widow  and  daughter  of  the 
deceased,  and  two  sons,  live  to  mourn  their  loss. 

J.  8. 

Mrs.  MARY  CHAPMAN,  wife  of  Rev.  Jacob  Chapman,  DeerGeld,  N.  H., 
was  born  in  BridgtOD,  Me.,  February  8,  1814,  and  died  April  6,  1869,  aged  fifty- 


428  Congregational  Necrology,  [J^^y^ 

Mrs.  Chapman  was  a  woman  of  rare  and  varied  attainments.  In  cbildhood  sbe 
manifested  a  passionate  fondness  for  books,  and  a  peculiar  habit  of  neatness  and 
order.  In  her  youth  she  spent  much  time  in  the  office  of  her  invalid  father,  Hon. 
N.  Howe,  who  employed  her  not  only  as  an  amanuensis,  but  often  to  read  to  him 
during  the  hours  of  night,  thus  beguiling  his  wakeful  moments  while  others  slept. 
After  his  death,  and  a  protracted  sickness,  at  the  age  of  fifteen  years,  she  de- 
termined to  educate  herself  for  a  teacher,  and  with  this  object  in  view  entered 
Bridgton  Academy.  Here  she  joined  some  of  the  classes  fitting  for  college,  and 
80  rapid  were  her  attainments,  so  familiar  did  she  become  with  the  preparatory 
studies,  that  she  was  employed  to  a^i.<«t  the  principal,  Mr.  J.  Bnmham,  in  teach- 
ing the  languages  and  mathematics.  But  in  the  midst  of  these  arduous  labors 
she  did  not  forget  the  **  one  thinpr  needful."  She  saw  that  **  the  fear  of  the  Lord 
is  the  beginning  of  wisdom,"  and  in  early  life  consecrated  herself  to  his  senrice 
and  glory.  As  a  teacher  in  her  native  town,  and  in  Bethel  and'Norridgewock, 
Me.,  she  was  highly  esteemed  and  useful ;  but  the  work  was  too  arduous  for  her 
health.  In  1840  she  was  married,  and  soon  afterward  removed  with  her  hosband 
to  Pennsylvania.  Here  she  engaged  with  enthusiasm  in  the  study  of  the  German 
language,  laboring  at  the  same  time  for  the  salvation  of  souls  among  those  around 
her,  who  mostly  used  that  language.  She  also  devoted  considerable  time  to  the 
study  of  French,  and  when  her  husband  was  sick,  while  professor  in  Frankfin 
College,  she  for  a  time  heard  his  classes.  A  few  years  later  she  went  with  her 
husband  to  Marshall,  HI.,  to  engage  in  the  home  missionary  work,  where  the  next 
twelve  years  of  her  life  were  spent.  Here  she  was  active  in  the  Bible  dass,  and 
in  visiting,  and  also  established  a  Juvenile  Reading  Society,  which  was  the 
means  of  accomplishing  much  good.  A  large  proportion  of  the  members  became 
hopefully  pious,  and  several  passed  before  her  to  their  reward. 

But  her  health  beginning  to  fall  from  the  effects  of  the  climate,  she  began  to 
long  for  the  hills,  the  fresh  air,  and  the  pure  water  of  her  native  New  England. 
Hence,  in  1865,  they  returned  to  South  Paris,  Me.,  and,  in  1866,  removed  to 
Deerfield,  N.  H.,  where  she  finished  her  labors,  and  was  called  to  her  reward. 
In  the  midst  of  severe  sufferinrrs  she  maintained  a  calmness  and  patience  which 
nothing  but  a  true  Christian  hope  can  produce.  In  an  interview  enjoyed  by  the 
writer  but  a  few  weeks  previous  to  her  death,  he  found  her  calm  and  trustfuL  It 
was  on  the  Sabbath,  and,  at  her  request,  a  sermon  was  read  to  her  from  John  x.  S : 
^  And  he  calleth  his  own  sheep  by  name,  and  leadeth  them  out.** 

E.   D.  C 

Rev.  SILAS  AIKEN,  d.  d.,  died  at  Rutland,  Vt,  April  8,  1869,  at  nearly 
seventy  years  of  age. 

He  was  bom  in  Bedford,  N.  H.,  May  14,  1799 ;  graduated  at  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege in  1825  with  the  highest  honors;  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Congregational 
Church  in  Amherst,  N.  H.,  March  4,  1829 ;  installed  over  Park  Street  Church  in 
Boston,  March  22,  1837;  and  in  Rutland,  March  29,  1849.  He  resigned  his  pas- 
torate July  1,  1863,  because  his  health  was  inadequate  to  the  labors  required,  but 
retaine<l  the  nominal  relation  of  pastor  for  several  years  afterward.  During  his 
three  pastorates,  extending  over  a  period  of  thirty-four  years,  he  received  eigbk 


1869.]  Congregational  Necrology.  429 

handred  and  ninety  to  the  churches.  He  was  prominent  in  all  the  benevolent 
enterprises  of  the  day,  and  held  many  offices  of  trust  In  every  field  in  which 
he  was  called  to  labor,  in  every  responsibility  he  attempted  to  wield,  he  com- 
manded the  respect,  the  confidence,  and  the  love  of  men.  Few  men  do  their 
life's  work  so.  thoroughly,  so  wisely,  and  with  so  few  mistakes.  He  was  of  tall  and 
commanding  stature,  with  a  face  marked,  decided,  resolute,  genial,  and  kind. 
Educated  in  the  most  severe  schools,  and  taught  caution,  self-reliance,  dignity,  and 
courage,  he  was  yet  courteous,  afiable,  and  full  of  kind  and  loving  humor.  His 
wit  and  his  fancy  were  both  subordinate  to  the  most  exact  judgment,  and  so  his 
company  was  always  relished  by  those  who  were  serious  and  earnest  or  needed 
help  and  comfort.  Stern  in  his  creed,  he  was  never  a  bigot  His  testimony  to 
the  truth  was  always  cheerful  and  commanding,  because  he  spoke  from  personal 
experience  of  its  poweil*,  and  from  the  largest  observation  of  its  results.  He  was 
a  forcible  and  direct  preacher,  sometimes  full  of  pathos  and  power,  though  he 
knew  and  cared  but  little  for  the  artifices  of  rhetoric.  He  loved  truth,  and  to 
reach  it,  and  present  it  so  as  to  win  for  it  the  consent  of  the  understanding  and 
the  homage  of  the  heart,  was  his  chief  and  his  well-attained  object  in  his  ministry. 
His  eye  was  blue  and  clear  as  a  crystal,  and  reflected  the  depths  of  an  intelligent, 
soul,  a  true  heart,  and  of  a  conscience  at  peace  with  itself;  and  it  oflen  melted 
with  the  emotions  of  a  warm  heart,  and  revealed  a  spirit  full  of  generous  and 
noble  compassion.  He  was  too  noble  to  inflict  injury,  too  brave  to  resent  it,  and 
too  Christian  not  to  throw  the  mantle  of  his  pardon  and  love  over  an  ofi*ender. 
He  was  a  noble  specimen  of  that  class  of  men  and  ministers  who  are  becoming 
rare  in  these  days,  and  who  have  laid,  strong  and  deep,  those  massive  foundations 
on  which  a  following  generation  is  hardly  adequate  to  build.  He  was  one  of 
those  who  valued  truth  more  than  applause,  integrity  more  than  success,  purity 
more  than  self-indulgence  and  pleasure,  the  favor  of  God  more  than  the  honor  of 
man,  and  whose  whole  character  was  built  upon  a  rock  and  was  illuminated  and 
glorified  by  divine  principle. 

But  with  all  his  commanding  and  massive  qualities,  with  all  his  sturdy,  oak- like 
strength  and  independence,  with  all  his  indomitable  uprightness  and  truthfulness 
and  honesty;  with  all  his  intelligent  and  unflinching  adherence  to  his  moral 
principles  and  religious  convictions,  so  that  you  might  shake  a  mountain  from  its 
base  as  readily  as  deflect  him  from  the  right  by  a  hair*s  line ;  he  was  yet  as  diffi- 
dent and  modest  as  a  girl,  and  as  unpretending  in  his  manner  as  a  child,  and  as 
full  of  love  for  all  that  is  simple  and  pleasant  and  hearty  in  social  life  and  social 
joys  as  his  heart  could  hold.  He  was  a  worthy  successor  of  the  apostles,  not  only 
in  tlie  true  faith,  in  the  vigor  and  earnestness  and  eloquence  of  his  preaching,  in 
his  steadfastness  to  his  Saviour,  in  his  willingness  to  deny  himself  for  the  good  of 
men,  but  that  business  also  which  was  the  employment  of  their  lives,  till  they  be- 
came apostles,  was  often  the  recreation  and  pleasure  of  his.  He  never  imagined 
God  made  the  brooks  and  trout  of  his  beautiful  State  to  be  entirely  the  joy  and 
food  of  sinners.  He  was  a  man  to  be  liked  all  the  better  because  he  was  no  enemy 
to  angling.  He  was  out  of  sympathy  with  nothing  healthful,  innocent,  helpful, 
and  beneficial.  There  was  no  cant  in  his  words,  nor  in  his  life.  And  so  he  was 
a  well-rounded,  well-developed,  full^orbed  man,  to  whom  nothing  good  was  for^ 


1869.]  Congregational  Necrology,  481 

great  unanimity,  was, elected  as  its  president,  which  position  he  held  at  his  death. 
His  note-book  and  pencil  were  always  in  nse.  In  this  way  he  had  gathered 
voluminous  notes  and  sketches  upon  a  great  variety  of  topics,  which  would  have 
been  of  value  to  him  and  others  in  the  future.  He  probably  knew  the  personal 
history  and  peculiar  characteristics  of  more  Vermont  men,  living  and  dead,  than 
any  score  of  other  men.  He  led  sketches  of  every  clergyman  in  his  denomina- 
tion in  the  State,  as  well  as  of  nearly  every  other  prominent  man,  all  carefully 
and  systematically  arranged.  Among  the  contributions  in  the  Historical  Rooms 
at  the  State  House  no  name  appears  as  the  donor  so  often  as  his.  Anything 
which  was  old  was  both  curious  and  valuable  to  him.  To  the  Vermont  Historical 
Society  his  loss  as  an  energetic  director  and  a  valued  associate  is  severe,  and 
will  be  deeply  mourned  by  all  its  members. 

He  had  been  a  diligent  student  in  many  departments  of  study,  and  won  for 
himself  an  enviable  reputation  as  a  writer.  He  was  a  regular  contributor  to  the 
Congregational  Quarterly,  Boston  Recorder,  Brattleboro*  Record,  Rutland  Herald, 
Burlington  Free  Bress,  Barton  Standard,  and  Newport  Express.  Though  his 
writings  were  voluminous,  he  never  undertook  any  one  elaborate  work.  The 
most  noticeable  quality  of  all  his  historical  writings  is  their  clearness  and  brevity. 
They  were  all  trimmed.  Criticise  them  as  much  as  we  may,  we  cannot  find  a 
superfluous  word.  Systematic,  concise,  clean,  they  always  delight  and  never 
weary.  So  familiar  had  he  become  with  facts,  men,  and  things,  that  he  could 
dash  ofi*  in  an  hour  what  most  men  could  hardly  produce  in  a  week. 

Mr.  White  was  elected  by  his  fellow- citizens  to  a  seat  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives in  1862  and  1863.  He  was  a  ready  debater,  and  well  acquainted  with 
parliamentary  usages.  He  had  much  influence  in  matters  of  education,  and  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  committee  on  that  subject,  and  was  instrumental  in 
securing  several  valuable  additions  to  the  school  laws.  In  1864,  1865,  and  1866 
he  was  chaplain  of  the  Senate. 

In  1860  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Vermont  Board  of  Education,  and 
held  that  position  until  the  present  year.  His  labora  in  many  departments  of  the 
educational  cause  have  been  of  great  benefit  to  the  State. 

He  was  enthusiastic  and  untiring  in  his  eflbrts  in  the  cause  of  temperance,  seek- 
ing every  opportunity  to  promote  it,  and  was  identified  with  the  order  of  Grood  Tem- 
plars in  his  State,  having  been  its  presiding  officer  for  nearly  three  years.  He  de- 
voted all  his  energies  to  its  welfare  and  promotion,  never  sparing  his  strength  or 
labors,  in  the  cold  of  winter  or  the  heat  of  summer,  visiting  the  several  lodges,  de- 
livering addresses,  and  gathering  together  bands  of  this  important  auxiliary  to  the 
temperance  cause  amid  the  hills  and  valleys  of  Vermont,  and  the  thousands  who 
compose  that  order  will  bless  his  memory  and  reverence  his  name  as  a  household 
word.  He  lived  to  see  the  Grood  Templars  in  Vermont  grow  from  one  lodge  to 
one  hundred  and  five,  and  from  a  membership  of  less  than  a  dozen  to  seven 
hundred. 

Mr.  White  was  an  honorary  member  of  the  New  England  Historic  and  Gene- 
alogical Society,  and  corresponding  member  of  nearly  all  the  Historical  Societies 
in  this  country.  He  was  also  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  Vermont  State  Library, 
and  a  trustee  of  Middlebury  College. 


432  Congregational  Necrology.  [3\Aj^. 

The  honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  had  been  conferred  nipon  him  by  Amherrt 
and  Middlebury  Colleges,  and  the  UnWersity  of  Vermont 

He  had  been  confined  to  the  house  nearly  three  weeks,  having  first  bad  a  seTers 
attack  of  influenza,  followed  by  typhoid  pneumonia.  Recovering  somewhat  from 
this,  the  disease  passed  to  the  brain  and  spine,  and  so  prostrated  was  his  nenrooi 
system  from  long-continued,  constant,  and  severe  mental  effort,  he  waa  nn&bie  to 
withstand  the  attack. 

Among  the  many  works  from  his  pen  are  the  following :  — 

Life  and  Services  of  Matthew  Lyon. 

History  of  Coventry. 

Sermon  on  the  Death  of  Abraham  Lincoln. 

History  of  the  Congregational  Church  in  Orleans  County. 

A  Centennial  Sermon  on  the  100th  Anniversary  of  the  Organization  of  the 
Congregational  Church  at  Westminster,  Vt.,  and  a  Sketch  of  its  Native  Ministen. 

Life  and  Services  of  Jonas  Galusha. 

Life  and  Services  of  the  late  William  C.  Bradley. 

Biographical  Sketch  of  Hon.  Theophilus  Harrington. 

The  Geography  and  History  of  Vermont,  by  S.  R.  Hall,  ll.d.,  also  the  Con* 
stitution  of  the  United  States,  with  Notes  and  Questions,  by  Pliny  H.  WUie. 
Pages  270. 

All  his  writings  should  be  gathered  together  by  some  competent  hand  and 
placed  before  the  Vermont  people.  They  could  not  fail  to  appreciate  them, 
and  through  them  would  learn,  more  thoroughly,  to  appreciate  him. 

RD.  P.  A. 

CHRISTOPHER  CHOATE  CUSHING  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  April 
26, 1869,  in  the  twenty-first  year  of  his  age.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev.  Christopher 
Cushing,  and  was  born  in  Boston,  July  13,  1848.  In  early  childhood  he  exhibited 
marked  qualities  of  mind.  So  quick  was  he  to  learn,  and  so  retentive  was  his 
memory,  that  at  school  he  would  not  only  become  familiar  with  his  own  lessons, 
but  also  learn  those  of  the  higher  classes  by  listening  when  they  were  recited,  and 
retain  in  memory  much  of  the  school  register  by  hearing  the  teacher  read  it 
His  physical  system  was  so  taxed  by  the  activity  of  his  mind  that  it  was  found 
necessary  to  take  him  from  school.  At  a  later  period,  his  private  tutor  was  accus- 
tomed to  say  that  it  was  a  pleasure  to  hear  him  recite  in  mental  arithmetic,  be- 
cause he  often  had  an  original  and  short  way  of  solving  the  problems.  His  read- 
ing was  peculiar ;  be  never  took  any  interest  in  novels,  but,  when  a  small  lad,  he 
would  select  from  a  library  standard  histories,  and  such  books  as  **  Webster's 
Speeches.'*  When  censured  for  rapid  reading  he  would  challenge  an  examina- 
tion, and  would  prove  that  he  not  only  understood  but  remembered  what  he  had 
read.  When  fifteen  years  of  age  he  took  the  first  prize  in  the  Piifkerton  Acad- 
emy, at  Derry,  N.  H.,  "  for  excellence  in  the  Latin  language.**  Toward  the  close 
of  the  year  1863  he  became  a  student  in  Phillips  Academy,  at  Andover,  Masa. 
There,  although  the  youngest  member  of  his  class  of  about  thirty,  he  was  told  by 
his  teacher  that  he  was  the  best  scholar  in  his  class.  At  Andover,  in  a  time  of 
general  religious  interest,  on  the  7th  of  January,  1864,  he  was  led  hy  the  Spirit 
of  God  to  confess  his  sins  and  give  his  heart  to  the  Saviour.    The  letter  in  which, 


1869.]  Congregational  Necrology.  488 

three  days  later,  be  gave  an  account  of  the  change  in  his  feelings,  was  tender  and 
touching.  His  conversion  was  a  notable  answer  to  prayer.  For  days  his  parents 
had  wrestled  with  God  in  his  behalf,  until  suddenly  their  anxiety  ceased.  The 
receipt  of  the  letter  referred  to  informed  them  of  the  time  of  his  conversion, 
which  proved  to  be  the  very  time  when  the  agony  of  their  hearts  was  relieved. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  First  Congregational  Church  in  North  Brookfield,  1864. 
On  the  26th  of  April,  while  learning  a  lesson  in  Cicero,  with  two  of  his  class- 
mates, he  was  seized,  as  with  the  suddenness  of  lightning,  with  an  epileptic  attack. 
Suspending  his  classical  studies,  he  sought  the  restoration  of  his  health.  He 
was  intensely  interested  in  our  nationdl  struggle,  and  kept  himself  familiarly 
acquainted  with  the  names  of  the  officers,  and  the  various  movements  of  the  army. 
He  had  rare  mechanical  skill,  and  never  failed  to  accomplish  whatever  he  under- 
took. He  found  great  delight  in  the  society  of  profea«ional  men,  and  had  an 
extensive  acquaintance  with  the  names  and  the*  locations  of  ministers.  He  was 
fond  of  frequenting  courts  of  justice,  listening  to  our  ablest  lawyers,  and  gaining 
discriminating  views  of  the  different  judges.  He  was  accustomed  to  carry  in  his 
pocket  ^'  The  Court  Record  "  of  the  Suffolk  Bar,  that  he  might  know  what  cases 
were  to  come  up,  and  what  lawyers  were  to  plead. 

He  had  so  improved  in  health  that,  at  the  commencement  of  the  present  year, 
he  resumed  his  classical  studies.  Wliatever  he  did  was  done  thoroughly,  and  with 
remarkable  accuracy.  He  had  an  antiquarian  taste,  and  an  aptitude  for  statistics. 
He  aided  in  the  preparation  of  several  statistical  articles  published  in  the  Quar- 
terly, and  prepared  the  "  Congregational  Quarterly  Record  "  for  the  April  num- 
ber, and  for  the  present  number,  so  far  as  was  possible,  up  to  the  very  day  of  his 
death. 

Of  generous  disposition,  ardent  in  temperament,  he  formed  strong  attachments, 
and  was  always  faithful  to  his  friends.  His  sense  of  justice  and  indignation  at 
wrong  were  marked  and  forcible. 

He  had  so  studied  the  nature  of  his  disease,  and  so  fully  understood  the  liabili- 
ties to  which  it  exposed  him,  that  he  accustomed  himself  to  the  contemplation  of 
death,  and  rose  above  all  fear  of  it.  When  his  absence  from  home  longer  than 
was  anticipated  was  the  occasion  of  solicitude,  and  this  fact  was  made  known  to 
him,  he  replied,  **  Don't  worry  about  me,  for  I  think  I  have  a  Saviour  in  whom  I 
can  trust,  and  I  am  not  afraid  to  die" ;  and  again  he  said,  *'  If  at  any  time  I  should 
go  away  from  home  and  never  come  back,  or  should  be  brought  back  dead,  think 
that  I  am  better  off*,  —  yes,  mother,  think  that  I  am  a  great  deal  better  off*." 

It  was  Sabbath  eve ;  he  kissed  his  sister,  and  bade  her  '*  good  night,"  spoke 
parting  words  to  his  parents,  and  with  elastic  step  went  to  his  room.  Afler  his 
customary  season  of  devotion  he  lay  down  to  rest,  and  while  in  unconscious  sleep 
he  awoke  to  the  unceasing  consciousness  of  heavenly  joy.  O,  the  force  of  Job's 
declaration,  '*  Thou  shalt  seek  me  m  the  morning,  but  I  shall  not  be  "  I 

In  view  of  his  rare  qualifications  for  usefulness,  his  opportunities  to  acquire 
knowledge,  and  his  disposition  to  consecrate  all  upon  the  altar  of  (xod,  the  open- 
ing fields  for  Christian  work,  and  his  sudden  departure,  blind  unbelief  asks, 
''Why  is  this  waste?"  But  faith  gives  the  cheering  assurance  that  no  natural 
endowment  or  degree  of  culture,  accompanied  with  the  grace  of  God,  is  ever  lost 


434  Literary  Review.  tJ^f? 


LITERARY  REVIEW. 

The  American*  Almanac  seemed  to  die  of  editorial  laziness;  then  Child8,of 
Philadelphia,  began  a  National  Almanac,  which  had  a  short  but  useful  and  honor- 
able fife  of  two  years.  Four  years  have  since  passed,  and  now  O.  D.  Case  &  Co^ 
of  Hartford,  Conn.,  enter  the  field  and  give  to  the  public  the  initial  volume  of  **  The 
American  Year-Book,**  *  exceedingly  well  edited,  well  printed,  and  well  made.  It 
is  one  of  the  most  thorough  of  its  kind  within  our  knowledge.  Its  eight  hundred 
and  twenty-four  pages  are  filled  with  carefully  collected  and  well-arranged  statis- 
tics and  records  appropriately  grouped.  Thus,  Part  I.  is  occupied  with  astronomi- 
cal information ;  Part  II.  comprises  the  statistics  of  the  United  States,  with  such 
facts  and  records  as,  in  the  good  judgment  of  the  editor,  will  be  useful  to  the  in- 
telligent citizen,  the  student,  the  author,  and,  emphatically,  the  politicians,  whom, 
by  compliment,  we  sometimes  call  statesmen ;  Part  III.  gives  statistics  of  '^  Foreign 
States  of  the  World  "  (a  singular  application  of  the  word  "  states  **)  ;  Part  IV. 
presents  the  religious  statistics  of  the  world ;  Part  Y.  consists  of  miscellaneooi 
essays  on  such  topics  as  *'  Progress  of  Agriculture,"  *'  Currency  and  Finance," 
**  Literature,"  etc. ;  Part  VI.  gives  Presidential  Election  Returns,  Obituaries,  and 
records  of  important  events.  The  book  is  an  honor  to  its  editor,  to  its  publiahen, 
and  to  the  country.  We  have  seen  very  warm  praise  of  it  in  English  papers,  and 
it  is  but  little  to  say  that  it  is,  or  should  be,  indispensable  to  every  reading  person. 
The  labor  involved  in  such  a  work  is  enormous,  and  we  speak  from  some  ex- 
perience ;  and  for  an  "  initial  volume,"  the  editor  has  been  wonderfuUy  snccesi- 
ful.  We  presume  the  succeeding  volume  will  be  improved  somewhat,  but  we  are 
so  thankful  for  this,  the  only  book  of  the  kind  to  be  had,  that  we  have  no  criticismf 
to  off'er,  —  nothing  but  praise.  The  publishers  in  our  larger  cities  mast  look  to 
their  laurels,  for  if  any  book  deserves  a  "  metropolitan  "  reputation  thb  does, 
and  we  hope  it  will  have  as  wide  a  circulation  as  its  genuine  merits  demand. 

The  Annual  Cyclopaedia  for  1868,t  the  eighth  of  the  series,  is  a  compen- 
dium of  valuable  information,  like  its  predecessors.  Its  title-page  concisely  telll 
its  contents.  (See  foot-note.)  It  is  well  adapted  to  the  uses  for  which  it  is  de- 
signed, and  covers  the  history  of  the  year  with  considerable  thoroughness,  and 

*  The  Aracricnn  Year-Book  and  National  Regisjer  for  1869.  Astronomical,  Histoiv 
cal,  Political,  Finnncial,  Commercial,  Educational,  and  Religious.  A  General  View  of 
the  United  States,  inrhidin^  every  Department  of  the  National  and  State  Covemments, 
together  with  a  Brief  Account  of  Foreign  States.  Embracing  Educational,  Reli^us, 
and  Industrial  Statistics ;  Facts  relating  to  Public  Institutions  and  Societies ;  Miscel- 
laneous Essays  ;  Importiint  Events ;  Obituaries,  etc.  Edited  by  David  N.  Camp. 
Vol.  I.     Hartford  :  O.  D.  Cnsc  &  Co.     1869.     8vo.     pp.  824.     $3.50. 

t  The  American  Annual  Cyclopajdia  and  Register  of  Important  Events  of  the  Year 
1868.  Embracing  Political,  Civil,  Military,  and  Social  Affairs;  Public  Documents; 
Biography,  Statistics,  Commerce,  Finance,  Literature,  Science,  Agriculture,  and  Me- 
chanical Industry.  Volume  VIIL  New  York:  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  1869.  8vo. 
pp.  796.     $3.50. 


1869.]  Literary  Review.  485 

wiih  praiseworthy  candor.  It  is  wellnigli  impossible  for  a  narrator  to  keep  bis  own 
opinions  out  of  sight  and  out  of  mind;  the  temptation  is  strong  to  express  con- 
victions and  inclinations ;  but  just  so  far  as  this  is  done,  whether  intentionally  or 
accidentally,  is  the  value  of  a  **  Register  of  Important  Events','*  such  as  this  Annual 
clain»8  to  be,  diminished.  In  these  days  men  want  facts  rather  than  opinions ; 
these  latter  they  prefer  to  form  for  themselves.  The  compiler  has  proved  him- 
self so  good  an  annalist  that  he  never  obtrudes  himself  upon  his  readers.  Prob- 
ably each  user  of  this  book  will  think  .too  much  space  given  to  some  topics,  too 
little  to  others,  but  let  it  be  borne  in  mind  that  it  is  no  easy  thing  to  put  into  one 
volume  the  twelve  months'  history'  of  the  world.  **  Hoc  opus  hie  labor  est,**  and 
the  editor  of  the  Annual  has  done  his  **  opus  "  and  his  '*  labor  "  well. 

The  **  restoration "  process  in  our  national  history  is  well  narrated,  and  this 
portion  of  the  book  is  invaluable  for  reference  or  for  study,  while  the  facts  in  the 
material,  scientific,  literary,  and  religious  progress  of  the  world  are  carefully  con- 
densed and  well  arranged.  The  editor  has  the  good  sense  to  take  his  statistics  of 
Congregationalism  from  our  Quarterly,  and  the  honesty  to  give  credit.  The  his- 
tory of  the  different  denominations  in  this  country,  and  the  account  of  their  con- 
ventions, branches,  membership,  etc.,  etc.,  are,  in  general,  given  from  official  sources. 
One  praiseworthy  feature  is  the  printing  entire  of  all  important  official  documents, 
the  only  true  way  to  prevent  mistakes  in  interpretation.  Portraits  of  Vice-Pres- 
ident Colfax,  General  Prim,  and  William  £.  Gladstone  embellish  the  book.  Ail 
who  own  Appleton's  Cyclopaedia  and  the  Annuals  will,  of  course,  purchase  this 
new  volume ;  those  who  do  not  can  here  find  a  profitable  investment  for  a  small 
amount  of  money.  It  is  not  easy  to  see  how  an  editor,  or  a  literary  man,  can 
** keep  house"  without  them.  (H.  A.  Brown  &  Co.,  3  School  Street,  New  Eng- 
land agents.) 

There  are  many  attractive  books  with  which  we  are  not  entirely  pleased. 
The  author  of  ^^  Adventures  in  the  Wilderness"  *  has  unusual  powers  of  descrip- 
tion, has  genius,  a  keen  sense  of  the  ludicrous,  and,  if  relating  simple,  unadorned 
facts,  would  make  them  interesting.  But  in  the  narrative  before  us,  if  fiction  does 
not  prevail  over  fact,  there  is  evidently  very  general  exaggeration  and  extrava- 
gance, —  a  purpose  to  write  what  would  be  read,  whether  real  or  imaginary.  In 
what  purports  to  be  a  guide-book  to  and  through  an  unfamiliar  but  important 
region,  it  is  but  simply  just  that  the  reader's  c*onfidence  should  be  secured  at  every 
•tep.  In  perusing  the  **  Running  of  the  Rapids,"  "  The  Ball,"  "  Crossing  the  Carry," 
^  A  Ride  with  a  Mad  Horse  in  a  Freight-Car,"  as  well  as  a  number  of  other  chap- 
ters, we  are  frank  to  say  our  credulity  is  inadequate  to  the  scenes  described,  and 
our  judgment  and  conscience  cannot  but  condt* mn  the  extreme  statements,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  profane  and  other  more  than  doubtful  expressions  with  which  the 
book  more  or  less  abounds.  Our  honest  conviction  is  that  ministers  of  the  gospel  . 
can  be  better  employed  than  in  writing  novels, or*' adventures"  not  less  fictitious. 
Jf  their  books  are  not  religious,  they  should  not  be  irreligious.  It  is  scarcely  pos- 
sible for  them  to  increase  their  usefulness  by  such  productions,  popular  though 
tiiey  may  be. 

*  Adventures  in  the  Wilderness ;  or,  Camp  Life  in  the  Adirondack^.    By  William 
H.  H.  MuKRAT.    Boston  :  Fields,  Osgood,  &  Co.     1869.    pQ.  236.    $1.50. 


486  Literary  Review.  [J^V* 

J.  B.  Ford  &  Co.,  publishers  of  the  weekly  series  of  Reverend  Henr^r  Ward 
Beecher*8  Sermons,*  have  issued  their  first  volume  containing  twenty-seven  ser- 
mons, with  the  accompanying  prayers,  and  reaching  from  September,  1868,  to 
March,  1869,  It  is  a  beautiful  book,  with  a  striking  portrait  of  Mr.  Beecber 
for  the  frontispiece.  The  same  general  remarks  will  apply  to  this  ccUection 
that  we  made  in  our  notice  of  the  handsome  two-volume  edition  published  bjr 
Harper  and  Brothers  (January,  1869).  We  have  learned  to  prize  the  weekly  issue 
by  J.  B.  F.  &  Co.,  and  the  bound  volumes  as  they  shall  appear  will  make  valuable 
additions  to  our  best  religious  literature.  (H.  A.  Brown  &  Ca,  No.  8  School 
Street,  agents.) 

Papal  literature,  of  the  anti-Masonic  kind,  is  strongly  reinforced  by  a  trans- 
lation of  Segur's  "  Th^  Freemasons.  What  they  are  —  What  they  do  —  What 
they  are  aiming  at."f  The  book  bears  the  sanction  **  Imprimatur.  Joannes 
Josephus,  Episcopus  Boston/'  and  may  therefore  be  relied  upon  as  accurate  and 
safe.  Indeed,  when  one  finds  that  the  American  preface  was  dated  on  the  **  Feast 
of  the  Angel  Guardians,"  his  confidence  may  be  implicit. 

The  work  is  a  truly  valuable  addition  to  the  works  of  its  class.  Although  the 
Freemasonry  it  describes  b  European,  and  the  American  editor  suggests  that  it 
may  need  qualifications  here,  yet  as  M.  Segur  insists  that  Masonry  is  everywhere 
the  same,  the  whole  may  doubtless  be  accepted. 

We  find,  from  this  work,  that  Freemasonry,  in  its  present  form,  originated  about 
the  year  1800.  When  the  Knights-Templars  received  from  Pope  Clement  V. 
and  Phillipe-le-Bel  the  punishment  due  to  their  ^* infamous"  and  ** sacrilegious 
practices,"  a  remnant  escaped  the  fagots,  to  whose  blaze  had  been  consigned  all 
whom  the  Pope  and  King  had  been  able  to  lay  hands  upon,  and  fled  to  Scotland. 
They  there  allied  themselves  with  corporations  of  Masons,  swore  undying  hatred 
to  "  Popes  and  Kings,''  and  by  and  by,  **  with  the  help  of  Protestantism,"  spread 
all  over  Europe ;  and  now,  by  this  writer's  figures,  they  number  eight  millions  of 
members. 

The  strength  of  this  vast  number  M.  Segur  finds  to  be  fearful  by  its  peculiar 
organization.  Its  members  are  sworn  to  unqualified  obedience;  and,  although 
**  the  King  of  Hanover,  the  King  of  Sweden,  the  Grand  Duke  of  Hesse-Darm^ 
stadt,  Prince  Frederic  of  the  Netherlands,  the  Grand  Duke  of  Hesse,  and  the 
King  of  Prussia  "  are  Grand  Masters,  yet  supreme  and  despotic  power  is  vested 
in  an  obscure  individual,  *^  a  mysterious  and  terrible  chief,"  **  a  diabolical  man 
more  powerful  than  any  king  in  the  world."  Who  the  present  ruler  is  M.  Segur 
has  not  been  able  to  ascertain ;  but  in  the  last  century  it  was  a  German  named 
Wieshaupt. 

Its  great  object  is  the  "  overthrow  of  the  Catholic  Church."    It  is  aiming  at 

*  The  Sermons  of  Henry  Ward  Bcechcr,  in  Plymouth  Church,  Brooklyn.  From 
Verbatim  Reports  by  T.  J,  Ellinwood.  "  Plymouth  Pulpit,"  First  Series.  Septem- 
ber, 1868,  to  March,  1869.  New  York:  J.  B.  Ford  &  Co.  1869.  8vo.  pp.  438. 
$  2.50. 

t  The  Freemasons.  What  they  are  —  What  they  do  —  What  they  are  aiming  at 
From  the  French  of  Mgr.  Segur.  Boston :  Published  by  Patrick  Donahoe.  1869. 
18mo.    pp.  136.    25  cents. 


I860.]  Literary  Review.  437 

^  tlie  destroction  of  the  Catholic  religion  in  Italjr,  Germanj,  Austria,  Belgium, 
Spain,  Portugal,  Mexico."  Its  motto  is  **  Liberty,  Equality,  Fraternity,"  and 
its  climax  of  evil,  in  M.  Segur's  opinion,  that  it  demands  **  the  independence  of  the 
conscience."  Although  it  uses  the  name  of  Grod,  and  in  some  degrees  acknowl- 
edges. ^Christ,  yet  in  these  higher  (he  says  there  are  a  thousand  degrees)  God's 
existence  is  denied.  Their  teaching  is  that  Jesus  was  justly  punished  for  his 
crimes;  that  a  being  named  Adoniram  is  to  be  honored  as  the  descendant  of 
Lucifer  and  Eve ;  that  God  was  jealous  of  Lucifer  and  persecuted  him ;  and  that 
Masons  are  to  carry  on  perpetual  war  in  behalf  of  Lucifer,  '*  against  God,  Adam, 
Abel,  Solomon,  against  Jesus,  and  the  inferior  race  of  Adam*s  children,  personified 
by  the  Priests  and  the  Kings."  The  murder  of  Jacques  De  Molay,  the  great 
Templar,  is  to  be  avenged  on  all  popes  and  kings.  This  rallying-cry  is,  **  War 
on  God,  on  His  Christ,  and  on  His  Church."  In  1848  the  adepts  ''met  to  cele- 
brate the  '  Mass  of  the  Devil.' "  He  does  not  insist  that  Lafayette,  Louis  Philippe, 
Lord  Palmerston,  and  Count  Cavour,  whom  he  mentions  as  Masons,  assisted  at 
this  Mass ;  but  "  nearly  all  the  coryphei  of  contemporary,  impiety  —  Mazzini, 
Garibaldi,  Kossuth  —  are  Freemasons."  To  the  Masons  M.  Segur  attributes  the 
French  Revolution,  the  overthrow  of  Charles  X.  in  1830,  and  the  uprisings  of 
1848. 

Of  course,  the  Catholic  Church  puts  Masonry  under  the  ban.  The  author  re- 
counts the  various  bulls  which  have  lefl  the  Vatican  against  Masonry,  from  1 788 
to  1865.  Every  Freemason  is,  by  his  membership,  excommunicate;  is  debarred 
from  the  sacraments,  and  forfeits  his  right  to  Christian  burial. 

M.  Segur  gives  very  interesting  descriptions  of  the  various  secret  ceremonies  of 
^his  institution,  with  the  several  obligations.  But  as  he  does  not  give  his  authority 
we  are  unable  to  judge  of  their  authenticity. 

The  remedy  is  very  simple :  '*  First  of  all,  let  us  obey  in  all  things  the  head  of 
the  Holy  Church,  our  Holy  Father,  the  Pope,  Vicar  of  Jesus  Christ,  Pastor  and 
Infallible  Teacher  of  all  Christians.  Surely,  to  obey  the  Pope,  let  us  obey  our 
Bishop,  our  Parish  Priest,  our  Confessor.  When  we  obey  them,  we  obey  not 
men,  but  God  himself." 

This  remedy  is  very  simple.  It  does  not,  however,  seem  to  have  been  effica- 
•cious  thus  far,  even  in  Catholic  countries.  Still  less  does  this  method  seem  likely 
to  secure  the  result  here.  But  we  agree  with  the  closing  appeal  in  the  book : 
**  Would  it  not' be  a  good  work  to  make  this  small  treatise  known  all  around,  and 
to  spread  it  as  much  as  possible  ?"  The  information  it  gives  cannot  fail  to  interest 
those  who  are  discussing  this  subject;  and  y  it  is  so  evidently  authentic,  must 
prove  useful. 

No  war  correspondent  surpassed  "  Carleton  "  in  faithfulness,  comprehensiveness, 
accuracy,  and  freshness.  He  had  eyes,  and  used  them ;  conscience,  and  obeyed 
it.  He  never  romanced  nor  falsified.  We  judge,  from  careful  reading,  that  he 
has  carried  the  same  characteristics  into  his  "  New  Way  Round  the  World."  * 
Through  England,  France,  the  Mediterranean,  Egypt,  India,  China,  Japan,  the 


♦  Our  New  V^     Hound  the  World.     By  Charlbs  Cabletoh  Coffih.     Fully 
Illustrated^    "      ^n :  Fields,  Osgood,  &  Co.     1869.    8vo.    pp  524.    $3.50. 


438  Literary  Review.  [Jwl^* 

Pacific,  and  home  across  tbe  Continent,  is  the  ^  New  Way."  Of  the  familiar 
countries,  he  says  just  enough  to  make  the  connections;  to  the  Saez  Canal, 
India,  China,  and  Japan  he  wisely  devotes  most  of  his  work.  He  carefbllj 
observes  the  little  things  we  want  to  know,  and  generalizes  only  from  facta.  .  He 
is  entertaining  and  instructive.  He  writes  as  a  Christian,  but  without  any  ob- 
trusiveness  of  that  fact  Christian  missions  are  observed  from  the  stand-point  of 
a  sensible  traTeller,  warped  neither  by  official  conviction  nor  dislike  to  reli^oa. 
He  has  the  faculty  of  seizing  the  important  features  of  the  several  countries,  and 
grouping  minor  things  around  them.  He  is  always  sensible,  but  never  dull.  Tbe 
result  is  a  very  valuable  book. 

The  Presbyterian  Publication  Committee  send  us  **  The  Tenneasean  in  Persia 
and  Koordistan,"  * — the  life  of  Samuel  Audley  Rhea.  It  is  tbe  life  of  a  noble  mia- 
sionary,  whose  words  many  of  our  readers  will  remember ;  very  rich  in  detub  of 
missionary  work,  written  by  an  appreciative  and  experienced  biographer*  and  a 
volume  of  great  interest.  The  volume  is  well  illustrated.  It  belongs  to  the  mii- 
sionary  library,  which  is  now  rapidly  increasing^  and  which  should  be  in  every 
church.  It  is  worth  innumerable  essays  in  arousing  a  missionary  ^irit  and  in* 
structing  in  missionary  operations. 

**  The  Gates  Wide  Open  "  f  is  a  reprint  of  a  work  published  ten  years  ago 
under  the  title  of  **  Future  Life ;  or,  Scenes  in  Another  World."  By  the  reisfiie 
of  it,  under  this  new  title,  the  author  hopes  to  avail  himself  of  the  special  interest 
excited  by  "  The  Gates  Ajar."  The  two  books  are  very  unlike.  The  Grates  Ajar 
has  its  plot  on  earth  ;  the  Gates  Wide  Open  attempts  to  portray  scenes  in  heaten. 
The  latter  work  is  free  from  many  of  the  objectionable  features  of  the  fbrm^ .  I( 
gives <no  forbidding  aspect  to  the  ministry.  It  affords  no  aid  to  those  who  would 
make  deacons  odious.  It  does  not  favor  spiritualism.  It  does  not  make  the  first 
joy  of  heaven  consist  in  seeing  "  Roy,"  but  rather  in  seeing  the  Saviour.  A  care* 
ful  perusal  will  give  the  reader  a  more  favorable  impression  than  the  hasty  glance 
too  often  given  to  books  of  this  character.  If  it  has  less  of  genius  than  is  dis- 
played by  the  author  of  **  The  Gates  Ajar,"  in  tbe  wake  of  whose  popularity  it  is 
finding  public  favor,  it  shows  more  thought  and  more  careful  study  and  a  wider 
reach.  It  is  a  poem  written  in  prose,  a  portrayal  of  **  the  possible  scenes  of  a- 
future  life,"  well  written,  evincing  literary  taste,  long-winged  imagination,  and  an 
evangelical  spirit 

Ministers  and  Theological  Students  will  be  especially  interested  in  a  woris  % 
recently  issued  by  Professor  Hoppia,  of  New  Haven.    It  is  in  substance,  we  pre- 

*  The  Tennessean  in  Persia  and  Koordistan.  Being  Scenes  and  Incidents  in  the  Life 
of  Samuel  Audley  Rhea.  By  Rev.  Dwight  W.  Marsh,  for  ten  years  Missionary  in 
Mosul.     Philadelphia :  Presbyterian  Publication  Committee.     12mo.     pp.381.     Sl.75b 

t  The  Gates  Wide  Open ;  or,  Scenes  in  Another  World.  By  George  Wood,  antbor 
of  "  Peter  Schlemihl  in  America,"  "  Modern  Pilgrims,"  etc.  Boston :  Lee  and  Shep- 
ard,  149  Washington  Street.     1869.     12mo.     pp.354.     Sl.50. 

I  The  Office  and  Work  of  the  Christian  Ministry.  By  James  M.  Hoppih,  Professor 
of  Horn  lie  tics  and  Pastoral  Theology  in  Yale  College.  New  York :  Sheldon  and  Com- 
pany, 498  and  500  Broadway.     1869.    8vo.    pp.620.    $3.50. 


1869.]  Literary  Review.  489 

■ume,  his  course  of  lectures  on  Homiletics  and  Pastoral  Theology,  and  is  designed 
as  a  text-book  for  those  who  are  preparing  for  the  gospel  ministry.  We  think 
that  the  author  has  done  well  to  publish  his  lectures  while  he  is  in  the  strength 
of  his  manhood,  and  while  his  active  participation  in  public  afiairs  will  augment 
the  influence  of  his  book  by  combining  with  it  the  interest  which  is  felt  in  him- 
self personally.  Professor  Shedd,  we  believe,  was  the  first  to  set  this  example.  Had 
our  other  theologians  done  the  same,  one  at  least  would  have  been  prevented  from 
marring  the  work  of  his  life  by  making  a  revision  of  his  lectures  when  he  was  too 
old  for  so  responsible  a  task,  and  the  publishersof  the  works  of  others  would  not 
have  been  left  to  learn  that  the  works,  as  well  as  the  authors  of  them,  were  dead. 

Professor  Hoppin's  reputation  for  scholarship  and  for  delicacy  of  taste  is 
abundantly  sustained  in  this  new  book.  His  theological  statements  are  made 
with  precision,  and  are,  usually,  such  as  will  be  generally  accepted.  We  find, 
however,  on  the  second  page  of  the  introduction,  the  declaration  that  *'  God  could 
have  converted  the  world  by  a  pure  act  of  power."  "  Converted  "  must  be  used 
here  in  the  restricted  sense  in  which  ** regenerated"  is  often  used,  and  the  inquiry  is 
suggested  whether  our  author  regards  regeneration  as  a  physical  change,  or  a 
change  in  the  constitution  of  the  soul  ?  If  not,  how  can  it  be  predicated  to  be  the 
possible  result  of  "  a  pure  act  of  power  f  " 

The  section  on  the  **  History'  of  Preaching  "  is  as  full  as  could  be  demanded  in 
such  a  work,  and  is  admirable  as  a  literary  production.  Of  course  different  per- 
sons will  vary  in  their  estimates  of  individual  preachers.  Our  English  friends  will 
be  surprised  to  see  Binney  and  Dr.  Gumming  named  in  the  same  category,  with 
no  distinct  recognition  of  the  pre-eminent  and  commanding  power  of  the  former. 
American  readers  will  be  quite  as  much  surprised  not  to  find  among  the  list  of  eminent 
preachers  the  name  of  Dr.  Taylor;  for  how  much  soever  they  may  diff*er  as  to  his 
philosophical  speculations,  all  will  acknowledge  his  pulpit  power.  In  an  unmis- 
takable description  of  a  popular  pulpit  and  platform  orator  of  our  own  country, 
and  of  the  present  day,  our  author,  without  the  mention  of  his  name,  speaks  of 
him  as  belonging  to  **  a  family  of  theological  princes."  We  cannot  but  think  that 
in  whatever  sense  the  different  members  of  that  family  may  be  regarded  as 
"princes,"  comparatively  few  would  concede  to  them  ^*' theological**  sway.  Waiving 
minor  differences,  we  commend  this  treatise  as  evincing  extensive  learning,  high 
culture,  and  a  genuine  Christian  spirit. 

That  portion  of  the  work  which  has  reference  to  "  The  Pastoral  Office "  is 
worthy  of  special  attention  as  characterized  by  common  sense,  and  as  the  fruit  of 
experience  in  one  who  was  himself  pre-eminent  as  a  pastor. 

A  LEADING  Papist  of  the  thirteenth  and  Protestant  of  the  sixteenth  century 
are  brought  before  us  by  a  competent  and  master  hand  in  such  detail  as  to  give  us 
the  leading  events  in  their  very  different  but  most  important  spheres,  and  yet  in 
such  brevity  as  not  to  weary.*  They  were  cho^fcn  not  so  much  for  their  distin- 
guished abilities  or  exalted  positions,  as  for  their  conceded  piety.  True,  "  Great 
Christians"  are  not  always  great  men.  But  when  divine  grace  triumphs  ov6r  sin 
in  those  whose  mental  powers  are  strong,  whose  opportunities  are  great,  whose 

*  Great  Christians  of  France,  Saint  Louis  and  Calvin.    By  M  Guizot,  Member  of 
the  Institute  of  France.    Philadelphia:  J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Co.  12mo.  pp.  362.  $2.00. 
NEW   SERIES.  —  TOL.  I.  NO.  3.  30 


440  Literary  Review.  Xj^^fn 


circumstancea  are  propitious  for  the  highest  deyelopments  and  the  widest  i 
fluence,  the  phrase  "  Great  Christians  ^  is  not  inapposite.  Saint  Louis  liTed  in  a 
less  enlightened  age  than  our  own,  but  left  a  wonderful  record.  His  character  k 
instructive.  Though  in  many  things  mistaken  and  wrong,  rather  in  head  than  in 
heart,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  he  seemed  more  the  real  Christian  than  many  who  may 
have  a  truer  doctrinal  theory. 

The  writer  points  out  what  he  considers  the  weak  points  in  the  views  and  deeds 
of  Calvin,  and,  in  the  main,  very  fairly  analyzes  his  character.  He  is  shown  to  be^ 
as  he  really  was,  a  commanding  figure  among  the  great  lights  of  his  day ;  a  man 
of  firm  principles,  earnest,  fearless,  devout ;  caring  little  for  the  world's  caresMi 
or  curses,  but  fearing  God,  and  always  zealous  for  the  truth.  The  part  he  acted 
in  the  trial  and  condemnation  of  Servetus  is  faithfully  narrated.  It  is  often  and 
wrongfully  charged  that  *^  Calvin  burned  Servetus."  The  latter  confessed  him- 
self a  pantheist  of  the  boldest  sort  *^  I  do  not  doubt,"  he  says,  *'  that  this  beachi 
and  this  table,  and  everything  that  we  see,  is  essentially  God."  And  when  it  was 
suggested  that  this  would  make  the  Devil  a  manifestation  of  God,  he  laughed,  and 
answered  boldly :  **  Do  you  doubt  it  ?  As  for  me,  I  hold  it  to  be  a  fundamental 
maxim,  that  all  things  are  a  part  and  portion  of  Grod,  and  that  the  collective  uni- 
verse is  itself  the  Deity."  The  council  was  both  shocked  and  embarrassed.  By 
their  own  laws  he  must  be  condemned,  and  burning  was  the  penalty.  Calvin 
and  all  the  clergy  did  their  best  to  secure  a  mitigation  of  punishment,  bat  were 
unsuccessful,  while  they  all  declared  that  the  condemnation  was  just  fieza, 
Farel,  Melancthon,  and  others  agreed  fully  with  Calvin  in  this  result.  Thii 
book  is  one  that  we  can  heartily  commend. 

Professor  Haven  has  given  to  the  public,  in  volume  form,*  eleven  treatiKS 
on  Philosophy  and  Theology,  seven  of  which  had  previously  appeared  in  the  Bib- 
liotheca  Sacra,  and  one  in  the  New-£nglander.  Many  a  student  who  does  not 
possess  the  back  numbers  of  these  periodicals  will  be  glad  to  secure  this  collection 
of  valuable  contributions  to  philosophical  and  theological  science.  Professor 
Haven's  style  is  clear,  methodical,  compact,  and  scholarly,  and  his  opinions  com- 
mend themselves  to  the  common  sense  of  men.  His  treatise,  entitled  *'  Mill  venva 
Hamilton,"  is  of  special  interest  at  the  present  time.  His  representation  of  the 
influence  and  authority  of  Mr.  Mill  in  Great  Britain  is  not  explained  or  justified 
by  his  description  of  his  qualities  as  a  man,  or  of  his  theories  as  a  philosopher.  It 
would  have  added  to  the  interest  of  the  treatise  had  the  author  given  some  satis 
factory  explanation  of  Mr.  Mill's  real  power.  The  volume  closes  with  a  ^  Note 
Supplementary,"  in  which  the  Professor  notices  recent  strictures  on  his  moral 
philosophy,  by  Dr.  Hopkins,  and  gives  back  some  damaging  blows. 

Under  an  unassuming  title,  without  preface  or  introduction  except  a  very 
modest  *♦  advertisement,"  Rev.  Charles  Wadsworth,  of  San  Francisco,  **  at  the  re- 
quest of  personal  friends,"  has  given  for  publication  a  volume  of  twenty  aennon8.t 

*  Studies  in  Philosophy  and  Theology.  By  Joseph  Haven,  d.  x>.,  Professor  ia 
Chicago  Theological  Seminary.    Andovcr :  Warren  F.  Draper.    1869. 

t  Sermons.  By  Charles  Wadsworth,  Minister  of  CalvaVy  Church,  San  Fraa- 
cisco.    New  York  and  San  Francisco :  A.  Roman  and  Company.     1869. 


1869,]  Literary  Review,  441 

Thej  are  practical  ia  their  themes  and  exuberant  in  their  style,  and  exhibit  the 
YiTid  imagination  of  their  author  as  the  source  of  his  power.  We  would  commend 
to  the  consideration  of  our  own  denomination  a  sentiment  which  he  expresses 
thus :  **  That  Christian  benevolence  which  neglects  religion  at  home  for  the  sake 
ef  carrying  it  abroad  is  at  best  but  a  locomotive,  and  not  an  enlarged  benev* 
olence." 

We  are  indebted  to  A.  E.  Silliman  for  a  translation  from  the  French  of  F^ne^ 
Ion's  Conversations  with  M.  de  Ramsai  on  the  Truth  of  Religion,  with  his  Letters 
on  The  Immortality  of  the  Soul  and  The  Freedom  of  the  Will.  The  "  Conver- 
sations "  are  given  hy  Chevalier  De  Ramsai,  and  are  contained  in  an  introduc- 
tion to  a  beautiful  edition  of  F^nelon,  lately  published  at  Paris.  The  translation 
is  elegant,  and  is  presented  in  a  royal  octavo  pamphlet,  beautifully  printed  and 
elegantly  bound.  In  the  Preface  the  translator  gives  from  literary  sources  a 
sketch  of  the  dramatis  personcBy  first  of  F^nelon,  then  of  Andrew  Michael  RamsaL 
The  pamphlet  affords  abundant  illustration  of  the  intellectual  power  and  lovely 
spirit  of  F^nelon,  and  critical  examinations  of  questions  *'  as  deeply  interesting 
now  as  they  were  thousands  of  years  aga" 

Patrick  Dona  hoe,  the  Catholic  publisher  of  this  city,  has  sent  us  "  Short  and 
Familiar  Answers  to  the  most  Common  Objections  urged  against  Religion,"  and 
**  Plain  Talk  about  the  Protestantism  of  to-day,"  translated  from  the  French.  It  is 
proof  of  the  power  of  the  press  and  of  the  educational  influences  of  the  present 
day,  that  even  the  Romish  Church  feeb  compelled  to  enter  the  public  arena  with 
its  books  and  tracts  defending  its  system  of  faith,  and  attacking  the  religion  of 
Protestants.  These  volumes  are  well  suited  to  confirm  ignorant  Romanists  in 
their  prejudices,  but  we  do  not  see  how  they  can  influence  intelligent  Protestants. 

Roman  Catholic  literature  furnishes  some  excellent  books.  We  have  been 
interested  in  reading  Veith's  "  Instruments  of  the  Passion  of  Our  Lord  Jesus 
Christ.'*  *  There  are  portions  of  it  from  which  we  should  differ,  such  as  the  in- 
voked protection  of  Mary,  and  some  other  especially  Romish  beliefs;  put  these 
aside,  and  the  discriminating  mind  can  do  its  own  sifling.  There  is  in  the  book 
a  great  deal  of  good ;  a  fervent  piety  is  certainly  to  be  traced  through  the  whole, 
and  home  of  the  thoughts  are  in  themselves  beautiful,  and  beautifully  expressed. 
The  volume  is  elegantly  printed,  although  the  black  edge  is  hardly  to  our  taste. 

Ecclesiastical  Law  in  the  State  of  New  YoRK,t  by  Murray  Uofiman, 
is  one  of  those  very  practical  books  of  which  we  have  had  too  few,  and  whose 
value  is  not  easily  over-estimated.  Oftentimes  the  questions  connected  with  the 
incorporation  of  religious  societies  are  very  perplexing,  and  productive  of  evil  re- 
sults in  many  ways,  and  they  are  also  influenced  by  the  ecclesiastical  system  of 
the  church  or  body  in  connection  with  which  they  arise.  In  the  volume  under 
notice  the  opening  chapters  are  mainly  historical,  giving  sketches  of  the  churches 

*  The  Instruments  of  the  Passion  of  Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ  Translated  from  the 
German  of  Rev.  Dr.  Emmanuel  Veith,  Preacher  of  St.  Stephen's  Cathedral,  Vienna. 
By  Rev.  Thbodork  Nobthen,  Pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Cross,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
Boston :  Patrick  Donahoe.     1869.     12roo.    pp.292.    $2.00. 

t  Ecclesiastical  Law  in  the  State  of  New  York.  By  Mubrat  Hoffman.  New 
York :  Pott  and  Amery.     1868.    8vo.    pp.346.    $3.25. 


442  Literary  Review,  [Jwly, 

which  were  of  any  importance  in  the  New  York  Colonj  before  the  Revdation. 
The  snccinct  accounts  of  the  Church  of  England  in  that  Colony,  and  of  the  char- 
ters to  the  churches,  are  valuable,  as  also  the  chapter  on  the  Constitution  of  1777, 
etc.  A  chapter  each  is  given  to  the  difierent  religious  denominations,  foUowing 
which  are  chapters  devoted  to  legal  questions  bearing  upon  all  kinds  of  ecdesias- 
tical  matters.  In  the  appendix  is  a  very  interesting  document  pertaining  to 
Trinity  Church  (New  York),  and  also  numerous  forms  for  the  transaction  of 
church  and  parish  matters.  Mr.  Hoffman  has  well  done  for  New  York  what  Mr. 
Buck  has  so  well  done  for  this  State  (**  Massachusetts  Ecclesiastical  Law,  bj 
Edvrard  Buck^),  and  every  clergyman  would  find  it  for  his  interest  and  profit  to 
own  both  volumes.    It  is  a  comfort  to  say  that  each  has  a  good  index. 

Ladt  Moxtague  wrote  capital  Letters*  (in  the  main),  breathing  the  very 
air  of  the  times  in  which  she  lived,  and  giving  an  insight  into  manners  and  cus- 
toms, and  the  public  and  private  lives  of  individuals  high  in  literary  and  social 
position.  They  are  full  of  gossip  (of  course  ?)  but  also  have  a  certain  kind  of 
historical  value,  representing,  as  they  do,  a  time  when  English  histoiy  was  in  a 
transition  state.  She  was  acquainted  with  many  eminent  people  in  many  lands, 
and  she  writes  of  them  in  a  pleasant  manner.  She  travelled  much,  and  to  her 
courage  the  world  is  indebted  for  the  introduction  of  '*  inoculation  "  into  Chris- 
tendom from  a  *'  heathen  *'  country.  She  experimented  upon  her  own  family,  amid 
the  curses  of  her  contemporaries,  but  at  last  men  of  science  bowed  at  her  feet 
In  Litchfield  Cathedral  the  great  fact  is  recorded  on  a  cenotaph  erected  to  her 
memory.  The  chief  defect  in  her  Letters  is  the  utter  absence  of  any  religious 
sentiment ;  here  her  mind  seems  to  have  been  a  blank,  for  certainly  in  the  very 
great  freedom  of  her  correspondence  on  all  subjects,  she  would  have  betrayed  her 
true  sentiments.  Irreligion  is  a  defect,  a  sin,  for  which  nothing  will  compensate. 
With  this  drawback,  the  volume  may  be  read  with  pleasure  and  some  profit. 

Madame  db  Si^vignk*s  Letters  f  make  a  good  companion  volume  to  the  book 
just  noticed.  She  was  one  of  the  bright  lights  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  of 
France,  and  her  letters  give  graphic  pictures  of  court  life  in  that  heartless  time  of 
*'  fuss  and  feathers.''  The  court  was  all  in  all,  the  people  of  no  acconnt  save  to 
be  used  or  abused  (which  then  meant  the  same  thing)  for  the  pleasure  of  the 
rulers.  But  we  -hope  there  never  will  be  occasion  for  a  second  series  of  similar 
letters.  French  life  in  the  days  of  the  Great  Louis  may  well  be  read  as  a  warn- 
ing, but  familiarity  with  it,  even  as  mere  history,  is  scarcely  profitable.  These  two 
volumes  are  well  edited  by  Mrs.  Sarah  J.  Hale,  and  published  in  an  attractive 
style. 

The  Harpers  furnish  a  reprint  of  the  fourth  English  edition  of  the  Histoxy  of 
the  Crimean  VYar.^    The  work  consists  of  two  volumes,  pp.  702,  632,  well  sap- 

*  The  Ixjtters  of  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montague.  Edited  by  Mrs.  Hale.  Boston  : 
Roberts  Brothers.     1869.     12mo.     pp.408.     S  2.00. 

t  The  Letters  of  Madame  de  Sevignd  to  her  Daughter  and  Friends.  Edited  by 
Mrs.  Hale.     Boston  :  Roberts  Brothers.     1869.     12mo.    pp.438.    S2.00. 

X  The  Invasion  of  the  Crimea;  its  Origin,  and  an  Account  of  its  Progress  down  to 
the  Death  of  Raglan.  By  Alexander  William  Kino  lake.  New  York:  Harper 
and  Brothers,  Franklin  Square.     1868. 


1869,]  Literary  Review,  443 

plied  with  maps  and  plans.  It  has  been  the  subject  of  much  criticism  in  England. 
The  author  expresses  the  opinion  that  *'  the  works  of  the  commentators  must  be 
many  times  greater,  in  bulk  than  the  original  work."  Seeming  to  feel  that  he 
could  .apply  to  himself  the  phrase,  quorum  magna  pars  fui,  he  writes  confidently, 
not  to  say  authoritatively,  and  is  personally  confirmed  in  the  general  correctness 
of  his  statements,  notwithstanding  the  attacks  from  the  public  press  with  which 
his  work  haa  been  favored. 

John  Neal  has  written  a  unique  book,*  garrulous,  egotistic,  intensely  per- 
sonal in  its  details,  and  yet  to  be  read  with  keen  zest  and  much  profit.  He  cer- 
tainly has  led  a  life  more  than  "  somewhat  busy,**  has  seen  much  of  the  world,  has 
come  in  contact  with  many  men  of  position  and  influence,  has  mingled  much  in 
public  affairs,  and  of  men  and  their  motives,  of  subjects  and  their  bearings,  he  ex- 
presses his  opinions  without  reserve.  He  is  always'  entertaining  even  when  giving 
vent  to  his  strong  likes  and  dislikes,  and  he  weaves  into  his  sketches  many  inter- 
esting anecdotes  and  facts  which  go  far  toward  illustrating  men  and  events.  He 
seems  to  have  boxed  the  religious  compass,  and  at  last  to  have  settled  down  into 
a  belief  in  the  doctrines  called  Orthodox;  his  processes  of  thought  on  **free 
agency  "  are  very  curious.  It  is  impossible  to  give  an  analysis  of  the  book,  as 
each  chapter  is  full  of  detail,  and  the  whole  book  is  sui  generis^  and- while  we  are 
loath  to  agree  with  all  his  statements,  and  regret  that,  oftentimes,  he  allows  his 
prejudices  to  warp  his  judgment,  we  are  heartily  glad  he  has  written  his  *'  Recol- 
lections." All  through  his  book  he  is  on  excellent  terms  with  himself,  and  his 
theory  is  that  he,  like  the  king,  **  can  do  no  wrong  " ;  and  when  he  attacks  Neal 
Dow  and  John  Stuart  Mill,  and  others,  we  feel  that  he  carries  his  personalities 
too  far,  and  even  supposing  all  his  assertions  to  be  true,  he  should  have  borne  in 
mind  that  *'  the  truth  is  not  to  be  told  at  all  times."  The  publishers  have  issued 
the  book  in  that  style  of  typographical  beauty  always  characteristic  of  whatever 
bears  their  imprint. 

Sabbath  Songs  for  ChUdrerCs  Worship  f  has  more  merit,  and  fewer  defects, 
than  any  book  of  the  kind  within  our  knowledge.  Its  poetry  is  evangelical  in 
sentiment,  pure  in  style,  free  from  the  puerilities  so  disgracefully  common  in 
many  of  the  books  now  in  use  in  our  Sabbath  schools,  and  yet  well  adapted  to 
general  use.  The  music  is  chiefly  new,  and  a  practical  trial  of  every  tune 
enables  us  to  say  that  they  are  of  a  character  to  secure  the  approbation  of  good 
musical  critics,  and  at  the  same  time  so  popular  in  style  as  to  be  caught  easily  by 
the  childreq.  It  is  a  decided  relief  to  miss  the  angel  worship  with  which  Sabbath- 
school  singing-bool^s  have  hitherto  been  burdened,  and  to  find  sound  sentiment 
on  every  page.  We  have  long  felt  that  between  the  music  of  the  school-room 
and  that  of  the  church  there  has  been  too  wide  a  gulf;  that  it  is  nonsense  to  com- 

*  Wandering  Recollections  of  a  Somewhat  Busy  Life.  An  Autobiography.  By 
John  Neal.    12mo.    pp.  431.    $2.00. 

t  Sabbath  Songs  for  Children's  Worship.  A  New  Book  of  Hymns  and  Tunes  for 
Sabbath  Schools.  By  Leonard  Marshall,  Director  of  Music  at  the  Tremont  Tem- 
ple Church,  Boston.  Assisted  by  J.  C.  Proctor  and  Samuel  Burnham.  With  Sug- 
gestive Exercises  for  Sabbath-School  Concerts.  Boston :  Lee  and  Shepard.  pp.  176. 
Price,  per  hundred,  paper,  30  cents ;  boards,  35  cents. 


444  Literary  Review.  [J^Ij? 

pel  children  to  sing  words  and  tones  that  adults  would  he  ashamed  of;  that  there 
has  heen  a  foolish  attempt  to  corne  down  to  children  instead  of,  as  should  be  the 
case,  endeavoring  to  eleyate  the  taste.  The  editors  of  this  book  have  done  thdr 
work  well,  and  have  furnished  words  and  music  that  all  can  sing  and  eojoj.  A 
large  number  of  the  more  familiar  hymns  and  tunes,  such  as  should  not  be  omitted 
from  any  book,  are  so  printed  as  to  occupy  but  little  space.  Appended  to  the 
volume  are  several  **  Suggestive  Exercises "  for  Sabbath-School  concerts  which 
will  be  found  very  well  adapted  for  practical  use ;  these,  we  are  told,  are  from  a 
work  now  in  press,  by  the  same  publishers,  which  superintendents  will  gladly 
welcome.  **  Sabbath  Songs  "  is  admirably  printed,  and  if  its  sale  is  measured  by 
its  merits,  neither  authors  nor  publishers  will  have  reason  to  complain. 

We  have  space  for  only  a  brief  reference  to  a  book  just  issued,  bearing  vpoii 
some  of  the  important  questioito  now  under  discussion  in  the  religions  and  think- 
ing world.  *'  Credo  "  *  is  a  volume  in  what  may  perhaps  be  termed  the  *'  Bcee 
Homo  "  series,  and  deals  with  the  supernatural  Its  author  is  not  announced,  bat  it  it 
evident  that  he  is  a  clear  thinker  and  close  reasoner.  He  discusses,  fiiali  tfat 
Supernatural  Book,  next.  Supernatural  Beings,  third.  Supernatural  Life,  and 
lastly,  Supernatural  Destiny,  and  under  these  heads  he  vindicates  the  Bibles  and 
what  we  call  evangelical  doctrines,  in  a  manner  not  easy  to  refute.  Hie  is  not 
afraid  to  meet  the  scepticisms  of  the  day,  and  has  a  forcible  and  original  method 
of  setting  forth  his  positions;  but  we  do  not  care  to  speak  further  of  the  book  imtil 
afber  a  more  thorough  reading. 

Charles  Scribner  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  are  publishing  an  ^^  Illiistrated 
Library  of  Wonders"  f  which  merits  a  wide  circulation.  The  three  volumes  befi»e 
us  treat  of  "  Thunder  and  Lightning/'  **  Wonders  of  Optics,"  and  "  Wonders  d 
Heat";  they  are  well  illustrated,  and  written  in  a  style  to  please  the  popular 
taste,  and  impart  instruction  in  an  attractive  manner.  We  wish  that  a  competent 
editor  had  incorporated  into  these  books  the  results  of  what  properly  may  be 
called  American  science ;  as  it  is,  there  are  some  omissions  which  are  hardly  ex- 
cusable in  books  intended  for  circulation  in  the  United  States.  Our  own  students 
in  the  sciences  have  done  many  creditable  things  which  should  have  been  duly 
noticed. 

[The  length  of  two  or  three  of  the  articles  in  this  number,  and  an  unexpected 
delay  in  their  preparation,  compel  us  to  defer  until  October  several  book  notices 
now  waiting  insertion.  But  Max  Miiller's  "  Chips  from  a  German  Workshop," 
Bushneirs  "  Woman  Suffrage,"  President  Woolsey  on  "  Divorce,"  and  some  other 
important  books  on  our  table,  unlike  many  recent  publications,  have  vitality 
enough  to  enable  them  to  live  another  three  months.] 

• 

*  Credo.     Boston:  Lee  and  Shepard.     1869.    12ma    pp.444.    $1.50. 

t  Illustrated  Library  of  Wundcrs.     12ino.    New  York:   Charles  Scribner  &  Cow 
Each  vol.  $1.25. 


1869.] 


Congregational  Quarterly  Sevord. 


445 


CONGREGATIONAL  QUARTERLY  RECORD.— 1869, 


CHUBCHB8  FOSXED. 

1869. 

ANGOLA,  Ind.,  Maj  20, 9  members. 

AU  SAUBLE,  Mich.,  May  16,  9  members. 

ATLANTIC*  lo.,  AprU  11, 8  members. 

BUTLER  CO..  Nebraska,  lat  Cong.  Ch.,  AprU  28, 
12  memlbera. 

CAPE  ELIZABETH,  Me.,  Bfareh  21,  85  members. 

OfiOnrBNNB,  Wyoming  Territory,  June  18,   18 

members. 

OmCAOO,  ni..  May  8,  12th  Cong.  Ch.,  Ifi  mem- 
bers. 

DELTA,  O.,  Kay  14, 19  members. 

BLKHART,  Ind.,  April  9, 10  members. 

FERGUS,  Ontario,  B(ay     ,  28  members. 

GOLDEN  PRAIRIE.  lo.,  March  28. 10  members. 

HALIFAX,  N.  8.,  March  17,  26  members. 

INDIANAPOLIS,  Ind.,  May  28,  Mayflower  Ch., 

12  members. 

JEFFERSON,  Ttoxas.  Cumberland  Ch.  has  roted 
to  become  Congregational,  160  members.  * 

KALAMAZOO,  Mich.,  May  25,  Plymouth  Ch.,  88 

LAGRANGE,  Mo.,  March  28, 29  members. 
LTNN,  Mass.,  May  6,  70  members. 
MILFORD,  Neb.,  April  18, 12  members. 
MONROE  CO.,  Neb.,  AprU  80,  1st  Cong.  Ch.,  9 

members. 

OGDEN,  lo.,  April  4, 18  members. 
OSBORNE,  wis.,  June  9, 11  members. 
OZARK,  Mo.,  Jan.  9, 11  members. 
PETERSBURG,  Cherokee  Co.,  Kansas,  April  11, 

8  members. 
PROVIDENCE,  R.  I.,  June  2. 
RIO  VISTA,  Cal.,  May  80. 18  members. 
SENECA  FALLS,  N.  Y.,  Ist  Cong.  Ch.,  formerly 

Methodist,  orer  100  members. 
SPRINGFIELD,  Mo.,  Feb.  18, 11  members. 
ST.  LOUIS,  Mo-,  Maioh  16,  Mayflower  Ch.,  61 

members. 


XnriSTERS  OBDAIHED. 

1869. 

BINGHAM,  B.  B.,  in  AtlanU,  Ga.,  March  27,  to 
the  work  of  the  Ministry. 

BUTCHER,  WILLIAM  R.,  to  the  work  of  the  Min- 
istry, June  15.  Sermon  by  Rer.  Wm.  Salter, 
D.  D.,  of  Burlington,  lo.  Ordaining  Prayer 
by  ReT.  Edward  Beeoher,  d.  d.  ,  of  Gaiesburg, 

CHURCHILL,  JOHN  W.,  Proftsssor  of  Elocution 
in  Andover  Theological  Seminary,  to  the 
work  of  the  Ministry,  in  Nashua,  N.  H., 
April  80.  Sermon  by  Prof.  Edwards  A. 
Park,  D.  D.,  of  Andorer.  Ordaining  Prayer 
by  ReT.  Pliny  B.  Day,  d.  d.,  of  UoUis,  N.  H. 

COLBURN,  H.  H.,  in  Roxbury,  N.  H.,to  the  work 
of  the  Ministry.  Sermon  by  ReT.  John  M. 
Stowe,  of  SulliTan,  N.  H. 

CBOSWBLL,  M.  S..  OTer  the  1st  Ch.,  Emporia^ 
Kan.,  April  zl.  Sermon  by  ReT.  Richard 
Cordfey,  of  Lawrence,  Kan.  Ordaining 
Prayer  by  ReT.  James  D.  Liggett,  of  LeaTen- 
worth,  Kan. 

DAVIS,  JEROME  D.,  to  the  work  of  the  Ministry 
in  Dundee,  111.,  June  1.  Sermon  by  ReT. 
Edward  P.  Goodwin,  Chicago,  111.  Ordain- 
ing Prayer  by  Rer.  Nathaniel  C.  Clark,  of 
Elgin,  111. 


HAZELWOOD,  W.,  to  the  work  of  the  Ministry 
in  SlatersriUe.  E.  I.,  May  5.  Sermon  by 
Bar.  Albert  H.  Plumb,  of  Chelsea,  Mass. 
Ordaining  Prayer  by  ReT.  Constantious  Blod- 

gett,  D.  D.,  Pawtucket,  E.  I. 

HILL,  DEXTER  D^  in  Dundee,  HI.  Sermon  by 
ReT.  Joseph  BLaTen,  n.  n.,  Chicago,  111.  Or- 
daining Prayer  by  Rer.  Nathaniel  C.  Clark, 
of  Elgin,  111. 

HINDLET,  J.  J.,  OTer  the  Ch.   in  Southwold, 

OntaJriq,  Msy  12. 

HURON,  JOHN  H.,  to  the  work  of  the  Minis- 
try in  Breckinridge,  Mo.,  April  1.  Sermon 
by  ReT.  Edwin  B.  Turner,  of  Hannibal. 

INGHAM,  SAMUEL,  to  the  work  of  the  Min- 
istry in  Hartford,  Conn.,  to  labor  at  An- 
doTer,  Conn.  Sermon  by  ReT.  Edwin  P. 
Parker,  Hartford,  Conn. 

JONES,  CLINTON  M..  to  the  work  of  the  Minis- 
try in  North  Madison,  Conn. ,  May  5.  Sermon 
hy  ReT.  Daniel  W.  HaTens,  East  HaTen, 
Conn.  Ordaining  Prayer  by  ReT.  James  A. 
Gallup,  Madison,  Conn. 

MoCHBSNET,  JAMES  H.,  to  the  work  of  the 
Ministry  in  Westfleld,  Wis.,  June  2,  by  the 
Lemonweir  ConTention.  Sermon  by  ReT. 
Warren  Cochran,  of  Reedsburg,  Wis.  Or- 
daining Prayer  by  Est.  Joseph  M.  Hayes,  of 
Big  Springs,  Wis. 

MoCOLLOM,  J.  C.,  OTer  the  Ch.  in  Cambridgeport, 
Vt.,  March  28.  Sermon  by  ReT.  Alfred 
SteTens.  of  Westminster. 

MoDUFFIE,  S.  v.,  to  the  work  of  the  Ministry  in 
CrawfordTille,  lo.,  May  12. 

ROGERS,  ENOCH  E..  to  the  werk  of  the  Ministrr 
in  Orange,  Conn.  Sermon  by  Rct.  OliTer  E. 
Daggett,  p.  D.  Ordaining  Prayer  by  ReT. 
Leonard  Bacon,  n.  n..  New  HaTen,  Conn. 

SEAVER,  W.  R.,  OTer  the  Ch.  in  Smyrna,  Mich., 
March  81.  Sermon  by  ReT.  Benjamin  Par- 
sons, of  Ionia.  Ordaining  Prayer  by  ReT. 
James  L.  Patton,  of  Oroenvillc. 

TOWLE,  CHARLES  A.,  in  Sandwich,  111.,  May  29. 
Sermon  by  ReT.  Edward  P.  Goodwin.  Or- 
daining Prayer  by  Rot.  Nathaniel  C.  Clark, 
£lgin,Ill. 

TUNNELL,  R.  M^  in  Wabaunsee,  Kan.,  June  9. 
Sermon  by  ReT.  M.  S.  Croswell. 

WARD,  JOSEPH,  OTer  the  1st  Cong.  Ch.  in  Tank- 
ton,  Dacotah  Territory.  Sermon  br  Rer. 
John  H.  Morley ,  of  Magnolia,  Iowa.  Ordain- 
ing Prayer  by  Est.  Marshall  Tingley,  of 
Sioux  City,  Iowa. 

WARD,  W.  P.,  OTer  the  Ch.  in  Gretna,  La.  Ser- 
mon by  ReT.  Joseph  W.  Healey,  of  New 
Orieans. 

WHITNEY, H.M.,inGeneTa,  111., May  12.  Sermon 
by  ReT.  Joseph  HaTen,  n.  n.,  of  Chicago,  HI. 


MIHISTEB8  IH8TALLEB. 
1869. 

BARTLETT,  ReT.  WILLIAM  A.,  orer  the  Plym- 
outh Ch.,  Chicago,  111.,  April  22.  Sermon 
by  ReT.  Charles  D.  Helmer,  of  Chicago.  In- 
stalling Prayer  by  ReT.  Wm.  W.  Patton, 
D.  p.,  of  Chicago. 

BOTD,  ReT.  PLINY  S.,  OTer  the  Ch.  fai  Ridgefleld, 
Conn.,  May  11. 

BRYANT,  Rer.  ALBERT,  OTer  the  Ch  in  South 


446 


Congregational  Quarterly  Record, 


[July, 


Halden,  Mam.,  March  25.  Sormon  by  Rer. 
Jacob  M.  Manning,  d.  d.,  of  Boston.  In- 
stalling Prajer  by  Rer.  Lucius  R.  Eastaian, 
Jr.,  of  Somerrille,  Mass. 

CHILDS,  Rer.  ALEXANDER  C,  orer  the  Ch.  in 
W.  Charleston.  Vt.,  May  19. 

DAVIS,  Rev.  T.  E.,  in  Unionville,  Conn., May  12. 
Sermon  by  ReT.  Edwin  P  Parlcer,  of  Hart- 
ford, Conn.  Installing  prayer  by  Rev.  Wil- 
liam L.  Gage,  of  Hartford. 

FOSTER,  ReT.  DAVIS,  orer  the  North  Ch.,  Win- 
cbendon,  Mass.,  May  19.  Sermon  by  ReT. 
Eden  B.  Foster,  d.  d.  ,  of  Lowell.  Installing 
Prayer  by  ReT.  Abyah  P.  Manin,  of  Win- 
ohendon. 

FOX,  Rev.  DANIEL  W.,  oTer  the  Ch.  in  So.  Royal- 
ton,  Vt.,  Apr.  1.  Sermon  by  ReT.  Nathaniel 
Migbill,  of  Brattleboro'.  Installing  Prayer 
by  ReT.  James  Caldwell,  of  Royalton. 

FRANCIS,  Rev.  C.  W.,  over  the  1st  Cong.  Ch.,  in 
Atlanta,  Qa.,  March  30. 

GLBASON,  Rev.  GEORGE  L.,  oTer  the  Ch.  In 
Manchester,  Mass.,  Apr.  14.  Sermon  by 
Prof.  Edwards  A.  Park,  d.  d..  of  AndoTer 
Seminary.  Installing  Prayer  oy  ReT.  Or- 
pheus T.  Lanphear  of  BeTerly. 

HUBBELI?,  ReT.  JAMES  W.,  over  the  College  St. 
Ch.,  New  HaTen,  Conn.,  Jane  10. 

HUBBELL,  ReT.  STEPHEN,  OTer  the  Ch.  in  Long 
Ridge,  Conn.,  June  1.  Sermon  by  ReT.  Ben- 
jamin J.  Relyea,  We^tport,  Conn.  Installing 
Prayer  by  lieT.  Henry  B.  Elliot. 

LYMAN,  ReT.  GEORGE,  over  the  Cong.  Ch.,  South 
Amherst,  Mass.,  May  5.  Sermon  by  Prof. 
Julius  H.  Seelye,  Amherst  College. 

NOBLE,  ReT.  T.  K.,  oTer  the  UniTersity  Heights 
Ch. ,  CleTeland,  Ohio.  Sermon  by  Prof.  John 
Morgan,  of  Oberlin,  Ohio. 

PALMER,  ReT.  EDWIN  B.,  oTer  the  8d  Cong. 
Ch.,  Chicopee,  Mass.,  June  10.  Sermon  by 
ReT.  Samuel  O.  Buckingham,  i>.  d.,  of 
Springfield. 

PHIPPS.  R«T.  WILLIAM,  OTer  the  Ch.  In  Plain- 
field,  Conn.,  June  9.  Sermon  by  ReT.  Seth 
Sweetser,  d.  d.,  Worcester,  Mass.  Installing 
Prayer  by  ReT.  Thomas  L.  Shipman,  Jewett 
Citv,  Conn. 

POND,  RijT.  WM.  C.,OTer  the  8d  Ch. ,  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.,  Apr.  8.  Sermon  by  BeT.  A.  L. 
Stone,  D.  D. 

POPE,  ReT.  CHARLES  H.,  OTer  the  Ch.  in  Prince- 
ton, Cal.,  May  12.  Sermon  by  ReT.  Israel 
E.  Dwinell,  d.  d.,  Sacramento,  Cal. 

REYNOLD.^,  ReT.  WILLIAM  T.,  oTer  the  Ch.  at 
North  HaTen,  Conn.,  Apr.  29.  Sermon  by 
ReT.  Edward  L.  Clark,  New  HaTcn,  Conn. 
Injitalling  Prayer  by  Rct.  George  A.  Bryan. 

ROBERTS,  Rct.  JAMRS  O.,  over  the  Ch.  in 
Kansas,  Mo.,  Apr.  27.  Sermon  by  Rev. 
James  D.  Liggett,  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas. 
Installing  Prayer  by  Rev.  Edwin  B.  Turner, 
As?ont  for  A.  H.  M.  S.,  for  Mo. 

SANDERS,  Rev.  Clarendon  M.,  over  the  Ch.  in  In- 
dianapolis, Ind.,  May  23.  Sermon  by  Rev. 
E.  Frank  Howe,  of  Terro  Ilaufe. 

SMITH,  Rev.  MOSES,  over  the  Leavitt  St.  Cong. 
Ch.,  Chicago,  111.,  May  4.  Sermon  by  Rev. 
Wm.  W.  Patton,  D.  D.  Installing  Prayer 
by  Rev.  Rlward  P.  Goodwin,  Chicago,  III. 

8TAATS,  Rev.  HENRY  T.,  over  the  Ist  Cong.  Ch. 
in  Fair  Haven,  Conn.,  March  31.  Sermon 
by  Rev.  George  L.  Walker,  of  New  Haven. 
Installing  Prayer  by  Rev.  John  S-  C.  Abbott, 
of  New  ILiven. 

TAYLOR,  Rev.  JEREMIAH,  D.  D.,  over  the  Ch.  in 
West  Killlngly,  Conn.,  May  12.  Sermon  by 
Rev.  Robert  G.  Hutcbins,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Installing  Prayer  by  Rev.  Andrew  Dunning, 
Thompson ,  Conn. 

TITUS,  Rev.  EUGENE  H.,  over  the  Ist  Cong.  Ch. 
Bethel,  Me. ,  J  one  1.  Beimon  by  Rev.  Lucius 


R.  BastmaxK  Jr.,  of  Ea«t  Somei  iBto» 
Installing  Prayer  by  Rev.  John  SUiott,  cf 

Rumford. 

WINSLOW,  Rev.  HORACE,  Of«r  the  Cong.  Ch., 
Wlllimantic,  Conn.,  Apr.  28.  SenoMNi  bj 
Rev.  Raymond  H.  Seely,  of  I£aT«rtiiU,  Mass. 


MUnSTEBS  DI81EI88ED. 

1869. 

ABBOT,  Rev.  LYMAN,  from  the  New  Boi^aad  Oh. 

in  New  York  City. 
BARROWS,  Rev.  WILLIAM,  D.  ]>.,  from  the  Old 

South  Ch.,  Reading.  Mass.,  May  6. 
BELDEN,  ReT.  WILLIAM  W.,  from  the  Ch.  ki 

Gardner,  Mass.,  March  22. 
BURTON,  ReT.  HORATIO  N.,  fhim  the  Ch.  ia 

Newbury,  Vt.,  March  16. 
BYINGTON,  ReT.  GEORGE  B.,  frofa  the  Ch.  in 

Benson,  Vt.,  May  12. 
CASS,  ReT.  JOHN  W.,  from  the  Oh.  in  Seod- 

wich.  111.,  May  29. 
COCHRAN,  ReT.  SAMUEL  D.,  B.D.,  from  the  Ch. 

in  Orinnetl,  lo.,  Apr.  18. 
COLMAN,  ReT.  Geoifie  W.,  from  the  XvMtelkel 

Ch.  in  Acton,  Mass. 
DANIELSON,  ReT.  JOSEPH,  from  the  2d  Ch.  in 

Westbrook,  Me..  March  28. 
DAY,  ReT.  HI&AM,  from  the  Ch.  in  Windham, 

Conn.,  March  24. 
EGGLESTON,  Rev.  NATHANIEL  H.,  from  the 

Ch.  in  Stockbridge,  liaas.,  Marsh  81. 
GARDNER.  ReT.  AUSTIN,  from  the  Oku  in  Lad- 
low,  Mass.,  March  26. 
GLIDDKN,  ReT.  KIAH  B.,  from  the  Ch.  hi  Bed> 

ding.  Conn. 
HALE,  ReT.  JOHN  G.,  firom  tiie  Ch.  in  Poultecj, 

Vt.,  Feb  23. 
HALL,  ReT.  EDWTN,  Jr.,  from  the  Sooth  Ch., 

New  Hartford,  Conn. 
HALL,  ReT.  HENRY  L.,  from  the  High  St.  Cong. 

Ch.  in  Auburn,  Me.,  March  24. 
H.\ZEN,  ReT.  TIMOTHY  A.,  from  the  Ch.  in  South 

Egremont,  Msms.,  May  10. 
HOOKER,  Rev.  EDWARD  T.,  from  the  Ch.  in 

Broad  Brook,  Conn. 
HOOKER,   Rev.  EDWARD  P.,  fix>m  the  Myvtie 

Ch.  in  Medfurd,  Mass.,  March  31. 
LORD,  Rev.  CHARLES  E.,  from  the  Ch.  in  Ches- 
ter, Vt.,  April  6. 
McLOUD,  Rev.   ANSON,  from  the  Cong.  Ch.  ia 

Topsfield,  Mass.,  April 27. 
MORGAN.  Rev.  DAVID  S.,  from  the  Ch.  in  Worth- 

ington,  Mass.,  May  26. 
MORTON,  Kev.  WILLIAM  D.,  from  the  Ch.  fai 

Huntington,  Conn.,  May  4. 
PALMER,  Rev.  EDWIN  B.,  from  the  Ch.  In  South- 
bridge,  Mass.,  May  8. 
PRINCE,  Rev.  NEWELL  A.,  from  the  Ch.  in  Shns- 

bury.  Conn. 
SALTER,  Rev.  CHARLES  C,  fitmi  the  Plymonth 

Ch.  in  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  April  14. 
SARGENT,  Rev.  ROGER  M..  from  the  Coog.  Ch. 

in  Farmington,  N.  H.,  May  2. 
SEUSRMAN,  Rev.  CHARLES  S^  fh»n  the  Ch.  fai 

Naugatuck,  Conn.,  May  27. 
SPALDING,  Rev    GEORGE  B.,  from   the  Park 

Cong.  Ch.  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  March  23. 
TODD,  Rev.  JOHN  E.,  from  the  Central  Ch.,  Bea- 
ton, April  28. 
TORREY,  Rev.  WATSON  W.,  from  the  Ch.  fai 

Sherman,  Conn. 
UNDERWOOD,  Rev.  RUFUS  8.,  flpom  the  Fne 

Cong.  Ch.  in  Lawrence,  Mass.,  June  14. 
WHITMAN ,  Rev.  John  S. ,  from  the  Ch.  in  Spmgne, 

Conn.,  March  24. 
WHITON,  Rev.  JAMES  M.,  from  the  lit  Cli.  ia 

Lynn,  Mass.,  April  18. 


1869.] 


Congregational  Quarterly  Record. 


447 


WILLIAMS,  Rer.  LEWIS,  from  the  Ch.  in  New 

Prcston  Hill,  Conn. 
WILUAMS,  ReT.  MOSELY  H.,  from  the  2d  Cong. 

Ch.  in  Philadelphia,  Penn.,  April  13. 


imnSTEBS  KABRIED. 

1869. 

BEARD  —  PARKER.  In  MontvUle,  Conn.,  June 
10,  ReT.  Wm.  H.  Beard,  of  Freedom,  Me.,  to 
Miiw  Biary  A.  Parker. 

CHASE  —  SEVER.  In  Kingston,  Mass..  June  22, 
ReT.  Henry  L.  Chase,  of  DyersTille,  lo.,  to 
Mias  Nancy  R.  SeTer. 

GALE  —  FELT.  In  Temple,  N.  H.,  May  IS,  ReT. 
S.  F.  Gale,  of  New  Marlboro',  Mass.,  to  Miss 
£.  T.  Felt,  of  Temple. 

HATES  —  COBB.  June,  ReT.  Stephen  H.  Hayes, 
of  South  Weymouth,  Mass.,  to  Miss  Mary  £. 
Cobb,  of  Tinmouth,  Vt. 

OXNARD  —  RAYMOND.  In  Angola,  N.  Y. ,  June 
7,  by  ReT.  Charles  Strong,  ReT.  Frederick 
Oxnard,  of  Johnson,  Yt.,  to  Miss  L.  A.  Ray- 
mond. 

KANSLOW  —  KINGSBURY.  In  Norwich,  Vt, 
Bfay  11,  by  Bct.  John  D.  Kingsbunr,  ReT. 
E.  J.  Ranslow,  son  of  the  late  G.  w.  Rans- 
low,  to  Miss  Ellen  B.  Ringsbuiy.     • 

BOCKWOOD  —  MURDOCK.  May  11,  ReT.  George 
Rockwood,  of  Rensselaer  Falls,  N.  Y.,  to  Miss 
Ellen  M.,  adopted  daughter  of  AlTah  Mur- 
dock,  of  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

WELLS  —  LEEFER.  In  Atlanta,  111.,  Apr.  6, 
Rer.  Spencer  R.  Wells,  Missionary  to  India, 
to  Miss  Mary  Leefer,  of  Atlanta. 

WinrSHILL  —  PARMENTEK.  In  South  Sud- 
bury, Mass.,  May  4,  ReT.  John  Whitehill,  of 
Palmer,  to  Miss  Liade  A.,  daughter  of  Jesse 
Parmenter,  of  South  Sudbury. 


MIKI8T1SB8  DECEASED. 

1869. 

AIKEN,  ReT.  SILAS,  D.  D.,  in  Rutland,  Vt,  April 

8,  aged  69. 
BREED,  ReT.  WILLIAM  J.,  fai  WestTUle,  Mass., 

April  12. 
JONES,  ReT.  SLUAH,  In  Mfaiot,  Me.,  April  29, 

aged  78. 
KING,  ReT.  JONAS,  d.  d.,  in  Athens,  Greece,  May 

22,  aged  76  years. 
NORTH,  ReT.  ALFRED,  formerly  missionary  of  the 

A.  B.  C.  F.  M.  in  India,  in  Chilton.  Wb., 

March  8,  aged  62. 
NOTT,  ReT.  SAMUEL,  in  Hartford, Conn.,  June  1, 

aged  81. 
PETERS, ReT.  ABSALOM,  D.  D.,  In  New  York  City, 

May  18,  aged  76. 
SOULE,  ReT.  CHARLES,  in  Portland,  Me.,  May 

81,  aged  76. 
WHITE,  ReT.  PUNY  H.,  in  CoTentry,  Vt.,  April 

24,  aged  46. 


XHnSTEBS'  WIVES  DECEASED. 

1869. 

CHAPMAN,  Mrs.  MARY  C.  H.,  wife  of  ReT.  Jacob, 

in  Deerfleld,  N.  H.,  Apr.  6,  aged  65. 
COLMAN,  Mrs.  ABBY  P.,  widow  of  ReT.  Ebeneaer, 

in  Princeton,  111.,  March  26,  aged  73. 
HOPKINS,  Mrs.  ALICE  K.,  wife  of  ReT.  Henij, 

in  Westfleld,  Bfass.,  Feb.  17. 
PEASE,  Mrs.  MABEL  R.,  wife  of  ReT.  Giles,  in 

Boston,  Mass.,  Apr.  19,  aged  68  jrears. 
TALCOTT,  Mrs.  C,  widow  of  the  late  ReT.  Harrey, 

of  Portland,  Conn.,  Apr.  28,  in  Waterbury, 

Conn.,  aged  09. 


448  Ameriean  Canffregatianal  Assodaiion,  t'^^Jj 


AMERICAN  CONGREGATIONAL  ASSOCIATION. 

BUSINESS   MEETING- 

The  Sixteenth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  American  Congregational  Asso- 
ciation (agreeably  to  notice  in  the  Congregationalist  and  Recorder)  was 
held  May  25,  1869,  at  12  m.,  in  their  rooms,  No.  40  Winter  Street 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  by  the  President,  Hon.  E.  S.  Tobey, 
and  prayer  was  oflTered.by  Rev.  Charles  W.  Wood,  of  Campello. 

The  minutes  of  the  last  Annual  Meeting  were  read  and  approved. 

The  Annual  Report  was  read  by  the  Corresponding  Secretary,  accepted, 
and  referred  to  the  Board  of  Directors  for  publication. 

The  Treasurer  read  his  Report,  and  it  received  the  same  reference. 

The  following  officers  were  chosen  for  the  ensuing  year :  — 

President 
Hon.  EDWARD  S.  TOBEY,  Boston, 

Vice-Presidents. 

Rev.  George  E.  Adams,  d.  d.,  Brunswick,  Me. 
Hon.  William  W.  Thomas,  Portland,  Me. 
Rev.  Nathaniel  Bouton,  d.  d..  Concord,  N.  H. 
Hon.  William  C.  Clarke,  Manchester,  N.  H. 
Rev.  Harvey  D.  Kitchel,  d.  d.,  Middlebury,  Vt 
Rev.  Jacob  Ide,  d.  d.,  Med  way,  Mass. 
Rev.  Seth  Sweetser,  d.  d.,  Worcester,  Mass. 
Hon.  Samuel  Williston,  Easthampton,  Mass. 
Rev.  Thomas  Shepard,  d.  d.,  Bristol,  R  L 
Hon.  Amos  C.  Barstow,  Providence,  R  I. 
Rev.  Leonard  Bacon,  d.  d..  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Hon.  William  A.  Buckingham,  Norwich,  Conn. 
Rev.  Joseph  P.  Thompson,  d.  d..  New  York  City. 
Rev.  Rat  Palmer,  d.  d..  New  York  City. 
Rev.  Wm.  Ives  Budington,  d.  d.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Rev.  Israel  W.  Andrews,  d.  d.,  Marietta,  0. 
Rev.  Samuel  Wolcott,  d.  d.,  Cleveland,  O. 
Rev.  Nathaniel  A.  Hyde,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Rev.  Julian  M.  Sturtevant,  d.  d.,  Jacksonville,  111. 
Rev.  Samuel  C.  Bartlett,  d.  d.,  Chicago,  IlL 


1869.]  American  Congregational  Association,  449 

Hon.  Charles  6.  Hammond,  Chicago,  111. 
Rev.  John  J.  Miter,  Beaver  Dam,  Wis. 
Rev.  Truman  M.  Post,  d.  d.,  St  Louis,  Mo. 
Rev.  Asa  Turner,  Denmark,  Iowa. 
Rev.  Jesse  Guernsey,  Dubuqae,  Iowa. 
Rev.  George  Mooar,  Oakland,  CaL 
Rev.  Henrt  Wilkes,  d.  d.,  Montreal,  Que. 

IXrectors, 

Hon.  Edward  S.  Tobey,  Boston.  Samuel   D.  Warren,  Esq.,  Bos- 
Gardner  Greene  Hubbard,  Esq.,  ton. 

Boston.  Samuel  Johnson,  Jr.,  Esq.,  Bos- 
Rev.  RuFus  Anderson,  d.  d..  Bos-  ton. 

ton.  Rev.  Edwin  B.  Webb,  d.  d.,  Bos- 
Rev.  Augustus    C.    Thompson,  ton. 

D.  D.,  Boston.  Rev,  N.  G.  Clark,  d.  d.,  Boston. 

John  Field,  Esq.,  Boston.  Hon.  Rufus  S.  Frost,  Boston. 

Rev.  Alonzo  H.  Quint,  d.  d..  New  J.  Russell  Bradford,  Boston. 

Bedford.    ,  Wm.  C.  Strong,  Esq.,  Brighton. 
Ezra  Farnsworth,  Esq.,  Boston. 

Corresponding  Secretary  and  Librarian, 
Rev.  ISAAC  P.  LANGWORTHY,  Boston. 

Recording  Secretary, 
Rev.  DANIEL  P.  NOYES,  Boston. 

Trecuurer, 
JAMES  P.  MELLEDGE,  Esq.,  Boston. 

Auditor, 
ALPHEUS  HARDY,  Esq.,  Boston. 

On  motion  of  Rev.  Rufus  Anderson,  d.  d.,  it  was 
Votedj  That,  as  the  sense  of  this  meeting,  it  is  both  desirable  and  ex- 
pedient for  the  Directors  to  lose  no  time  in  securing  the  proposed  Congre- 
gational House  in  Boston;  either  by  a  separate  and  independent  erection 
at  the  expense  of  the  American  Congregational  Association,  or  by  joint 
co-operation  with  other  kindred  societies. 

Adjourned.  Daniel  P.  Notes, 

Recording  Secretary, 


8 


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1869.]  American  Congregational  Association,  451 


THE  SIXTEENTH  ANNUAL  REPORT  OF  THE  DIRECTORS 
OF  THE  AMERICAN  CONGREGATIONAL  ASSOCIATION. 

In  presenting  their  Sixteenth  Annual  Report,  the  Directors  of  the 
American  Congregational  Association  are  happy  to  state  that  the  Library 
has  been  greatly  increased  during  the  past  year,  and  that  many  things  of 
rare  value  have  been  placed  upon  its  shelves.  In  the  present  financial 
embarrassments  among  business  men,  it  has  not  been  deemed  advisable  to 
urge,  with  too  much  pertinacity,  the  claims  of  this  Association  for  the 
necessary  funds  to  erect  the  "  Congregational  House,"  so  long  ago  pro- 
jected, and  now  so  much  needed.  While  watching  and  waiting  for  more 
hopeful  business  prospects,  and  regarding  every  additional  book  a  new 
appeal  for  the  fire-proof  building,  the  Librarian  has  given  his  chief  atten- 
tion to  the  work  of  searching .  out  and  securing,  mostly  as  donations,  such 
books,  pamphlets,  and  manuscripts  as  would  be  useful  here  either  in  per- 
manency,  to  meet  an  existing  want,  or  for  exchange  or  sale,  thus  flaking 
everything  coming  to  his  hands  available.  The  results  have  been  highly 
encouraging.  The  additions  have  been  greater  than  in  any  previous  year, 
both  in  the  number  of  books  obtained,  and  in  their  value.  The  facilities 
for  exchanges  are  now  quite  large,  and  duplicates  can  be  turned  to  good 
account.  Many  persons  have  become  acquainted  with  the  objects  of  the 
Association,  and  are  contributors  to  its  litehary  treasures,  and  at  the  same 
time  are  interested  to  secure  such  additions  as  are  within  their  reach,  other- 
wise destined  to  the  waste-basket,  or  to  remain  useless  in  closets  or  attics, 
and  thus  become  food  for  rats  and  worms ;  and  it  is  certain  that  no  time  is 
to  be  lost  in  gathering  what  may  still  be  found  that  illustrates  the  princi- 
ples, describes  the  course,  and  gives  the  history  of  those  men  who  laid  the 
foundations  of  our  own  churches  as  well  as  of  our  civil  government. 

The  last  Annual  Report  gave  the  whole  number  of  bound  volumes  to 
be  eight  thousand  and  fifly-eight,  or  seven  thousand  five  hundred  and  four 
besides  duplicates.  The  present  number,  from  actual  count,  is  ten  thou- 
sand SEVEN  HUNDRED  AND  THIRTY-NINE,  eleven  hundred  and  thirty-two 
of  which  are  duplicates,  —  a  gain  of  two  thousand  six  hundred  and  eighty 
bound  volumes,  —  giving  us  nine  thousand  six  hundred  and  seyeic 
volumes  exclusive  of  duplicates,  making  an  absolute  gain  during  the 
year  of  our  regular  series  of  two  thousand  one  hundred  and  three. 
There  have  also  been  added,  by  gifts  and  exchanges,  over  ten  thousand 
pamphlets,  which,  added  to  the  number  previously  upon  our  shelves,  give 
us,  on  a  careful  estimate,  between  forty-five  and  fifty  thousand  pamphlets, 
full  one  fourth  of  which  are  duplicates.  Between  one  and  two  hundred 
volumes  of  pamphlets  have  been  bound  during  the  year,  and  the  means 


452  American  Congregatwnal  ABtoeiation,  [J^Jy 

only  are  wanting  to  bind  a  thousand  volumes  more.  Among  the  books 
added  this  past  year  are :  The  Power  of  the  Coogregational  Chorches,  bj 
John  Davenport,  1672 ;  Church  Discipline,  by  Bragge ;  Saybrook  Con- 
fession, 1760;  Church  Government  and  Church  Covenant  discaased; 
Answer  to  Thirty-Two  Questions ;  Apologie  of  £iders,  and  an  Answer  to 
the  Nine  Positions  about  Church  Grovernment,  1643;  Increase  Mather 
on  Ecclesiastical  Councils;  Church  Grovemments,  by  John  Owen,  1689; 
Mather's  Ratio  Disciplinae,  perfect  copy ;  wanting  leaves  in  C.  Matber^s 
Magnalia,  folio,  so  the  text  of  that  great  work  is  now  complete ;  CotUm 
Mather's  Johannes  in  Eremo ;  Cambridge  Platform  and  Articles  of  Faith, 
1680  ;  John  Cotton's  Bloudy  Tennent ;  John  Cotton  on  Canticles ;  Parable 
of  the  Ten  Virgins,  by  Thomas  Shepard  ;  The  Answer  of  several  Minis- 
ters, in  and  near  Boston,  to  that  case  of  Conscience,  Whether  it  is  lawfbl 
for  a  Man  to  marry  his  Deceased  Wife's  Sister ;  The  Christian  Witness, 
twenty-one  volumes,  finely  bound,  the  great  work  of  Dr.  Campbell,  and 
The  British  Quarterly  Review,  forty-four  volumes,  edited  by  Dr.  Yaugbaa, 
^ccared«and  donated,  by  the  Rev.  Robert  Ashton,  of  London,  a  vsloable 
acquisition ;  Biographical  Sketches  (by  Rev.  Emerson  Davis,  D.  d.,  of 
Westfield)  of  deceased  New  England  Pastors,  in  manuscript,  making  five 
large  quarto  volumes,  the  gift  of  his  widow,  the  life  work  of  her  husband. 
These,  and  many  others  of  earlier  and  later  date,  and  of  scarcely  less 
value,  have  been  secured,  either  of  which  it  would  be  very  difficult  to  da* 
plicate.  Some  results  of  councils  and  controversial  pamphlets  of  marked 
worth  have  been  procured ;  also,  State  Registers  of  early  dates,  among 
them  the  first  of  the  Massachusetts  series,  1707,  and  containing  the  earliest 
printed  lis^of  the  ministers  of  the  State  known  to  this  board.  Were  the 
accumulations  of  this  year  alone  singled  out,  and  properly  arranged  by 
themselves,  it  is  believed  that  any  one  acquainted  with  libraries  would  say 
that  a  good  year's  work  has  been  done.  These,  added  to  the  treasures 
previously  gathered,  make  this  library  unusually  rich  in  Congregational, 
early  New  England,  and  ecclesiastical  history,  affording  better  facilities  to 
students  of  either  than  most  of  our  older  public  libraries.  It  should  be  said 
that  not  a  farthing  has  been  drawn  from  the  treasury  for  either  the  par- 
chase  or  binding  of  books  during  the  past  year. 

Contemplating  what  has  already  been  done  in  this  single  direction,  and 
what  is  possible  to  be  done  with  fair  advantages,  it  is  a  matter  of  great  sur- 
prise that  the  means  to  erect  a  large  fire-proof  building  for  this  and  kin- 
dred purposes  have  not,  long  since,  been  forthcoming.  It  is  certain  that 
there  are  now  one  hundred  men  in  the  Congregational  churches  of  Boston 
and  not  very  remote  vicinity,  if  fairly  divided,  either  ten  of  whom  ooald, 
without  detriment  to  their  business  or  injury  to  their  families,  —  even  in 
these  troublous  times,  —  put  this  building  speedily  into  the  process  of  ereo 


1869.]  American  Congregational  Association.  4(8 

tion.     They  give  now  annually  what  would  at  once  relieve  our  trea8i,iry. 
Why  do  they  not,  and  why  will  they  not,  turn  their  benefactions  for  once, 
at  least,  in  this  direction  ?     Is  not  the  object  sufficiently  Christian  ?     It  is 
certainly  nothing  else.     Is  it  not  sufficiently  broad  and  extensive  in  its 
scope  ?     It  is  designed  to  embrace  everything  we  hold  dear  in  the  form  of 
Christian  growth  and  work.     Other  great  branches  of  the  Christian  family 
—  Presbyterians,  both  schools,  Methodists,  and  Baptists  —  find  it  altogether 
for  the  interest  of  Christ's  cause,  as  represented  by  them,  to  have  and  oc- 
cilpy  a  denominational  "  home"  chiefly  for  home  purposes.     Our  branch  is 
Dot  exempt  from  this  same  necessity.    Congregationalism  wants  a  large,  safe, 
commodious  building  in  this  home  of  the  Puritans  for  the  books,  pamphlets, 
manuscripts,  and  suchlike  it  now  has,  and  now  imperilled,  and  for  ten 
times  as  much  more  equally  valuable,  and  which  could  be  'quickly  gathered 
were  its  safety  guaranteed,  and  a  fair  amount  for  some  purchases  and  bind- 
ing and  working  it  up  provided.     This  alone  surely  ought  to  command  the 
needed  funds ;  and  few  things  can  this  generation  do  that  would  be  more 
highly  appreciated  by  posterity,  or  that  would  more  quickly  and  certainly 
and  continuoudy  bless  the  world.     Then  to  provide  in  the  same  building 
suitable  rooms  for  our  various  benevolent  societies  that  have  offices  in  Bos- 
ton ;  thus  bringing  to  one  point,  and  under  one  roof,  all  that  affiliate  in  the 
great  work  of  Congregational  Christianization,  thus  greatly  promoting  the 
convenience  of  contributors  and  visitors,  and  economizing  the  administra- 
tion of  the  affairs  of  these  now  scattered  organizations,  and  greatly  incre<is- 
ing  the  moral  power  of  every  one  of  them,  and  preparing  the  way  for  furtlier 
consolidations,  if  these  seem  necessary.    In  this  alone  is  an  object  worthy  the 
generous  benefactions  of  the  giving.     Then  to  have  a  '*  home  "  for  our  three 
thousand  ministers  and   three  hundred  thousand  church-members  in  this 
old  and  first  home  of  the  Puritans,  —  a  place  for  consultation,  for  mutual 
intercourse,  for  fraternal  greetings ;  to  have  in  this  nineteenth  century  a 
symbol  of  our  faith,  so  far  as  it  can   be  shadowed  forth,  something  that 
speaks  to  the  eye  without,  and  is  filled  with  food  for  the  mind  and  heart 
within,  a  living  monument,  inhabited  by  workers  for  Christ  through  all  the 
open  channels  for  Christian  infiuences  throughout  the  world,  always  acces- 
sible to  the  Christian,  resident  or  sojourner,  where  either  or  both  can  be 
instructed  from  the  recorded  experiences  of  the  sainted  dead,  and  be 
cheered  and  encouraged  by  the  cordial  greetings  and  sympathy  offellow- 
laborers  yet  alive ;  and  by  such  a  structure,  so  occupied,  awakening  here  a 
deeper  interest  in,  and  a  greater  respect  for,  the  principles  upon  which  our 
civil  and  religious  institutions  were  established ;  for  this  alonb  a  very 
large  amount  of  consecrated  funds  might  be  most  usefully  employed.    Then 
such  a  '^  home  "  here  would  send  good  cheer  to  distant  and  frontier  labor- 
ers, who  are  now  puzzled  to  tell  where  Congregationalism  is,  or  is  so 


454  American  Congregational  Association.  [July, 

embodied  that  its  history  and  literature  and  working  and  character  caa 
be  ascertained ;  and,  moreover,  it  would  become  at  once,  or  very  quickly, 
such  a  centre  of  correspondence  with  co-workers  in  all  places  wheresoever 
our  ministers  and  our  missionaries,  home  and  foreign,  are  to  be  found,  such 
as  now  nowhere  exists  upon  the  face  of  the  earth,  but  which  the  Christiao 
world  now  very  much  needs.  For  these  and  many  other  important  and 
pressing  reasons,  .this  object  should  appeal  successfully  to  giving  Christians 
in  our  churches. 

But  may  it  not  be  that  the  apparent  reluctance  to  aid  this  object  springs 
from  a  want  of  appreciation  of  the  polity  we  accept,  from  a  feeling  that  it 
is  less  Christian,  if  Christian  at  all,  to  work  denominationally  ?  Certain 
it  is  that  Boston  and  many  other  Congregationalists,  for  the  last  forty 
years  have,  as  a  rule,  given  all  but  exclusively  to  mixed  or  so-called 
Catholic  organizations,  aside  from  sustaining  their  own  particular  churches, 
while  the  other  partners  in  these  societies  have  kept  up  and  vigorously  sus- 
tained their  own  denominational  organizations,  and  have  always  stood 
ready  to  reap  the  fruits  of  the  several  union  movements.  The  conse- 
quence is  that  Congregationalists  have  been  growing  relatively  weaker, 
while  every  professed  co-operating  denomination  has  been  growing  rel- 
atively stronger  in  the  very  place  where  the  former  had  the  precedence, 
the  possession,  the  character,  the  everything  needed  save  a  due  self-respect 
and  proper  regard  for  the  great  principles  with  which  they  were  intrusted* 
Practically  this  co-operative  theory  has  worked  badly  for  the  party  mostly 
relied  on  for  both  funds  and  laborers.  And  yet  not  a  few  are  urging  its 
continuance,  because,  they  say,  *^  it  is  magnanimous,''  and  to  work  denomi- 
nationally '^  is  sectarian  and  uncongregational ;  we  would  as  soon  help  other 
denominations  as  our  own,  and  for  some  places,  sooner ;  we  are  for  the 
largest  liberty,  especially  for  union  with  all  earnest  Christians  ;  we  despise 
this  effort  to  push  one's  own  polity." 

To  all  this  it  may  be  answered  that  if  this  liberty,  or  enlarged  charity,  is 
worth  using  thus  freely,  it  is  worth  reepino  and  perpetuating.  But 
helping  to  build  up  other  branches  of  the  Christian  family  is  helping  to 
establish  a  polity  which  repudiates  this  liberty ;  for  Congregationalists 
alone  hold  or  rightfully  claim  it.  And  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten  this  aid  is 
given  to  establish  another  where  the  congregational  polity  could  just  as 
well  be  established.  Besides,  we  believe  Congregationalism  to  be  the 
church  polity  of  the  New  Testament.  When,  therefore,  an  opportunity  is 
afforded,  or  can  be  created,  to  do  the  best  thing  for  a  needy  community, 
how  can  we  have  a  moral  right  to  do,  instead,  a  second,  or  third,  or  fifth 
best  ?  It  is  only  when  we  cannot  do  the  best  that  we  are  justified  in  try- 
ing to  do  the  next  best.  Our  congregational  givers  have  seldom  beeii 
driven  to  this  latter  extremity.     Besides,  again,  why  resort  to  union  orv 


1869.]  American  Congreffotianal  AsBociatian.  455 

ganizations  when  by  our  principles  and  polity  we  have  or  can  command 
the  facilities  for  doing  everything,  in  about  every  place,  that  any  or  all 
these  union  organizations  can  do  ?  For  our  principles  are  as  broad  as  the 
Bible,  and  our  churches  are  open  to  every  true  Christian.  There  is  not  a 
partner  in  any  one  of  the  co-operating  organizations  whom  we  would  not 
take  to  our  fellowship.  So  that  all  good  and  generous  givers  can  have,  do 
have,  the  grandest  opportunities  for  placing  all  their  benefactions  where 
they  will  be  laying  the  strongest  and  surest  foundations,  and  rearing  the 
best  superstructures,  and  doing  the  most  for  Christ  and  perishing  souls  in 
the  best  way. 

It  is  not  uncongregational  **  to  provide  for  our  own  household,"  "  to 
keep  our  own  vineyard."  The  founders  of  our  churches  in  this  country 
did  do  this ;  we,  claiming  to  be  their  descendants,  do  it  not  Nor  is  it 
really  magnanimous,  nor  Christian,  nor  wise  to  do  a  second-best  thing 
when  the  first-best  is  equally  available  and  as  easily  accomplished. 

There  is  a  line,  in  this  liberal,  charitab|.e  theory,  beyond  which  no  con* 
sistent  Christian  would  go.  To  that  outer  line  we  go  with  him,  only 
we  demand  that  the  stakes  shall  be  put  down  there  strong  and  firm  ;  and 
within  this  broad,  open  circuit,  fraternal  and  loving,  like  Christianity  itself, 
he  shall  abide,  and  live,  and  die,  unless  driven  beyond  by  uncontrollable 
circumstances,  or  taken  to  heaven.  For  the  moment  he  goes  out  of  this 
into  any  other  embrace,  he  narrows  the  circuit,  and  throws  his  influence, 
and  gives  his  character  and  meins  for  a  subordinate  instead  of  the  highest 
good. 

It  is,  then,  more  Christian,  more  consistent,  more  magnanimous  for  us 
to  give  through  Congregational  channels,  when  these  are  available,  than 
through  any  others. 

But  whatever  may  have  been  expedient,  and,  perhaps,  semi-justifiable 
in  the  past,  we  have  now  come  to  a  period  when  there  is  no  excuse  for 
shrinking  from  bold  and  earnest  efforts  through  our  own  agencies  to  bless 
the  world.  Each  leading  denomination  is  strong  enough  to  do  its  own 
work  in  its  own  way.  The  whole  world  is  open  to  all,  so  that  there  is 
abundant  room.  Each  has  the  means  for  economical  work,  and  there  is  a 
great  demand  for  immediate  and  persistent  Christian  activity.  Popery  is 
rising  to  power  in  this  country  with  a  rapidity  that  ought  to  arouse  and 
bring  into  play  every  available  resource  among  Congregationalists  to  raise 
effectual  barriers  against  its  progress.  Nothing  could  be  or  would  be  more 
dreaded  by  that  insidious  and  deadly  foe  to  Christian  and  civil  liberty  than  to 
see  the 'descendants  of  the  Puritans  rallying  to  the  old  battle-cry  of  "  Free- 
dom to  worship  God."  Such  a  power  as  would  be  necessarily  created  by 
the  erection  of  the  proposed  Congregational  building  in  Boston  would  give 
heart  and  hope  to  Christians  in  many  interesting  and  remote  settlements 

NEW   SERIES.  —  VOL.  I.  NO.  3.  31 


456  American  Cangregatumal  Association.  [J^J) 

where  churches  of  our  own  faith  and  polity  would  be  gathered ;  Uios  estab- 
lishing little  centres  of  Christian  and  civil  liberty  in  these  destitute  places; 
and  these  are  the  best  bulwarks  conceivable  against  Popery  and  every 
other  abomination.  But  now  our  own  denominational  interests  are  lying 
so  loosely  around,  and  every  one  suffering  if  not  languishing  for  the  waot 
of  the  very  help  so  freely  granted  by  its  own  membership  to  other  inter- 
ests, the  impression  is  natural  and  necessary  that  Congregational  principles 
and  polity  are  lightly  esteemed  here,  scarcely  worth  preserving ;  not  at  all 
worth  the  trouble  and  cost  of  extending  and  preserving  elsewhere,  though 
never  so  much  wanted.  Our  denominational  record  in  this  regard  reflects 
upon  us  no  credit,  and  will  not  bear  the  Christian  construction  many  are 
disposed  to  put  upon  it  Beyond  what  now  seems  to  be  dreamed  of  bj 
our  good  men,  and  giving,  the  preservation  of  our  free  institutions  depends 
on  the  strengthening  and  deepening  and  extending  and  perpetuating  the 
principles  of  Christian  and  civil  liberty  embodied  and  made  effective  in 
our  Congregational  churches  as  nowhere  else  under  heaven.  This  is  no 
fancy,  no  whim,  no  mere  idea,  but  sober,  demonstrable  truth.  It  is  not 
only  high  time,  but  more  than  right,  that  we  stir  up  our  home  forces  for 
home  work  and  set  up  our  banner  here,  even  though  it  be  at  great  cost 
and  inconvenience,  and  subject  us  to  some  censure  for  beginning  to  work, 
as  our  ancestors  wrought,  upon  our  own  simple  scriptural  basis,  doing  oar 
own  work  in  our  own  way,  leaving  every  other  branch  of  the  Christian 
family  to  do  precisely  the  same  thing,  co-operating  always  where  that 
promises  really  more  good  in  the  end.  It  is  time  to  stop  this  self-deple- 
tion and  begin  to  invigorate  our  own  Christian  body.  Our  boasted  "  magna- 
nimity "  and  abounding  "charity"  and  so-called  "union"  and  "co-operation" 
have  ^  co-operated  "  us  as  a  denomination  from  the  first  place  in  numbers 
in  our  country  to  one  far  below  that  of  our  Methodist,  Baptist,  and  Pres- 
byterian brethren.  They  have  known  the  advantages  of  denominational 
action,  and  have  reaped  its  fruits.  We  have  given  them  a  cordial  welcome 
to  our  ministers,  ouf  church -members,  and  our  purses,  and  they  have  freely 
helped  themselves.  And  it  may  well  be  doubted  whether  any  other  pohty 
in  Christendom  could  have  pursued  such  a  course,  and  not  have  been  ex- 
tinguished. That  ours  now  has  any  place  and  power  in  the  land  is  proof 
that  it  is  of  God,  and  has  still  a  great  mission  to  perform. 

It  may  be  urged,  in  objection  to  this  view,  that  this  simple  New  Testa- 
ment polity  is  extending,  and  more  rapidly  now  than  ever  before,  not- 
withstanding co-operative  giving  has  had  so  largely  the  precedence.  To 
this  it  may  be  replied,  most  truthfully,  that  this  increase  has  not  been,  is 
not,  and  never  will  be  where  a  proper  denominational  spirit  is  not.  It 
never  happened  anywhere,  and  never  can.  It  comes,  as  any  other  good 
thing  comes,  by  faith  and  works.      Boston,  Massachusetts,  and  indeed 


1869.]  American  Congregational  Association.  457 

New  England  Congregationalists  have  left  the  great  work  of  extending 
their  own  polity  to  itself,  and  ^  itself**  has  not  done  it,  and  so  thej  have 
not  preserved  one  half  their  own  descendants.  Out  of  New  England, 
where  the  want  of  these  principles  and  their  fruits  has  been  felt,  the  de 
nominational  or  family  spirit  has  been  invoked,  and  there  and  there  only 
has  been  our  chief  increase. 

To  bring  back  the  old  family  spirit  is  greatly  needed  here  at  the  home- 
stead ;  in  no  improper  rivalry,  but  simply  to  make  the  most  of  ourselves  in 
the  best  way  for  Christ  and  the  world  for  which  he  died,  and  leave  be- 
hind us,  for  our  children,  the  inheritance  given  us  by  our  fathers,  unim- 
paired, ample,  and  adapted  to  every  exigency  in  every  age. 

To  do  this,  and  illustrate  its  existence,  others  than  the  Directors  of  this 
Association  say,  "  Let  the  site  for  the  Congregational  House  in  Boston  be 
secured  and  the  building  arise  as  a  centre  and  a  signal  for  Christian  work." 
They  are  either  of  the  "  ten  men  "  out  of  the  suggested  "  one  hundred  " 
who  are  immediately  wanted  to  come  forward  in  the  spirit  of  the  founders 
of  our  churches  and  to  say  each  to  the  other,  '^  Let  us  rise  up  and  build." 
Methodists  find  readily  the  means  for  such  a  structure  here,  while  they 
have  not  a  tithe  of  the  resources  God  has  intrusted  to  us.  If  they  can 
make  such  a  structure  useful  here,  we  more  than  they.  If  they  can  com- 
mand the  means  to  do  it  now,  why  not  we,  when  we  have  so  much  to  do 
with  in  other  directions  ?  Our  Library,  not  now  half  accommodated,  too 
much  exposed,  rapidly  increasing,  and  destined  to  increase  with  threefold 
rapidity  when  properly  and  safely  provided  for,  calls  loudly  for  its  fire- 
proof building.  It  is  now  an  invaluable  treasure,  —  in  some  of  its  features 
unique, —  consulted,  referred  to,  and  recognized  more  and  more,  as  one  of 
the  valued  resorts  of  the  minister,  scholar,  and  historian,  and  can  surely 
and  quickly  be  made  a  source  of  great  moral  power,  limited  by  no  sec- 
tional lines.  No  denomination  in  the  country  has  a  history  and  literature 
FO  varied,  so  extensive,  so  valuable,  from  which  a  library,  unequalled  in  its 
lending  features  can  be  gathered,  as  our  own.  The  sum  needed  to  erect 
the  building  is  small  compared  with  the  inestimable  importance  of  its 
speedy  erection,  —  is  small  compared  with  the  number  and  ability  of  those 
for  whom  it  is  especially  designed.  The  great  increase  of  our  churches  in 
the  West,  their  most  favorable  beginnings  in  the  now  just-opening  South, 
and  tl^e  certainty  of  their  extension  and  establishment  everywhere  our 
great  missionary  work  is  going  on,  make  it  especially  incumbent  on  us,  at 
these  headquarters,  to  bring  more  clearly  to  view  the  old  landmarks,  and 
to  show  to  the  world,  by  unmistakable  signs,  our  high  appreciation  of  our 
principles  and  polity.  Our  membership  outside  of  this  immediate  centre 
only  wait  a  few  such  subscriptions  here  for  this  noble  family  object  as  our 
good  men  so  frequently  give  to  religious  and  educational  institutions  not  our 


458  American  Cofigregatumal  AsioeicUion.  [J^ty* 

own,  to  enlist  them  warmly  and  earnestly  in  the  completion  of  what  is  now 
80  well  begun.  It  is  certain  that  the  object  is  good,  that  we  liaTe  too 
much  not  to  have  more  ;  that  we  ha^e  gone  too  far  not  to  go  further  now. 
The  Directors  do  most  earnestly  commend  this  subject  to  the  candid  and 
prayerful  consideration  of  all  who  desire  to  perpetuate  the  principles  and 
polity  which  have  done  so  much  to  make  our  country  what  it  is,  and  are 
so  well  adapted  to  make  it  what  it  should  be. 

The  Directors  tender  their  most  cordial  thanks  to  the  donors  of  books 
and  pamphlets,  and  ask  a  continuance  of  their  favors.  A  list  of  donations 
will  be  found  on  the  following  pages.  For  a  knowledge  of  the  finances  of 
the  Association  see  Treasurer's  Report 

In  behalf  of  the  Directors, 

ISAAC  P.  LANGWORTHY, 
Cumgponding  Secretary  ami 


LIST  OF  DONATIONS. 

Tois. 

Abbott,  Bev.  Edward,  Cambridgeport 5^ 

Abbott,  Mrs.  Joseph  H.,  Beverly 2  1,469 

Adams,  Rev.  George  M.,  Portsmouth,  N.  H 9  20 

Allen,  Mrs.  Cyrus,TrankIin 8  271 

Allen,  Rev.  George,  Worcester 1 

American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions     .        .  3  46$ 

American  Education  Society,  Newspapers 90  6S 

Ashton,  Rev.  Robert,  London,  Eng. 23  84 

Ayer,  Rev.  Charles  L.,  Willimantic,  Conn 171 

Bond,  Rev.  William  B.,  Thomdike 25  W 

Burnham,  Samuel,  North  Cambridge 6  80 

Butts,  Isaac  R.,  Chelsea 1 

Chelsea,  City  of 2  20 

Chesebrough,  Rev.  Amos  S.,  Glastenbury,  Conn.        ...  29  58 

Clapp,  James  B.,  Boston,  Engraving       ......  11  58 

Clark,  Rev.  Dorus,  d.  d.,  Waltham    .        ...         .        .  2  1 

Clark,  Rev.  N.  George,  d.  d.,  Boston 168 

Collins,  Patrick,  Dorchester 8 

Corey,  F.  C,  m.  d.,  Sturbridge 6  4 

Cimhing,  C.  C,  Cambridge 12 

Cutter,  Abram  E.,  Charlestown 1  11 

Eaton,  Rev.  J.  M.  R.,  Henniker,  N.  H. 2  155 

Ellis,  Mrs.  F.  D.,  Medfield 4 

Emerson,  Rev.  Alfred,  Fitchburg 1 

Fessenden  and  Baker,  New  Bedford 2 

Fisk,  Rev.  Jonas,  Dan  vers          ..*....  116 

Flint,  Charles  L.,  Esq ,  State  House IS 

Ford,  Rev.  James  T.,  Stowe,  Vt 3  51 

French,  Jonathan,  Roxbuir, 37 

Gale,  Rev.  Nahum,  d.  d.,  Lee 41 

Goldsmith,  Seth,  Charlestown 5  44 

Green,  Samuel  A.,  m.  d.,  Boston 9  146 

Green,  Thomas,  Chelsea 10 


1869.]              American  Cangr^ational  A%9ociation,  459 

Toll.  Pam. 

Guild,  Reuben  A.,  Providence,  R.  I. 1 

Holbrook,  Dea. ,  Sturbridjire 1  11 

Huntington,  Rev.  E.  B.,  Stamford,  Conn 1 

Ide,  Rev.  Alexis  W.,  West  Med  way 5  16 

Jones,  Rev.  Henty  W.,  Hingham 1 

Kingman,  Abner,  Esq^  Boston 13  281 

Kingsbury,  Rev.  William  H.,  West  Woodstock,  Conn.        .        .  6  18 

Lane,  Mrs.*  J.  A.,  Boston 188 

Lang  worthy,  Nathan  H.,  Westerly,  R  L 1 

Maine  Historical  Society 7  1 

Mann,  Mrs. ,  Franklin 8  8 

Marvin,  Rf^v.  Abijah  P.,  Winchendon 1 

Marvin,  Theophilus  R.,  Boston 85  189 

Massachusetts  Historical  Society 10 

Means,  Rev.  James  H.,  Dorchester 1 

Melrose,  Town  of 1 

Metcalf,  Hon.  Theron,  Boston    . 6 

Mills,  Misses  Louisa  and  'Susanna,  Peabody 1 

Mitchell,  Ammi  R,  Bath,  Me 18 

Mitchell,  Rev.  David  M.,  Waltham 8  6 

New  Haven  Historical  Society 1 

Noyes,  Rev.  Daniel  P.,  Longwood 107  181 

Oliphant,  Rev.  David,  Andover 101  25 

Palmer,  Asa  C,  Bath,  Me ,        .  4  59 

teet,  Mrs.  Stephen,  Beloit,  Wis.,  Manuscripts    ....  1 

Perkins,  Rev.  Frederick  T.,  Sanbomton,  N.  H.       .                 .        .9  41 

Perkins,  Noble  M.,  Chelsea 8 

Proctor,  John  C,  Boston 28 

Public  Library,  Boston 2  82 

Putnam,  Rev.  Israel  W ,  d.  d.,  Heirs  of,  Middleborough         ..        .  955     ' 

Root,  George  W.,  Hartford,  Ct 21  19 

Sargent,  Moses  H.,  Boston 8  109 

Savage,  Rev.  Mi  not  J.,  Framingham 1 

Sedgwick,  Miss  M.  B.,  Stockbridge,  1  bbl.  Newspapers  .        .        .  492 

Sharp,  Mr. ,  Dorchester 88 

Shaw,  Benjamin  S.,  M.  D.,  Boston 20 

Sprague,  Rev.  William  B.,  d.  d.,  Albany,  N.  Y.          .         .        .  58 

Stockwell,  Stephen  N.,  Boston 6  884 

Stone,  Rev.  Collins,  Hartford,  Conn 18 

Strong,  Rev.  Elnathan  E.,  Waltham 58  125 

Tallman,  Benjamin  F.,  Richmond,  Me 19  1 

Tallman,  Henrv,  Esq.,  Bath,  Me 5  86 

Tenney,  Jonathan,  Newton 29  625 

Thayer,  Rev.  William  M.,  Franklin 20  8 

Thompson,  Rev.  Augustus  C,  d.  d.,  Roxbury    ....  2  1 

Thwins,  Rev.  Edward  P.,  Chelsea 56 

Trask,  William  B.,  Boston 80 

Turner,  J.  B.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 18 

Walley,  Samuel  H.,  Boston 442  254 

Ward,  Thomas  W.,  Shrewsbury 1 

Wardwell,  William  H.,  Boston 4 

Warren, ,  Stow 6 

Wheatland,  Henry,  M.  D.,  Salem, 6 

Whiting,  Mrs. ,  Franklin 4 

Wilder,  Rev.  Moses  H.,  Paris,  N.  Y 22        1,049 

Willey,  Rev.  Isaac,  Pembroke,  N.  H 2 

Williams,  Rev.  Charles  H.,  Boston,  Manuscripts 


460  American '  Conffregalional  Union.  L^^h 


AMERICAN  CONGREGATIONAL  UNIO^f. 

The  Sixteenth  Annual  Business  Meeting  of  the  American  Congrega- 
tional Union  was  held  at  the  Academy  oC  Music,  BrookljD«  N.  Y^  on 
Thursday,  May  13,  at  half  past  three  o'clock,  p.m. 

Alfred  S.  Barnes,  Esq.,  Vice-President  of  the  Society,  occupied  the 
chair.  Prayer  was  offered  by  Rev.  Ray  Palmer,  j>.  d.,  of  New  York. 
The  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  was  presented  by  the  Rev. 
Ray  Palmer,  d.  d.,  Corresponding  Secretary.  The  Treasurer  read  a 
summary  of  his  Annual  Report  for  the  year  ending  May  1,  1869.  On 
motion,  it  was 

Voted,  That  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  and  of  the 
Treasurer,  be  accepted  and  published  under  the  direction  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees. 

On  motion,  the  President  appointed  a  committee  to  nominate  officers  of 
the  Society  for  the  ensuing  year. 

The  committee  reported  the  following-named  gentlemen  for  the  several 
offices  of  President,  Vice-Presidents,  and  Trustees,  all  of  whom  were 
duly  elected:  — 

OFFICERS  FOR  1869-70. 

President. 
Rev.  LEONARD  BACON,  d.  d..  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Vice-Presidents, 

Rev.  Joseph  P.  Thompson,  d.  d..  New  York. 
Alfred  S.  Barnes,  Esq.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Rev.  Richard  S.  Storrs,  Jr.,  d.  d.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Rev.  Henrt  M.  Storrs,  d.  d.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Hon.  Bradford  R  Wood,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
Rev.  Thomas  Wickes,  d.  d.,  Jamestown,  N.  Y. 
Rev.  O.  E.  Daggett,  d.  d.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Hon.  Wm.  a.  Buckingham,  Norwich,  Conn. 
Rev.  Edwards  A.  Park,  d.  d.,  Andover,  Mass. 
Rev.  Mark  Hopkins,  d.  d.,  Williamstown,  Mass. 
Rev.  Isaac  P.  Lang  worthy,  Boston,  Mass. 
Rev.  J.  M.  Manning,  d.  d.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Hon.  Emory  Washburn,  ll.d.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Hon.  Reuben  A.  Chapman,  ll.d.,  Monson,  Mass. 
Rev.  John  O.  Fiske,  d.  d.,  Bath,  Maine. 
Rev.  B.  P.  Stone,  d.  d..  Concord,  N.  H. 


1869.]  American  Congregational  Union,  461 

Rev.  H.  D.  KiTCHEL,  d.  d.,  Middlebury,  Vt 

Hon.  John  B.  Page,  Rutland,  Vt 

Hon.  Amos  C.  Barstow,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Rev.  J.  M.  Stuetevant,  d.  d.,  Jacksonville,  111. 

S.  B.  GooKiNS,  Esq.,  Chicago,  III. 

Rev.  Julius  A.  Reed,  Davenport,  Iowa. 

Itev.  George  F.  Magoun,  d.  d.,  Gfinnell,  Iowa. 

Rev.  Truman  M.  Post,  d.  d.,  St.  Louts,  Mq. 

Rev.  Andrew  L.  Stone,  d.  d.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Rev.  Samuel  Wolcott,  d.  d.,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

TVustees. 

Rev.  Wm.  Ives  Budington,  d.  d.      Rev.  George  B.  Bacon. 

Rev.  Milton  Badger,  d.  d.  Rev.  J.  Clement  French. 

Rev.  Rat  Palmer,  d.  d.  Rev.  C.  H.  Everest. 

Rev.  Christopher  Cushing.  S.  Nelson  Davis,  Esq. 

Henrt  C.  Bowen,  Esq.  Charles  Gould,  Esq. 

Alfred  S.  Barnes,  Esq.  A.  S.  Hatch,  Esq. 

James  W.  Elwell,  Esq.  James  H.  Storrs,  Esq. 

N.  A.  Calkins,  Esq.  Wm.  Henry  Smith,  Esq. 

William  Allen,  Esq.  H.  H.  Van  Dyke,  Esq. 

Samuel  Holmes,  Esq.  Dwight  Johnson,  Esq. 
Robert  B.  Benedict,  Esq. 

Officers  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Trustees :  — 

Corresponding  Secretaries. 

Rev.  ray  PALMER,  d.  d.,  49  Bible  House,  New  York. 

Rev.  CHRISTOPHER  CUSHING,  16  Tremont  Temple,  Boston. 

Treasurer  and  Recording  Secretary, 
N.  A.  CALKINS,  146  Grand  Street,  New  York. 

The  following  Resolution  was  then  adopted  unanimously :  — 
Resolved,  That,  in  view  of  the  pressing  wants  of  a  large  number  of 
feeble  churches  desirous  of  erecting  houses  of  worship  and  looking  to  ua 
for  aid  and  encouragement,  the  Trustees  are  requested  to  make  a  vigorous 
effort  the  coming  year  at  least  to  double  our  receipts.  And  as  one  person 
has  generously  offered  to  give  Jive  thousand  dollars,  if  not  less  than  fifty 
thousand  shall  be  raised,  we  recommend  to  the  Trustees  to  call  the  atten- 
tion of  all  the  Congregational  churches  of  the  country  to  the  above  propo- 
sition and  urge  every  church  to  take  up  a  collection  for  this  object. 

The  meeting  then  adjourned. 

N.  A.  CALKINS, 

Recording  Secn/Uuif., 


462  American  C(mgregational  Union.  [Jvlji 


THE  SIXTEENTH  ANNUAL  REPORT  OF  THE  TRUSTEES 
OF  THE   AMERICAN   CONGREGATIONAL  UNION. 

PRELIMINARY     REMARKS. 

The  Trustees  of  the  Union  gladly  avail  themselves  of  another  opportu- 
nity of  giving  an  account  of  their  stewardship.  It  is  profitable,  as  each 
year  closes,  to  review  carefully  its  labors,  difficulties,  and  successes.  It  is 
highly  important  to  every  benevolent  institution,  that  those  interested  in  it 
be  kept  fully  informed  in  reference  to  its  work.  Christian  sympathy  with 
a  good  cause  must  be  intelligent  in  order  to  be  steady  and  enduring. 

It  was  not  with  a  view  to  meet  some  one  want  of  the  great  Congr^a- 
tional  brotherhood,  but  many,  that  the  Congregational  Union  was  originally 
organized.  It  was  perceived  that  the  time  had  come  for  a  wide  and  rapid 
diffusion  of  the  principles  which  in  New  England  have  borne  fruits  that 
have  awakened  the  admiration  of  the  world.  The  Congregational  churdies, 
from  the  days  of  the  Pilgrims,  have  been  the  advocates  of  general,  and,  to 
the  greatest  extent  practicable,  of  the  highest  education.  They-  have  be- 
lieved in  a  free  conscience,  a  free  Bible,  a  free  worship ;  a  piety  of  spirit- 
ual affections  and  not  of  ritualistic  forms ;  a  theology  sound,  but  not  crys- 
tallized ;  and  a  local  church  complete  in  itself,  yet  not  isolated,  but  main- 
taining the  fellowship  of  the  saints.  It  was  impossible  but  that  those  who 
were  reared  under  the  influence  of  such  churches  should  feel  constrained 
to  plant  others  like  them  when,  leaving  the  homes  of  their  childhood,  they 
went  to  lay  the  foundations  of  social  life  in  the  newer  States.  But  when 
they  had  been  doing  this  for  a  course  of  year<:,  and  were  called  on  to  do  it 
with  greater  and  greater  rapidity,  it  was  felt  that  there  should  exist  some 
channel  of  fraternal  intercommunication,  some  central  agency  for  the  pro- 
motion of  acquaintance  and  mutual  helpfulness  among  the  scattered 'minis- 
ters and  churches,  and  especially  of  confidence  and  co-operation  between 
the  East  and  the  West.  Formed  to  attain  these  and  kindred  ends,  the 
American  Congregational  Union  has  already  accomplished  a  great  work, 
far  greater  than  even  its  sanguine  friends  ventured  to  anticipate  at  the  be- 
ginning. Still,  like  all  new  movements,  it  has  required  time  and  labor  for 
its  development.  It  commenced  on  a  limited  scale,  and  has  felt  its  way  to 
larger  activities. 

POSITION    OF   THE    CONGREGATIONAL    UNION. 

Both  the  time  and  place  of  the  organization  of  the  Union  are  now  deariy 
seen  to  have  been  wisely  ordered  of  God.  The  great  crisis  in  our  national 
history  was  soon  to  throw  open  the  whole  country,  and  give  new  impake 


1869J  American  C<mgregational  Union.  468 

to  Christian  enterprise.  This  was  eminently  the  time  to  move.  The  city 
of  New  York  was  wisely  chosen  as  the  place  for  such  an  institution.  Ex- 
perience has  abundantly  shown  this  to  be  the  true  seat  of  its  operations. 
This  great  commercial  centre  of  the  country,  to  which  so  many  of  the 
members  of  the  widely  scattered  churches  are  continually  coming,  oifers 
facilities  for  the  prosecution  of  its  work  such  as  could  nowhere  else  be 
found.  Here,  too,  is  planted  and  rooted  the  American  Home  Missionary 
Society,  the  mother  of  churches  and  the  basis  of  large  hopes  for  the  future. 
The  objects  of  the  Union  and  its  methods  of  working  are  in  many  respects 
quite  distinct  from  those  of  that  society.  Yet  in  the  particular  work  of 
church  extension  they  are  so  closely  allied  as  to  make  each  the  supple- 
ment and  natural  adjunct  of  the  other.  Each  has  frequent  occasion  to  take 
cognizance  of  the  doings  of  the  other.  The  Union  constantly  receives  the 
most  important  help  from  the  agents  <X  the  Home  Missionary  Society  in 
the  gathering  of  reliable  information  in  relation  to  the  churches « which 
apply  for  aid  in  building.  It  is,  therefore,  not  merely  a  convenience, 
but  a  necessity,  that  these  two  associations,  each  pursuing  its  own  ends, 
should  work  always  side  by  side. 

i»  THE   PAST   TEAR. 

During  the  pa^^t  year  the  Secretary  at  Boston  has  laboriously  pursued 
the  work  of  enlisting  the  ministers  and  churches  in  the  support  of  the 
Union,  and  especially  in  its  great  enterprise  of  church  extension.  From 
Sabbath  to  Sabbath  he  has  presented  the  subject  at  the  most  important 
points,  and,  by  public  addresses  and  private  letters  and  conversations,  has 
sought  to  secure  regular  and  liberal  contributions  to  the  treasury,  and  has 
received  and  taken  charge  of  the  funds  contributed  in  New  England.  The 
correspondence  for  New  England  has  especially  devolved  upon  him,  and  he 
has  also  represented  the  Union  in  the  Congregational  Quarterly,  through 
each  number  of  which  brief  reports  of  its  doings  and  wants  have  been  laid 
before  the  public.  This  important  periodical  has,  with  the  beginning  of  the 
present  year,  been  enlarged  and  made  more  valuable  than  ever  to  the  pas- 
tors and  intelligent  laymen  in  our  churches.  The  biographical  notices  of 
distinguished  ministers  published  in  it  are  alone  worth  more  every  year 
than  it  costs ;  while  the  statistical  tables,  on  which  Dr.  Quint  bestows 
80  much  labor,  are  indispensable  to  those  who  would  understand  the  posi- 
tion and  progress  of  Congregationalism  in  our  country. 

An  extensive  correspondence  has  been  maintained  during  the  year  by  the 
Secretary  at  New  York.  Applications  for  grants  are  commonly  preceded  by 
letters  of  inquiry.  In  respect  to  each  application,  complete  and  reliable  in- 
formation must  be  obtained,  the  important  facts  relating  to  each  case  digested 
carefully  and  laid  before  the  Trustees.     After  their  action  the  result  must 


464    ^  American  Congregational  Union.  \i^J% 

be  transmitted  to  each  applicant,  and  it  is  oflen  necessary  subseqnentlj  to 
explain  and  discuss  at  length  the  action  of  the  Board.  Besides  attending 
to  the  correspondence  relating  to  grants  made  to  churches  outside  of  New 
England  for  the  erection  of  houses  of  worship,  he  has  receiTed  and 
answered  a  great  number  of  letters  from  ministers  inquiring  respecting 
fields  of  labor;  from  churches  in  pursuit  of  pastors;  from  brethren  in 
remote  fields  desiring  information,  or  asking  counsel,  on  various  subjects 
connected  with  the  common  work.  Something  has  been  attempted  and, 
it  is  hoped,  accomplished  in  the  way  of  harmonizing  discordant  views 
between  different  sections,  and  cheering  the  hearts  of  brethren  in  the  new 
fields  by  assurances  of  sympathy  and  remembrance.  Larger  demands  are 
made  each  year  on  his  time  by  those  who,  coming  from  difierent  parts  of 
the  country,  desire  to  confer  with  him.  To  these  duties  is  added  the  care 
of  making  the  collections  in  the  extra  New  England  field. 

Both  the  Secretaries  have  attended  and  addressed  the  annual  meetings 
of  the  principal  ecclesiastical  bodies  East  and  West,  as  circumstances  hare 
permitted. 

The  financial  aifairs  of  the  Union  have  been  managed  with  great  fidelity 
and  care  by  the  Treasurer.  In  determining  the  often  difficult  questions 
which  arise  in  connection  with  the  payment  of  grants  and  the  adjustment  of 
details  under  the  legal  provisions  of  the  different  States  in  relation  to 
ecclesiastical  property  and  to  the  securities  held  by  the  Union,  he  has 
bestowed  no  small  amount  of  time  and  labor.  He  has  well  deserved  the 
thanks  of  the  churches. 

The  Congregational  ministers  of  our  name  in  New  York,  Brooklyn,  and 
the  surrounding  region  have  continued  through  the  year  to  hold  their 
monthly  meetings  in  the  rooms  of  the  Union  at  the  Bible  House.  These 
meetings  are  well  attended.  They  afibrd  opportunity  for  mutual  greetings, 
and  for  consultation  in  regard  to  the  interests  of  the  churches ;  while  the 
discussion  of  practical  topics,  assigned  from  month  to  month,  are  spirited 
and  useful. 

NEW   LINES  OF   EFFORT. 

The  attention  of  the  Trustees  has  been  called  in  the  course  of  the  year 
to  the  desirableness  of  anticipating  the  future  wants  of  the  churches  that  are 
sure  soon  to  be  planted  along  the  great  railroads  across  the  continent  and 
other  important  routes  through  the  newly  opened  regions.  Those  intrusted 
with  the  management  of  the  afiairs  of  these  roads  being  desirous  by  a  lib- 
eral  policy  to  invite  the  settlement  of  colonies  of  the  best  class  along  their 
track,  and,  with  a  view  to  this,  being  disposed  to  grant  sites  for  church 
edifices,  —  to  be  held  until  actually  needed, — if  application  by  responsible 
persons  should  be  made,  a  committee  has  been  appointed  to  seek  such  grants 


1869.]  American  Congregational  Union.  465 

in  a  proper  manner  and  bj  appropriate  meana.  It  will  be  of  great  advan- 
tage to  the  roads,  and  will  greatly  aid  in  the  establishment  of  Christian 
institutions,  if  lots  can  be  secured .  in  eligible  positions,  on  which  churches 
may  be  built  in  due  time,  before  the  land  in  the  hands  of  speculators  has 
come  to  command  an  exorbitant  price.  It  is  anticipated  that  important 
results  may  be  connected  with  this  movement,  should  it  succeed. 

It  is  also  proposed  to  use  the  influence  of  the  Union,  so  far  as  possible, 
for  the  encouragement  of  the  building  of  parsonages  in  connection  with 
houses  of  worship.  It  would  greatly  relieve  the  privations  of  home  mis- 
sionaries and  their  families  —  of  all  ministers,  indeed  —  in  the  newer  re- 
gions, and  would  doubtless  help  to  give  greater  stability  to  the  ministry,  if  a 
comfortable  home  were  connected  with  every  Christian  sanctuary.  The 
Board,  in  determining  the  amount  to  be  granted  to  particular  churches,  will 
hereafter  take  into  account  the  fact,  when  known,  of  the  purpose  to  erect  a 
parsonage,  and  will  regard  it  as  an  argument  in  favor  of  the  largest  practi- 
cable grant.  £ven  a  little  encouragement  in  this  direction,  it  is  believed, 
will  often  be  effectual. 

THE    WORK   OP   CHURCH-BUILDING.  * 

We  have  referred  in  former  years  to  the  vast  extent  of  the  field  which 
has  been  so  rapidly  opened  and  is  so  fast  becoming  filled  with  people.  We 
need  not  recite  the  details  anew.  We  will  simply  say  that,  through  the 
efficient  aid  of  the  American  Home  Missionary  Society,  ministers  of 
approved  character  are  being  sent  forth  to  plant  churches  wherever  the 
materials  are  found ;  and  that  these  young  churches,  in  order  to  take  root 
and  grow  up  with  the  growing  towns  and  cities,  mutt  at  the  outset  have 
houses  in  which  they  may  meet  for  worship.  To  leave  them  to  struggle 
on  without  church  edifices,  is  almost  certainly  a  fatal  policy.  In  the  growth 
of  the  population  they  are  speedily  led  behind,  and  error  and  unbelief  gain 
not  only  a  foothold  but  an  ascendancy.  With  even  so  little  aid  as  a  few 
hundred  dollars  given  at  the  right  time,  they  are  placed  on  a  sure  founda- 
tion, —  are  soon  able  themselves  to  support  the  gospel,  and  become  con- 
tributors to  all  branches  of  Christian  charity. 

During  the  past  year  the  Union  has  paid  grants  in  full  to  tixty-four 
churches^  and  in  part  to  three  others,  making  sixty-seven  in  all. 

It  now  stands  pledged  in  full  to  twenty-nine  churches,  and  in  part  to  two 
others,  making  thirty-one  altogether;  and  it  has  nine  additional  applications 
before  it,  on  which  no  action  has  yet  been  taken. 

The  amount  of  appropriations  paid  to  churches  the  past  year  was 
($28,690.35)  twenty-eight  thousand  six  hundred  and  ninety  dollars  and 
thirty-five  cents.  The  amount  now  pledged  by  vote  of  the  Trustees  is 
($13,200)  thirteen  thousand  two  hundred  dollars.  Total  given  and 
pledged,  $41,890.35. 


466  American  Congregatumal  Union.  [J^Ji 

The  number  of  churches  completed  within  the  year  by  the  aid  of  the 
Union  is  sixty-five.  The  entire  cost  of  these  was  $  233,947.  Thus  it  is 
that  the  small  gifls  of  the  Union  stimulate  individual  effort  and  devdap 
the  resources  and  energy  of  the  young  church  organisations.  If  aimoit 
two  hundred  and  thirty-four  thousand  dollars'  worth  of  property  has  been 
secured  permanently  to  the  service  of  religion  by  what  the  Union  has  done 
in  a  single  year,  it  is  most  gratifying  to  think  of  the  grand  total  thus  eecared 
since  the  work  of  aiding  to  build  churches  was  begun.  The  average  cost  of 
each  church  completed  the  past  year  has  been  $  3,600. 

That  the  entire  magnitude  of  the  church-building  work  may  be  under- 
stood, it  may  here  be  stated  that  the  number  of  churches  aided  by  meaos 
of  the  fund  raised  by  recommendation  of  the  Convention  at  Albany  was 
two  hundred  and  thirty.  The  Congregational  Union  has  paid  grants  to 
three  hundred  and  eighty-three,  all  but  three  of  which  are  finished.  The 
entire  number  of  churches  which  have  received  assistance  since  the  holdiog 
of  the'  Albany  Convention  is,  therefore,  six  hundred  and  thirteen.*  Is  not 
this  a  result  of  Christian  effort  to  be  contemplated  with  unmingled  satisfiw* 
tion?  Has  not  tl^e  cliarity  of  the  churches  contributing  been  well  ex- 
pended in  opening  so  many  fountains  of  spiritual  life  which  shall  flow  to 
refresh  and  save  generations  not  yet  bom  ? 

AVERAGE   AMOUNTS   GIVEN. 

It  has  been  the  desire  and  earnest  endeavor  of  the  Union  to  relieve  the 
pastors  and  churches  entirely  from  private  and  special  applications,  which 
were  found  to  be  in  many  ways  disastrous  to  the  general  work.  The 
Trustees  have  accordingly  made  it  a  fixed  rule,  that  any  church  which  makes 
direct  appeal  in  its  own  behalf  to  the  contributing  churches,  except  in  its 
own  immediate  neighborhood,  precludes  itself  thereby  from  receiving  any 
grant  from  the  Union.  It  is  a  manifest  injustice  to  the  great  body  of  needy 
churches  for  a  small  number,  by  personal  appeals,  to  obtain  more  than 
their  fair  proportion  of  what  will  be  given  for  church  erection.  It  deranges 
or  prevents  also  the  systematic  collections  of  the  churches,  which  it  is  of 
the  utmost  importance  to  maintain.  But  while  wishing  to  preclude  anj 
from  taking  unfair  advantage  of  the  rest,  the  Board  has  granted  on  the 
average  a  larger  amount  to  each  church  than  was  given  in  the  earlier 
years  of  this  good  work.  The  average  sum  paid  to  each  church  from  the 
Albany  fund  by  the  several  committees  was  only  two  hundred  and  thirty- 
four  dollars.  The  average  paid  to  each  that  has  been  aided  the  past  year 
is  four  hundred  and  twelve  dollars. 

*  Aboat  S  10,000  besides  the  above  were  raised  as  a  special  fand  in  aid  of  church- 
bailding  before  the  Union  entered  upon  this  wdrk.  Of  the  results  secured  by  this 
second  fund  we  have  no  certain  information. 


1869.3  American  Congregatumal  Union.  467 

Assistance  has  been  granted  from  the  first  to  eight  churches  in  building 
second  houses  of  worship.  These  were  exceptional  cases,  two  having 
been  destroyed  .bj  tornadoes,  two*  burned  bj  the  rebels  in  the  course  of 
the  war,  and  one  by  accident.  Two  were  originally  small  and  temporary, 
and  one  was  removed  on  account  of  a  change  in  the  business  centre  of  the 
town.  But  except  in  the  case  of  the  three  destroyed  by  fire,  the  amount 
paid  towards  both  houses  has  not  exceeded  the  sum  of  five  hundred  dollars. 

Of  the  whole  number  of  churches  aided  by  the  Union,  seven  have  disband- 
ed, or  sold  out  their  property.  Three  of  these  have  paid  back  to  the  treas- 
ury of  the  Union  the  full  sums  received  from  it,  and  two  others  more  than 
double  the  amount  originally  granted  ^em.  One  has  paid  back  the  grant 
made  to  them  in  part,  and  will  pay  the  remainder  as  soon  as  the  property 
can  be  sold.  By  holding  the  deed  of  the  property  of  the  remaining  one  the 
Union  is  secured. 

In  BO  single  instance  has  an  appropriation  made  by  the  Congregational 
Union,  since  it  undertook  the  work  of  church-building,  been  lost  to  the 
cause. 

SPECIA.L    GRANTS. 

In  those  cases  where  personal  friends  or  churches  in  the  immediate  neigh- 
borhood of  a  particular  church  are  disposed  to  aid  it,  their  doing  so  will  not 
be  regarded  as  barring  a  grant  from  the  Union.  But  it  is  earnestly  recom- 
mended that  such  special  gifls  pass  through  the  treasury  of  the  Union, 
There  are  two  important  advantages  in  this.  First,  the  individuals  or 
churches  by  whom  such  donations  are  made  will  then  have  due  credit  for 
their  contributions  to  the  cause ;  and  secondly,  the  amount  so  given  will  go 
to  the  church  receiving  it  as  a  special  and  additional  grant,  under  the  same 
conditions  as  the  other  grants  of  the  Union.  J£  the  church  proves  a  fail- 
ure, or  ceases  to  be  a  Congregational  church,  the  money  will  be  paid  back,  as 
in  the  case  of  regular  grants,  to  the  treasury  of  the  Union  to  be  given  to 
other  churches.  But  if  individuals,  or  neighboring  churches,  pay  their 
donations  direotly  to  the  church  which  they  desire  to  aid,  and  it  fails,  or 
departs  from  the  faith,  the  money  will,  of  course,  be  lost. 

COLLECTIONS   AND   LEGACIES. 

It  is  encouraging  to  find  that  a  greater  number  of  churches  have  re- 
membered the  claim,  so  special  and  urgent,  which  this  great  work  of  church 
erection  makes  upon  them  during  the  past  year  than  on  the  year  preced- 
ing. That  two  legacies  of  ten  thousand  dollars  each,  together  with  some 
smaller  ones,  have  been  announced  as  led  to  aid  it,  is  proof  that  thoughtful 
Christian  people  are  beginning  to  have  some  just  understanding  of  the 
subject.     We  cannot  but  hope  that  many  more  will  be  anxious  so  to  dis- 


1869.]  American  Congregational  Union.  •    469 

accomplisbed.     We  especially  thank  the  Union.    This  stands  on  record  on 
our  church  book." 

It  cannot  fail  to  afford  pleasure  to  those  who  have  contributed  to  the 
funds  of  th^  Union  to  see  how  great  the  good  that  immediately  results 
from  the  building  of  a  house  of  worsjiip  where  it  was  needed.  A  new 
impulse,  ordinarily,  is  at  once  given  to  the  growth  of  the  church  and  to  the 
progress  of  religion,  and  in  many  cases  the  enterprise  soon  becomes  able 
to  sustain  itself  without  asking  further  assistance  from  the  Home  Mission- 
ary Society.  Once  planted,  free  from  debt,  the  church  takes  permanent 
root  and  grows  naturally  and  healthfully  with  the  growth  of  the  community, 
till  itcomesto  be  surrounded  with  such  other  educational  and  Christian  insti- 
tutions as  are  needed  for  the  elevation' and  adornment  of  society.  It  is  a 
really  heart-stirring  thought  that  from  six  to  seven  hundred  such  centres 
of  moral  light  and  beauty  have  already  been  established  within  the  brief 
period  that  has  passed  since  the  enterprise  of  giving  assistance  in  the  building 
of  houses  of  worship  was  commenced,  and  that  these  churches  have  felt  such 
joy  and  thankfulness  and  courage  as  have  been  expressed  in  the  letters 
above  quoted. 

GENERAL   VIEWS    OF   OUR   WORK. 

Every  year's  experience  shows,  with  increased  clearness,  that  the  cause 
of  pure  religion  and  the  future  well-being  of  our  country  demand  of  the 
Congregational  churches  a  more  definite  purpose  and  more  earnest  zeal  in 
reference  to  the  diffusion  of  those  great  principles  for  which  our  ancestors 
endured  so  much.  The  signs  of  the  times  are  ominous  of  a  new  and  de- 
termined contest,  or,  perhaps  it  is  better  to  say,  a  resuming  of  the  old 
contest  with  new  energy  between  evangelical  Christianity,  pure,  catholic, 
free,  and  a  ritualistic,  mechanical,  superstitious  ecclesiasticism,  alike  fatal 
to  the  purity  of  religious  life  and  to  the  liberty  into  which,  according  to  the 
Scriptures,  every  child  of  God  is  born.  It  is  the  same  battle  that  has  been 
going  on  with  various  fortunes  through  all  the  later  centuries,  especially 
since  Luther.  The  world  can  never  be  transformed  by  the  power  of  the 
gospel,  till  spiritual  Christianity  is  vindicated,  and  religious  freedom,  as  op- 
posed to  authority  over  the  conscience,  thoroughly  established. 

But  notwithstanding  that  the  Congregationalism  of  New  England  has 
made  her  the  land  of  large-minded  and  strong  men,  the  home  of  free  thought, 
of  general  education,  of  social  order  and  comfort,  and  the  mother  of  relig- 
ious catholicity,  beyond  any  other  equal  portion  of  the  world,  too  many  of 
her  sons  and  daughters  have  grown  inattentive  to  the  peculiar  principles 
and  spirit  of  the  Pilgrim  churches.  They  have  been  reaping  the  rich  fruits  ' 
of  ancestral  piety,  wisdom,  and  self-sacrifice,  without  reflecting  to  whom  and 
to  what  they  owe  them.  There  are  even  those  of  Puritan  descent  who 
have  so  lost  the  high  principle  and  the  noble  religious  spirit  of  the  Fathers 


470  American  Congregational  Union.  [Jvi^Ti 

of  New  England,  that  they  seem  indifferent  to  the  opportunities  for  the 
planting  of  Congregational  churches  over  the  whole  country  and  the  diffu- 
sion of  that  theology  which,  while  it  is  soundly  evangelical  and  orthodox,  b 
in  the  true  sense  liberal,  and  is  progressive  and  vitalizing  in  its  influ* 
ence.  Such,  under  the  plea,  perhaps,  that  they  fear  sectarianism,  oppose 
denominational  activity ;  as  though*  it  were  not  a  Christian  duty  to  have 
positive  convictions  as  to  the  best  methods  of  promoting  the  Saviour's 
cause,  and  to  work  in  accordance  with  them.  That  is  an  unfruitful  spirit 
which  does  little  or  nothing  but  carp  at  the  means  by  which  others  are 
striving  to  do  good. 

What,  as  Congregationalists,  we  eminently  need  is  not  a  narrow  and  sec- 
tarian zeal,  but  an  enlightened  and  loving  purpose  to  establish,  as  widely 
as  practicable  in  our  country,  that  church  polity  which  makes  ecclesiastical 
oppression  impossible,  and  gives  to  spiritual  religion  the  pre-eminence 
which  Christ  and  his  gospel  assign  to  it.  The  fact  that,  on  every  side, 
there  is  a  manifest  design  to  carry  back  the  religious  world  to  the  errors 
and  abuses  against  which  the  Reformation  was  a  protest ;  that  the  battle 
is  yet  to  be  fought  out  between  priestly  and  churchly  despotism,  on 
the  one  hand,  and  the  simplicity  of  gospel  truth,  which,  in  its  spiritual 
freeness,  offers  eternal  life  to  all  who  will  believe  in  Christ,  on  the  other, 
renders  it,  perhaps,  more  than  ever  the  imperative  duty  of  all  who  have 
Pilgrim  blood  in  their  veins  to  stand  by  the  Pilgrim  faith  aiyl  discipline. 
To  maintain  these  in  a  Christian  spirit  and  with  the  largest  charity 
towards  all  who  love  Christ,  is,  we  are  persuaded,  to  do  that  which  is  most 
likely  to  secure  Christian  liberty  to  all  and  to  render  the  religious  life  of 
our  country  most  intelligent  and  pure.  Let  there  be  found  in  every  part 
of  the  land  a  large  body  of  educated  and  evangelical  Christians  who  hold 
to  the  essential  completeness  of  the  local  Church;  let  there  be  a  great  fel- 
lowship of  churches  in  which  sound  doctrine,  salutary  discipline,  and  ex- 
emplary piety  are  exhibited,  with  entire  freedom  from  ecclesiastical  map 
chinery  and  sacerdotal  pageantry  and  pretension,  and  it  will  not  be  easy 
for  spiritual  despotism  to  reign  in  any  church  organization.  Religious 
freedom  will  be  secured  as  a  national  inheritance  from  generation  to  gener- 
ation. It  is  the  duty  of  all  Congregationalists,  therefore,  for  the  sake  of 
their  country  and  the  world,  to  disseminate  their  principles.  As  our 
churches  have  led  the  way  in  most  of  the  great  benevolent  movements  of 
the  present  century  in  this  hemisphere,  so,  we  may  be  sure,  their  influence 
will  continue  to  be  effective  for  good,  and  to  be  generally  acknowledged. 

CONCLUDING    WORDS. 

It  is  with  such  views  as  these  that  the  Trustees  of  the  Congregational 
Union  turn  once  more  to  the  churches  with  an  urgent  appeal  for  a  more 


1869.]  American  Congregational  Union.  471 

general  and  vigorous  co-operation  in  the  great  work  to  which  providentially 
Grod  is  specially  calling  us  as  one  of  the  tribes  of  Israel.  The  work  of 
church  erection  in  particular  ought  to  be  prosecuted  on  a  much  more  ex- 
tensive scale.  It  will  be  impossible  to  do  whi^t  the  exigency  requires  of  us 
unless  the  pastors,  who  certainly  ought  to  comprehend  the  existing  state 
of  things,  will  lay  the  matter  before  their  flocks  from  year  to  year,  and  ask 
contributions  to  the  treasury  of  the  Union.  If  many  pastors^  or  those  in 
the  stronger  churches  even,  neglect  io  do  this ;  if  collections  are  only  made 
when  special  pressure  is  applied,  and  not  with  regularity  and  from  a  hearty 
interest  in  the  work  ;  if  the  Board,  for  want  of  means,  is  obliged  to  disap- 
point the  hopes  of  those  who,  weighed  down  with  many  burdens  incident 
to  the  settlement  of  new  regions^  are  striving  to  build  sanctuaries  and  call- 
ing on  them  for « aid,  —  we  shall  accomplish  comparatively  little  where  we 
ought  to  do  a  work  to  be  thankfully  recognized  by  coming  ages.  The 
Trustees  and  executive  officers  of  the  Union  will  do  what  they  can.  But 
the  work  is  not  chiefly  theirs.  Under  Christ,  it  is  the  work  of  the  Congre- 
gational ministers  and  churches  East  and  West.  Let  it  be  remembered 
that  he  that  provideth  not  for  his  own  h&th  denied  the  faith,  and  is  worse 
than  an  infidel.  What  mibister  ot  church  can  consent  to  lie  under  the  re- 
buke of  the  Saviour  of  all  by  indifference  to  the  wants  and  the  entreaties  of 
those  who  are  members  of  the  same  Christian  household  with  himself? 
Let  each  do  his  own  duty. 

It  is  hoped  also  that  godly  men  and  women  who  are  making  arrange- 
ments for  the  final  disposition  of  their  property  will  deeply  ponder,  before 
deciding  to  what  objects  to  apply  it,  the  value  of  a  Christian  sanctuary  set 
in  the  midst  of  a  growing  population,  and  will  place  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Union  the  means  of  aiding  in  the  erection  of  one  or  of  many  such  houses 
of  worship.  Happy  the  disciple  who,  when  he  departs  to  be  with  Christ, 
shall  know  that  through  his  benefactions  waters  shall  break  forth  in  the 
desert,  and  thanksgiving  and  the  voice  of  melody  be  heard  in  the  waste 
places  of  the  wilderness  down  to  unborn  generations !  The  bequest  of 
$  10,000  by  the  late  Mr.  Sanford,  of  New  Haven,  and  the  same  amount  by 
Mrs.  Bartlett,  of  Windsor  Locks,  would,  if  funded,  build  each  one  church 
a  year  in  all  time  to  ^come.  In  what  other  way  can  any  one  perpetuate 
his  influence  so  effectively  and  surely  ?  Who  will  fi^llow  these  examples 
of  Christian  generosity  and  wisdom?  The  Master  must  smile  on  offer- 
ings such  as  these. 

By  order  of  the  Board  of  Trustees. 

RAY  PALMER,  i  ^^     . 

CHRISTOPHER  GUSHING,  J  ^'*'^""- 

KEW   SEttlES:  —  VOL.  I.  NO.  3.  82 


472, 


American  Chngregatianai  Unian. 


[July, 


SUMMARY  OF  TREASURER'S  REPORT. 


The  American  Oongregational  Union  in  Accpunt  with  N.  A,  Calkins, 

Treamrer. 

Or. 

• 

1809. 

Moyi.     By  Balance  in  TTOU1117  May  1, 1868 917  ^.00 

"  Contributions  leeeiTed  during  the  year  ending  May  1, 1800 :  — 

From  Maine •272.66 

"    NewUampehire 622.61 

"    Termont 682.6S 

"    Mamachnaetta 9,181.67 

**    Rhode  Island 428.78 

*<    Connecticut 12,486.06 

**    New  York 8,480.77 

^    New  Jersey 824.00 

««    Pennqrlrania 10S.6B 

«    Maryland 89.76 

"    Ohio ^   767J0 

"    Indiana ^     86.00 

"    Illinois 1,746.11 

"    Michigan 68298 

"    Wisconsin 628.19 

"    Mhinesota 624.80 

'<    Iowa 1,O07J8 

"    Missouri 687.77 

"    Mississippi 2.06 

"    Tennessee 12.00 

•*    Kansas 88^.00 

«    CalifomU 166.00 

**    Sale  ofLand  contributed,  near  Tinton,  Iowa                .  260.00 

"    Interest  on  Balance  in  Treasury         ....  1,229.68       86,008.71 

Total  Besouroes  ibr  the  year.  SfiSjOSO.Tl 


Dr. 


1866. 


To 

ApproprlaUooi  paid  to  the  Sooieti 

Di  of  Congregational  Churches, 

as  follows,  Til : 

At 

Cornish 

Maine 

TiUage  Church 

•600.00 

f< 

Norway 
Ferrisburg 

II 
Termont 

2d  Congr^;ational  Church 
II                 11 

260.00 

i< 

600.00 

(( 

Londonderry 
Freetown 

II 
Massachusetts 

II 

II 

160.00 

t( 

400.00 

(1 

Lexington 

II 

II 

600.00 

(1 

West  Tisbury 
Fort  Lee 

ii 
New  Jersey 

II 
"  (Bp 

400.00 

ft 

ledal)  1,064.85 

« 

II      II 

II 

"      (Loan)  1,000X)0 

f( 

Philadelphia 
Bowling  Oreen 

Pennsylvania 
Ohio 

Plymouth 

It 
II 

600.00 

ti 

800.00 

i( 

East  Ironton 
Alamo 

"    (Ironton  P.  0.)  Welsh 
Michigan 

II    / 
II 

600.00 

« 

400.00 

ft 

Alpena 

It 

II 

400.00 

li 

Brady 

II 

II 

400.00 

t( 

Flint 

II 

II 

600.00 

ti 

Ithaca 

II 

II 

100.00 

<t 

Kalaxno 

II 

li 

600.00 

ti 

Mattawan 

II 

II 

400.00 

II 

Three  Oaks 
Crystal  Lake 

i( 
niinois 

1st 

II 
II 

600.00 

II 

600.00 

II 

MalU 

II 

II 

400.00 

II 

Piano 

II 

II 

400.00 

II 

Rlchriew 

II 

II 

260.00 

II 

Rochester  Mills         "      West  Falls  Ist 
Amount  carried  forward 

• 

II 

•  800.00 

• 

8760.00 
660.00 

1,300.00 

8/)84J6 
600.00 

800.00 


8,200.00 


1,810.00 
1 11,18ft  J6 


American  Cotiffreffational  Vhim. 


Chmch  of  Bnoklji   •UO.CX) 


80D.00 

(•4D0Lau)9(»^ 

800.0ft 
(Sp«Ul)lMX»     2.104.0I> 


>t  of  Appnpititloiu  paid  Ic  07  GhnrehM 


'    Approprialkiu  Ptodfed  to 


G8.ST     S.Ttl.M 


WILUIH  AUO,  ) 


474  A$nmean  CangregaUanal  Ununu  [July. 


LIFE-MEMBER'S  CERTIFICATE. 

The  Life-Member's  Certificate  of  tbe  American  Congregational  Union 
18  designed  to  be  symbolic  of  and  appropriate  to  the  leading  object  of  tbis  societj, 

—  cburcb-bnilding  at  tbe  West  The  engraring"  is  composed  of  three  pictures 
grouped  into  one.  On  the  extreme  left  is  a  sketch  of  the  landing  of  tbe  Pilgrims, 
representing  them  in  their  first  act  of  worship  on  the  shores  of  the  New  Worid, 

—  the  planting  of  Congregationalism  in  America.  On  the  extreme  right  is 
another  sketch,  showing  a  pioneer  wagon,  drawn  hy  an  ox-team,  just  emerging 
from  the  forest  in  the  distance,  and  approaching  a  farm-bonae  on  the  edge  of 
the  clearing ;  while  a  school-bouse  in  tbe  foreground  of  tbe  picture  represents 
tbe  Sunday  use  of  this  important  edifice  in  early  settlements, — symbolizing  the 
pioneer  movements  of  tbe  Pilgrims*  descendants  in  establishing  their  modes  of 
worship  while  settling  the  regions  of  tbe  great  West 

Tbe  central  picture,  tbe  most  prominent  feature  of  the  design,  represents  a 
neat  modem  church  edifice,  toward  tbe  doors  of  which  groups  of  people  may  be 
seen  wending  their  way  on  Sunday  morning  to  worship  tbe  Grod  <^  the  Pilgrims, 
who  guides  and  protects  their  descendants. 

Tbe  sketch  of  tbe  landing  of  tbe  Pilgrims  is  encircled  by  a  wreath  of  ever- 
greens, — suggestive  of  New  England  scenery  and  life ;  while  the  picture  of  the 
new  settlement  at  the  West  is  surrounded  by  a  wreath  of  oak  leaves  and  acorns, 

—  symbolic  of  the  character  and  hardihood  of  the  Sons  of  tbe  Pilgrims  in  their 
Western  homes.  These  wreaths  of  evergreen  and  oak  blend  beneath  tbe  cen- 
tral picture  of  tbe  engraving,  —  uniting  the  East  and  tbe  West. 

Thus  tbe  design  of  this  engraving  represents  tbe  spirit  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers, 
stretching  far  away  into  tbe  new  settlements  of  tbe  West,  laying  there  tbe  foun- 
dations of  Puritan  churches,  which,  in  subsequent  years,  rise  up  in  honor  and 
glory  from  city,  town,  and  hamlet,  and  dot  the  prairies  with  heavenward-pointing 
spires.       % 

This  picture  tells  tbe  story  of  tbe  noble  work  of  the  Congregational  Union  in 
collecting  and  transmitting  the  material  sympathy  of  the  sons  and  daughters  of 
New  England  to  the  new  churches  rapidly  springing  up  throughout  the  West,  to 
enable  them  to  possess  neat  and  comfortable  houses  of  worship,  as  citadels  from 
which  tbe  battles  of  liberty,  justice,  and  truth  may  be  waged  against  error  and 
ungodliness  in  all  their  forms. 

This  society  has  already  aided  in  erecting  nearly  four  hundred  such  towers  of 
strength  for  God  and  tbe  right,  and  will  continue  its  noble  work  as  the  means 
placed  at  its  disposal  shall  enable  it 

Twenty-five  dollars  entitles  a  person  to  one  of  these  certificates,  and  to  a  vote 
in  tbe  meetings  of  tbe  Union.  Five  hundred  dollars  secures  the  completion  of  a 
house  of  worship  worth  from  three  to  five  thousand  dollars. 


'w 


T7  1 1 


1    \    >  >       > 


■  1*?- 


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V. 


r 


'  *  ^  ■ , 

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li-:    ■       i- 


i 


THE 


Con^rejsattonal  ^tiat^erlg. 


Whole  No.  XLIV.        OCTOBER,  1869.  Vol.  XI.  No.  4. 


REV.  THOMAS  ALL^N. 

It  is  recorded  in  the  '^  History  of  PittsfieU,"*  Massacbusette  (p.  163), 
that,  ''On  the  9th  of  December,  1763,  the  town,  decided  to  invite  Mr. 
Thomas  Allen,t  of  Northampton,  to  prefteh  as  a  probationer ;  and  his  min- 
istry in  that  capacity  was  signalized  by  the  fomiation  of  the  church,  —  a 
duty  which  it  seems  had,  up  to  this  tim^  been  singularly  neglected/'  A 
few  weeks  later  (February  7, 1764)  *'a  number  of  members  belonging  to 
different  churches,"  among  whom  were  Rev.  Samuel  Hopkins,  of  Great 
Harrington,  Rev.  Stephen  West,  of  Stockbridge,  and  Rev.  Ebenezer  Martin, 
of  Becket,  (then  '^  No.  4,")  met  at  the  house  of  Deacon  Crofoot,  where  a 
CJonfession  of  Faith  and  a  Covenant  were  drawn  up.  These  were  signed 
by  eight  male  members,  ^'  who  then  and  there  united  so  as  to  form  a  church 
of  Christ  in  this  place."  I  The  concurrence  of  three  bodies  was  necessary 
in  the  choice  and  "  settlement "  of  a  minister,  —  the  church,  whose  duty  it 
was  to  select;   the  town,  which  must  ratify  such  selection,  and  fix  the 

♦  The  History  of  Pitt«field  (Berkshire  County),  Massachusetts,  from  the  Year  1734 
to  the  Year  1 800.  Compiled  and  written  under  the  general  Direction  of  a  Committee,  by 
J.E.  A.  Smith.    By  Authority  of  the  Town.    Boston  :  Leo  and  Sbepard.    8?o.  pp.  518. 

t  The  Editors  of  the  Quarterly  are  indebted  to  the  politeness  of  Hon.  Thomas  Allea 
and  J.  E.  A.  Smith,  Esq.,  of  Pittsfield,  for  the  fine  portrait  of  Rer.  Thomas  Allen,  in 
this  number. 

I  After  the  reunion  of  the  parish  (1817)  which  was  divided  in  1809,  this  name  was 
changed  to  that  which  it  now  retains,  —  "  The  First  Congregational  Church,"  —  "  partly 
because  circumstances^rendered  it  expedient  for  the  organization  to  reassert  its  adherence 
to  the  Congregational  form  of  church  government"  —  History  o/PiUsfield,  p.  163. 


Statered  aeoonUng  to  Aet  of  Congren,  in  the  year  1860,  by  Bamuil  BinursAX,  tat  the  Ptopiieiois,  in 
the  Clerk's  Olllee  of  the  Diitrict  Court  of  the  IMstrkt  of  HMSMhuietts. 

NEW  SERIES.  —  VOL.  I.  NO.   4.  83 


i 


476  Rev.  Thomas  Allen.  [Oct. 

salarj ;  and  the  proprietors  of  the  sixtj  lots  *  ''  who  were  to  provide  the 
means  necessary  to  enable  him  to  settle  himself  among  them."  With  a 
apeedj  unanimity,  not  so  unusual  then  as  now,  the  united  wish  of  the  three 
parties  was  presented  to  Mr.  Allen,  who,  after  a  fortnight's  deliberation, 
returned  an  answer  of  which  the  following  is  the  closing  paragraph:  — 

'<  I  take  this  opportunity  to  testify  my  grateful  sense  of  your  respect,  in  ihlit  un- 
expected good  agreement  and  harmony  that  subsisted  among  you  in  the  choice  of 
one  less  than  the  least  of  all  saints  to  preach  among  you  the  unsearchable  riches 
of  Christ  Nothing  doubting  but  that  at  your  next  meeting  yon  will  freely  grant 
forty  or  fifly  cords  of  wood  annually,  or  as  much  as  you  shall  think  sufficient,  and 
some  small  addition  to  my  settlement,  either  by  grant  in  work,  or  whateYer«  oat 
of  generosity,  by  subscription  or  whatever  way  you  please,  I  now  stand  ready  to 
be  introduced  to  the  work  whereunto  I  am  called,  as  soon  as  a  convenient  oppor- 
tunity shall  present  itself. 

**  These  from  your  affectionate  friend, 

*  '*  Thqmab  Allkk. 

"  PiTTSFiELD,  March  20, 1 764." 

The  warming  item  of  ^  forty  cords  of  wood  "  was  added  to  his  salarj, 
and  the  ordination  took  place  on  the  18th  of  the  following  ApriKf 
f  Thus  began  the  public  life  of  one  who,  for  nearly  half  a  century,  wielded 

a  powerful  influence  in  religious,  civil,  and  political  affairs  in  the  western 
part  of  Massachusetts.  He  was  a  positive  roan  in  a  time  of  positive  opinionSy 
a  man  of  deep  convictions  and  earnest  actions  in  years  when  convictions 
and  actions  divided  the  people  into  strongly  and  bitterly  opposed  parties. 
His  ministerial  life,  into  which  this  ordination  now  introduced  him,  covered 
the  years  immediately  preceding  the  Revolutionary  War,  the  war  itself,  and 
those  exciting  years  following  upon  its  close,  when  the  establishment  of  the 
new  government,  and  the  opening  administrations  of  Washington,  Adams, 
and  Jefferson,  widely  separated  the  people  on  questions  involving  the  vital 
interests  of  the  nation.     Mr.  Allen  fully  believed  that  a  Christian  pastor 

♦  Of  these  proprietors  Mr.  Allen  wrote  in  1810  (Historical  Sketch,  p.  12) :  "  Perhaps 
the  whole  of  sixty  roll,  original  settlers,  did  not  contain  a  single  vicioas  person/'  bat  the 
records  show  that  among  the  transient  laborers,  or  "  tramps,"  as  they  were  called,  crime 
was  prevalent.  Many  of  the  early  settlers  hold  slaves,  and  as  late  as  the  Hevolationaiy 
War  the  Hartford  Courant  contained  advertisements  of  runaway  slaves,  inserted  by  their 
Pittsfield  masters.  Slavery  in  Berkshire  Coanty  is  said  to  have  had  a  household  char- 
acter, and  a  case  of  cruelty,  not  long  after  the  close  of  the  Revolution,  led  to  a  judicial 
recognition  of  its  abolition  by  the  Bill  of  Rights. 

t  Rev,  Samuel  Hopkins,  of  Great  Barrington,  offered  the  first  prayer,  and  Rev. 
Timothy  Woodbridgc,  of  Hatfield,  the  second ;  Rev.  Jonathan  Ashley,  of  Deerileld, 
gave  the  charge,  and  Rev.  Adonijah  Bidwell,  of  "No.  1  "  (now  Tyringham),  the  right 
hand  of  fellowship ;  the  sermon  was  preached  by  Rev.  John  llookci-,  of  Northampton, 
with  whom  Mr.  Allen  pursued  his  theological  studies,  and  Rev.  Thomas  Strong,  of  New 
Alarlborough,  offered  the  conclading  prayer. 


1869.]  Bev.  Thomas  Allen.  477 

should  be,  also,  a  Christian  citizen,  and  his  ideas  of  ciyil  liberty  were  so 
interwoven  with  his  religious  convictions,  that  whatever  affected  one  affect- 
ed the  other,  and  thus  he  conscientiously  believed  that  in  public  exigencies 
he  fulfilled  the  duties  of  his  sacred  office  as  truly  with  the  sword  and  mus> 
ket  as  with  the  pen  and  tongue,  and  if  he  mingled  religion  and  politioft 
without  detriment  to  either,  as  he  really  believed,  he  accomplished  a  work 
in  which  ministers  of  a  later  generation  have  not  always  succeeded. 

In  many  important  respects  he  was  a  representative  man  of  the  genera- 
tion  in  which  he  lived,  and  as  a  prominent  clergyman  in  the  days  of  the 
nation's  birth  and  infancy  he  deserves  remembrance  in  the  pages  of  the 
«*  Quarterly." 

Thomas  Allen,  son  of  Joseph  and  Elizabeth  Parsons  Allen,  wa 
born  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  January  17,  1743.*  He  graduated  with 
high  honor  at  Harvard  College  in  1762,  the  expenses  of  the  collegiate 
course  being  amply  met  by  a  bequest  made  for  that  purpose  by  a  grand- 
uncle,  whose  name  he  bore.  Little  is  on  record  of  his  life  between  the 
time  of  his  graduation  and  his  ordination  at  Pittsfield,  save  that  he  studied 
theology  with  his  pastor,  Rev.  John  Hooker,  of  Northampton.f 

■ 

*  Samuel  Allen,  a  native  of  England,  probably  Essex,  who  died  at  Windsor,  Conn., 
in  1648,  was  his  earliest  ancestor  in  this  country.  He  had  a  son  Samuel,  who  was  one 
of  the  original  settlers  of  Northam[fton  in  1657,  and  he  a  son  Samuel,  deacon  in  tbf 
church  at  Northampton  in  the  pastorate  of  Jonathan  Edwards,  who  died  in  1739.  A  aon 
Joseph  (died  December  30,  1779),  one  of  Mr.  Edwards's  firm  friends  in  the  unhappy 
difficulties  that  attended  the  later  years  of  his  ministry,  was  the  father  of  the  subject  of 
this  sketch.  Ethan  Allen,  of  Ticonderoga  fame,  (for  we  incline  to  ch'ng  to  the  graphio 
historic  anecdote,  in  spite  of  those  whose  special  mission  it  seems  to  be  to  throw  doubt 
upon  popular  traditions,  and  what  the  world  had  decided  to  regard  as  facts,)  is  of  the 
same  family,  his  direct  ancestor,  Nehemiah,  being  a  brother  of  the  original  Samuel,  of 
Northampton.  Ethan  was  little  less  than  a  heathen  in  his  religious  ideas,  and  affected 
to  believe  in  the  transmigration  of  spirits.  He  wrote  some  political  and  religious  pam 
phlets,  and  of  one  of  the  latter  his  biographer.  Rev.  William  Allen,  d.  d.,  in  his  Biographi- 
cal Dictionary  rather  severely  remarks :  "  This  last  work  was  intended  to  ridicule  the  dpo- 
trine  of  Moses  and  the  Prophets.  It  would  be  unjust  to  bring  against  it  the  charge  oi 
having  effected  great  mischief  in  the  world,  for  few  have  had  the  patience  to  read  it." 
The  patriotism  of  this  Allen  family  was  remarkable  even  in  those  remarkable  times. 
Thomas  (the  minister  of  Pittsfield)  and  four  of  his  brothers  served  in  the  Kevolutionaiy 
War ;  vis.  Moses,  a  classmate  of  President  Madison  in  Princeton  College,  and  a  clergyman 
at  Midway,  Georgia,  and  chaplain  to  a  brigade,  was  drowned  (February  8,  1^79),  near 
Savannah,  while  attempting  to  escape  from  a  prison-ship ;  Solomon,  a  pioneer  prcachfff 
in  Northern  New  York,  a  major  in  the  army,  and  intrusted  with  the  conveyance,  of 
Major  Andr^,  after  his  capture,  to  West  Point ;  Jonathan,  also  a  major ;  Thomas,  a 
chaplain. 

t  Bom  in  Kensington,  Conn.,  now  a  parish  in  the  town  of  Berlin,  in  1729,  and  s 
great-grandson  of  the  celebrated  Thomas  Hooker,  of  Hartford;  graduated  at  Yale  Col- 
lege in  1751 ;  ordained  at  Northampton  December  5,  1753.  His  sermon  at  the  ordina- 
tion of  Mr.  Allen,  at  Pittsfield,  was  published,  also,  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Rev. 
John  Hant»  in  1775. 


478  Rev.  Thomas  AUen.  [Oct 

At  the  time  of  Mr.  Allen's  settlement  in  Pittsfield  there  were  in  the 
town  but  six  houses  not  built  of  logs.  The  *'  meeting-house  **  in  which  he 
preached,  the  first  erected  in  the  town,  was  raised  in  the  summer  of  1761, 
but  on  account  of  difficulties,  not  necessary  to  mention  here,  it  was  not  reallj 
finished  until  177Q.  It  was  of  the  style  usual  in  those  times,  with  both 
square  and  long  pews,  and  galleries,  and  the  worshippers  were  seated  ac- 
cording to  their  age,  rank,  estate-list,  and  aid  furnished  in  building  the 
house.  The  custom  of  *'  dignifying  "  or  "  seating  "  the  pews  was  prevalent 
at  that  time  throughout  New  England.  A  good  authority  remarks,  and  the 
older  readers  of  this  article  can  attest  to  the  correctness  of  the  description : 
^^  When  the  meeting-house  was  finished,  a  committee  was  appointed  to  dig- 
nify the  seats,  and  establish  the  rules  for  seating  the  people.  Usually  the 
square  pew  nearest  the  pulpit  was  the  first  in  dignity  (generally  occupied 
by  the  deacons)  ;  and  next  to  this  came  the  second  pew,  and  the  first  long 
seat  in  front  of  the  pulpit.  Afler  this,  the  dignity  gradually  diminbhed  as 
the  pews  receded  from  the  pulpit.  If  the  house  was  furnished,  as  in  some 
instances,  with  square  pews  on  each  side  of  the  outer  door,  fronting  the 
pulpit,  these  were  equal  to  the  second  or  third  rank  in  dignity.  The  front 
seat  in  the  gallery,  and  the  two  highest  pews  in  the  side  galleries,  were  also 
seats  of  considerable  dignity."  *  The  meeting-house  stood  broadside  to  the 
street,  immediately  in  front  of  the  present  location  of  the  First  Congregational 
Church ;  it  was  '*  a  plain,  angular  building,  forty-five  feet  long,  thirty-five 
wide,  and  twenty-feet  post;  two  stories  high,  with  roof  peaked  after  the 
ordinary  modern  style."  f  On  three  sides  of  the  building  was  a  widely 
cleared  space  not  then  free  from  stumps  and  stones,  while  in  front,  directly 
before  the  south  door,  stood  that  tall  and  noble  elm  for  generations  the 
pride  of  the  town. 

In  this  house  Mr.  Allen  preached  the  sermons  and  imparted  the  in- 
struction the  influence  of  which  remains  to  this  day,  and  from  him  the 
young  men,  to  whom  seats  were  assigned  in  one  of  the  galleries,  learned 
the  lessons  of  patriotism  which  bore  their  rich  fruitage  in  the  War  of  Inde- 
pendence. These  young  men  were  not  forgotten  by  Mr.  Allen  in  his  pub- 
lic services,  and  it  is  related  that  on  a  New- Year's  Sunday,  after  reading 
the  customary  parish  statistics  of  the  preceding  year,  he  remarked  upon  the 
small  number  of  marriages,  and  glancing  his  sharp  eye  along  the  gallery, 
quietly  and  with  dry  humor  exclaimed :  **  This  vnll  never  do  !  Toung  men, 
young  men,  you  are  expected  to  do  your  duty.** 

The  historian  of  Pittsfield  is  doubtless  correct  in  his  opinion  that  the 

earlier  of  Mr.  Allen's  sermons  **  were  among  the  chief  instruments  in  giving 

Xhe  town  that  proud  position  which  it  holds  in  Revolutionary  story."  I    It  b 

*  Caulkins's  History  of  Norwich,  Conn.  J  Ibid.,  p.  158.  • 

t  History  of  Pittsfield,  p.  156. 


1869.]  jRev.  Thomas  Allen.  479 

true  that  "to  the  pulpit — the  Puritan  pulpit — we  owe  the  moral  foroe.which 
won  our  independence/'  *  and  this  truth  is  recognized  by  all  candid  writers. 
Gordon,  the  contemporary  historian  of  the  Revolution,  remarks  that  "  the 
ministers  of  New  England,  being  mostly  Congregationalists,  are,  from  that 
circumstance,  in  a  professional  way,  more  attached  and  habituated  to  the 
principles  of  liberty  than  if  they  had  spiritual  superiors i|  lord  it  over  them, 
and  were  in  hopes  of  possessing,  in  their  turn,  throug^he  gift  of  govern- 
ment, the  seat  of  power.  They  oppose  arbitrary  rule  in  civil  concerns,  from 
the  love  of  freedom  as  well  as  from  a  desire  of  guarding  against  its  intro* 
duction  into  religious  matters.     The  patriots  for  years  back  have  availed 

themselves  greatly  of  their  assistance By  their  labors  in  the  pulpit, 

and  by  furnishing  the  prints  with  occasional  essays,  the  ministers  have  for- 
warded and  strengthened,  and  that  not  a  little,  the  opposition  to  the  exer- 
cise of  that  parliamentary  claim  of  right  to  bind  the  Colonies  in  all  cases 
whatever."  f  So  marked  were  the  efforts  of  the  clergy  in  behalf  of  civil 
and  religious  freedom,  so  powerfully  influential  were  they  in  moulding  pub- 
lic sentiment,  and  in  exciting  and  sustaining  enthusiasm  based  on  sound 
principle,  that  in  1774  the  First  Provincial  Congress  of  Massachusetts 
acknowledged  the  public  obligation  to  the  ministers  as  friends  of  liberty,  and 
invoked  their  further  aid  especially  in  "  advising  the  people  of  their  several 
congregations,  as  they  wish  their  prosperity,  to  abide  by,  and  strictly  adhere 
to,  the  resolutions  of  the  Continental  Congress."  (Philadelphia,  October, 
1774.) 

Such  has  always  been,  notably,  the  position  of  the  New  England  clergy 
on  all  questions  pertaining  to  civil  and  religious  freedom. 

Mr.  Allen's  ardent  patriotism  went  with  him  into  the  pulpit,  and  glowed 
in  his  sermons,  because  '*  he  believed  that  the  cause  of  pure  and  unfettered 
religious  worship  was  bound  up,  as  it  really  was,  in  that  of  the  Colonies,  and 
that  that  cause  was  therefore  holy."  He  held  this  view  in  common  with 
liis  brethren  in  the  ministry,  but  his  fervid  temperament,  his  powerful  con- 
victions of  duty,  his  intense  hatred  of  every  form  of  oppression,  placed  him 
in  the  foremost  rank  of  the  noble  patriot  clergy  of  those  pregnant  times. 
But  his  political  enthusiasm  was  not  inconsistent  with  his  religious  profes- 
sion, nor  did  it  interfere  with,  or  counteract,  his  ministerial  duties  as  he 
conscientiously  understood  them.  If  Or  felt  it  his  right  to  inculcate  from 
the  pulpit  earnest  and  well-considered  views  on  civil  liberty,  which  he 
held  to  be  inseparable  from  religious  liberty,  he  did  not,  in  so  doing,  neglect 
the  purely  sacred  duties  of  his  office  ;  he  did  not  neglect  the  direct  practical 
preaching  of  that  old-fashioned  orthodoxy  which  lay  at  the  foundations  of 
New  England  history,  and  which  vitalized  every  effort  for  the  establish- 

*  The  Pulpit  of  tho  Revolution,  p.  xxxviii. 

t  Gordoa's  History  of  the  American  Revolation,  VoL  I.  p.  273. 


480  Bev.  Thdmas  Allen.  [Oct 

ment  and  maintenance  of  free  institutions.  While  there  were  those,  op- 
posed in  political  sentiments  to  Mr.  Allen,  who  thought  that  the  minister  of 
the  town  gave  ^  carnal "  too  much  the  preference  over  "'  spiritual "  weapons, 
there  does  not  appear  on  record^  nor  does  there  reach  us  bj  traditimiy  a 
single  word  or  deed  inconsistent  with  the  legitimate  duties  of  a  Christian 
minister,  or  with  fl||p  personal  piety.  He  undoubtedly  ^'  preached  politics,* 
and  may  the  time  oe  far  distant  when  a  New  England  minister  shall  fail  to 
utter  himself  boldly  on  all  questions  that  affect  the  rights  of  man.  If  the 
early  clergy  of  New  England  had  not  done  that  at  which,  sometimes,  a  holy 
horror  is  expressed  by  those  who  are  too  religiously  lazy  to  think  for  them- 
selves, and  who  dread  to  have  others  think,  lest  there  be  a  shaking  anoong 
the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  fossil  formations  of  a  dead  past ;  if  they  had  not 
preached  politics,  and  acted  in  politics ;  if  they  had  not  been  men  as  well  as 
ministers,  citizens  as  well  as  Christians,  the  Revolution  would  either  never 
have  been  reached,  or  else  would  have  been  indefinitely  postponed  or  ad- 
journed sine  die.  No  honest  friend  to  the  free  institutions  of  his  country 
finds  fault  with»his  minister  for  defending  these  institutions  in  all  proper 
times  and  places,  and  we  reckon  it  to  the  glory  of  Mr.  Allen,  and  his  breth- 
ren, that  they  led  instead  of  followed  in  the  onward  march  of  liberty  in 
America.* 

It  is  not  strange  that  popular  tradition  gives  more  prominence  to  Mr- 
Allen's  political  opinions  and  actions  than  to  his  strictly  professional  labors. 
The  latter  were  regarded  as  matters  of  course,  the  former  appealed  more 
to  the  living  issues  of  the  day,  and  took  hold  of  questions  involving  *^  life, 
liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness,"  which  to  the  men  of  those  days  were 
anything  but  "  glittering  geheralities.'*  In  the  light  of  to-day  we  can  see 
that  neither  Mr.  Allen's  deep  religious  convictions,  the  purity  of  his  patri- 
otism, nor  his  advanced  ideas  of  political  rights  can  be  disputed,  and  if  his 
earnest,  direct  ways  of  manifesting  these  qualities  sometimes  ran  athwart 
the  prejudices  or  passions  of  others,  it  should  not  be  a  matter  of  surprise 
nor,  so  far  as  appears,  a  cause  for  censure.  But  it  is  evident  that  he  faith- 
fully performed  the  duties  of  a  Christian  pastor,  and  that  his  labors  were 
abundantly  rewarded.  In  a  candid  estimate  of  his  ministerial  labors  by  his 
son,  the  late  Rev^  William  Allen,  d.  D.,t  it  is  recorded,  that :  — 

*  Says  Gordon  (Vol.  I.  p.  274) :  "  They  (the  clergy)  cannot  approve  of  often  bringing 
politics  into  the  pulpit,  yet  they  apprehend  it  to  be  right  upon  special  occasion.  Who 
but  must  admit  that  it  is  certainly  the  duty  of  the  clergy  to  accommodate  their  discourses 
to  the  times,  to  preach  against  such  sins  as  are  most  prevalent,  and  to  recommend  soch 
virtues  as  are  most  wanted.  If  public  spirit  is  much  wanted,  should  they  not  inculcate 
this  great  virluc  ?  If  the  rights  and  duties  of  magistrates  and  subjects  are  disputed, 
should  they  not  explain  them,  show  their  nature,  ends,  limitations,  and  restrictions  ?  " 
etc.,  etc.     « 

t  Allen's  Biographical  Dictionary,  p.  21. 


1869.]  Bev.  Thomas  Allen.  481 

^  Daring  a  ministr}'  of  forty-six  years  he  was  unwearied  in  dispensing  the 
glorious  gospel.  Besides  his  stated  labors  on  the  Sabbath,  he  frequently  delivered 
lectures,  and  in  the  course  of  his  life  preached  six  or  seven  hundred  funeral  ser- 
mons. In  the  early  part  of  his  ministry  he  also  occasionally  preached  in  the 
neighboring  towns,  not  then  supplied  with  settled  ministers.  The  same  bener- 
olence,  which  awakened  his  zeal  in  guiding  men  in  the  way  to  Heaven,  made 
him  desirous  of  rendering  them  happy  also  in  this  world.  His  charitien  to  the 
poor  excited  their  gratitude,  and  rendered  his  religious  instruction  the  more  ef* 
fectnal.  His  house  was  the  seat  of  hospitality.  Towards  other  denominations  of 
Christians,  though  strict  in  his  own  principles,  he  was  yet  exemplarily  candid, 
neither  believing  that  true  piety  was  confined  to  his  own  sect,  nor  that  gentleness 
and  forbearance  were  useless  in  the  attempt  to  reclaim  men  from  error." 

His  manner  of  preaching  is  described  in  the  following  language  :  — 

''  The  atonement  of  the  Divine  Redeemer,  the  evangelical  doctrines  of  graeet 
and  their  application  to  the  practical  duties  of  life  in  the  various  relations  of 
society,  were  th^  favorite  subjects  of  his  public  sermons  and  private  conversations^ 
He  explained  them  without  the  formality  of  logic,  but  with  a  happy  perspicuity 
of  style,  and  recommended  and  enforced  them  with  apostolic  zeal.  As  he  wrote 
cat  most  of  his  sermons  in  Weston's  short-hand,  he  usuallyi  in  his  preaching,  read 
them  from  bis  notes ;  but  he  threw  into  them,  with  but  little  action,  great  fervor 
of  spirit.  Sometimes,  in  his  extemporary  addresses  at  the  communion-table,  his 
trembling  voice  and  kindling  eye  and  animated  countenance  were  quite  irresist- 
ible."* 

The  few  printed  discourses  of  Mr.  Allen  justify  the  opinions  above  ex- 
pressed. William  C.  Bryant,  the  editor  and  poet,  thought  one  of  them  suf- 
ficiently beautiful  to  be  inserted  in  his  paper  f  as  a  praiseworthy  specimen 
of  the  best  style  of  preaching  in  the  last  generation.  This  was  the  sermon 
occasioned  by  the  death  of  Mr.  Allen*s  daughter,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  White.  | 
Mr.  Bryant  .says  that  "  it  was  much  admired  for  its  pathos,  and  the  young 
men  of  the  neighboring  county  committed  passages  of  it  to  memory." 

At  the  time  of  Mr.  Allen's  settlement  in  Pittsfield  the  storm  of  the 
Revolution  was  gathering,  and  men  were  anxiously  weighing  the  great 
questions  at  issue  that  they  might  determine  correctly  what  course  of  action 
to  pursue.  Western  Massachusetts  intensely  sympathized  in  the  bitter 
contests  and  divisions  that  were  constantly  arising,  and  gradually  party 
Knes  were  distinctly  drawn.  In  Pittsfield  and  immediate  vicinity  there 
was  a  class  of  wealthy  and  influential  citizens  whose  inclinations  were  to- 
ward  the  crown,  and  to  whom  resistance  to  royalty  was  a  thing  to  be 
thought  of  only  to  be  repudiated.     They  were  the  conservative  element, 

♦  Sprag^e's  Annals,  Vol.  I.  p.  6D7. 
t  New  York  Evening  Post,  April  5, 1856. 

I  Delivered  April  22,  1798.  Mrs.  White  died  in  London,  England,  February  2, 1798, 
at  the  age  of  twenty-three. 


482  Bw.  Thamoi  AUm.  [Oet 

which  iD  all  generations  serves  as  a  ^  bsake  "  upon  the  wheels  of  progress,— 
social,  political,  or  religious.  The  world  might,  and  probably  would,  ran  to 
rain  without  it,  and  yet  it  is  too  often  an  awkward  hindrance  to  improvement 
This  conservatism  of  royalty  —  of  the  loaves  and  fishes  of  colonial  office,  of 
the  small  dignities  of  the  Province  House  in  far-off  Boston,  the  head  and 
front  of  rebellious  ideas  —  was  strong  in  Pittsfield.  There  was  much  trae 
patriotism,  much  honest  loyalty  to  authority,  and  there  was  much  also  of  self- 
ishness. Our  ancestors  were  **  all  honorable  men  "  (as  a  general  truth),  but 
they  possessed,  perhaps,  as  much  of  human  nature  as  their  d^cendants,  and 
it  was  no  small  matter  to  dissipate  the  halo  of  glory  which  in  their  minds 
should  and  did  encircle  the  brow  of  a  king.  *<  There  was  a  considerable 
party  whom  no  provocation  on  the  part  of  the  British  government  could 
repel  from  their  allegiance ;  and  nowhere  did  the  patriotic  spirit  encounter, 
in  this  class,  a  more  bitter,  powerful,  and  subtile  enemy  than  in  Pittsfield. 
The  influence  of  age,  wealth,  and  official  position  was  nearly  united  here 
against  all  the  measures,  except,  perhaps,  very  humble  remonstrance, 
with  which  the  usurpations  of  the  mother  country  were  met*** 

To  establish  the  people  in  the  fundamental  principles  of  conatitutional 
liberty,  and  to  lead  them  on  to  the  point  of  positive  action  in  the  defence  of 
their  rights  against  the  encroachments  of  a  powerful  king,  against  the 
wealth  and  the  influence  of  the  conservators  of  royalty,  was  a  mighty  task, 
but  it  was  valiantly  accomplished,  and  the  results  showed  that  there  were 
no  purer  patriots  than  the  sturdy  yeomanry  of  Berkshire. 

Among  the  first  to  declare  his  principlei^,  and  to  take  an  active  and  lead-- 
ing  part  in  the  questions  then  agitating  the  public  mind,  was  Mr.  Allen. 
He  proved  true  to  his  nonconformist  ancestry,  and  neither  king  nor  state 
church  had  for  him  any  terrors  save  as  they  infringed  upon  civil  and  re- 
ligious freedom.  The  historian  says,  that  an  innate  hatred  of  oppression 
and  injustice,  a  zealous  devotion  to  any  cause  to  which  his  sense  of  right 
attached  him,  a  personal  character  which  carried  weight  with  the  people, 
and  a  happy  faculty  for  enforcing  opinions  both  with  the  tongue  and  the  ' 
pen,  completed  tlie  qualities  which  eminently  fitted  him  to  be  a  leader  in 
times  of  revolution.  His  ardent  patriotism,  whi(^  was  inseparable  from 
his  religion,  made  him  a  good  hater  of  the  foes  ofhis  country,  and  he  made 
the  Revolutionary  War  a  personal  matter  with  the  king;  that  is,  hft  keei| 
eye  saw,  through  all  enactments  and  all  schemes,  the  king  as  the  prime  in- 
stigator of  those  acts  which  the  Colonies  at  last  successfully  resisted.  This  ' 
feeling  toward  King  George  appears  in  his  Diary,  in  an  entry  made  while 
on  a  visit  to  London  a  few  years  after  the  close  of  the  war.  It  seems  that 
he  saw  the  king  as  he  passed  from  St  James's  Palace  to  the  Parliament 
House  in  a  coach  drawn  by  six  cream-colored  horses.  Referring  to  this, 
his  Diary  says ;  — 

*  History  of  Pittsfield,  p.  172. 


1869.]  Bev.  Thomas  Alien.  488 

^'This  18  be  who  desolated  my  country,  who  ravaged  the  American  couts, 
annihilated  our  trade,  burned  our  towns,  plundered  our  cities,  sent  forth  hii 
Indian  allies  to  scalp  our  wives  and  children,  starved  our  youth  in  his  prison- 
ships,  and  caused  the  expenditure  of  a  hundred  millions  of  money,  and  a  hun- 
dred thousand  of  precious  lives.  Instead  of  his  being  the  father  of  his  people,  he 
has  been  their  destroyer.  May  God  forgive  him  so  great  guilt  I  And  yet  he  is 
the  idol  of  the  people,  who  think  they  cannot  live  without  him." 

It  is  impossible  in  the  space  allotted  to  this  article  to  enter  into  the  de* 
tails  of  Mr.  Allen's  patriotic  labors,  for  be  was  prominent  in  so  many  ways  — 
in  private  and  in  public,  in  the  pulpit,  in  citizens'  meetings,  and  in  the 
army —  that  a  full  record  of  his  life  in  these  respects  would  require  a  history 
of  the  part  borne  in  the  Revolution  by  Berkshire,  and  more  especially  by  bis 
own  town  of  Pittsfield.  The  records  of  '^  town-meetings "  show  that  he 
was  foremost  among  the  patriots,  and  directed  rather  than  followed  public 
sentiment.  His  name  appears  on  the  important  committees,  and  he  was 
relied  upon  to  draft  weighty  documents.  But  that  he  met  with  opposition 
in  his  patriotic  labors  from  the  "conservative,"  or,  as  it 'then  was,  the 
••Tory"  element,  is  apparent  from  a  paper  '* chance-preserved  in  the 
archives."      In  this  it  appears  that  a  few  of  the  loyalists 

••  exhibited  charges  against  the  Rev.  Thomas  Allen,  thereby  endeavoring  to  in- 
jure his  reputation,  in  respect  to  what  he  said  and  did  in  a  late  town-meeting,  in 
defence  of  the  rights  and  liberties  of  the  people ;  wherein  they  charge  the  said 
Thomas  with  rebellion,  treason,  and  sedition,  and  cast  many  other  infamous  asper- 
sions, tending  to  endanger  not  only  the  reputation,  but  the  life  of  the  said 
Thomas." 

The  town  indignantly  repudiated  these  charges  in  the  following  strongly 
worded  vote :  — 

<«  Votedy  That  all  the  foregoing  chaises  are  groundless,  false,  and  scandalous ;  and 
that  the  said  Thomas  is  justifiable  in  all  things  wherein  he  hath  been  charged 
with  the  crimes  aforesaid ;  and  that  he  hath  merited  the  thanks  of  this  town  in 
everything  wherein  he  hath  undertaken  to  defend  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the 
people  in  this  Province,  and  particularly  in  his  observations  and  animadversion^ 
on  the  Worcester  covenant." 

The  town  still  further  sustained  Mr.  Allen's  unceasing  labors  for  the 
liberties  of  his  town  and  country.  Through  its  clerk,* Israel  Dickinson  it 
addressed  a  note  to  Rev.  Mr.  Collins,  the  loyalist  minister  of  Lanesborough, 
stating  that  having  heard  that  he  had  "censured  and  disapproved  their 
reverjsnd  pastor,  Mr.  Allen,  in  regard  to  his  conduct  in  some  public  mat- 
ters of  late,"  they  requested  him  "  to  desist  from  that  sort  of  comment  in 
the  future."  Mr.  Collins  was  as  zealous  a  loyalist  as  Mr.  Allen  was  a 
patriot,  and  replied  to  the  town's  request  with  spirit,  announcing  his  deter- 
mination to  express  his  opinions,  and  stating  ^  that  it  would  be  well  for 


484  Bev.  Thcmas  Alien.  [Oct 

gospel  ministers,  in  their  public  discourses,  to  avoid  entering  very  fiu*  into  a 
consideration  of  state  policj.'*  Tliere  are  those  in  these  latter  days  who  agree 
with  Mr.  Collins's  views,  and  who  then  would  have  been  loyalists. 

Such  action  on  the  p*)rt  of  the  town  is  ample  evidence  of  the  esteem  in 
which  Mr.  Allen  was  held  by  his  fellow-citizens,  and  shows,  incidentally, 
that  he  must  have  exerted  a  wide  influence.  Through  these  years  of 
trouble  he  maintained  an  extensive  official  correspondence  with  numerous 
town  committees  and  prominent  patriots,  and  'made  addresses  in  public 
gatherings  in  different  places. 

Mr.  Allen  was  a  man  of  deeds  as  well  as  words,  he  acted  what  he  taught, 
and  therefore  it  is  not  surprising  to  find  him  serving  twice  as  chaplain  in 
the  army,  once  at  White  Plains  (1776)  with  General  Lincoln,  and  again 
at  Ticouderoga  in  June  and  July,  1777,  and  also  serving  as  a  volunteer 
with  musket  in  hand.  He  collected  money  and  clothing  for  the  poorly  clad 
and  poorly  paid  soldiers,  and,  as  the  historian  of  Pittsfield  well  says,  '^  ap- 
pears to  have  managed  what  answered  for  a  Christian  and  Sanitary  Com- 
mission." 

His  Diary,*  kept  while  at  Ticonderoga,  throws  much  light  upon  the  cam- 
paign of  that  memorable  summer.  A  few  hours  before  Ticonderoga  was 
evacuated  by  the  Continental  troops,  and  when,  with  the  enemy  in  full 
sight,  a  battle  or  siege  was  imminent,  Mr.  Allen  addressed  the  soldiers, 
and  a  portion  of  his  patriotic,  devout  words  is  well  worth  quoting  as 
showing  the  spirit  of  the  man  and  the  times. 

"  Valiant  Soldiers,  —  Yonder  are  the  enemies  of  your  country,  who  have 
come  to  lay  waste  and  destroy,  and  spread  havoc  and  devastation  through  this 
pleasant  land.  They  are  mercenaries,  hired  to  do  the  work  of  death,  and  have 
no  motives  to  animate  them  in  their  undertaking.  You  have  every  consideration 
to  induce  you  to  play  the  men,  and  act  the  part  of  valiant  soldiers.  Your  coun- 
try looks  up  to  you  for  its  defence ;  you  are  contending  for  your  wives,  whether 
you  or  they  shall  enjoy  them ;  you  are  contending  for  your  children,  whether 
they  shall  be  yours  or  theirs ;  for  your  houses  and  lands,  for  your  flocks  and  herds, 
^or  your  freedom,  for  future  generations,  for  everything  that  is  great  and  noble, 
and  on  account  of  which  only  life  is  of  any  worth.  You  must,  you  will,  abide 
the  day  of  trial.  You  cannot  give  back  whilst  animated  by  these  considera- 
tions. 

"  Suffer  me,  therefore,  on  this  occasion,  to  recommend  to  you,  without  delay  to 
break  off  your  sins  by  righteousness,  and  your  iniquities  by  turning  to  the  Lord. 
Turn  ye,  turn  ye,  ungodly  sinners  ;  for  why  will  ye  die  ?  Repent,  lest  the  Lord 
come  and  smite  with  a  curse.  Our  camp  is  filled  with  blasphemy,  and  respunds 
with  the  language  of  the  infernal  regions.  O  that  officers  and  soldiers  might  fear 
to  take  the  holy  and  tremendous  name  of  God  in  vain  !  O  that  you  would  now 
return  to  the  Lord,  lest  destruction  come  upon  you,  lest  vengeance  overtake  you  I 

*  Published  in  thi  Uartford  Conrant,  September  1, 1777. 


1869.]  Bev.  Thomas  Atten.  485 

■ 

'  O  that  jou  were  wise,  that  jou  understood  thus,  that  jou  would  consider  your 

latter  end  1 

•  •  •  •  • 

'*  Valiant  soldiers,  should  our  enemies  attack  us,  I  exhort  and  conjure  yon  to 
pbty  the  men.  Let  no  dangers  appear  too  great,  let  no  suffering  appear  too 
seTcre,  for  you  to  encounter  for  your  bleeding  country.  Of  God's  grace  assisting 
me,  I  am 'determined  to  fight  and  die  by  your  side,  rather  than  flee  before  our 
enemies,  or  resign  myself  up  to  them.  Prefer  death  to  captiyity ;  ever  remember 
your  unhappy  brethren  made  prisoners  at  Fort  Washington,  whose  blood  now 
cries  to  Heaven  for  vengeance,  and  shakes  the  pillars  of  the  world,  saying,  *  How 
long,  O  Ix>rd,  holy  and  true,  dost  thou  not  avenge  our  blood  on  them  that  dwell 
npon  the  earth  ? '  Bather  than  quit  this  ground  with  infamy  and  disgrace,  I 
should  prefer  leaving  this  body  of  mine  a  corpse  on  this  spot. 

'^  I  must  finally  recommend  to  you,  and  ui^  it  upon  you  again  and  again,  in 
time  of  action  to  keep  silence ;  let  all  be  hush  and  calm,  serene  and  tranquil,  that 
the  word  of  command  may  be  distinctly  heard  and  resolutely  obeyed.  And  may 
the  God  of  Heaven  take  us  all  under  his  protection,  and  cover  our  heads  in  the 
day  of  battle,  and  grant  unto  us  his  salvation !  **  * 

Contrary  to  the  expectation  of  all  save  the  commanding  officers,  the  fort 
was  quickly  abandoned,  as  it  was  found  to  be  within  artillery  range  of  the 
high  mountain  near  by.  Mr.  Allen  adds  a  not.e  in  these  words  to  an  ab- 
stract of  bis  address  contained  in  bis  Diary.    He  says : — 

''In  about  five  hours  afterwards  the  garrison  was  evacuated,  and  our  vast 
army  fleeing  before  their  enemies  with  the  utmost  precipitation  and  irregularity, 
leaving  behind,  for  the  use  of  the  enemy,  an  immense  quantity  of  baggage,  ar- 
tillery, ammunition,  provisions,  and  every  warlike  necessary.  How  are  the 
mighty  fallen,  and  the  weapons  of  war  perished ! " 

The  approach  of  General  Burgoyne  with  a  powerful  army  sent  terror 
through  Southern  Vermont  and  Western  Massachusetts.  General  Stark 
had  been  sent  to  check  bis  advance,  and  when  the  Indian  scouts  pushed 
directly  for  Bennington,  he  sent  messengers  in  all  directions  to  rouse  the 
people.  When,  the  alarm  reached  Pittsfield  the  citizens  assembled  at  the 
meeting-house,  —  always  in  olden  times  the  rally ing-place  for  liberty,  —  and 
there  Mr.  Allen,  with  Ticonderoga  experiences  fresh  in  mind,  made  a  stir- 
ring, eloquent  address,  which  was  vividly  remembered  for  many  years  af- 
terward. Volunteers  rapidly  enrolled  themselves  and  started  hastily  for 
the  scene  of  action,  Mr.  Allen  among  the  rest,  riding  in  ^^  the  old  sulky, 
the  wonted  companion  of  his  pastoral  visits,  going  to  war  in  his  chariot 
like  the  heroes  of  classic  and  scriptural  story."  f  As  the  citizens  bad  been 
frequently  deceived  by  false  alarms,  they  were  impatient  of  any  delay  in 
meeting  the  enemy,  and  Mr.  Allen  himself  was  restive  under  the  necessary 
precautions  for  safety  and  successful  movements.  An  anecdote  related  of 
him  will  illustrate  this  point    '*  At  one  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  August 

•  History  of  Pittsfield,  pp.  284, 285.  j  t  Ibid.,  p.  295. 


• 


486  Bev.  Thonuu  Allen.  [Oct 

• 
16th  the  camp  was  aroused  hy  the  arrival  of  the  Berkshire  volanteeny 
those  from  Pittsfield  being  commanded  by  their  pastor,  Reverend  Thomas 
Allen.  (The  ^  sulky/  doubtless,  was  left  far  behind  I )  This  worthy,  patriotic 
and  exemplary  descendant  of  one  of  CromwelFs  Ironsides  proceeded  at 
once  to  the  GeneraFs  quarters,  a  log-house,  and  addressed  him,  in  substance, 
as  follows :  '  The  people  of  Berkshire  have  often  turned  out  to  £ght  the 
enemy,  but  have  not  been  permitted  to  do  so.  We  have  resolved  that  if 
you  do  not  let  us  fight  now,  never  to  come  again.'  ^  Would  you  go  now,' 
observed  the  General,  ^  in  this  dark  and  rainy  night  ?  No ;  go  to  your 
people  ;  tell  them  to  rest  if  they  can ;  and  if  Grod  sends  us  sunshine  to-mor- 
row, and  I  do  not  give  you  fighting  enough,  I  will  never  call  upon  you  to 
come  again.' "  ♦ 

Sunshine  at  last  came,  and  with  it  the  fighting.  It  is  related  that  the  Berk* 
shire  men  would  not  ''break  camp  "  until  their  pastor,  their  leader  in  war 
and  peace,  in  temporal  and  spiritual  things,  had  prayed  to  God  to  ^  teach  their 
hands  to  war  and  their  fingers  to  fight,"  and  it  may  easily  be  imagined  thai 
he  prayed  with  all  the  fervid  earnestness  for  which  he  was  so  remarkable. 
The  prayer  inspirited  the  men,  and  there  were  many  of  its  devout  hearers 
who  attributed  to  its  efficiency  the  glorious  success  of  the  battle.  Says  the 
excellent  history  of  which  duch  free  use  is  made  in  this  article :  — 

"  As  the  regflnent  to  which  he  was  attached  approached  the  Tory  outworks  in 
its  countermarching,  Mr.  Allen,  who  knew  that  some  of  his  old  neighbors  musk  be 
there,  was  moved  by  a  sense  of  duty  which  he  could  not  resist,  althoi^h  conscious 
of  the  extreme  danger,  to  go  still  nearer,  and,  standing  in  full  view  upon  a  fidlen 
tree,  to  conjure  them  to  come  out  'from  the  enemies  of  their  country,  and  save 
the  effusion  of  blood,  while  he  warned  them  of  the  consequences  of  persisting  in 
their  hostility. 

"  The  answer  was  what  might  have  been  expected.  *  There's  Parson  Allen : 
let 's  pop  him ! '  exclaimed  some  one  who  perhaps  still  smarted  from  the  lash  of 
the  minister's  plain  preaching;  and,  although  a  few  were  of  a  more  merciful 
mpod,  a  shower  of  bullets  whbtled  around  him,  riddling  the  tree  on  which  he 
stood,  but  sparing  his  person,  —  a  piece  of  good  luck  which  he  owed  more  to  the 
nervous  markmanship  of  the  musketeers  than  to  their  merciful  compunctiona. 
The  undaunted  parson,  having  satisfied  his  conscience,  and  no  doubt  feeling  that 
the  blood  of  the  traitors  would  now  be  upon  their  own  heads,  turned  codly  to  his 
brother,  Lieutenant  Joseph  Allen,  who  had  followed  him  under  cover  or  the  tree, 
and  said, '  Now  give  me  a  musket ;  you  load,  and  I  '11  fire ! '  And  fire  he  did,  — 
the  first  gun  in  that  glorious  fray,  —  it  must  be  confessed,  a  little  in  advance 
of  orders." 

The  same  account  is  given,  with  slight  variation,  by  a  son  of  Mr.  Allen.f 
Once  when  asked  whether  he  actually  killed  any  man  at  Bennington,  he 

♦  Memoir  of  General  John  Stark,  p.  58.    Sparks's  Biographies,  Vol.  I.  p.  97. 
t  An  Account  of  the  Separation  in  the  Church  and  Town  of  Fittsfield,  p.  69. 


1869.]  Bev.  Thomas  AUen.  48T 

replied  that  he  did  not  know  s^but  observing  a  flash  often  repeated  from  a 
certain  bash,  and  that  it  was  generally  followed  bj  the  fall  of  one  of  Stark'a 
men,  he  fired  that  way  and  put  the  fiash  out !  The  inference  is  that  the 
flash  and  the  man  were  ''  put  out "  at  the  same  time ! 

Mr.  Allen  wrote  an  account  of  the  battle,*  and  near  the  close  piously 
observes :  — 

"  This  action,  which  redonnds  so  much  to  the  glory  of  the  great  Lord  of  the 
heavens  and  God  of  armies,  affords  the  Americans  a  lasting  monument  of  the  di- 
vine power  and  goodness,  and  a  most  powerful  argument  of  love  to  and  trust  in 
God.  May  all  be  concerned  to  give  God  the  glory,  whilst  we  commend  the  good 
conduct  of  the  officers  and  soldiers  in  general  on  so  important  an  occasion." 

During  the  years  1776-1780  Mr.  Allen  was  ceaseless  in  his  efforts  for  a 
Bill  of  Rights  and  a  Constitution  for  the  State,  and  so  zealous  was  he  that 
he  visited  every  town  in  the  county  and  urged  his  views  in  speeches,  ser- 
mons, resolutions,  conversations,  letters,  and  in  every  way  in  which  he 
could  reach  the  minds  of  the  people.  His  success  was  remarkable,  and  town 
and  county  conventions  followed  his  directions  as  if  he  had  real  authority 
over  them.  He  is  said  to  have  been  logical,  vehement,  and  ^  not  unskilled 
in  the  subtler  arts  of  oratory,"  and  "  a  single  address  by  him  was  sometimes 
sufficient  to  revolutionize  the  entire  sentiment  of  a  town  against  the  wishes 
of  its  own  most  prominent  citizens."  ^ 

His  patriotism  faltered  not  through  the  long  years  of  the  Revolution, 
and  when  peace  at  last  came  in  1788  there  was  a  great  celebration  in 
Pittsfield,  and  he  preached  a  Thanksgiving  discourse  ''  glowing  with  fer- 
vent gratitude  to  the  God  of  nations,  and  not  failing  to  inculcate  the  great 
principles  by  which  he  believed  the  republic  ought  to  be  governed." 
There  was  a  great  feast,  with  huge  tubs  of  punch,  an  abundance  of  wine 
and  cider,  and  all  the  people  rejoiced  in  **  liberty  under  law." 

After  the  close  of  the  war,  and  through  all  the  anxious  and  troubled 
years*  when  constitutional  order  was  emerging  from  the  political  chaos, 
when  party  spirit  ran  high,  and'  severe  words  were  uttered  by  men  of 
opposing  opinions,  Mr.  Allen  kept  up  his  interest  in  state  and  national 
affairs  as  a  religious  duty,  for  he  thought  he  found  the  doctrines  of  the 
Puritans  so  intimately  interwoven  with  the  articles  of  his  political  creed 
that  he  could  not  separate  them ;  and  thus,  the  desire  for  the  purest  pos- 
sible form  of  government  became  with  him  a  dominant  passion.  As  the 
result  of  his  reading  and  observation,  he  at  last  adopted  the  views  of  the 
Jeffersonian  school  as  more  nearly  meeting  his  own  than  those  of  the  other 
party,  and  he  became  one  of  the  very  few  democratic  clergymen  of  the 
times.  He  was  thoroughly  sincere  in  the  belief  that  in  Mr.  Jefferson's 
opinions  he  found  the  legitimate  democratic  development  of  republican 

*  Comiecticat  Ck)anint,  August  25,  1777. 


488  Eev.  Thomas  Allen.  [Oet. 

principles.*  After  a  detailed  accomit  of  ]|^  active  exertions  in  pablic 
matters,  the  historian  says:  ^Such  were  the  characteristics  and  views 
which  made  the  Pittsfield  minister  the  founder  and  leader  of  that  partj  in 
Berkshire  which,  to  the  end,  successfully  resisted  the  restoration  in  that 
county  of  civil  government  under  the  strange  device  which  the  Continental 
Congress  had  evolved  from  the  Provincial  charter.*'  It  would  be  difficalt 
to  over-estimate  Mr.  Allen's  influence  in  political  affairs ;  he  was  a  power 
felt  and  acknowledged  by  all,  even  by  his  strongest  opponents. 

In  the  memorable  Shays  Rebellion,  which  extended  into  Berkshire 
County,  Mr.  Allen  supported  the  authority  of  the  State  with  all  his  vigorous 
powers,  and  so  active  was  he  that  he  became  a  special  object  of  hatred  to 
the  rebels,  and  was  compelled  to  keep  firearms  in  his  bedroom  for  his 
personal  safety.  His  sermons  at  this  time  were  very  severe  upon  the  sin 
of  rebellion,  and  they  made  him  many  lifelong  enemies. 

As  might  be  expected,  his  deep  and  active  interest  in  ^  politics  **  caosed 
dissension  in  the  town,  and  the  old  ''  Tory  "  interest,  in  all  its  modifications 
and  phases,  was  arrayed  against  him ;  but  he  minded  it  not,  and,  fully  con- 
vinced of  his  integrity  of  purpose,  and  recognizing  his  love  of  country,  of 
free  institutions,  as  component  parts  of  his  religion,  he  never  ceased  to 
avow  his  principles  both  in  and  out  of  the  pulpit.  In  process  of  time  a 
division  of  tnl  parish  or  town,  in  religious  worship,  became  inevitable,  and 
among  the  causes  brought  up  at  a  town-meeting  in  1788  was  ^  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Alien*s  having  in  times  past,  in  his  ofllcial  character,  repeatedly  in- 
terested himself  in  the  political  affairs  of  the  country,  and  publicly  inter- 
posed therein  in  an  undue  and  improper  manner."  Thus  it  seems  that  he 
was  one  of  the  great  army  of  ministerial  martyrs  who  have  suffered  in  the 
same  condemnation.  Some  pecuniary  matters  also  added  to  the  troubles 
which  it  is  needless  to  describe  here,  any  further  than  to  say  that  in  Mr. 
Allen's  zeal  for  his  country  he  loaned  the  government  $  2,500,  to  obtain 
the  means  for  which,  and  for  necessary  family  expenses,  he  alienated* more 
than  half  the  valuable  home  lot  which  had  fallen  to  him  as  first  minister  of 
the  town.    At  one  time  he  even  sold  his  watch,  that  he  might  turn  the  pro- 

*  Mr.  Allen  was  one  of  the  most  devoted  of  Mr.  Jeflferion's  admirers.  He  regarded  him 
as  the  champion  of  civil  liberty,  whose  cause,  now,  as  in  Kevolntionarj  times,  he  considered 
to  be  identical  with  that  of  Protestant  Christianity.  Federalism  he  held  to  be  the  arch-ene- 
my of  the  one,  and  consequently  of  the  other,  of  these  chief  objects  of  his  devotion ;  and  to 
do  battle  valiantly  against  this  foe  of  human  rights  he  thought  the  first  of  duties  to  both 
God  and  man.  Bold  attacks  upon  this  political  monster,  witli  him,  covered  a  multitude 
of  sins,  leading  him  to  condone  the  avowed  Deism  of  Thomas  Paine,  as  well  as  to  in- 
dignantly deny  the  alleged  infidelity  of  Thomas  Jefferson. .  These  views  Mr.  Allen  took 
with  him  into  the  pulpit,  where  they  often  betrayed  themselves  unmistakably.  (From 
Chap.  VII.  (in  MS.)  of  "History  of  First  Congregational  Parish  in  Pittsfield,"  to  b* 
printed  the  coming  year.) 


1869.]  Bev.  Thomas  Alien.  489 

ceeds  into  a  contineDtal  ^certificate  of  iDdebtedness.**  Various  complications 
arose,  but  Mr.  Allen  came  out  of  the  difficulties  honorably,  there  was  a 
formal  reconciliation,  and  church  matters  passed  along  quietly  once  more. 

During  the  presidency  of  Thomas  Jefferson  party  spirit  rent  the  church, 
and  a  number  withdrew,  and  were  incorporated  by  the  legislature  into  a 
separate  parish  in  1808,  *'  thus  presenting  to  the  world  the  ridiculous  spec- 
tacle of  a  church  divided  on  party  politics,  and  known  by  the  party  names 
of  the  day."  *  It  is  doubtless  true  that  Mr.  Allen  was  oftentimes  very 
severe  in  his  pulpit  denunciations  of  the  political  party  to  which  he  was  so 
earnestly  opposed,  but  he  was  not  more  so  than  many  other  clergymen,  and 
it  is  not  strange  that  dissensions  arose  which  were  not  heale^ill  aflter  his 

death.t  ■ 

As  years  passed  on,  Mr.  Allen's  health  gradually  failed,  but  he  sustained 
himself  against  many  bodily  infirmities,  and  remitted  nothing  of  his  labors 
so  long  as  mental  or  physical  activity  were  possible.  He  shrank  from  no 
hardship,  and  his  strong  affection  led  him  to  do  many  things  which,  in  the 
light  of  biography,  reflect  great  credit  on  his  character.  Thus,  afler  the 
death  of  his  brother,  Moses  Allen,  in  1779,  he  made  a  journey  on  horseback 
to  Savannah,  out  of  regard  to  the  welfare  of  his  sister-in-law  and  her  child^ 
whom,  while  the  war  was  raging,  he  gave  a  place  of  refuge  in  his  own 
house.  In  1779  he  went  to  England  to  bring  home  a  ghtndchild,  for 
whose  welfare  he  felt  great  solicitude.  While  there  he  made  the  acquaint- 
ance of  prominent  evangelical  clergymen,  —  of  Newton,  Rowland  Hill, 
and  others, —  fros^  whom  he  caught  a  zeal  for  the  missionary  work,  then  in 
embryo,  which  he  manifested  till  the  close  of  life. 

In  May,  1808,  he  visited  Boston,  and  although  in  feeble  health,  he 
preached  a  strong  election  sermon.^     He  had  taken  a  great  interest  in  the 

*  History  of  Berkshire. 

t  It  would  neither  be  pleasant  nor  profitable  to  discuss,  or  even  briefly  touch  upon  the 
nnfortunate  church  troubles  in  the  later  years  of  Mr.  Allen's  ministry.  They  do  not 
affect  the  main  drift  of  this  sketch.  In  the  forthcoming  History  of  the  First  Congre- 
gational Parish  Church  of  Pittsfield,  by  J.  E.  A.  Smith  (author  of  the  admirable  His- 
tory of  Pittsfleld),  manuscript  chapters  of  which  have  been  kindly  submitted  for  my 
perusal,  these  topics  are  fully,  and  apparently  impartially,  set  forth,  and  it  would  be 
violating  good  taste  to  attempt  wMit  would  be  at  best  an  imperfect  abstract  of  a  docu- 
ment which,  when  published,  will  hare  much  historic  value.  Mr.  Smith  presents  all 
mdet  of  the  unfortunate  troubles  with  great  clearness,  and  with  an  evident  desire  for 
strict  candor.  There  is  not  space,  neither  is  this  the  place,  to  narrate  parish  difficul- 
ties ;  Mr.  Allen's  public  life  is  all  that  interests  the  readers  of  the  Quarterly.  The  dis- 
cuflsion  properly  and  inevitably  appears  in  The  History  of  Pittsficld,  and  of  the  Parish, 
as  above  mentioned.  The  conclusion  which  the  author  reaches  is  undoiAtedly  correct. 
"  However  much,  then,  we  may  regret  and  condemn  the  unholy  discords  which  resulted 
in  the  division  of  the  Congregation  alists  of  Pittsfield  into  two  parishes,  that  separation 
was  in  itself  wise  and  almost  indispensable." 

t  A  sermon  preached  before  His  Excellency  James  Sullivan,  Esq.,  GoTcmor ;  His 
Honor,  Levi  Lincoln,  Esq.,  Lientenant-Govemor,  &c.,  &c.,  May  25, 1808. 


490  Jtev.  Thomas  AUen.  [Oct. 

election,  and  as  tHe  Jefferson  democracy  had  triumphed,  he  tindoabtedly 
took  great  pleasure  in  this  public  service.  A  single  paragraph  from  this 
sermon  will  show  the  drifl  of  Mr.  Allen's  argument :  — 

^  Pious  rulers  will  be  opposed  to  state  establishments  of  religion,  and  to  the  im- 
positions of  creeds.  They  will  leave  religion  where  Christ  and  hn  Apostles  left 
it,  to  be  proparrated  by  the  force  of  argument  and  persuasion,  and  not  by  the 
authority  of  civil  government.  They  will  not  assail  the  liberty  of  these  indepen- 
dent churches." 

Mr.  Allen  made  another  visit  to  Boston  in  the  winter  of  1808-  9,  for  the 
benefit  of  the  sea  air,  and  while  there,  although  very  much  debilitated,  he 
wrote  a  paiiphlet,  entitled :  '^  The  Historical  Sketch  of  the  County  of 
Berkshii*e  and  Town  of  Pittsfield.  Although  it  shows  some  evidence  of 
waning  powers,  it  is  a  valuable  contribution  to  our  local  history.  He  re- 
turned to  Pittsfield  in  midsummer,  1809,  and  resumed  to  some  extent  bis 
ministerial  labors,  but  only  for  a  brief  season.     His  son  writes:-— 

'*  For  several  months  he  was  unable  to  preach.  He  was  fully  aware'  of  his 
approaching  dissolution,  and  the  prospects  of  eternity  brightened  as  he  drew  near 

the  close  of  life When  one  of  his  children,  a  day  or  two  before  his  deaths 

pressed  him  to  take  some  nourishment,  or  it  would  be  impossible  for  him  to  live, 
he  replied,   *  Live  ?    I  am  goiDg  to  live  forever  1  "*  - 

An  entry  in  the  church  records  reads  thus :  — 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Allen, 

The  First  Pastor  of  this  Church,       *• 

Who  was  ordained   April   18,   1764, 

Died  in  the  Peace,  Hope,  and  Triumph  of  the  Christian, 

At  2  o'clock,  in  the  morning  of  the  Lord's  Day, 

February   11th,    1810, 

Aged  67  years. 

Nine  years  afterward  the  town  voted  to  erect  a  monument  to  his 
memory,  and  it  is  pleasant  to  read  the  record :  — 

"  With  respect  to  the  propriety  of  public  acts  designed  in  commemoration  of 
public  benefactors  your  committee  are  perfectly  satisfied,  in  consequence  of  the 
beneficial  efiects  they  are  calculated  to  produce  tf^on  society. 

"  In  the  character  of  our  late  beloved  pastor,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Allen,  we  dis- 
cover that  strong  attachment  to  the  principles  of  our  fi*ee  government,  that  love 
of  country,  that  benevolence,  that  charity,  that  zeal  for  the  temporal  and  eternal 
welfiire  of  his  fellow-men,  which  are  the  true  characteristics  of  the  Patriot,  the 
Philanthropiflf  and  the  Christian,  and  which  eminently  entitle  him  to  some  com- 
memorative  act  of  the  citizens  of  this  town." 

No  better  words  are  needed  with  which  to  close  this  sketch. 


1869.]  Judicial  Power  of  Councils.  491 


JUDICIAL  POWER  OF   COUNCILS. 

Ik  attempting  to  treat  of  ecclesiastical  councils  in  a  legal  point  of  view, 
the  examffiation  will  be  limiteii  to  the  inquiry  how  far  they  are  recognized 
bj  the  courts  of  law,  and  to  what  extent  their  action  will  be  enforced  or 
sustained  by  these  courts.  Though  the  subject  may  have  lost  much  of  the 
interest  and  importance  it  once  had,  in  the  changes  through  which  the 
churches  and  religious  societies  have  been  passing,  with  the  changing  habits 
of  the  people  in  the  manner  of  regulating  and  sustaining  the  relation  of 
ministers  and  pastors  to  their  societies  and  churches,  it  still  may  be,  and 
often  is,  necessary  to  be  able  to  define  what  the  powers  and  duties  of 
such  councils  are.  Nor  will  it  be  found,  altogether,  an  easy  task  to  do  thisi 
intelligibly,  and  with  proper  qualifications  and  limitations.  It  was  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Supreme  Court  in  a  somewhat  recent  case,  when  speaking  of 
this  matter,  that,  ^*  It  is  not  easy  accurately  to  define  their  powers,  or  to 
ascertain  the  precise  force  and  effect  of  their  adjudications."  (21  Pick. 
124.) 

One  mode  of  attempting  this  would  be  to  embody  the  decisions  which 
the  courts  have,  from  time  to  time,  had  occasion  to  pronounce,  and  leave 
the  reader  to  apply  them,  without  any  further  explanation.  But  it  would 
often  be  found  that  to  understand  the  grounds  and  reasons  of  these  de- 
cisions, and  to  draw  from  them  rules  of  practical  application,  it  is  necessary 
to  understand  somewhat  of  the  history  of  the  organization  of  the  Congre- 
gational churches  of  Massachusetts,  and  the  principles  upon  which  Chris- 
tian ordinances  and  a  Christian  ministry  were  originally  instituted  and 
maintained  here.  Before  entering  upon  this  work,  it  may  be  well  to 
state,  that  the  law  courts  know  nothing  of  dogmas  of  religious  belief. 
They  have  no  test  or  standard  by  which  to  discriminate  between  orthodoxy 
and  heresy.  If  a  man,  settled  as  a  Calvinist,  sees  fit  to  renounce  the 
Trinity,  and  preach  anti-Trinitarianism  to  his  parish,  and  they  see  fit  to 
bring  the  matter  before  one  of  these  courts,  the  judge  might  and  probably 
would  say  to  them  they  were  absolved  from  any  further  obligation  to  pay 
him  a  salary.  Not  because  he  thinks  Calvinism  right  and  Uuitarianism 
wrong,  but  because  they  never  hired  or  agreed  to  pay  for  such  preach- 
ing as  he  insists  upon  supplying.  '<  If,"  say  the  court,  '<  questions  of  dog- 
matical theology  were  within  the  jurisdiction  of  this  court,  we  should  be 
at  a  loss  to  find  legal  principles  on  which  to  decide  them ;  we  disclaim 
all  jurisdiction  of  that  kind."  (9  Mass.  Rep.  290 ;  38  N.  H.  Rep.  5,  10.) 
Another  preliminary  consideration  to  be  kept  in  mind  is,  that  a  church  is 
not  a  corporate  body,  nor  clothed  with  the  power  of  holding  or  managing 

NEW  SERIES.  — TOL.  I.  NO.  4.  34 


492  Judicial  Power  of  CouncUa.  [Oct. 

property,  or  entering  into  contracts,  whereby  it  can  bind  itself  as  a  col- 
lective body  politic.  It  acts  in  these  respects,  if  at  all,  either  through  its 
officers,  its  deacons,  or  the  parish  or  society  with  which  it  is  connected, 
both  of  which  are  clothed  with  corporate  powers  by  force  of  statutes.  (9 
Mass.  R.  297;  16  Mass.  R.  503;  10  Pick.  182,  186,  189.)  ||the  next 
place,  an  ecclesiastical  council,  such  as  is  here  intended,  is  so  rar  distinct 
from  a  synod  or  convocation,  in  the  sense  of  the  English  Episcopal  Church, 
or  a  synod,  as  used  by  the  Presbyterian  churches,  or  even  a  consociation, 
lis  used  by  the  Congregational  churches  of  Connecticut,  that  little  aid  is 
derived  from  either  of  these  in  studying  its  constitution  or  its  functions. 
In  the  sense  as  here  used,  a  council  is  an  ecclesiastical  body  selected 
according  to  the  usages  of  the  Congregational  churches  in  Massachusetts, 
constituted  for  a  specijic  purpose  or  occasion,  and  limited  in  its  jurisdiction 
and  duration  by  these.  Their  judgments  or  ^  results  "  are  in  the  nature 
of  an  advice  rather  than  a  judicial  sentence  or  decree,  and  are  little,  if 
anything,  better  than  a  legal  justification  of  the  party  in  interest  who 
shall  adopt  it.     (9  Mass.  295.) 

We  are  now  prepared,  it  is  hoped,  for  a  rapid  sketch  of  some  of  the 
changes  through  which  the  constitution  of  the  churches  and  ecclesiastical 
councils  have  passed,  under  the  Colony,  Province,  and  State  organizations 
of  the  Commonwealth.  Much  misapprehension  has  been  entertained  upon 
the  subject  of  the  supposed  early  connection  between  the  civil  and  eccle- 
siastical polity  of  Massachusetts.  No  such  union  was  recognized  in  the  « 
colony  charter,  nor  did  it  ever  exist  any  further  than  it  resulted  from  the 
founders  of  the  colony  being  members  of  cliurches  of  the  same  Christian 
denomination,  and  they  framed  laws  which  aimed  at  a  condition  in  the  state 
of  high  moral  purity  and  good  order.  There  was  no  state  church.  What- 
ever churclies  there  were,  were  voluntary  and  independent  associations  of 
men,  whose  only  principle  of  organization  or  bond  of  unity  was  the  mutual 
covenant  into  which  they  entered  with  each  other.  There  was  nothing  like 
a  hierarchy  known  or  recognized  among  them,  nor  was  there  an  established 
priesthood,  except  as  their  ministers  were  ordained  to  have  watch  and 
charge  of  particular  churches  of  which  they  were  themselves  members  in 
covenant  obligation.  Each  church,  we  are  told,  was  competent  in  itself  to  all 
ecclesiastical  offices,  and  there  was  no  instituted  connection  among  them, 
nor  established  method  of  jointer  mutual  action.  (2  Palf.  N.  E.  179; 
Platform,  ch.  II.  §  G  ;  ch.  IX.  §  2,  and  ch.  XV. ;  3  Mass.  R,  180 ;  9  Mass. 
R.  297.) 

There  were,  however,  certain  acts  of  legislation  during  the  period  of 
the  colonial  history  which  some  have  been  disposed  to  construe  into  a  co- 
operation or  union  between  the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  powers  in  the  Colony 
at  variance  with  the  position  above  assumed.    Among  these  was  that  of 


1869.]  Judicial  Power  of  Councils,  498 

1631,  which  required,  "  that,  for  lime  to  come,  no  man  shall  be  admitted  to 
the  freedom  of  this  body  politic  but  such  as  are  members  of  some  of  the 
churches  within  the  limits  of  the  same."  (1  Mass.  Rec.  87.)  It  should 
be  remembered  that  by  the  charter  the  whole  civil  power  lay  practically  in 
the  hands  of  the  freemen.  They  made  the  laws,  chose  the  rulers,  and  ad- 
ministered the  government.  The  men  who  came  over  with  Winthrop  saw 
the  danger  of  admitting  every  one,  indiscriminately,  to  share  in  organizing 
and  conducting  the  affairs  of  the  plantation.  There  was  Morton  holding 
wild  misrule  at  Merry  Mount,  and  Sir  Christopher  Gardiner,  living  in 
great  scandal  in  their  very  midst ;  and  others  were  tempted,  as  in  all  new 
emigrations,  to  seek  here  a  refuge  from  the  law  they  had  broken  at  home. 
The  churches  could  regulate  the  admission  of  their  own  members,  and 
thus  be  able  to  exclude  from  the  ballot-box  such  as  they  deemed  unfit  to  be 
trusted  with  a  share  of  the  civil  power.  It  was  not  to  build  up  or  strengthen 
the  Church,  but  to  maintain  good  order  in  the  State,  that  this  law  was  passed. 
And  we  accordingly  find  that,  in  order  to  prevent  an  evasion  of  the  spirit  of  the 
law  by  men  coming  together  for  that  purpose  and  forming  themselves  into 
a  church  association,  a  law  was  made  in  1635,  that  no  church  should  be  rec- 
ognized as  duly  organized,  unless  they  had  first  notified  the  magistrates  of 
their  intention  to  form  it,  and  no  one,  by  reason  of  being  a  member  thereof, 
should  be  a  freeman  unless  such  church  had  been  formed  with  the  appro- 
bation of  the  magistrates.     (1  Mass.  Rec.  168.) 

This  st^te  of  things  led  to  another  measure  which  seems  at  first  to  bring 
the  State  and  Church  in  pretty  near  relations,  and  that  was  the  framing 
and  adoption  of  a  Platform  of  Church  Discipline,  commonly  known  as  the 
**  Cambridge  Platform."  The  history  of  that  matter  seems  to  be,  in  brief, 
as  follows :  and  the  measure  had  reference  to  the  orderly  conduct  of  the 
affairs  of  the  colony,  rather  than  any  aggrandizement  of  the  churches  in 
their  connection  with  the  civil  power.  If  church-membership  was  to  carry 
with  it  such  important  rights  and  privileges  in  the  matter  of  election  of 
civil  oflicers,  it  became  important  to  have  some  uniform  standard  of  disci- 
pline in  respect  to  those  who  were  to  share  it  in  order  to  prevent  disiiolute 
or  improper  men  from  retaining  their  membership  when  once  admitted. 
Accordingly  in  1634  is  this  entry:  "  This  court  doth  intreat  of  the  elders 
and  brethren  of  every  church  within  this  jurisdiction,  that  they  will  con- 
sult and  advise  of  our  uniform  order  of  discipline  in  the  churches  agreea- 
ble to  the  Scripture,  and  then  to  consider  how  far  the  magistrates  are  bound 
to  interpose  for  the  preservation  of  that  uniformity  and  peace  in  the 
churches."     (1  Mass.  Rec  1 42.) 

This  seems  to  have  been  a  prevailing  thought  in  the  Colony  until  1646, 
when  the  General  Court  took  it  up,  and  made  a  public  declaration  of  their 
desire  that  there  should  be  ''  a  publick  assembly  of  the  elders  and  other 


494  Judicial  Power  of  Councils.  [Oct 

messengers  of  the  several  churches  within  this  jurisdiction,'*  to  agree  ^  upon 
one  form  of  goveriMnent  and  discipline/'  — "  as  that  which  they  judge, 
agreeable  to  the  Holy  Scriptures,"  to  be  sent  to  the  Governor  to  be  pre- 
sented to  the  next  General  CourL     (3  Mass.  Rec.  70  -  73.) 

Such  a  synod,  as  is  here  contemplated,  was  not  a  new  thing,  in  die 
Colony.  One  had  been  held  in  1637.  (1  Mass.  Rec  202.)  This  call 
resulted  in  the  adoption  by  the  synod  of  the  famous  Cambridge  Platform, 
which  was  completed  in  1 648.  There  were,  at  this  time,  thirty-nine  or- 
ganized churches  in  th^  Colony.  The  churches  in  Plymouth,  Connecticut, 
and  New  Haven  were  also  invited  to  send  their  elders  and  messengers  to 
it.  (3  Mass.  Rec.  72.)  Although  the  platform  thus  framed  has,  from  that 
day,  been  referred  to,  and  regarded  as  an  authoritative  exposition  of  the 
system  of  organization  and  discipline  of  the  Congregational  churches  in 
Massachusetts,  it  never  received  anything  more  formal  than  an  approbation 
on  the  part  of  the  General  Court,  and  a  recommendation  of  its  adoption  by 
the  churches  in  the  colony.  (3  Mass.  Rec  236,  240.)  With  all  their 
regai'd  for  the  orthodox  faith  which  they  were  disposed  to  maintain,  there 
$eems  to  have  been  a  striking  forbearance  in  attempting  to  enforce  points 
of  faith  on  matters  of  church  discipline.  Indeed,  one  clause  in  the  ^  Body  of 
Liberties,"  answering  to  the  Colonial  Magna  Charta,  declared  that,  "  Civil 
authority  hath  power  and  liberty  to  see  the  peace,  ordinances  and  rules  of 
Christ  observed  in  every  church  according  to  his  word,  so  it  be  done  in  a 
civil  and  not  in  an  ecclesiastical  way**  It  should,  moreover,  be  borne  in 
mind  that  both  before  and  after  the  adoption  of  the  Cambridge  Platform 
the  term  ^^  Congregational,"  as  applied  to  a  church,  had  reference  to  the 
mode  of  constituting  the  body,  and  the  polity  by  which  it  is  governed  in 
the  selection  of  its  teachers  or  ministers,  and  not  to  the  form  of  its  creed 
or  of  the  Christian  faith  it  professes.     (38  N.  II.  Rep.  520,  533,  548.) 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  consider  what  form  and  effect  was  to  be  given 
to  the  action  of  Church  Councils  under  the  platform,  so  long  as  all  the  free- 
men were  members  of  churches,  and  as  such  were  amenable  to  church  dis- 
cipline and  censures.  But  the  law  requiring  this  was  repealed  in  1662, 
whereby  citizens  other  than  church-members  were  admitted  to  vote.  And, 
inasmuch  as  the  law  required  towns  to  be  provided  with  ministers  whom 
they  were  bound  to  support,  it  opened  to  those  outside  of  the  church  a 
right  to  act  in  the  selection  and  settlement  of  those  ministers.  Still,  how- 
ever, the  usages  hitherto  adopted  continued  to  be  observed  and  are  so  to 
the  present  time,  and  to  the  church  was  committed  the  selection  and  nomi- 
nation to  the  town  or  parish,  of  the  incumbent  of  the  office.  The  act  of 
contracting  with  him  and  consequently  of  approving  him  was  lefl  to  the 
town  or  parish  as  the  proper  corporate  body  competent  to  eqter  into  such 
contracts.     (9  Mass.  207.)     And  to  guard  against  the  consequences  of  ft 


1869.]  Judicial  Potver  of  Councils.  495 

refusal  on  the  part  of  towns  to  accept  and  settle  the  minister  chosen  bj  the 
church,  in  any  case,  it  was  provided  by  a  law  of  1695,  that  if  a  town,  in 
such  case,  denied  their  approbation  by  vote  the  church  might  call  a  council 
"  of  the  elders  and  messengers  of  three  or  five  neighboring  churches," 
and  if  they  approved  of  the  minister  so  chosen,  they  might  settle  him,  and 
thereby  compel  the  town  to  support  him.  (Colony  Laws,  286 ;  2  Dan.  Ab. 
333.)  Under  this  state  of  things,  therefore,  ecclesiastical  councils  might, 
by  law,  exercise  important  functions  having  a  direct  bearing  upon  the  civil 
rights  and  duties  of  the  citizen.     (3  Mass.  180.) 

By  the  Constitution  of  1780,  this  power  in  a  church  to  bind  the  town  in 
respect  to  the  settlement  and  support  of  a  minister  was  abrogated.  (3 
Mass.  180;  16  Mass.  R.  508;  10  Pick.  188.)  And  at  the  same  time 
ecclesiastical  councils  ceased  to  be  recognized,  except  indirectly  in  the  civil 
affairs  of  the  State.  But  it  is  not  true  that  their  action,  under  proper  con- 
ditions and  circumstances,  has  ever  ceased  to  be  recognized  and  respected 
in  its  civil  tribunals.  Churches,  however,  could  no  longer  call  councils  to 
bind  the  action  of  the  parishes,  nor  interpose  to  prevent  their  ministers 
uniting  with  parishes  in  calling  them.  (3  Mass.  180;  9  Mass.  297.)  Too 
many  cases  are  found  in  our  reports,  in  which  the  results  of  councils  in 
their  bearing  upon  the  ci\al  rights  and  duties  of  ministers  and  parishes  are 
considered,  to  have  it  necessary  to  do  more  than  elicit  from  these  how  far 
courts  of  justice  will  give  effect  to  the  decisions  of  ecclesiastical  councils  as 
a  means  of  settling  controversies  between  litigant  parties.  This  is  all  that 
remains  in  carrying  out  the  original  plan  of  the  present  examination. 
Some  of  these  cases  have  become  familiar  by  repetition,  and  in  the  per- 
sistency with  which  some  of  them  were  prosecuted,  there  was  far  more  of 
the  spirit  of  the  litigant  than  that  of  the  meek  and  gentle  Head  of  the 
Church,  in  whose  name  the  parties  professed  to  act. 

The  mode  of  constituting  such  councils  still  remains  unchanged.  They 
consist,  as  of  old,  of  elders  or  ministers  and  messengers  of  churches  regu- 
larly organized  and  instituted.  Ordinarily  these  are  agreed  upon  by  the 
parties  interested,  in  which  case  they  take  the  name  of  Mutual  Councils. 
But  cases  may,  and  do  occasionally,  arise  when  ex  parte  councils,  or  such 
as  are  selected  by  one  of  these  parties,  may  be  competent  to  act,  and  their 
result  become  the  ground  of  judicial  action. 

In  determining  in  what  cases  courts  of  law  will  act  upon  the  decisions 
or  results  of  ecclesiastical  councils,  it  seems  to  be  limited  to  those  involving 
questions  of  contract  between  the  people  of  a  parish  or  religious  society 
and  their  pastor  or  minister.  If  it  be  a  case  of  church  discipline  or  cen- 
sure alone,  not  affecting  the  liability  or  obligation  of  a  contract  between  the 
parties  in  controvesy,  the  courts  cannot  and  never  do  interfere.  The  cases 
reported  in  the  courts  have  been  principally  those  of  an  attempt  on  the 


496  Judicial  Power  of  Councils.  [Oct. 

part  of  a  parish  to  dissolve  their  connection  with  their  minister  by  ft  dis- 
missal, where  a  council  has  been  called  in  to  advise  in  the  matter.  The 
first  inquiry  in  such  cases,  ordinarily,  is  whether  the  council  has  been  prop- 
erly called  and  constituted.  And  here  it  may  be  stated  as  a  universal 
proposition,  that  courts  never  recognize  the  action  of  an  ex  parte  council 
until  it  shall  appear  that  a  mutual  one  has  been  offered  by  one  party  and 
improperly  or  unreasonably  declined  by  the  other.  Nor  will  they  recognise 
the  action  of  an  ex  parte  council  as  of  any  validity,  if  made  up  in  whole 
or  in  part  of  members  who  are  not  impartial,  or  who  had,  previously  to  their 
being  selected,  formed  opinions  upon  the  subjects  matter  which  were  to  be 
referred  to  them.  (2  Dane  Ah.  335  ;  9  Mass.  288 ;  5  Pick.  477 ;  7  Pick. 
164,  165.) 

As  already  remarked,  questions  like  these  are  far  less  frequent  than  for- 
merly, because  in  making  their  contracts  between  a  society  and  their  min- 
ister greater  care  is  oixlinarily  observed  in  prescribing  in  what  manner  a 
dissolution  of  their  relation  to  each  other  may  be  effected.  The  parties 
may  in  such  case  fix  their  own  terms.  (24  Pick.  281.)  But  even  in  such 
cases  it  is  oflcn  provided,  in  accordance  with  ancient  usage  and  out  of  re- 
gard to  the  order  and  well-being  of  the  churches,  that  these  connections 
should  be  dissolved  through  the  agency  and  advice  of  a  counciL  One 
reason  for  this,  as  is  understood,  is  that  a  parish  maj  choose  to  dismiss 
their  minister  under  circumstances  which  render  it  just  and  proper  that 
they  should  make  him  some  indemnity  for  loss  or  inconvenience,  to  which 
he  is  thereby  subjected.  And  if  a  council  should  advise  his  dismissal  upon 
certain  terms,  it  would  be  incumbent  upon  the  parish  to  perfdVm  these  be- 
fore they  could  proceed  actually  to  dismiss  him  and  terminate  the  contract. 
If  they  refuse  to  do  this,  while  he  could  not  enforce  these  terms  by  any 
process  of  law^  he  would  still  have  all  the  rights  of  a  minister  of  that  parish. 
(15  Mass.  Rep.  296 ;  21  Pick.  127.)  Thus  in  the  case  referred  to,  a  mu- 
tual council  advised  a  dissolution  of  the  connection  between  minister  and 
parish,  and  that  the  parish  should  give  up  a  certain  bond  given  by  him  to 
them  for  money.  As  the  parish  declined  to  do  this,  the  minister  brought  a 
bill  in  equity  to  enforce  it.  But  the  court  held  that  where,  in  such  cases, 
a  council  advises  certain  acts  to  be  done  by  one  party  or  the  other,  it  was 
not  like  an  award  which  could  be  enforced  by  law.  But  if  the  party  de- 
clines to  execute  on  his  part,  it  leaves  them  as  they  were  before.  "  In  such 
cases,"  say  the  court,  '^  the  assent  of  both  parties  is  indispensable  to  giva 
validity  to  the  decision  of  the  council.**     (21  Pick.  126.) 

But  where  the  council  advise  to  a  dissolution  of  the  ministerial  relation, 
"  for  any  sufficient  cause,'*  as  that  the  minister  has  forfeited  his  office  by 
misconduct,  the  party  adopting  this,  or  the  parish  acting  under  such  a  result 
which  shall  dismiss  their  minister,  would  be  justified  thereby  in  terminating 


1869.]  Judicial  Power  of  CounciU,  497 

the  connection  and  no  longer  be  holden  by  the  original  contract  (21  Pick. 
126  ;  7  Met.  497.) 

The  disoHssal  of  a  minister,  and  the  grounds  upon  Which  it  may  be  done, 
open  a  somewhat  wider  field  of  inquiry.  In  some  cases  a  parish  may  dis- 
miss their  minister  without  the  intervention  of  a  council,  and  if  he  seeks  to 
recover  his  salary  upon  the  ground  that  they  were  not  authorized  to  dissolve 
the  contract  against  his  consent,  they  may  show  that  he  has  forfeited  his 
office  by  misconduct,  provided  it  was  such  misconduct  as  the  courts  will  take 
cognizance  of.  There  is,  moreover,  a  class  of  misconduct  of  which  councils 
may  take  cognizance,  and  which  is  regarded  by  the  courts  as  a  sufficient 
ground  to  justify  a  parish  in  voting  to  dissolve  their  obligation  to  their  min- 
ister, if  the  council  find  him  guilty,  and  advise  such  a  dissolution.  But  this 
can  only  be  done  through  the  medium  of  a  council.  Charges  of  open  and 
gross  misconduct  may  be  also  submitted  to  a  council  as  well  as  to  a  court, 
and  if  they  find  him  guilty  and  advise  to  a  dissolution,  the  finding  of  the 
council  will  be  sustained  and  enforced  as  conclusive  by  the  courts,  unless 
it  can  be  impeached  by  unfairness  or  misconduct  on  the  part  of  the 
council.  And  it  may  be  stated,  generally,  that  if  a  council,  properly  or- 
ganized, has  once  passed  upon  a  charge  within  their  proper  cognizance, 
their  finding  will  not  be  reconsidered  or  revei-sed  by  a  civil  court,  unless 
the  fairness  or  integrity  of  the  council  can  be  effiiictually  impeached.  There- 
fore when  a  parish  undertook  to  defend  against  the  claim  of  their  minister 
for  his  salary  upon  the  ground  of  misconduct,  and  it  appeared  that  a  coun- 
cil had  once  heard  the  charge  and  acquitted  him  of  guilt,  the  court  refused 
to  rehear  the  evidence  offered.     (7  Met.  499.) 

The  distinction  between  such  misconduct  as  would  warrant  a  council  in 
advising  the  dissolution  of  a  ministerial  contract,  and  to  which  the  court 
would  give  effect,  but  would  not  be  inquired  of  originally  by  a  court,  and 
such  as  might  be  proved  originally  in  a  court  as  the  ground  of  forfeiture  of 
office  on*  the  part  of  a  minister  is  this :  the  one  relates  especially  to  his 
conduct  and  fitness  as  a  minister,  the  other  to  such  grosser  acts  of  immo- 
rality as  affect  his  general  character  for  honesty  and  purity  of  life.  The 
difference  is  thus  stated,  **  Imprudence,  folly,  censoriousness,  spirit  of  perse- 
cution, &c.,  were  very  proper  subjects  of  discussion  and  animadversion  by 
an  ecclesiastical  council,  but  not  for  a  court  of  justice.  They  are  immo- 
ralities, but  not  such  as,  per  se,  would  defeat  a  contract  of  this  nature,  though 
exceedingly  proper  to  be  considered  by  a  council,  if  habitual,  as  sufficient 
to  found  advice  of  dissolution  upon.  The  immoralities  adverted  to  by  the 
court  heretofore,  as  sufficient  to  justify  a  parish  in  dismissing  their  minis- 
ter, without  the  intervention  of  a  council^  are  of  a  grosser  sort,  such  as 
habitual  intemperance,  lying,  unchaste  or  immodest  behavior,**  &c.  (5 
Pick.  479 ;  3  Mass.  Rep.  181;  7  Met.  499  ;  24  Pick.  288.)     If  a  council 


498  Jttdicial  Power  of  Counctts.  [Oct. 

finds  a  minister  guilty  of  either  of  these  classes  of  offences  and  advises  a 
dissolution  of  the  contract,  the  parish  or  society  may  do  so  effectually  by  a 
vote,  and  stand  justified  in  so  doing  in  a  court  of  justice.  Or,  If  they  vote 
to  dismiss  him  upon  an  alleged  misconduct  of  the  latter  class,  and  they  can 
prove  the  truth  of  the  charge  in  a  trial  before  a  court,  they  may  do  ao  with- 
out first  having  recourse  to  a  council. 

The  same  principle  applies  where  it  is  sought  by  a  parish  to  dismiss 
their  minister  for  an  alleged  failure  of  duty  or  a  breach  of  his  contract 
Either  of  these  may  be  sufficient  to  justify  the  parish  in  regarding  him  as 
having  forfeited  his  office,  and  therefore  voting  his  dismissal.  But  here, 
again,  if  the  charge  be  of  a  certain  character,  it  must  be  first  passed  upon 
by  a  council  before  it  will  be  considered  by  a  court.  If  of  another,  a  coun- 
cil may  act  upon  it  and  their  finding  be  conclusive,  or  the  court  may  instead 
of  that  try  and  pronounce  upon  it  by  m^ans  of  an  ordinary  jury.  Thus 
whenever  a  minister  is  settled  over  a  parish  or  society,  he  tacitly,  if  not 
expressly,  enters  into  certain  obligations  toward  the  same,  which  are  in- 
trinsic in,  and  grow  out  of  the  relation  which  he  has  assumed.  Among 
these  is  that  of  preaching  and  performing  such  parochial  duties  as  are 
obviously  and  essentially  incident  to  his  office.  And  if  he  voluntarily  and 
unreasonably  neglect,  or  refuse,  to  do  these,  it  would  be  held  to  be  such  a 
breach  of  contract  on  his  part,  as  to  warrant  the  parish  in  voting  to  dismiss 
him,  and  this  may  be  shown  by  evidence  upon  a  trial  in  the  civil  courts. 
So  if,  when  he  is  settled,  he  holds  himself  out  as  being  of  one  religious 
fiEiith  or  denomination,  and  by  his  previous  preaching,  or  otherwise,  induces 
a  parish  or  society  to  elect  him  as  their  pastor,  and  he  afterwards  sees  fit 
to  preach  doctrines  essentially  variant  from  those  originally  professed  and 
preached  by  him,  it  would  justify  the  parish  in  treating  this  as  a  violation 
of  his  contract  duty,  and  in  voting  his  dismission.  But,  inasmuch  as  the 
law  has  no  test  or  standard  by  which  to  try  questions  of  dogmatical  the- 
ology, if  a  question  of  this  kind  is  raised,  and  has  to  be  determined,  it  can 
only  be  done  through  an  ecclesiastical  council.  If  they  find  that  there  has 
been  a  substantial  and  essential  change,  and  advise  a  dissolution  of  the  rela- 
tion for  that  cause,  the  courts  would  hold  the  parish  justified  in  acting  in 
accordance  with  such  a  finding  and'  advice.  And  it  may  be  assumed  as 
universally  true,  that  "  in  a  proper  case  for  a  council,  their  adjudication 
regularly  made  is  sufficient  evidence  of  the  facts  determined  by  them." 
(24  Pick.  287,  288 ;  9  Mass.  289,  290,  296 ;  38  N.  H.  510.) 

The  extent  and  nature  of  the  power  of  an  ecclesiastical  council  in  acting 
as  a  judicial  tribunal  may,  perhaps,  be  stated  with- sufficient  accuracy  by 
adopting  the  language  of  the  court  when  treating  of  this  subject.  "  An 
ecclesiastical  council  is  a  judicial  tribunal  whose  province  it  is,  upon  the 
proper  presentation  of  charges,  to  try  them  on  evidence  admissible  before 


1^9.]  Judicial  Power  of  CouneiU,  499 

such  a  tribunal.  Thej  have  no  power  to  dissolve  a  contract,  or  to  absolve 
either  partj  from  its  obligation.  They  may  not  only  try  and  determine 
the  existence  of  the  causes  which  work  a  forfeiture'  of  the  clerical  office, 
bat  they  may  also  —  and  this  seems-  to  be  their  appropriate  and  peculiar  duty 
—  give  their  advice  in  cases  where  there  is  no  forfeiture."  (24  Pick.  289  ; 
7  Met.  498 ;  21  Pick.  124 ;  9  Mass.  R.  295 ;  3  Mass.  R.  182.) 

No  advice  of  council,  however,  in  favor  of  a  dissolution  of  a  minister's 
connection  with  his  parish,  will  warrant  them  in  dismissing  him  by  vote 
unless  it  be  for  causes  which  are,  in  the  judgment  of  the  court,  sufficient 
Thus  in  one  cade  the  council  voted  their  advice  for  a  dissolution  upon  the 
minister's  exclusive  course  in  regard  to  exchanges,  his  neglect  to  reply  to 
communications  from  committees  of  the  parish,  and  '^  his  loss  of  confidence 
of  a  large  portion  of  his  parishioners  in  his  moral  honesty  and  integrity.^ 
The  court  held  the  two  first,  if  true,  no  sufficient  ground  for  dismissing 
him,  and  that  the  third  was  too  vague  and  indefinite  to  be  regarded  as  a 
vaUd  charge.     (24  Pick.  290,  291.) 

The  court,  therefore,  may  look  behind  the  adjudication  to  see  if  there 
was  a  suitable  case  for  a  council,  whether  the  members  were  properly 
selected,  whether  they  proceeded  impartially  in  their  investigation,  and 
whether  their  adjudication  was  so  formally  made  that  it  may  be  seen  that 
they  acted  with  due  regard  to  the  rights  of  the  parties,  and  that  they 
founded  their  decision  upon  grounds  which  will  sustain  it.  All  these,  if 
necessary,  must,  in  the  first  place,  be  made  out  affirmatively,  in  order  to 
give  full  legal  effect  to  the  action  of  an  ecclesiastical  council.  (21  Pick. 
125 ;  5  Pick.  478.) 

Thus,  where  the  council  found  that  the  party  charged  had  been  guilty  of 
^  several  of  the  charges  and  specifications  "  against  him,  without  specifying 
which,  it  was  held  to  be  insufficient.     (7  Pick.  162.) 

And  in  this  connection  it  may  be  stated,  that  before  a  parish  can  call 
upon  a  minister  to  unite  in  a  council,  or  proceed  to  call  one  ex  parte,  by 
reason  of  his  declining  so  to  do,  they  must  state  to  him,  in  general  terms, 
the  grounds  upon  which  such  a  claim  is  made,  that  if  frivolous  he  may 
reject  the  proposition,  and  if  well  founded,  may,  if  he  please,  resign  his 
office.  (7  Pick.  164.)  And  it  may  be  added,  that  if  a  parish  vote  to  dis- 
solye  their  connection  with  their  minister,  unless  otherwise  authorized  by 
the  terms  on  which  he  is  settled,  they  will  be  confined,  upon  a  trial  in  which 
he  shall  claim  his  salary,  to  the  grounds  and  causes  of  such  dissolution  as 
were  expressed  in  the  vote  by  which  it  is  assumed  to  have  been  effected. 
To  do  otherwise  would  work  a  surprise  upon  him.  (5  Pick.  478 ;  2  Gray, 
808.) 

Nor,  as  it  would  seem,  would  it  be  proper  or  allowable  for  a  council  to 
hear  evidence  against  a  party  on  trial  before  them,  if  objected  to  upon  any 


500  Judicial  Power  of  Councils.  [Oct 

material  charge  which  had  not  been,  in  terms,  submitted  to  them,  or  been 
the  matter  of  complaint  in  the  proceedings  under  which  they  are  con* 
vened. 

However  incomplete  this  attempt  to ,  cmbodj  the  law  bearing  upon  the 
power,  constitution,  and  duties  of  ecclesiastical  councils,  under  the  politj- 
of  the  Congregational  churches  and  societies  connected  with  them,  in  Mas* 
sachusetts,  may  seem  to  be,  the  failure  to  reach  a  more  fiatbfactory  re* 
suit  is  partly  due  to  the  anoinalous  character  of  these  bodies  in  their  con- 
nection with  the  civil  polity  of  the  Commonwealth.  It  may  be  the  less 
regretted  from  the  growing  infrequency  of  the  occasions  ^in  which  their 
services  become  the  subjects  of  judicial  inquiry,  while  it  is  hoped  that 
what  is  here  found  may  prove  to  be  a  safe  and  sufficient  guide  in  such 
cases  as  may  hereafter  arise. 

After  the  above  had  been  prepared  for  the  press,  an  opinion  of  Judge 
Jameson,  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Illinois,  in  chancery,  in  the  matter  of 
the  Rev.  C.  E.  Cheney,  came  to  hand,  which  bears  so  directly  upon  some 
of  the  points  which  are  above  considered,  that  it  seems  proper  to  review 
the  same  in  the  light  of  that  opinion. 

We  do  not  consider  it  important  that  the  trial  in  question  was,  in  form, 
according  to  the  canons  of  the  Episcopal  Church.  Nor  have  we  anything 
to  do  with  the  merits  of  the  controversy  in  respect  to  which  it  was  had* 
All  that  is  necessary  to  be  stated  has  relation  to  how  far  courts  of  civil  juru^ 
diction  will  interpose  to  restrain  or  control  the  action  of  ecclesiastical  tri- 
bunals. The  court  or  council  in  this  case  had  been  convened,  agreeably  to 
the  forms  in  use  in  the  Episcopal  Church,  to  try  certain  charges  preferred 
against  a  rector  of  a  church  within  the  diocese  of  Illinois.  The  charge,  if 
substantiated,  was  of  a  character  to  be  the  ground  of  a  judgment  of  dis- 
qualification to  hold  that  office  any  longer.  On  that  ground,  and  that  alone, 
the  Court  of  Illinois  felt  warranted  to  interpose  by  way  of  an  injunction  to  the 
ecclesiastical  court  to  proceed.  The  language  of  the  Judge  is  this :  "The 
civil  courts  disclaim  any  power  or  any  desire  to  interfere  with  the  action 
of  a  spiritual  court  proceeding  within  and  according  to  its  canons,  the  laws 
and  regulations  of  the  Church  itself.  The  old  maxim  embodied  in  the  24th 
Stat,  of  Henry  VIII.  —  *  that  causes  spiritual  ought  to  be  tried  by  judges  of 
the  spirituality,  and  that  causes  temporal  ought  to  be  judged  by  temporal 
judges '  —  is  admitted  in  its  full  force  in  civil  courts.  And  it  is  because 
there  is  here  a  temporal  cause,  a  right  of  property,  a  civil  right,  threatened 
by  the  action  of  an  ecclesiastical  court,  that  this  court  attempts  to  intervene 
itself  to  protect  what  is  acknowledged  to  be  within  the  protection  of  a  tem- 
poral court,  —  a  temporal  right.  Where  an  ecclesiastical  tribunal  is  engaged 
in  the  trial  of  an  offender  under  an  act  of  discipline  under  the  rules  and 
canons  of  the  church,  if  it  proceed  according  to  those  canons,  a  civil  court 


1869.]  Judicial  Power  of  Councils.  501 

has  no  right  to  interfere.  If  it  transgresses  its  own  rules  and  regulations, 
and  if  the  effect  of  that  transgression  be  to  seriously  injure,  the  tempo- 
ral rights  of  the  party  accused,  the  civil  courts  have  the  right,  and  it  is  their 
duty,  to  interfere."  The  Judge  then  proceeds  to  consider  the  conduct  of 
the  ecclesiastical  court  in  respect  to  the  respondent,  which  court,  in  the 
language  of  the  Judge,  is  ^'  in  this  country  nothing  more  than  a  mere  vol- 
untary association  of  individuals.''  The  respondent  had  objected  that  the 
complaint  on  which  he  was  called  upon  to  be  tried  did  not  proceed  upon 
any  one  of  the  grounds  required  by  the  canons  of  the  church,  that  his  right 
to  challenge  the  court  for  favor,  and  to  inquire  of  it  if  one  or  more  of  its 
members  had  not  expressed  opinions  of  his  guilt,  had  been  denied  him,  and 
that  the  complaint  against  him  specified  no  time  or  place  when  or  where  he 
had  been  guilty  of  the  matter  charged.  For  these  reasons,  and  because, 
if  allowed  to  proceed  and  depose  the  respondent,  he  would  be  without  ad- 
equate remedy  or  relief,  the  Judge  enjoined  the  court  from  proceeding  any 
further  iti  tr}'ing  or  determining  the  questions  involved  in  these  charges. 
And  in  respect  to  one  of  the  reasons,  the  language  of  the  Judge  is  :  "  This 
right  of  challenge  was  overruled,  and  I  may  here  say  that,  according  to  the 
best  legal  authorities  of  the  church  itself,  it  was  wrongly,  and  I  might  say 
even  was  oppressively  overruled.  There  is,  probably,  not  in  the  world  a 
tribunal,  certainly  no  civil  tribunal,  and  I  doubt  if  there  ever  was  before  a 
court  Christian,  that  overruled  summarily  an  objection  of  that  kind.''  It 
only  need  be  added,  that,  in  applying  principles  so  obviously  just  and  well 
founded  as  these,  the  law  knows  no  distinction  between  Congregational  and 
Episcopal  systems  of  church  polity. 


It  belongs  not  to  Minifters  Authoritatively  to  dire6l  or  to  impofe  upon 
any  agrieved  Perfons,  to  whom  or  to  what  churches  they  (hall  addrefs 
themfelves  for  Counfel.  Efpecially  't  is  improper  for  fuch  Minifters  as 
have  already  been  Concerned  to  nominate  a  future  Council,  who  will  be 
like  to  nominate  fuch  as  they  apprehend  will  Confirm  what  they  them- 
felves have  done. 

Increase  Mather. 


502  Worship  and  Architecture.  [Oct 


WORSHIP  AND  ARCHITECUURE. 

Is  ANT  B88ENTIAL  DBPABTURB   FBOM  THB   SiMPUCITT  OF  OUR  AlTOBSTOSS  DXtlX- 
▲BLB  IN  OUR  FUBLIO  WORSHIP  OR  ChURCH  ArCHITBCTURB  ?  * 

In  attempting  an  affirmative  to  this  question,  I  am  comforting  myself 
with  the  hope  that  that  position  will  be  found  not  quite  so  remote  as  at  first 
it  miglit  seem  from  the  more  usual  and  popular  negative.  In  its  terras,  the 
question  before  us  concerns  ^  any  essential  departure  from  the  simpUrity  of 
our  ancestors  '* ;  yet  the  word  "  essential,"  which  has  a  sound  so  specific 
and  decided,  has  in  this  connection  a  sense  which  varies  widely  in  differing 
minds.  To  very  many,  any  departure  from  the  usage  of  their  childhood, 
their  inherited  usage  in  things  sacred,  will  seem  an  ^'  essential  departure,*' 
—  confessed,  perhaps,  as  in  itself  non-essential;  yet  sternly  resbted  by 
reason  of  what  is  supposed  to  be  its  hidden  significance  of  change  and  over- 
throw. Now  a  debater  must  be  allowed  some  liberty  in  defining  his  posi- 
tion on  a  question  whose  terms  were  not  of  his  own  selection  ;  so  I  beg  to 
declare  that  any  "  departure  from  the  simplicity  of  our  ancestors  "  which  I  • 
argue  now,  is  in  my  view  to  be  called  "  essential "  only  in  a  somewhat  loose 
and  popular  sense.  If  it  be  shown  to  be  a  departure  '*  essential "  in 
the  strict  sense  that  it  either  is,  or  works,  the  reversal  of  any  vital  princi- 
ple of  the  faith  or  the  order  which  are  our  majestic  heritage,  then,  with 
you,  I  refuse  it  utterly.  Our  Puritan  churches  stand  with  a  front  as  un- 
broken and  as  stern  to-day  as  that  with  which  they  stood  in  any  day 
of  the  fathers,  against  any  change,  however  seemingly  slight,  whether  of 
theory  or  of  practice,  by  which  it  may  be  sought  to  lift  the  Ministry  out  of 
the  simplicity  and  Christlike  dignity  of  their  office  as  servant?,  into  any 
priestliness  above  the  brotherhood ;  or  to  endue  the  sacraments  with  any 
magical  or  mechanical  grace ;  or  to  attach  to  any  forms  an  importance 
rivalling  that  of  the  spiritual  truth.  Further,  the  question  as  proposed  re- 
fers to  "  the  simplicity  of  our  ancestors."  That  is  a  point  which  we  must 
settle  with  History.  As  we  remember  the  strict  ecclesiastical  proprieties  of 
worship  in  the  olden  time,  —  the  deacon's  pew,  the  carefully  graduated 
scale  on  which  the  magnates  of  the  parish  were  assigned  their  seats,  the 
reverential  rising  of  the  congregation  as  the  clergyman  passed  up  the 
aisle,  their  standing  with  equal  reverence  after  the  benediction  till  he  had 
descended  and  made  his  exit  from  the  sanctuary,  the  almost  universal  attire 
of  gown  and  bands  in  the  pulpit  (of  which  "  simplicity  "  some  few  traces 
remain  even  to  our  day),  the  adornment  of  their  meeting-houses,  which, 

*  Head  bj  appointment  before  the  Alumni  of  Andover  Theological  Seminary,  July 
21,  1869. 


1869.]  Worship  and  Architecture.  508 

thqpgh  plain  to  our  ejes,  were  unquestionably  the  most  ornamental  and 
the  most  expensive  of  t/ieir  buildings,  public  or  private,  — •  as  we  remember 
these  things,  we  may  find  some  room  to  depart  from  "  the  simplicity  of  our 
ancestors,"  without  sacrificing  the  simplicity  which  belongs  to  us  in  our 
time  and  circumstances  ;  we  may  find  that  the  simplicity  of  one  century  in 
modes  and  forms  cannot  be  a  rule  for  any  other  century,  unless  that  sim- 
plicity be,  not  an  incident  and  a  proportioned  product  of  its  times,  but 
some  part  of  a  permanent  vital  force,  some  necessary  element  in  a  system 
of  creative  moral  truth  which  has  the  right,  and  which  has  shown  the 
power,  to  dominate  the  centuries.  So  far  as  **  the  simplicity  of  our  ances- 
tors '*  was  thus  a  vital  principle  in  the  fibre  of  their  strong,  deep,  and  com- 
manding faith,  so  far  let  us  hold  it  closely,  even  as  we  hold  the  blood  which 
has  flowed  from  their  veins  into  ours ;  but  for  this  it  is  not  needful  that  we 
live  only  in  their  homes,  ride  only  in  their  stage-coaches,  worship  only 
in  their  meeting-houses,  or  in  any  sort  wear  our  grandfathers'  and  grand- 
mothers* clothes,  unless  they  fit  us. 

But  the  argument  on  the  other  side  may  be,  that  in  things  ecclesiastical 
they  do  fit  us,  —  that,  as  a  whole,  no  other  usage  or  apparatus  than  theirs  can 
be  so  comely,  so  safe,  so  profitable  for  the  churches  of  our  day.  No  mis- 
representation of  those  who  may  hold  this  view  is  intended :  it  is  conceded 
that  they  will  claim  some  liberty  of  divergence  from  ancient  custom,  and 
of  adaptation  to  present  needs ;  the  question  between  them  and  us  involves, 
not  the  principle  of  divergence,  for  we  both  diverge,  but  only  the  extent  to 
which  the  divergence  shall  reach.  Let  me,  then,  state  a  position  which, 
though  in  terms  only  a  qualified  afiirmation  of  the  question  as  assigned, 
shall  yet  be  a  practical  affirmation  of  the  question  really  at  issue  before 
the  public  mind  ;  let  me  adduce  some  considerations  which  show  the  desir- 
ahleness  of  a  decided  departure,  in  mant/  particulars^  from  (he  modes  of  our 
ancestors  in  public  worship  and  church  architecture. 

I.  In  general,  it  may  be  asserted  that  modes  of  worship  <xre  by  their  na- 
ture variaUe.  As  God  has  seen  fit  to  require  no  special  architecture  for 
Christian  sanctuaries,  so  he  has  established  no  special  mode  for  Christian 
worship,  lest  such  a  form  given  from  God  should  draw  to  itself  the  rever- 
ence due  only  to  the  truth  which  it  enshrined ;  lest  thus  it  should  paralyze 
the  gospel  which  it  was  meant  to  enforce.  Moreover,  God  set  up  his 
Zion  in  a  world  whose  history  and  experience  were  not  to  be  stereotyped 
for  all  ages,  so  that  they  could  well  be  met  with  only  one  mode  of  proceed- 
ing by  his  Church ;  but  in  a  world  progressive  through  cycles  of  education- 
al experiences,  —  in  a  world  whose  history,  swinging  like  the  ocean  in  the 
vast  vibrations  of  the  tides,  and  whose  development,  swelling  now  through 
the^  channels,  then  through  those,  was  to  be  reached,  touched,  and  guided 
at  every  point  by  Christ's  agent,  the  Church,  which,  thei'efore,  was  not  to 


604  Worship  and  Architedure.  [Oct 

be  restricted  within  any  one  set  of  modes,  but  lefl  free  to  meet  with  vnjj^ 
ing  forms  the  various  wants  of  a  humanity  whose  phases  changed  with  the 
boundaries  of  territories,  and  with  the  flight  of  centuries.  How  plain  b  it, 
then,  that  God  did  not  desire  that  his  Church,  of  any  age,  should,  on  the 
one  hand,  blindly  inherit  the  methods  of  any  antiquity,  "«nd,  with  mere 
prejudice  against  change,  walk  in  the  exact  steps  of  the  fathers  or  th6 
grandfathers ;  nor,  on  the  other  hand,  with  mere  thirst  of  novelty,  nm 
rashly  into  paths  unfit.  Worship  should  lift  up  to  God  the  voice  of  the 
Church  out  of  hex  present  estate ;  and  it  should  hold  forth  4o  man  the  gifts 
of  Christian  instruction,  and  guidance  ne«^dful  for  the  life  of  to-day.  Fol*^ 
lowing  this  rule,  the  Church  will  need  to  retain  mafiy  old  usages,  both  for 
their  natural  fitness  and  for  their  power  upon  the  mind  through  hallowed 
association ;  but  she  must  beware  of  retaining  /oo  much,  even  as  she 
must  beware  of  changing  too  much ;  for  the  adherence  to  usage,  mere« 
ly  because  it  is  and  has  been  long  established,  will  lead  straight  into 
a  formalism,  a  worship  of,  and  a  trust  in,  some  outward  thing  as 
narrow  and  cold  and  dark  as  any  of  the  historic  dungeons  in  which 
whole  sections  of  the  Church  have  been  confined.  We  of  the  Puritan 
stock  boast  of  our  freedom  from  formality ;  we  claim  a  system  without 
rigor,  fiexile  in  its  simplicity :  perhaps  we  need  to  beware  of  making  oar 
supposed  formlessness  itself  a  form,  and  of  erecting  our  very  simplicity 
into  rigor.  Thus  far  we  seem  to  have  avoided  this  danger ;  for,  indeed, 
the  question  which  we  are  discussing  has  been  brought  to  issue  in  practice, 
and  has  had  an  unmistakable  decision  on  which  I  might  rest  the  whole  dis- 
cussion. Changes  already  actually  made,  and  cheerfully  assented  to  by- 
all,  are  as  essential  and  as  wide,  and  would  have  been  so  regarded  by  the 
fathers,  as  any  changes  which  are  now  being  urged  upon  us  with  any  hope 
of  success.  Why  do  we  ask,  "  Ought  we  to  depart  from  the  modes  of  our 
ancestors  ?  "  We  have  departed  fi'om  their  modes,  and  we  have  done  it 
in  obedience  to  their  free  and  vital  principles.  Lead  them,  next  Lord's 
day,  out  of  their  seventeenth  century  into  this :  place  them  amid  any  one 
of  five  hundred  of  our  known  and  honored  Puritan  congregiitions,  and  ask 
them  whether  these  Gothic  and  aspiring  sanctuaries,  many  of  them  crowned 
with  the  shining  cross,  are  after  their  ideal  of  a  meeting-house  ?  From 
what  Puritan  pattern  have  we  the  tracery  of  our  stained  windows,  whose 
coloring  would,  to  their  eyes,  have  reflected  the  hues  of  the  scarlet  wo- 
man ?  How  would  they  bemoan  the  luxury  which  cushions  the  sanctu- 
ary as  though  it  were  a  lounging-place,  and  floods  it  with  furnace-heat  as 
though  the  fervor  of  the  truth  were  not  enough  ?  Tlie  flowers  on  the  pul- 
pit and  communion-table  would  bear  the  fragrance  only  of  Popery  to  them. 
Would  not  the  plaint  and  thunder  and  tremor  of  our  organs  be  to  them  a 
sensuous   abomination,  —  each   organ  a  gift  of    the    Greeks,  and  to   be 


1869,]  Worship  and  Arehiteeture.  505 

feared,  —  a  chest  contrived  with  satanic  cunning  to  bring  indecorous  noise 
into  the  house  of  God  ?  What  would  they  say  to  our  choirs  with  their 
elaborate,  dainty,  artistic  music  ?  As  to  that,  what  can  we  say  ?  The  Bi- 
bles in  our  pulpits  they  would  indignantly  order  away,  lest  a  paper  book, 
leather-bound,  should  draw  the  reverence  due  God  and  his  spiritual  truth 
alone.  Hearing  onr  ten-minute  prayers  and  comparing  them  with  their 
mighty  hour-long  wrestlings  with  the  Angel  of  the  Covenant,  they  would 
wonder  whether  we  had  not  yet  learned,  or  through  disuse  had  forgotten, 
how  to  pray.  At  the  close  of  the  services  they  would  ask  wherefore  we 
had  dispensed  with  the  sermon,  —  not  having  recognized  our  half-hour 
oration  as  much  more  than  a  somewhat  flighty  and  ornate  announcement 
of  a  topic,  from  which  their  preachers  would  have  gone  on  to  draw  mar- 
row of  theology  and  pungency  of  application  through  an  hour  beyond. 
And  our  tender  and  consoling  service  of  prayer  and  hymn  at  the  burial 
of  our  dead  would  be  their  detestation,  as  savoring  of  prayers  for  the  de- 
parted after  the  most  perilous  fashion  of  Popish  error.  To  ask  whether 
we  should  or  should  not  depart  from  the  modes  of  our  ancestors  in  worship, 
is  as  though  we  asked  whether  we  should  or  should  not  ride  by  steam, 
talk  by  electricity,  and  read  the  daily  newspaper.  If  their  modes  be  our 
rules,  then  we  all  have  gone  astray  backward.     Already  we  are  lost  sheep. 

But  it  may  be  said  that  all  this  supplies  argument  against  further  depar- 
ture, since  such  wide  changes  from  ancient  usage  are  enough.  But  tho 
world  has  not  suddenly  stopped  moving  in  our  day  ;  and  the  changes  which 
its  progress  necessitates  must  go  on  with  this  generation  as  with  those  pre- 
ceding. We  are  too  obedient  children  of  our  fathers,  cut  too  fully  on  their 
pattern,  to  consent  to  imprison  ourselves  in  any  usage  in  externals  merely 
because  it  is  a  usage.  They  set  us  the  example  of  reforms  to  meet  the 
times.     Who  shall  hinder  our  following  it  ?     Certainly  not  they. 

II.  As  presenting  a  second  general  thought,  having  its  minor  heads, 
I  remark.  The  progress  which  has  been  made  in  the  great  conflict  which  the 
Church  is  waging  with  fundamental  error,  is  sufficient  to  warrant  us  in  at' 
tending  to  some  points  to  which  our  ancestors  wisely,  necessarily  even,  gave 
little  heed.  Our  fathers  were  warriors  of  the  Lord.  They  "  were  baptized 
into  Christ  in  the  cloud  and  in  the  sea."  They  were  mail-clad,  sword-wield- 
ing, vigilant,  and  stem.  They  could  aiTord  to  risk  nothing,  they  could  turn 
aside  for  nothing,  in  their  great  fight  with  superstition.  They  had  a  warfare, 
and  were  **  straitened  till  it  was  accomplished."  Non-essentials  became 
essential  to  them.  As  the  Loi*d's  soldiers,  in  his  fierce  battle,  they  trampled 
the  gardens  of  society,  and  were  careless  of  fine  social  structures,  and  de- 
spised amenities,  and  pitilessly  overthrew  whatever  beautiful  or  noble  thing 
might  be  used  as  cover  for  some  lurking  spiritual  foe.  Thence  it  came  to 
pass  that  they  overthrew  nearly  everything  which  they  came  upon,  from 


506  Worship  and  Architecture.  [Oct. 

the  throne  of  England  down.  And  this  is  their  honor.  Had  it  not  been 
for  this,  neither  our  loved  Zion  nor  the  fair  fabric  of  our  civil  liberties 
would  have  risen  on  these  Western  shores.  But  the  liberty  which  thej 
won  for  us,  the  social  security  and  quiet,  which  testify  also  to  their  con* 
structive  power,  we  now  propose  to  use  in  securing  some  of  the  things 
which  they,  in  the  rush  of  battle  and  the  haste  of  reconstruction,  were  com- 
pelled to  omit.  We  propose  to  plant  gardens  and  orchards,  on  the  land 
which  they  redeemed,  and  to  eat  the  fruit  thereof,  and  praise  the  Lord* 
On  the  strong  foundations  which  they  laid  we  propose  to  build  the  Lord's 
House  in  such  beauteousness  as  would,  indeed,  have  been  out  of  place  in 
their  day,  but  as  is  fitting  to  the  time  and  the  work  which  the  Lord  gives 
us.  Do  you  saj  that  the  same  battle  is  upon  us  as  upon  them,  —  that  vi^- 
lance  and  sternness  in  the  same  direction  are  required  ?  I  deny  it.  The 
warfare  may  be  equalf  but  its  fields  and  its  specific  demands  are  not  the  same. 
He  can  have  but  an  inadequate  idea  of  the  grandeur  and  difficulty  of  the 
work  which  our  fathers  wrought  who  likens  our  day  to  theirs.  Any  one 
now  can  fight  superstition :  then  only  hearts  of  iron  could  even  begin  the 
fight  The  Popery  of  our  day  is  scarcely  more  than  the  showy  dress  and 
brave-seeming  armor  of  that  Titanic  form  of  evil  with  which  our  fathers 
were  called  to  strive.  Not  the  Puritan  Gospel  alone,  but  all  modem 
science,  and  the  whole  light  of  our  civilization,  and  the  very  atmosphere 
of  our  century,  is  against  Rome.  Not  Popery,  but  infidelity,  atheism 
rather,  is  the  foe  of  the  Christian  Church  which  we  must  meet  While 
the  Devil  is  scaring  us  with  the  Pope,  who  is  a  paralytic,  wobegone  old 
gentleman,  just  now  piteously  summoning  a  Council,  claimed  as  oecumeni- 
cal, to  help  him  in  his  confessed  weakness,  —  while  consequently  the  heavy 
artillery  of  the  faith  is  aimed  towards  Rome,  which  in  this  country  is  not 
so  much  a  religion  as  a  tool  of  political  jugglery,  —  Naturalism,  Panthe- 
ism, Hindooism  even,  are  quietly  invading  our  educational  fortress,  seeking 
to  tamper  with  our  science,  and  to  capture  our  culture  and  refinement.  I 
do  not  know  that  they  have  made  much  progress  as  yet ;  but  this  seems  to 
be  the  great  battle  now  io  be  joined.  Yerj  different  was  the  great  fight 
of  our  fathers. 

1.  One  of  the  noticeable  features  of  our  day  is  the  growth  of  taste  and  of 
(Esthetic  culture.  Our  ancestors  neither  would  nor  could  pay  any  regard  to 
taste,  especially  in  things  ecclesiastical,  except  to  curse  it  for  the  infernal 
snare  and  agency  of  corruption,  which  in  their  day  it  was.  But  in  our 
day  it  is  not  so  entirely  evil ;  and  we  should  only  weaken  our  cause  by 
calling  it  hard  names  unduly.  It  is  far  too  broad  a  theme  for  me  to  argue 
now ;  but  I  leave  this  simple  proposition  to  argue  itself,  standing  or  falling 
on  its  mere  statement  —  Taste,  art,  and  cesthetic  culture  jnay  he  and  ought 
to  he  sanctified  to  Christ ;  the  Church  can  and  should  use  them  with  other 


1869.]  Worship  and  Architecture.  507 

implements  in  her  great  work.  Can  any  man  deny  this  ?  He  must  be  a 
brave  man.  He  must  be  ready  to  raze  to  the  dust  our  goodly  piles  of 
sacred  architecture ;  he  must  be  ready  to  silence  all  sacred  oratory, 
whether  in  the  living  voice  or  in  the  grand  and  living  echoes  of  a  cultured 
Past ;  he  must  be  ready  to  hush  all  music  with  which  the  heart  throbs  as 
with  inward  pulses,  and  the  soul  rises  as  with  wing-beats  toward  God ;  he 
must  shut  out  all  poetry  on  which,  as  on  a  chariot  of  fire,  the  psalmists  and 
lyrists,  and  with  them  the  whole  Church  of  all  ages,  have  been  born 
through  celestial  air.  If  no  man,  not  even  a  Quaker,  can  be  found  brave 
enough  thus  to  expel  all  art  from  worship,  then  we  have  a  right  to  claim 
for  it  a  place,  a  power,  a  use,  in  the  House  of  Prayer,  such  as  it  had  not 
with  our  ancestors,  —  a  place,  power,  use,  carefully  guarded  and  made  sub- 
servient (for  the  art-element,  like  everything  else,  needs  watching),  but 
still  real  and  honorable.  Indeed,  we  are  forced  to  this  by  the  pressure  of 
the  age.  If  we  do  not  lay  hands  on  art  and  taste,  convert  them,  ordain 
them  and  put  them  under  regulations  in  the  Church,  they  will  either  rush  in 
unbidden  with  impudent  intrusion,  or  they  will  be  led  in  in  the  guise  of  a 
silly  sentimentalism,  or  of  an  impertinent  worldly  show,  which  will  at  once 
despoil  them  of  their  proper  power  and  beauty,  and  degrade  the  Church. 
If  you  do  not  give  men  the  right  {esthetics  in  the  Church,  they  will  sooner  or 
later  take  to  themselves  the  wrong.  If  our  ancestors  had  had  time  to  train 
themselves  and  us  in  this  neglected  department  of  Christian  aesthetics,  we 
should  not  now  find  in  churches  claiming  the  Puritan  ancestry,  but  refus- 
ing the  Puritan  faith,  such  weak,  sentimental  burlesque  of  Divine  Worship 
in  the  interest  of  pretended  art,  —  Latin  masses,  yea,  Italian  love-songs 
instead  of  hymns  of  lofty  and  humble  and  hearty  praise ;  and  "  The 
Lord's  Prayer  "  chanted  delicately  by  four  voices  from  behind  the  organ, 
or  from  within  some  ante-room  for  theatrical  effect,  instead  of  being  the 
utterance  in  plain  and  honest  voice  of  e^rj  man,  woman,  and  child  pres- 
ent. How  can  we  avoid  noticing  that  our  rhymed  and  metrical  hymns  are 
attempts,  not  characteristically  successful,  in  the  direction  of  elaborate  art  ? 
Perhaps  we  do  well  to  use  them  as  largely  as  we  do ;  but  in  so  doing,  we 
certainly  misapply  terms  if  we  claim  simplicity  for  our  worship.  A  prayer 
in  toilsome  rhyme,  rhythm,  and  metre  may  be  a  very  good  prayer,  but  it  is 
not  simple  in  its  form.  It  is  a  liturgy,  and  a  liturgy  of  the  most  artistic 
kind.  In  arguing  for  changes  from  the  Puritan  modes,  I  am  not  arguing 
for  them  in  the  interest  of  art,  but  in  the  interest  of  worship  in  the  use 
of  art.  Beauty,  as  mere  beauty,  has  no  right  in  the  sanctuary :  we  want 
no  prettinesses  there ;  but  if  art  and  taste  can  be  put  forth  as  the  plastic 
fingers  of  truth  and  faith  to  fashion  the  heart  into  nobler  divine  likeness, 
then  that  we  demand.  If  you  say,  "  Our  fathers  had  it  not,"  we  answer, 
"  So  much  the  worse  for  the  fathers  !    We  do  not  happen  to  be  our  fathers ; 

NEW  SERIES.  —  VOL.  I.  NO.  4.  35 


508  Worship  and  Architecture.  fOct 

bat  we  are  somebody  else's  fathers ;  and  we  wbh  to  transmit  to  our  cMl- 
dren  the  estate  which  we  have  inherited,  improved,  enliurged,  beaatified, 
according  to  whatever  capacity  Gk>d  may  have  given  us."  At  least  there 
should  be  enough  of  the  old  Puritan  obstinacy  and  impatience  under  ho* 
man  restraint  to  lead  the  New  England  Churches  now  on  both  sides  the 
AUeghanies  and  by  either  ocean,  to  assert  each  for  itself,  its  liberty  onder 
Christ,  and  under  our  flexible  system,  to  conduct  its  worship  in  any  such 
decent  sort  as  may  seem  to  it  most  profitable  for  the  local  congregation 
whose  spiritual  wants  it  aims  to  supply. 

2.  Among  those  uses  of  worship  of  which  our  ancestors  did  not  feel  the 
need,  and  which  indeed  were  foreign  to  that  imperative  work  which  they 
bad  in  hand,  but  which  are  rising  to  importance  for  our  day  and  oar  work, 
is  that  of  gathering  into  unity  the  too  much  scattered  Christian  brotherhoodj 
of  expressing  that  unity  in  our  common  worship  ;  and  of  ranging  the  Puri- 
tan churches  visibly,  as  they  are  in  fact,  in  the  historical  line  of  the  nni- 
yersal  and  age-defying  Church  of  Christ  We  ought  to  thank  Grod  that 
whereas,  in  the  times  of  our  ancestors,  purity  meant  protest,  reform,  ereii 
revolution  and  overthrow,  —  in  our  day  it  may  at  least  begin  to  mean 
union  and  building  up.  We  must  not  demand  that  the  Church  Catholic  shall 
oome  in  all  particulars  into  our  fashion,  nor  that  all  men  in  every  clime 
and  age  shall  be  Puritans.  Even  though  we  still  stand  out  in  noble  and 
continuous  protest  against  all  which  we  deem  unworthy  or  unsafe  in  the 
theory  or  the  practice  of  the  great  cognate  branches  of  Christ's  histc»ie 
Church ;  even  though  we  refuse  to  surrender  one  iota  of  our  vital  princi- 
ples in  any  compromise,  or  for  any  object,  the  question  arises  whether  in 
things  non-essential,  in  modes  and  forms,  we  may  not  safely,  and  should 
not  in  Christ's  charity,  yield  some  points  of  our  loved  and  treasured 
usages  as  a  sacrifice  to  the  general  peace  and  sweetness  of  the  Church 
universal.  If  our  worship  shall  s^etimes  seek  Heaven  on  the  wings  of 
that  noble  hymn,  the  ^  Te  Deum,"  hallowed  by  fifteen  centuries  of  Chris- 
tian usage,  if  our  sanctuaries  shall  resound  with  the  ^  Gloria  in  Excelsis," 
which  carries  still  the  echoes  of  the  half-century  succeeding  the  death  of 
the  Apostle  John,  might  we  not  therein  both  add  to  our  worship  that  mas- 
sive and  simple  dignity  which  too  oflen  is  lacking  in  the  feebly  artistic 
rhymes  which  groan  along  the  pages  of  our  hymn-books,  and  emphasize 
more  fully  to  our  own  consciousness,  and  before  a  doubting  world,  our  oneness 
with  the  general  Church  ?  If  our  prayer  should,  on  occasions  not  too  fre- 
quent, voice  itself  in  that  tender  and  sublimely  simple  ^  Litany "  which 
is  our  inheritance  from  the  early  Christian  ages,  if  we  should  at  times 
stand  and  declare  our  faith  in  the  words  of  the  ^'  Apostles  "  or  of  the  **•  Ni- 
cene  Creed,"  might  it  not,  since  externals  have  great  force  with  the  mass  of 
men,  might  it  not  help  us  into  a  clearer  union  —  not  organic  but  spiritual  — 


1869.]  Warship  and  Architecture.  509 

with  Chnstian  brethren,  and  help  them  into  greater  charity  toward  us  ? 
Is  it  said  that  our  ancestors  would  have  frowned  on  any  such  compromise 
even  in  externals?  Doubtless  they  on  earth  would,  but  would  they  in 
heaven  be  greatly  grieved  thereby  ?  Because  our  ancestors  were  driven 
of  the  Devil  into  a  fortress  where  they  made  grand  fight  for  the  Lord,  and 
held  for  him  one  province  against  the  world's  ungodly  empire,  are  we 
therefore  as  Christ's  servants  to  cultivate  their  provincialism  evermore  ?  In 
national  affairs  the  tendency  of  modem  civilization  is  toward  assimilation 
of  different  peoples,  the  breaking  down  of  ancient  barriers,  the  exchang* 
ing  of  products,  the  opening  of  all  nations  into  one  humanity.  Jn  this  the 
strongest  and  most  civilized  take  the  lead.  We,  the  Puritan  stock,  think 
ourselves  strong  in  the  faith ;  let  this  be  granted  for  the  argument's  sake, 
and  are  we  not  strong  enough  to  follow  the  Apostle's  precept,  *<  We  then 
that  are  strong  ought  to  bear  the  infirmities  of  the  weak  and  not  to 
please  ourselves  "  ?  What  though  our  tastes  be  not  pleased  by  any  com- 
promise of  non-essential  modes  ?  Shall  we  who  boast  of  our  largeness, 
liberality,  and  liberty,  who  claim  to  hold  all  externals  loosely  that  we  may 
concentrate  strength  on  the  essentials,  whose  system  is  flexible  and  elas- 
tic as  the  others  are  not,  —  shall  we  press  our  provincialisms,  not  only  ci 
principle,  but  also  of  form,  so  pertinaciously,  and  to  such  extremes  as  to 
insure  the  perpetuation  of  animosities  which  the  Church  ought  now  to  dis* 
miss,  that  it  may  move  in  the  grandeur  of  its  unity  to  the  conquest  of  the 
world  for  Christ  ? 

3.  The  natural  development  of  the  Congregationalism,  rather  the  indi- 
vidttaUsmj  for  which  our  ancestors  stood,  leads  us  logically  to  some  change 
in  our  inherited  modes  which  shall  admit  more  general  participation  of 
each  worshipper  in  the  services  of  the  sanctuary.  Thus,  also,  shall  worship 
itself  become  more  real,  and  more  prominent  Too  much,  in  proportion, 
is  now  done4>y  one  man  in  the  pulpit,  and  by  four  or  by  twenty  people  in 
the  choir.  The  way  should  be  opened  for  the  congregation  to  take  paatit 
Some  portions  of  the  praise,  and  by  the  same  argument  some  portions  of 
the  prayer,  should  be  common  to  all  voices ;  else  we  shall  grow  critical, 
fastidious,  elegant,  sentimental,  studious  of  fine  artistic  general  efiects, 
rather  than  worshipful,  with  an  individual  simplicity  and  directness  before 
Grod.  Do  you  say  that  all  forms  are  dangerous  ?  I  reply  that  we  have 
DOW  a  form  which,  practically,  binds  us ;  which  either  silences  or  tends  to 
silence  the  vast  majority  of  our  worshippers  ;  which,  while  possibly  suited 
to  the  strong,  the  gifted,  the  highly  spiritual,  is  unhelpful  to  the  weak,  the 
young,  the  uninstructed ;  which  in  worship  magnifies  the  pulpit  and  the 
choir,  and  represses  the  congregation,  and  overshadows  the  individual  wor* 
shipper, — a  form  which  is  itself  a  minor  peril,  and  which,  if  we  cling  to  it 
as  to  something  sacred  and  inviolable,  will  add  to  the  peril  of  coldness,  and 


510  Worship  and  Architecture*  [Oct. 

the  repression  of  a  hearty  individaal  worship,  the  darker  peril  o^  formal- 
ism, against  which  we  oaght  to  consider  ourselves  sworn  by  the  very  ances- 
try which  we  boast.  Any  decent  and  simple  modes  by  which  our  public 
worship  can  be  changed  from  its  present  tendency  to  be  a  performance  for 
and  to  the  congregation,  to  a  tendency  to  be  the  direct  act  of  the  congre- 
gation toward  God,  will*  help  us  as  a  denomination  in  dealing  with  the 
masses  of  mind  which  we  ought  to  influence  for  Christ.  I  am  not  adro- 
cating  prettinesses  in  God's  house,  nor  any  ornamenting  of  Christian  ser- 
vices for  the  sake  of  ornament :  the  spirit  of  Worship,  if  we  but  give  it 
course,  will  move  in  its  own  sufficient  dignity  and  beauty.  Nor  would  I 
advocate  any  rash  changes,  —  the  crowding  of  new  usages,  themselves 
desirable,  into  unprepared  parishes,  or  in  unfit  circumstances.  That  would 
be  to  endue  the  forms  of  worship  with  a  disproportioned  importance.  The 
needful  changes  should  come  naturally  and  as  a  growth  ;  and  not  so  much 
in  the  working  out  of  any  general  theory,  —  which  is  often  a  specific  im- 
pertinence, —  as  in  the  meeting  the  practical  wants  of  any  given  com- 
munity. Some  congregational  singing;  some  congregational  praying,  at 
least  in  the  use  jof  the  "  Lord's  Prayer,"  and  perhaps,  only  occasionally,  in 
that  most  devout  and  tender  Litany,  which  far  antedates  the  Apostasy  of 
of  Rome ;  a  setting  aside  of  some  of  the  elaborate  artistic  odes  of  unin- 
spired men,  in  which  too  oflen  devotion  is  painfully  hampered  with  rhyme 
and  metre  which  are  not  poetry,  while  the  accompanying  music  walks  cap- 
tive in  the  fourfold  chain  of  an  intricate  scientific  harmony,  —  a  setting  aside 
some  of  these  for  the  Psalms  inspired  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  and  to  be 
uttered  as  their  structure  demands,  responsively  in  grand  and  simple  unison 
of  voices ;  and,  though  this  is  of  less  moment,  the  "  Apostles*  Creed,"  in 
which  all  may  openly  declare  their  faith,  —  any  one  or  more  of  these  fea- 
tures introduced  as  the  need  might  show  itself,  and  the  time  might  serve, 
would  tend  to  make  our  worship  tndy  congregational,  common,  and  indi- 
vidual. In  most  cases,  doubtless,  the  joining  by  the  congregation  in  the 
Lord's  Prayer,  in  the  singing  of  hymns,  and  the  responsive  utterances  of 
Psalms,  would  suffice  for  the  demands  of  worship.  Whatever  be  our  form 
or  lack  of  form,  our  endeavor  should  be  that  the  services  of  God's  house 
should  stand  in  tender  beauty,  and  in  massive  strength ;  and  in  all  the 
grace  and  presence  of  the  Lord  Himself,  to  whom  be  glory  in  the  Church 
.throughout  all  ages.    Amen ! 


1869.]  Church  Architecture  and  Warship.  511 


CHURCH  ARCHITECTURE  AND  WORSHIP. 

"  Do  THE  PRESENT  ClRCOf  STANCES  OF  SOCIBTT  DEMAND  ANT  ESSENTIAL  DEPAET- 
URB    FROX  THE    SIMPLICITY  OF  OUR  FATHERS  IN  THE    StTLE   OF  CHRISTIAN 

Edifices,  and  the  Forms  of  Worship?"* 

Bt  ^^  our  fathers/'  we  understand  the  ministers  and  members  by  whom 
the  Congregational  churches  of  New  England  were  founded  and  sustained 
during  their  first  two  hundred  years. 

The  "  simplicity  "  to  which  we  have  reference  consists  in  something  which 
has  been  common  to -these  churches  during  their  past  history  and  which 
has  been  characteristic  of  them.  Evidently  this  is  no  one  narrow  outward 
fonuj  —  for  their  fashions  differed  among  themselves  as  much  as  ours  do, 
although  undoubtedly  all  within  the  circle  of  certain  pretty  well  defined  limits. 
But  what  we  mean  to  say  is,  that  it  was  the  singleness  and  simplicity  of  one 
great  central  idea,  manifesting  itself  through  a  general  similarity  and  still 
a  quite  large  diversity  of  details. 

What  then,  we  ask,  was  that  idea  in  which  their  '^  simplicity "  chiefly 
consisted,  upon  which  at  least  it  was  founded  ? 

It  was  an  endeavor  after  the  most  direct,  most  effective  contact  of  the 
simple  gospel  with  the  mind  and  heart  of  both  preacher  and  hearer.  This 
was  th^  idea  which,  through  all  changes,  they  were  to  make  manifest  in 
their  religious  worship.  They  did  this  by  certain  arrangements  of  song, 
and  prayer,  and  preaching,  —  in  such  edifices  as  they  could  from  time  to 
time  erect  wliich  should  be  at  once  convenient  for  holding  their  families 
and  for  carrying  out  this  idea  of  the  gospel. 

We  are  not  to  imagine  they  made  no  alterations  to  meet  the  transitions 
of  their  times.  Although  the  panorama  of  human  life  may  not  have 
shifted  quite  so  fast  in  their  age  as  in  ours,  still  the  scenes  were  certainly 
moving.  The  forms  and  style  of  the  fathers'  two  centuries  were  by  no 
means  of  cast  iron.  Whoever  will  look  at  a  plate,  or  read  a  description  of 
the  meeting-houses  of  1630,  and  then  of  1730,  will  find  very  different 
buildings  and  modes. 

Our  inquiry  regards,  it  will  be  observed,  essential  changes  in  forms  and 
style,  not  subordinate  changes ;  not  any  of  those  alterations,  whatever 
they  may  be,  which,  keeping  pace  with  the  advancing  generations  as  they 
come  up  each  into  its  own  share  in  human  afiairs,  however  striking  they 
may  appear  to  a  superficial  observer,  are  not  half  so  great  as  the  incessant 

*  Read  by  appointment  before  the  Alumni  of  Andover  Theological  Seminary,  July 
21,  1869. 


612  Church  Architecture  and  Warship.  [Oct. 

matatioDS  in  all  other  fashions,  —  and  provided  always  they  remain  consist- 
ent with  the  one  central  idea. 

Those  secondary  movements  were  continual  with  the  fathers.  In  fact, 
they  often  had  more  of  form  and  stateliness  than  we  have.  If  any  one 
chooses  to  wear  the  scholastic  gown  and  the  minister's  bands,  he  will  only 
be  doing  what  was  common  in  all  this  neighborhood.  When  the  whole 
congregation  rose  and  stood  while  the  pastor  passed  down  the  aisle,  and  the 
inhabitants  were  seated  in  charch  according  to  their  local  dignities,  there 
was  mach  more  of  style  and  ceremony  within  the  old  meeting-house  than 
we  know.  We  have  grown  in  some  respects  more  simple,  more  plain,  than 
the  fathers  were. 

The  grand  idea  was  always  expected  to  work  itself  out  in  its  own  way. 

Regarding  Church  Architecture :  The  first  generations  were  obliged  to 
put  up  the  most  inexpensive  buildings.  I  have  seen  a  drawing  purporting 
to  be  the  first  meeting-house  of  the  first  church  of  Boston,  —  a  rude,  one- 
story,  thatched  roof,  log  or  planked,  shed-like  structure.  I  certainly  much 
prefer  the  style  of  architecture  of  the  present  "  First  Church "  in  stone 
recently  erected  on  Berkeley  Street.  I  presume  the  original  builders 
would,  if  the  choice  had  been  given  them. 

There  are  many  variations  which  are  not  any  essential  departure  from  the 
simplicity  of  the  fathers,  —  changes  which  need  not  infringe  upon  the  single- 
ness of  their  great  and  just  purpose,  but  may  the  rather  assist  its  better 
development  in  a  new  and  altered  state  of  society.  Bareness  and  meagre- 
ness  arc  not  necessary.  They  may  have  been  common  in  times  of  strait- 
ness  and  penury.  In  a  very  few  instances  they  may  have  been  regarded 
a  "  bonum  per  se." 

But  so  have  an  improved  and  elevated  style  followed  upon  better  circum- 
stances.    We  hope  they  always  will. 

Comfort,  convenience,  durability,  taste,  proportion,  beauty,  the  education 
of  a  community  by  chaste  artistic  designs,  the  best  materials,  a  careful 
construction,  an  elaborate  finish,  —  all  these  we  hold  to  be,  within  moderate 
bounds,  not  only  no  essential  departure  from  the  simplicity  of  the  great 
Congregational  idea,  —  but  these  were  not  unknown,  in  their  measure  and 
in  the  style  of  their  times,  to  many  of  the  old  meeting-houses. 

Churches  have  been  pulled  down  in  New  England  towns,  that  were 
built  a  century  or  a  century  and  a  half  ago,  to  give  place  to  new  struc- 
tures not  nearly  so  fine  for  these  times  as  those  old  meeting-houses 
were  for  their  day.  The  carved  woods,  the  turned  rails  and  posts,  the 
decorated  sounding-boards,  the  antique  wainscoting,  the  old-time  structures 
with  their  grotesque  ornaments,  cost  more  pains,  a  larger  proportion  of 
money,  and,  in  comparison  with  the  ordinary  style  of  other  edifices,  were 
really  every  way  more  exalted  than  our  stone  churches,  with  stained  win- 
dows and  great  organs. 


1869.]  Church  Architecture  and  Worship.  613 

It*  has  oflen  been  the  rule  in  New  England  for  the  people  to  build  their 
church  as  well  as  they  could,  each  generation  after  its  own  fashion.  We 
hope  to  do  the  same  in  future. 

The  fixed  nucleus  about  which  to  group  our  church  architecture  has 
been,  not  a  style  like  a  barn,  but  a  convenient  place  from  which  to  send  forth 
divine  truths  into  a  community.  The  form  is  what  has  always  been  mov- 
able and  according  to  the  notions  of  the  age.  We  are  to  hold  fast  to  the 
old  idea  because  it  is  the  true  one,  but  we  are  to  give  that  idea  a  habitation 
in  the  way  that  shall  combine  the  utmost  of  fitness  and  opportunity  for  the 
work  to  be  done. 

What  we  would  say  respecting  church  architecture  then  is  this.  No  de- 
parture from  the  singleness  of  the  fathers'  idea  of  what  churches  are  built 
for,  but  great  fiexibility,  depending  on  location,  people,  means,  surround- 
ings, as  to  the  method  of  embodying  that  idea  in  any  particular  edifice. 

One  of  the  last  places  to  begfn  to  be  parsimonious  is  on  a  house  of  wor- 
ship !  and  this  has  been  the  testimony  of  the  best  part  of  New  England 
hitherto.  It  will  not  be  running  in  the  face  of  past  teachings  to  keep  to 
this.  But  whatever  offends  the  idea  of  preaching  and  hearing  is  out  of 
place.  Whatever  style  is  introduced  to  cultivate  the  notion  of  a  priCdL- 
hood  and  a  sacrifice  that  must  be  repeatedly  offered ;  whatever  is  contrived 
for  a  spectacular  exhibition,  like  many  of  the  great  cathedrals  with  their 
huge  columns,  behind  each  of  which  you  might  hide  the  whole  of  some  of 
our  congregations  ;  whatever  is  built  for  rivalry  and  show  ;  or  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  lolling  luxuriousness ;  or  for  the  mere  gi'atification  of  the 
aesthetic  faculty,  like  the  superb  Greek  temple  ;  or  for  the  worship  of  the 
human  intellect  on  the  plan  of  our  rationalistic  reactionaries  in  the  modern 
Athens,  who  are  for  reforming  us  all  back  into  Paganism  under  the  shadow 
of  University  walls, — in  short,  whatever  forsakes  or  forgets  or  puts  out 
of  sight  the  one  aim  of  the  fathera  —  to  have  the  gospel  preached,  and 
preached  where  it  could  be  heard  —  is  bad  in  church  architecture.  And 
whatever  m^es  the  preaching  of  the  gospel  more  forceful,  and  the  hearing 
of  the  gospel  more  convenient  for  the  greatest  number  of  a  given  commu- 
nity, is  good  in  church  architecture  and  is  accordant  with,  and  not  opposed 
to,  the  system  of  the  fathers. 

Turning  now  from  the  edifice  to  the  Form  of  Church  Service :  Her 
also,  retaining  the  simple  idea  of  its  uses,  we  hold,  on  the  hitherto  estab- 
lished and  recognized  principles  of  the  Congregational  churches,  a  large 
liberty  and  a  wide  range.  You  may  have  the  doxology  at  the  end  or  at 
the  beginning,  or  both.  You  may  rise  or  you  may  sit  when  you  sing. 
You  may  stand  or  you  may  kneel  in  prayer.  You  may  read  the  Scriptures 
responsive  with  the  minister,  or  he  may  read  it  to  you.    Yon  may  join  in 


614  Church  Architecture  and  Worship.  [Oct. 

heart  in  petitions  jou  have  not  before  heard,  or  you  may  have  each 
Sabbath  some  one  or  more  specific  and  prepared  forms  of  united  supplica* 
lion.  You  may  draw  up  your  own  method  of  church  service,  or  you  may 
fall  in  with  any  of  the  various  methods  about  you.  All  this  Congregation- 
alism teaches,  and  the  custom  of  the  fathers  teaches,  is  not  essentiaL  Use 
your  liberty.  Only  do  not  so  use  it  as  to  injure  another.  And,  if- you 
can  possibly  help  it,  do  not  so  use  it  as  to  hurt  any  weak  conscience.  Still 
use  it.  You  are  not  fettered.  You  must  choose  for  yourself.  Select  the 
very  best.  But  whatever  it  be,  in  order  not  to  depart  essentially  from  the 
old  standard,  our  form  of  worship  will  adhere  to  these  few  leading  prin- 
eiples,  VIZ. : 

1.  It  will  keep  prominent  the  thought  o£  personal  (zccountabUiiy,  and  of 
personal  communion  with  the  Great  God.  It  will  not  dissolve  away  the 
individual  into  a  promiscuous  mass  whose  confession  of  ^  us  miserable  sin- 
ners "  will  not  mean,  and  will  never  be  understood  fo  mean,  anybody  in  par- 
ticular.    It  must  be  individual  confession  and  personal  worship. 

2.  The  form  of  our  service  will  always  keep  prominent  also  the  idea  of 
instruction  in  religious  things.  It  can  never  be  allowed,  on  our  principles, 
to  degenerate  into  platitudes,  or  mere  exhortation. 

3.  It  will  also  hold  a  high  place,  if  it  keeps  up  the  method  of  the  elder 
times  among  us,  for  the  imperial  application  of  Christian  precepts  to  prcLC' 
tical  life.    And  then 

4.  For  the  most  direct  and  forcible  appeal  to  the  individual  conscience 
and  heart.  If  we  bear  these  principles  alofl,  I  think  we  shall  not  depart 
from  the  fathers  in  ordering  our  mode  and  succession  of  service  just  as  an 
enlightened,  quick-eyed,  Christian  common  sense  and  a  cultivated  spiritual 
taste  shall  find  most  subservient  to  the  great  end  of  honoring  the  Master, 
and  edifying  the  saints,  and  persuading  the  multitude. 

We  must  judge  for  ourselves.  We  may  change  with  the  times.  We 
need  not  be  afraid  of  something  new.  We  are  not  obliged  servilely  to 
copy  one  another.  Practically  to  proportion  our  services  just  right  is  a 
work  of  care,  of  difficulty,  and  of  experiment.  The  fathers  made  some 
grave  mistakes,  e.  g.  when  they  excluded  the  reading  of  the  Scriptures  from 
the  pulpit.  We  should  be  extremely  foolish  if  we  copy  their  mistakes  be- 
cause they  are  theirs.  And  we  should  be  breaking  the  higher  rule  of  their 
more  consistent  and  noble  principles  in  attempting  to  follow  some  parts  of 
their  own  halting  practice. 

We  also  have  faults.  A  want  of  reverence  in  those  who  come  to  some 
of  our  churches  is  one.  It  is  a  disgrace  to  any  churches,  of  whatever  order, 
when  people  who  know  better  show  little  good  manners  in  church.  But 
no  essential  alteration  of  forms  would  remedy  this.  You  have  to  change 
the  people,  not  the  modes  of  service.     It  ought  to  be  remedied  now,  what- 


1869.]  Church  Architecture  and  Warahip.  616 

ever  are  our  present  forms.  It  is  in  some  of  our  churches,  and  nowhere 
are  more  devotional  worshippers  than  in  many  of  our  most  distinctive  con- 
gregational assemblies. 

Another  evil  is,  a  lack  of  attendance  by  a  multitude  who  belong  to  us. 
But  the  cure  for  this  is  not  to  be  found  in  any  essential  change  of  our 
forms.  If  we  were  to  adopt,  in  full  silk  and  purple  or  scarlet,  the  mil- 
linery system,  it  would  add  nothing  to  us.  The  reason  why  the  ritual- 
istic movement,  in  its  new  spasm  of  life,  calls  out  so  large  numbers  is,  first, 
the  novelty  of  it.  And,  next,  the  actual  earnestness  and  the  real  enthu- 
siasm which,  strange  as  it  must  seem,  do  illustrate  and  light  up  this  ener- 
getic revival  of  lawn  and  candles.  And,  thirdly,  it  owes  a  large  part  of  its 
ephemeral  success  to — what  we  should  do  well  to  copy  —  a  considerate 
care  for  the  poor  in  personal  visitation  and  charity.  With  the  same  vigor 
and  enthusiasm,  and  the  same  self-denying  devotion,  on  the  part  of  the 
members  of  all  churches,  to  the  lowly  and  destitute,  and  the  afflicted,  which 
some  of  the  ritualists  are  reported  to  exhibit,  our  simple  services,  without 
any  striking  change  in  our  forms,  would  accomplish  much  more,  and  hold 
on  to  what  is  gained  much  more  permanently. 

The  truth  is,  we  must  all  supplement  our  public  services  in  private  with 
kindness  and  sympathy,  —  not  with  condescending  and  patronizing  ways, 
but  with  sincere,  manly,  human,  gracious  sympathy.  This  is  what  our 
times  demand.  Nof  any  radical  revolution  in  our  mode  of  church  archi- 
tecture and  church  service,  but  more  of  service^  more  of  the  manifestation 
of  His  Spirit  who  came  not  to  be  ministered  unto,  but  to  minister.  We 
want  a  using  of  the  gospel.  We  need  to  take  the  precepts  of  the  Word 
down  from  the  pedestal  of  the  pulpit  and  out  from  all  forms  of  the  sanc- 
tuary, and  to  carry  them  with  brotherly  love  to  the  waiting,  perhaps  sigh- 
ing, hearts.  Let  us  thank  God  and  take  courage  that  this  is  already,  to  so 
large  an  extent,  the  work  our  churches  seek  to  do,  and  let  us  press  forward 
in  the  good  way.  We  want  a  warmer  welcome  of  the  people,  by  the 
people  of  the  churches,  to  the  services  as  they  are.  We  want  a  look- 
ing after  the  neglected,  and  the  ignorant,  and  the  unaccustomed,  —  not  only 
the  poor  or  the  sick,  but  the  stranger,  the  diffident,  the  mistaken,  the  wan- 
dering,—  some  attention  paid  to  them  to  induce  them  to  frequent  our 
churches,  and  then,  when  they  come,  some  courteous  greeting,  some 
fiiendly  welcome. 

We  require  —  what  the  fathers  placed  first  —  that  church  architecture 
most,  where  "  all  the  building,  fitly  framed  together,"  is  seen  to  be  "  a  hab- 
itation of  Grod  through  the  Spirit" 


516       Ancient  Confessions  of  Faith  and  Family  Covenants.     [Oct. 


ANCIENT   CONFESSIONS    OF   FAITH  AND  FAMILY    COV- 
ENANTS. 

Thb  Confessions  and  Covenants  here  printed  (transcripts  from  the  Records  of  a 
Church  of  Christ,  in  Westerly,  R.  L,  1 752  - 1 756)  are  thought  to  be  unique.  They  certam- 
ly  are  curious  specimens  of  ancient  usages,  and  are  worthy  of  preserration  and  study. 

There  was  in  Westerly,  R.  I.,  as  long  ago  as  1742  or  1743,  a  "Presbyterian  or  rather 
Congregational  Church  of  Christ."  Its  pastor  then,  or  at  a  later  date,  was  the  Rer. 
Joseph  Park,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1724.  A  few  miles  west,  on  the  other  side  of 
the  Pawcatuck  River  which  there  separates  Rhode  Island  from  Connecticut,  were  three 
churches  of  the  "  standing  order."  In  the  first  church  in  Stonington,  Rev.  Ebenezcr 
Rossi ter  was  pastor  from  1722  to  1762.  In  the  East  Society,  Rev.  Nathaniel  Eells  in 
1733  began  his  ministry  of  fifky-three  years,  and  in  the  North  Society  Rev.  Joseph  Fish 
was  pastor  from  1732  to  1781. 

Difficulties  arose  in  the  church  at  Westerly  which  led  Mr.  Park  to  move  for  a  dis- 
mission from  his  pastoral  office,  and  it  appearing  that  a  greater  part  of  the  standing 
church  were  disposed  to  grant  the  request,  twelve  persons  —  nine  female  and  three  male — 
withdrew  from  the  church  by  letter,  June  2,  1751,  with  a  full  recommendation  to  other 
churches  or  to  be  a  distinct  church  if  the  Lord  should  open  the  way  for  it.  The  meet- 
ing-house seems  to  have  been  under  the  control  of  "  the  Commissioners  for  the  Indian 
Aflfairs  "  in  Boston. 

On  the  causes  of  this  separation  I  cannot  give  much  light.  The  colonists  were 
certainly  not  in  sympathy  with  the  "  Separates  "  who  had  been  withdrawing  from  the 
churches  of  Connecticut  during  the  preceding  decade.  They  did  not  differ  in  doctrine 
from  the  first  church,  nor  refuse  to  hold  communion  with  its  members ;  but  they  did 
complain  that  the  first  church  was  "  too  inclinable  to  give  up  the  gospel  ministry." 

Mr.  Park  soon  left  Westerly  for  Southold,  L.  I.,  but  his  family  remained  behind,  and, 
partly  on  their  account,  the  colonists  were  invited  to  meet  at  his  house  for  divine  worship 
every  Lord's  Day,  which  they  agreed  to  do  except  when  opportunity  was  afforded  to 
hear  the  word  preached  in  the  house  of  God. 

As  early  as  July,  1751,  these  twelve  persons  entered  into  an  explicit  covenant,  suffi- 
ciently ample  to  constitute  them  a  church,  though  they  did  it  without  advice  of  a 
Council,  and  with  a  feeling  on  their  own  part  that  the  time  had  hardly  come  for  them  to 
be  incorporated  into  a  church.  Ilowever,  they  transacted  business,  received  and  dis- 
missed members,  appointed  officers,  and  discharged  other  ecclesiastical  functions.  Mr. 
Eells,  Mr.  Fish,  and  other  ministers  gave  them  occasional  aid.  Mr.  Park  was  often 
providentially  with  them,  and  finally  accepted  a  call  to  be  their  pastor.  May  23,  1759, 
it  was  voted  to  invite  the  three  Stonington  churches  and  their  elders,  and  the  church  in 
Kingston  and  its  elder,  to  assist  in  the  installation  of  Mr.  Park,  on  the  22d  of  the  next 
August.  He  seems  to  have  remained  in  office  for  several  years,  but  the  subsequent 
history  of  the  church  and  its  pastor  I  am  not  able  to  give. 

Some  of  the  records  of  this  church  have  been  preserved,  transcripts  from  which  are 
here  given  for  the  sake  of  illustrating  the  usage  of  that  day,  especially  in  respect  to  the 
mode  of  receiving  baptized  persons  to  full  communion  in  the  church,  and  of  recommend- 
ing members  by  letter  to  other  churches.  It  was  once  common  for  candidates  to  present 
original  written  confessions  of  their  belief.*    What  is  here  remarkable  is  that  they  were 

*  Sec  an  article  on  Confessions  of  Faith  in  the  Congregational  Quarterly,  IV.  179  - 
191,  — especially  pp..  181,  182. 


1869.]     Aneient  Confessions  of  Faith  and  Family/  Covenants.     517 

preserved  and  recorded.  Lechford's  Plain  Dealing  describes  the  usage  of  a  previous 
century.  At  the  reception  of  members  "  the  Elder  tumeth  his  speech  to  the  party  to  be 
admitted,  and  requireth  him,  or  sometimes  asketh  him,  if  he  be  willing  to  make  known 
to  the  congregation  the  work  of  grace  upon  his  soul ;  and  biddeth  him,  as  briefly  and 
audibly,  to  as  good  hearing  as  he  can,  to  do  the  same.  Whereupon  the  party,  if  it  be  a 
man,  speaketh  himself;  but  if  it  bo  a  woman,  her  confession  made  before  the  Elders  in 
private  is  most  usually  (in  Boston  church)  read  by  the  pastor  who  registered  the  same. 
.....  Then  the  elder  requireth  the  party  to  make  profession  of  his  faith,  which  is  also 
done  either  by  questions,  and  answers,  if  the  party  be  weak,  or  else  in  a  solemn  speech 
according  to  the  sum  and  tenor  of  the  Christian  faith  laid  down  in  the  Scripture."* 
The  family  covenants,  made  and  renewed,  will  be  read  with  peculiar  interest. 

E.  W.  G. 

I.    Reception  of  Members  on  Confession  of  Faith. 

Lord's  Dat,  February  the  16th,  1752. 

This  day  the  desires  of  John  Gravit  (son  to  De^  Gavit)  were  propounded 
to  come  to  the  Lord's  Table  and  under  the  special  watch  of  this  society 
with  Joseph  and  Benjamin  Park  who  were  propounded  some  time  ago. 

By  Christophee  Sugar,  C^rL 

FebrJ  the  19th,  1752. 

The  Rev*^  Mr.  Joseph  Fish  preached  a  sermon  to  us  at  Rer.  Mr.  Park's 

house  from  Luke  the  17th  &  21st,  and  publicly  propounded  to  come  to  the 

Lord's  Table  Benjamin  Park  and  John  and  William  Gavit  (sons  to  De*^ 

Ezekiel  Gray  it),  but  referred  the  fixing  of  their  standing  in  the  church  and 

under  the  watch  of  this  society  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Park,  having  declared  to 

us  before  that  he  had  not  light  to  determine  whether  we  were  a  regular 

society  or  not 

Lord's  Dat,  March  the  Ist,  1752. 

The  Rev^  Mr.  Park,  come  from  Long  Island,  came  and  gave  us  a  ser- 
mon from  Col.  3 ;  3  &  4. 

Lord's  Day,  March  the  8th,  1752. 

The  Rev*^  Mr.  Park  finished  his  discourse  from  Col.  3d  and  3  -  4  v.,  and 
received  to  the  Lord's  Table  and  our  communion  the  children  above  men- 
tioned, Joseph  and  Benjamin  Park  and  John  Gavit,  and  William  Gavit 
being  detained  by  sickness,  and  administered  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's 
supper  to  us,  and  Deacon  William  Pendleton  desired  to  commune  with  us, 
which  was  granted. 

Lord's  Dat,  March  the  22nd. 
The  Rev.  Mr.  Park  J)eing  returned  from  Boston,  at  the  desire  of  Deacon 
Pendleton,  preached  at  the  meeting  house  from  Jer.  the  2d,  2,  and  admitted 

*  Quoted  in  Bihliotheca  SacrOf  XXV.  202.    For  memoranda  respecting  relations  of 
penonal  experience,  see  Am,  Q^,  Begitter,  XII.  237  -  239. 


618       Ancient  Canfes9ian8  of  Faith  and  Famify  OovetumU.     [Oet 

to  full  commanion  William  Gravit  upon  his  public  assent  to  the  following 
declaration  which  hath  been  jointly  offered  with  Joseph  and  B^ijamin 
Park  and  John  Gavit 

Jemima  York  and  Ruth  Sugar  and  Anna  York  were  propounded  for  full 
communion. 

Charlsstowh,  December  19tby  1751. 

We  the  subscribers  do  eamestlj  desire  admission  to  the  Lord's  Table 
and  to  come  under  the  special  watch  of  the  society  of  Grod's  people  in  this 
place  which  have  lately  been  dismissed  from  the  church  of  Christ  in  Wes- 
terly. 

We  believe  there  is  one  Grod  in  three  persons,  Father,  Son,  and  Holy 
Ghost,  into  whose  sacred  name  we  have  been  baptized,  which  solemn  cove- 
nant obligation  we  do  heartily  own.  We  believe  the  Scriptures  to  be  the 
Word  of  Grod,  and  we  find  by  experience  that  Grod's  Word  is  true  and  that 
we  are,  as  that  testifies  of  us,  sinful  and  miserable  by  nature  and  practice, 
Fsalm  51-5,  Psalm  58  -  3,  but  blessed  be  Grod  who  has  found  out  a  way  to 
save  such  poor  lost  and  undone  sinners  as  we  find  ourselves  to  be,  by  send- 
ing his  Son,  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  to  take  our  nature  upon  him,  and  in  it  to 
fulfil  and  answer  the  demands  of  his  law  which  man  had  broke  and  to  give 
his  life  a  ransom  for  us,  Rom.  5-8,  and  that  whosoever  believeth  on  him 
shall  not  perish  but  have  everlasting  life.  We  believe.  Lord,  help  our  un- 
belief. 

We  think  it  our  duty  (finding  it  to  be  the  command  of  Christ,  Luke  22 ; 
17  ife  1  Cor.  11 ;  25,  26)  and  dare  not  any  longer  neglect  to  confess  Christ 
before  men.  We  therefore  offer  ourselves  to  the  communion  of  this  society 
of  Grod's  people,  whose  confession  of  faith  and  church  covenant  we  con- 
sent unto,  begging  to  be  accepted  of  and  watched  over  by  them.  Intreat- 
ing  the  prayers  of  God's  ministers  and  people  for  us  that  God  would  grant 
us  grace  to  adorn  our  profession  by  a  wise  &  well  ordered  life  and  conver- 
sation, and  not  by  a  careless  and  wicked  life  bring  a  reproach  upon  his 
holy  religion  and  grieve  the  hearts  of  the  godly  and  harden  the  wicked,  but 
that  he  would  conduct  us  faultless  to  his  heavenly  kingdom.     Amen. 

Joseph  Park,  Jun'. 
Benjamin  Pabk. 
John  Gavit. 
William  Gavit. 

Joseph  &  Benj°  Park  in  the  16th  year  of  their  age.  ^ 

John  Gavit  in  his  16th  year. 

William 

Put  to  vote,  whether  this  church  or  Christian  Society  upon  what 
has  been  offered  by  these  persons,  can  heartily  accept  of  them  as  mem- 


1869.]     Ancient  Confessions  of  Faith  and  Family  Covenants.     519 

bers  in  full  communion  in  Christ's  church  Sc  receive  them  to  your  special 
watch. 

Voted  in  the  affirmative. 

I  do  then  in  the  Name  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  the  alone  head  of  the 
Church,  declare  jou  and  each  of  you  to  be  members  in  full  communion 
with  the  Church  of  Christ,  &  to  have  a  full  right  to  all  visible  privileges 
therein,  &  commend  you  to  the  special  watch  &  fellowship  of  the 
brethren  in  this  place  regularly  dismissed  from  the  Church  of  Christ  in 
Westerly  &  recommended  to  the  grace  of  God  &  communion  of  the 
churches  of  Christ,  or  to  have  a  right  to  be  a  distinct  church  to  have  the 
special  ordinances  of  the  gospel  administered  to  them.    Amen. 

Joseph  Pakk,  Minister  of  the  Gospel, 

Lord's  Dat,  March  the  29th,  1752. 
Jemima  York,  Ruth  Sugar,  Anna  Tork  offered  the  following  declaration, 
which  they  drew  np  themselves. 

We,  the  subscribers,  being  sensible  that  it  is  our  duty  to  join  in  Com- 
munion with  Church  of  Christ  and  dare  no  longer  neglect  it.  We  do  offer 
ourselves  to  the  communion  of  the  Church  of  Christ  in  the  special  watch 
and  fellowship  of  the  Christian  society  in  this  place  whose  confession  of 
faith  and  Church  covenant  we  consent  unto.  We  believe  there  is  one  Grod, 
and  the  eternal  Godhead  is  distinguished  into  three  persons,  the  Father,  the 
Son,  and  the  Holy  Ghost,  and  that  the  great  Gk)d  sent  his  only  Son  to  give 
bis  life  a  ransom  for  poor  lost  sinners,  of  whom  we  are  chief.  We  believe, 
Lord,  help  our  unbelief.  And  we  know  that  Christ  says  he  that  is  ashamed 
of  me  before  men,  of  him  will  I  be  ashamed  before  my  heavenly  Father, 
Hebrews  10 ;  4, 5,  for  it  is  not  possible  that  th6  blood  of  bulls  and  goats  should 
take  away  sin,  wherefore  when  he  cometh  into  the  world  he  saith  sacrifice 
and  offering  thou  wouldst  not,  but  a  body  hast  thou  prepared  me.  He- 
brews 11 ;  1,  now  faith  is  the  substance  of  things  hoped  for,  the  evidence 
of  things  not  seen  ;  for  ye  have  need  of  "patience  that  after  ye  have  done 
the  will  of  God  ye  may  receive  the  promise,  for  of  his  fullness  have  all  we 
received  and  grace  for  grace.  And  begging  of  Grod  that  we  may,  as  the 
Ninevites  repent  of  our  sins  in  sackcloth  and  ashes  we  know  the  God  of 
Israel  is  merciful  and  kind  and  begging  that  we  may  adorn  our  profession 
that  we  may  not  grieve  the  godly  nor  harden  the  wicked.     Amen. 

Jemima  York. 

Ruth  Sugar. 

Anna  York. 
Jemima  York  in  the  14th  year  of  her  age. 

Ruth  Sugar  in  the  ISth  year  bf  her  age. 

Anna  York  in  the  11th  year  of  her  age. 


520       Ancient  Confe99ion»  of  Faith  and  Family  CovenantM.     [Oct 

[The  record  shows  the  same  formula  in  takiDg  the  vote,  and  in  proooon* 
cing  them  admitted^  as  in  a  fom^er  case.] 

Lord's  Dat,  Jane  the  21  at 
The  Rev^  Mr.  Park  being  come  over  to  visit  his  family  from  Long 
Island  preached  a  sermon  in  the  forenoon  from  Luke  the  17  th,  7  &  9  ver- 
ses, and  preached  in  the  afternoon  from  Psalm  76th,  1,  2,  &  Sd,  and  re- 
ceived into  full  communion  Thomas  Park  and  Anne  Park  who  were  pro- 
pounded upon  offering  the  following  declaration. 

April  the  19th,  1752. 

We  the  subscribers,  babes  in  Christ,  desire  to  be  fed  with  the  sincere 
milk  of  the  word  and  to  follow  the  footsteps  of  Christ's  flock.  We  desire 
to  know  Christ  better  and  to  love  him  more.  We  openly  acknowledge 
God,  Father,  Son  and  Holy  Ghost,  to  be  our  God.  We  believe  the  Scrip- 
tures to  be  the  word  of  Grod  and  we  desire  to  read  and  practice  them :  we 
desire  to  give  God  our  youth,  begging  to  be  sanctified  to  his  service  for- 
ever. We  bless  God  that  we  were  bom  of  godly  parents,  and  broagbt  up 
among  the  people  of  Grod ;  and  we  thank  God  and  his  people,  for  the 
tender  love  they  have  shown  in  encouraging  us  to  our  duty,  and  we  pray 
that  God  would  enable  us  to  comfort  their  hearts  by  our  Christian  lives 
and  conversation.  We  desire  to  come  to  the  Lord's  Table  as  disciples  of 
Christ  and  we  beg  to  be  accepted  by  God  and  man.  We  desire  to  come 
under  the  watch  of  this  society  (so  long  as  God  shall  continue  us  among 
them).  Intreating  them  to  watch  over  us  for  good  and  not  suffer  sin  upon 
us ;  and  we  beg  the  prayers  of  all,  both  old  and  young  for  us,  that  [he] 
would  enable  us  to  adorn  our  profession  that  those  who  seek  occa^on 
against  us  may  be  ashamed  having  no  evil  thing  to  say  of  us.     Amen. 

Thomas  Park. 

Anne  Park. 
Thomas  Park  in  the  14th  year  of  his  age. 

Anne  Park  in  the  13th  year  of  her  age. 

[No  form  of  vote,  or  of  reception  is  here  recorded.] 

Pebmaiy  the  25th,  1753. 
Deacon  Gavit  after  service  made  mention  of  his  son  Ezekiel's  desire  to 
be  admitted  into  full  communion  with  this  society,  to  be  a  partaker  of  all 
the  privileges  of  the  sons  of  God  among  us,  and  said  he  first  mentioned  it 
to  his  mother  of  his  own  accord  without  being  moved  thereto  by  any 
except  Grod  by  his  Holy  Spirit,  for  which  we  desire  to  bless  God  for  every 
visible  appearance  of  the  working  of  his  Holy  Spirit  among  us.  We  do 
therefore  deem  him  a  proper  regular  candidate  standing  regularly  pro- 


1869.]     Ancient  Confesmns  of  Faith  and  Family  Covenants.     521 

pounded  until  such  times  as  the  Lord  is  pleased  to  send  some  regular  min- 
ister of  the  gospel  to  enquire  further  and  declare  him  a  complete  member 
in  full  communion  with  us. 

April  the  Istj  1753. 

The  Rev*  Mr.  Joseph  Park  ♦  *  Reached  *  *  after  sermon  he  ad- 
ministered the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper  to  us  :  but  before  we  par- 
took of  the  sacrament,  the  Hev.  Mr.  Park  enquired  something  into  Ezekiel 
Gavit's  experiences  and  received  him  into  full  communion  with  this  society 
and  declared  him  a  member  of  the  church  of  Christ  in  full  communion. 

The  desire  of  John  Park  offered  to  this  society,  1758. 

I  acknowledge  it  is  a  great  blessing  of  Grod,  granted  to^me  in  giving  me 
mj  birth  and  education  in  a  land  of  gospel  light,  and  bringing  me  into 
Covenant  with  himself  by  believing  parents,  who  devoted  me  to  Gk>d  in 
baptism  and  brought  me  up  [in]  the  nurture  and  admonition  of  the  Lord, 
and  I  am  convinced  it  is  my  great  duty  and  privilege  to  keep  hold  of  this 
covenant  and  make  personal  choice  of  God  to  be  my  Grod,  and  join  myself 
to  his  church,  and  walk  in  communion  with  it,  keeping  all  the  command- 
ments and  ordinances  of  the  Lord  blameless.  I  have  had  a  desire  to  come 
to  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper  for  several  years,  but  fear  that  I 
was  too  young,  and  was  ashamed  to  speak  my  mind  lest  I  should  be 
laughed  at  by  those  that  were  irreligious,  but  fearing  I  should  grieve  the 
Spirit  of  God  and  be  left  to  greater  hardness  of  heart  if  I  neglected  what 
Ijeally  thought  was  my  duty  and  privilege,  and  that  if  I  was  ashamed  to 
confess  Christ  before  men  he  would  not  own  me  in  the  day  of  judgment,  I 
have  ventured  to  offer  myself  to  full  communion  with  the  saints,  desiring 
to  CQ^  under  the  special  watch  of  this  society,  begging  their  prayers  that 
I  may  be  enabled  to  behave  myself,  as  becomes  a  disciple  of  Christ,  and 
that  Gg^  would  give  me  grace  to  glorify  God  and  enjoy  him  forever.  I 
likewiwpray  for  their  careful  and  faithful  watch  over  me  and  their  Chris- 
tian counsels  and  admonition  for  my  good. 

John  Park. 

Lord's  Day,  NoYcmber  the  28th,  1758. 

The  above  declaration  to  the  church  was  publicly  read  and  the  above 
named  John  Park  was  admitted  to  full  communion. 


IL  Dismission  of  Members  bt  Letter. 

October  the  8th,  1752,  being  Lord's  Day,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Park,  being 
come  over  from  Long  Island  to  move  part  of  his  family,  preached  a  ser- 
mon to  us  from  1  Cor.  15 ;  1.    After  sermon  being  ended,  our  well  be- 


622       Ancient  Confessions  of  Faith  and  FamUy  Covenants,     [Oct. 

loved  sister  Mrs.  Abigail  Park,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Joseph  Park  and 
his  son  Thomas  &  his  daughter  Ann  stood  forth  and  oflPered  the  following 
declaration :  — 

To  the  religious  society  regularly%ismi8sed  from  the  Church  of  Christ, 
in  "Westerly. 

Dear  Brethren,  —  We  the  subscribers,  members  of  the  Church  of 
Christ,  and  under  your  special  watch,  being  by  the  providence  of  Grod 
called  to  remove  to  Southold,  on  Long  Island,  do  earnestly  desire  you  to 
commend  us  to  the  grace  of  Grod,  to  be  kept  from  the  snares  of  sin  and 
Satan,  and  to  be  conducted  faultless  to  his  heavenly  kingdom.  And  like- 
wise to  recommend  us  to  communion  and  fellowship  at  the  Lord's  Table, 
with  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  that  place,  under  the  pastoral  care  of 

the  Rev.  Mr.  Joseph  Park. 

Abigail  Park. 

Thomas  Park. 

Ann  Park. 

Put  to  vote  whether  their  desires  would  be  granted  by  the  Society. 
.  Voted  in  the  affirmative. 

Lord's  Day,  October  the  I5tb,  I75S. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Joseph  Park  preached  a  sermon  for  us  and  administered 
the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper  to  us,  and  also  gave  a  letter  of  recom- 
mendation to  Mrs.  Abigail  Park,  &  her  sou  and  daughter,  which  is  as 
follows :  — 

Charlestown,  October  the  1 5th,  TO2. 

To  the  Church  of  Christ,  in  Southold,  Long  Island,  under  the  ^storal 
charge  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Joseph  Park.  ^ 

Brethren,  —  Mrs.  Abigail  Park  with  two  of  her  children;  Thomas 
Park  and  Anna  Park,  being  about  to  remove  from  us  to  reside  with  you, 
have  desired  a  recommendation  to  your  communion  at  the  table  of  the 
Lord.  These  may  certify  to  you  that  they  are  in  regular  standing  in  the 
Church  of  Christ,  free  from  all  scandal  or  censure,  and  by  a  good  conver- 
sation have  approved  themselves  worthy  the  fellowship  of  the  saints,  and 
we  do  heartily  recommend  them  to  your  communion  in  the  special  ordi- 
nances of  the  gospel. 

Christopher  Sugar,  Clerh^ 

In  the  name  and  at  the  desire  of  this  Society. 


1869.]     Ancient  Confessions  of  Faith  and  Family  Covenants.    528 

in.    Family  Covenants. 

Jan.  19,  1752. 
This  Society,  having  before  agreed  to  have  explicit  family  covenants 
according  to  their  several  various  circumstances  and  dispositions  (judging 
it  may  greatly  advance  the  glory  of  God  and  the  edification  of  our  own 
souls),  have  this  day  passed  a  vote  to  have  the  several  copies  recorded  in 
this  book. 

December  6th,  1750. 

We  whose  names  are  underwritten  do  this  day  covenant  with  God  and 
one  another,  depending  upon  Gk)d  alone  to  work  it  in  us  both  to  will  and  to 
do  of  his  own  good  pleasure  to  put  away  all  filtl^ess  both  of  flesh  and 
spirit  and  perfect  holiness  in  the  fear  of  Grod.  We  promise  particularly  to 
avoid  all  evil  communication  which  corrupts  good  manners,  especially  all 
filthy  unclean  conversation  which  is  an  awful  sign  of  a  filthy  and  rotten 
heart  We  promise  likewise  to  testify  against  it  in  others  wherever  we 
shall  hear  it  and  resolve  by  the  grace  of  Gk>d  to  have  no  fellowship  with 
the  unfruitful  works  of  Darkness  but  rather  reprove  them,  and  that  neither 
the  fear  of  man  or  our  own  guilt  or  any  other  impediment  shall  hinder  the 
faithful  discharge  of  our  duty. 

And  farther  we  promise  to  attend  all  the  duties  of  religion,  particularly 

we  will  reverendly  attend  the  worship  of  God  both  in  public  and  private, 

especially  will  we  sanctify  God's  Sabbath  and  reverence  his  sanctuary,  we 

will  read  a  portion  of  the  Holy  Scriptures  daily  and  sing  the  praises  of  ^ 

Grod  and  pray  to  him  and  teach  and  learn  the  Assembly's  Catechism  and  in 

all  things  behave  as  the  disciples  of  Jesus  Christ,  begging  his  presence  and 

help,  depending  upon  him  alone  for  strength  to  perform  these  promises. 

Amen. 

Abigail  Park.  Thomas  Park. 

Joseph  Park,  Jr.       John  Park. 

Benjamin  Park.         Anna  Park. 

HoPESTiLL  York. 

N.  B.  The  reason  of  Hopestill  Yorks  setting  her  name  to  this  covenant 
is  because  she  was  resident  here. 

An  Addition  made  to  Mrs.  Abigail  ParKs  Family   Covenanty  Jan,  27, 

1754. 

Finding  ourselves  extreme  liable .  to  an  unsuitable  frame  of  temper 
towards  each  other,  which  frequently  breaks  out  in  harsh  and  provoking 
expressions  to  the  dishonor  of  Grod  and  the  wounding  of  our  peace,  and 
desiring  to  have  all  sin  purged  out  and  to  be  made  in  the  image  of  Grod,  we 
would  use  all  proper  means  to  attain  it  and  having  found  that  solemnly 

NBW  SERIES.  -^  VOL.  I.  NO.  4.  36 


524       Ancient  Confessions  of  Faith  and  Family  Covenanis.     [Oct 

covenanting  with  God  and  one  another  has  had  a  happj  influence  toirards 
that  blessed  end,  we  do  in  the  fear  of  God  add  the  following  articles  to  our 
family  covenant,  viz.  that  we  will  not  indulge  ourselves  in  snapping  and 
snarling  at  each  other,  but  make  conscience  of  giving  a  soft  and  direct 
answer  when  asked  a  reasonable  question,  and  avoid  all  irritating  words  and 
actions,  but  love  as  brethren  and  provoke  to  love  and  good  works.  These 
we  promise  in  the  strength  of  Christ  alone.     Amen. 

Joseph  Park.     John  Park. 

Abigail  Park.    Hannah  Stanton  York. 

Thomas  Park.     Anne  Park. 

^  March  the  18th,  1755. 

Finding  that  as  we  grow  in  years  new  temptations  assault  us  and  new 
difficulties  arising  we  find  necessity  of  new  help  and  relying  upon  God 
alone  who  performcth  all  things  for  us  we  add  the  following  articles  to  our 
family  covenant.  Viz.  We  promise  to  avoid  all  uneasiness  at  things  we 
cannot  help  when  we  have  done  all  things  that  is  in  our  power,  but  submit 
to  the  will  of  God  in  things  as  becomes  his  children  and  endeavor  to  com- 
fort each  other  all  that  is  in  our  power  and  not  to  find  fault  with  one 
another  for  trivial  things  that  are  not  purposely  done ;  but  to  study  each 
other's  happiness  as  our  own.  W(  likewise  promise  to  do  what  our  hands 
find  to  do  with  all  our  might  and  not  to  slack  our  hands  because  we  think 
others  don't  do  so  much  as  we,  but  strengthen  one  another's  hands  and  en- 
courage their  hearts. 

We  promise  also  that  we  will  not  unnecessarily  keep  any  company  that 
is  disagreeable  to  one  another  and  cause  trouble  in  the  family,  but  commit 
ourselves  to  God  in  all  such  affairs  and  not  to  keep  unseasonable  hours  nor 
do  anything  that  hath  a  tendency  to  discompose  the  family.     Amen. 

Abigail  Park.  Thomas  Park. 

Joseph  Park,  Jr.        John  Park. 
Benjamin  Park.  Anne  Park. 

Stanton  York,  his  Family  Covenant,  Jan,  19,  1752. 

We  whose  names  are  hereunto  affixed  do  this  day  covenant  with  God 
and  one  another  depending  upon  God  alone  for  grace  to  perform.  We  do 
this  day  promise  to  put  away  all  filthiness  both  of  flesh  and  spirit  and  per- 
fect holiness  in  the  fear  of  God,  neither  allowing  ourselves  or  our  inferiors 
or  equals  in  sin,  to  have  no  fellowship  with  the  unfruitful  works  of  dark- 
ness but  rather  reprove  them.  We  promise  to  preserve  the  honor  and 
maintain  the  duties  belonging  to  every  one  in  their  several  places  and  rela- 
tions, as  Father  &  Mother,  Master  &  Mistress  or  inferior  or  equal,  not 
purloining  but  showing  all  good  fidelity.    We  will  keep  our  station  and  not 


1869.]     Ancient  Canfessiom  of  Faith  and  Family  Covenants.     626. 

go  out  of  our  particular  spheres  usurping  authority  where  we  are  not  ivkf 
vested  with  it. 

We  promise  to  observe  all  lawful  commands  of  this  our  Mother  db 
mistress  and  to  obey  her  carefully  and  cheerfully  without  gainsaying  or 
grudging  we  promise  to  endeavor  to  learn  6od*s  word,  and  to  make  that 
the  rule  of  our  practice  we  promise  to  help  each  other  under  all  our  diffir 
culties  and  to  walk  in  charity  and  condescension  toward  each  other  atid 
that  we  will  not  keep  company  or  have  conversation  (especially  in  private) 
with  any  that  Appears  not  to  fear  God  but  lay  aside  every  weight  and  the 
sin  that  so  easily  besets  us  and  run  with  patience  the  race  set  before  us 
which  God  of  his  infinite  grace  grant  through  Jesus  Christ  our  Lord. 
Amen.  ^ 

Stanton  York.  Zebadiah  Shaw. 

Jemima  York.  Jemima  York. 

HoPESTiLL  York.  Ebenezer  Adams< 

Hannah  Stanton  York.    Simeon  Fowler. 
•  Anna  York. 

Christopher  Sugar's  Family  Covenant^  January  26(^,  1752.  ; 

We  Christopher  and  Ruth  Sugar,  and  our  daughter  Ruth  and  Sarah 
Adams  a  child  under  our  watch  and  care,  being  the  whole  of  our  family 
and  disciples  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ. 

Do  this  day  solemnly  covenant  with  Gvod  and  one  another  (in  the  pres- 
ence and  fear  of  the  great  and  dreadful  God  who  will  bring  us  to  judgment 
at  the  great  day)  to  fear  God  and  keep  his  commandments.  Particularly 
we  promise  to  study  and  practice  the  duties  of  our  several  stations  and 
relations  making  God's  word  our  rule,  reading  it  daily.  We  promise  to 
treat  one  another  with  good  nature  and  tenderness,  without  snapping  aiid 
snarling  at  each  other  on  any  occasion.  W^  promise  to  put  away  lying 
and  dissembling  one  to  another  and  by  no  means  to  deceive  each  other. 
We  promise  likewise  to  attend  carefully  all  the  duties  of  our  holy  religion, 
more  especially  the  public  worship  of  God  and  by  no  means  turn  our  backs 
upon  means  of  grace  whatever  conceited  provocation  we  may  have. 

Finally  we  promise  to  do  to  others  as  we  would  that  they  should  do  to 
us.  .  All  this  we  promise  only  in  the  strength  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  in 
whom  we  beg. to  be  continually  found.    Amen. 

Christopher  Sugar.         Ruth  Sugar. 
Ruth  Sugar.  Sarah  Adams.  * 

Dea*  Ezekiel  Gavifs  Family  Covenant^  Jan.  28,  1752. 
We  whose  names  are  hereunto  affixed  do  this  day  solemnly  covenant 
with  Grod  and  one  another,  knowing  that  we  are  in  the  presence  of  an  all 


526       AneierU  Confessions  of  Faith  and  Family  Covenants.     [Oct 

seeing  God,  who  searches  the  hefCrts  and  trieth  the  reins  of  the  children  of 
men  who  is  of  purer  eyies  than  to  behold  iniquity.  We  promise  to  pat 
away  all  filthiness  both  of  flesh  and  spirit,  and  perfect  holiness  in  the  fear 
of  God.  We  who  stand  in  the  station  and  relation  of  parents  do  promise 
to  avoid  all  provocations,  unless  it  be  that  which  tendeth  to  love  and  good 
works.  Particularly  we  promise  not  to  provoke  our  children  to  wrath, 
whereby  they  may  be  discouraged,  but  pa^  a  righteous  judgment  on  all 
matters  of  complaint  that  are  brought  before  us  by  them.  And  we  who 
are  children  do  promise  to  obey  our  parents  in  all  things  that  are  lawful, 
that  we  may  be  kept  in  God's  way  according  to  Proverbs  the  6th,  20tli- 
2drd.  We  promise  to  avoid  snapping  and  snarling  and  hectoring  one 
another.  We  promise  fo  do  to  another  as  we  would  should  be  done  to  us. 
We  promise  to  read  the  Scriptures  daily,  as  we  have  ability  and  make  it 
the  man  of  our  counsel.  We  promise  to  study  the  Catechism  daily  for  in- 
struction, as  we  have  opportunity  and  ability.  We  proipise  to  pray  to  God 
in  secret  daily,  and  be  ready  at  all  times  to  attend  the  worship  of  God  in 
the  family  to  which  we  belong.  All  this  we  promise  only  in  the  strength 
of  the  Lord,  depending  upon  his  grace  alone  to  enable  us  to  perform  and 
to  do  his  whole  will  and  pleasure.     Amen. 

EzEKiEL  GAvrr,  Jun.,        Ezekiel  Gavit,  the  M. 

Annie  Gatit,  Hannah   Gavit. 

John  Gayit,  Mart  Adams. 

William  Gatit,  Lucy  Gavit. 

Elijah  Gavit. 


IV.  Church  Covenant. 

We  being  dismissed  fi*om  the  Church  of  Christ  in  Westerly,  and  the 
Rev.  2dr.  Park  being  providentially  called  away  to  Southold,  on  Long 
Island,  and  there  being  no  public  worship  of  God  in  this  place,  Mr.  Park 
gave  us  his  advice  to  assemble  together  at  his  house  on  Lord's  Day,  for  the 
social  worship  of  GU>d,  which  we  did  and  joined  in  prayer  to  God,  and 
reading  his  word  and  books  of  piety,  and  singing  his  praise,  and  contribut- 
ing for  pious  uses  as  Grod  had  prospered  us."  But  thinking  it  to  be  oor 
duty  considering  the  devil's  incessant  endeavors  to  divide  and  scatter  the 
faithful  followers  of  Jesus  Christ,  to  come  under  more  particular  and 
explicit  bonds  to  each  other,  we  therefore  unitedly  come  into  the  following 
declaration  and  renewal  of  covenant 

Wbsterlt  axd  Charlestown,  Joly  the  14th,  1751. 
We  the  subscribers  being  dismissed  from  our  special  covenant  relation  to 
the  Presbyterian  or  rather  Congregational  Church  of  Christ  in  Westerly 


1869.]    Ancient  Confessions  of  Faith  and  Family  Covenants.     527 

and  reoommended  to  the  grace  of  Grod  and  the  communion  of  the  churches 
of  Christ  in  special  ordinances  or  to  be  a  distinct  church  if  the  Lord 
should  open  a  door  for  it,  do  still  firmly  adhere  to  the  covenant  entered  in- 
to bj  them  at  their  embodying  into  church  fellowship  and  as  renewed  Nov' 
the  24th9  1745,  as  a  clear  gospel  covenant  excepting  the  last  clause  relating 
to  the  Indians  which  we  judge  not  particularly  binding  to  us. 

We  likewise  highly  approve  of  and  heartily  subscribe  to  the  two  articles 
annexed  to  that  covenant,  Jan^  the  6th,  1751.  And  we  do  this  day 
solemnly  promise  before  God,  angels  and  one  another  to  keep  these  cove- 
nant vows  so  far  as  our  present  circumstances  will  admit,  carefully  and 
tenderly  watching  over  one  another,  not  forsaking  the  assembling  of  our- 
selves together  as  the  manner  of  some  is,  (but  avoiding  the  communion  of 
such  as  make  light  of  or  break  their  covenant  voWs,)  diligently  improving 
what  means  of  grace  we  can  have  and  so  continue  waiting  upon  God  to  es- 
tablish complete  gospel  ordinances  to  us  if  it  be  his  holy  pleasure.  This 
we  promise  only  in  the  strength  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  our  alone  right- 
eousness and  strength.    Amen. 

N.  B.    That  the  Rev.  Mr.  Park  having  given  us  liberty  and  an  invita- 
tion to  meet  at  his  house  to  accommodate  his  family,  we  agree  to  meet  at  his 
house  every  Lord's  Day  to  worship  €rod,  except  when  we  have  an  oppor- 
tanity  to  hear  the  word  preached  in  the  house  of  Grod. 
»  [Signed  by  Deacon  Ezekiel  Gavit  and  nine  others.] 


"  The  Work  of  Ordination  belongs  to  any  of  the  ordinary  Minifters  of 
the  Gofpel,  asfuch^  and  is  an  infeparable  Branch  of  the  Minifterial  Office. 
This  appears  to  me  mod  evident,  by  what  you  have  heard  already.  If 
every  Minifler  of  the  Gofpel  has  all  the  Powers  that  were  given  to  the 
Apoftles  in  their  ordinary  Capacity,  by  the  above-cited  Commiffim  from 
our  bleffed  Saviour,  they  have  certainly  the  Power  of  Ordination  com- 
mitted to  them.  And  I  think  nothing  can  be  more  evident,  than  that 
they  have  all  the  Powers,  or  none  of  the  Powers,  granted  by  that  Com- 
mifhon.  If  Xh^fomur^  they  then  have  no  Superiors  in  Office  j  nor  can  be 
exempted  from  any  part  of  the  miniderial  Work.  If  the  latter^  they  have  * 
no  Authority  at  all ;  but  are  Minifters  of  the  Gofpel,  and  not  Minifters, 
at  the  fame  Time  :  For  they  muft  derive  their  Authority  from  this  Com- 
mifTion,  or  from  none  at  all."  — Ordination  Sermon^  1738. 


628  The  Bible  and  its  OriticB.  [Oct 


THE  BIBLE  AND  ITS   CRITICS. 

Infidelity  fears  the  Bible.  If  not,  why  these  repeated  asaaolts? 
The  "  Radical "  says :  "  We  must  undermine  the  works  of  the  enemy. 
The  first  work  is  for  sappers  and  miners.  Let  us  get  oar  powder  of  fact 
and  argument  beneath  the  walls  of  yonder  citadel.  Tear  that  down,  and 
the  battle  is  won.  But  what  is  that  citadel  ?  The  Bible  !  *'  True ;  the 
Bible  is  a  citadel,  but  one  which  infidelity  cannot  demolish.  The  "  Radical" 
will  not  win  the  battle  it  wages.  All  these  assaults  are  so  many  gratifying 
proofs,  coming  from  the  mouths  of  its  enemies,,  of  the  value  and  power  of 
the  Bible. 

Infidelity  urges  its  objections  upon  false  premises.  It  assails  the  Bible 
as  false  in  science  and  history,  and  hence  unsafe  as  a  moral  guide,  when  it 
professes  to  be  and  is  only  a  religious  book.  If  any  allusions  are  made  to 
science,  history,  philosophy,  they  are  merely  incidental,  for  the  purpose  of 
conveying  religious  truth.  Now,  it  is  no  fairer  to  reject  the  Bible  because 
it  does  not  teach  science  than  to  reject  science  because  it  does  not  reveal 
the  plan  of  salvation.  The  Bible  is  a  perfect  book  because  it  teaches  no 
errors  in  that  which  it  intends  to  teach, —  religious  truth.  A  system  of 
geology  is  perfect,  not  because  it  teaches  chemistry,  but  if  it  teaches  cor- 
rectly the  science  of  geology.  It  may  err  in  its  allusions  to  other  sciences, 
but  this  does  not  render  its  system  imperfect  if  its  accuracy  in  stating  the 
science  of  geology  is  not  affected.  The  system  is  to  be  interpreted  from  a 
geological  stand-point  alone.  "We  insist  that,  in  discussing  the  merits  of 
the  Bible,  the  only  question  is,  Does  itjeach  religious  truth  correctly  ?  De- 
manding this  of  infidelity  as  in  common  courtesy  due  to  the  Bible,  we  pro- 
ceed to  consider  in  detail  some  of  the  objections  urged  against  it. 

I^irst.  It  is  objected  that  the  Bible  contains  historical  errors. 

We  reply  (1.)  that  these  erroi's,  if  they  exist  (which  we  do  not  admit), 
comprise  a  very  small  part  of  the  statements  of  the  Bible,  and  do  not  at  all 
invalidate  its  moral  precepts.  An  error  in  history,  if  there  be  such,  does 
not  vitiate  a  single  doctrine  of  the  Bible,  for  its  didactic  teachings  are  true 
without  reference  to  history.  Such  errors  would  not  give  us  the  right  to 
injure  our  neighbor;  would  not  disprove  the  necessity  of  our  being  born 
again ;  would  not  prove  that  the  Bible  had  made  a  single  mistake  in  utter- 
ing moral  precepts.  Then  the  objection,  if  valid,  amounts  to  nothing. 
(2.)  Many  of  the  alleged  errors  in  history  may  not  have  been  errors  in  the 
original  manuscripts,  but  those  of  transcribers.  It  would  be  very  easy  to 
misread  the  Hebrew  numerals.  These  are  the  letters  of  the  alphabet,  to 
each  of  which  is  given  a  numerical  value.     Many  of  these  letters. so  closely 


1869.]  The  Bible  and  its  Critics.  629 

resemble  each  other  that,  especially  in  a  manuscript  either  hastily  written 
or  somewhat  dimmed  by  age,  it  would  be  very  natural  to  read  one  for  an- 
other, and  thus  the  copy  might  contain  an  error  not  to  be  found  in  the 
original.  For  example,  ^  (Beth),  whose  numerical  value  is  two,  differs 
from  3  (Kiiph),  whose  numerical  value  is  twenty,  only  in  the  slight  curve 
at  the  bottom  of  the  latter.  Each  of  these  might  be  mistaken  for  Q  (P^)* 
whose  numerical  value  is  eighty,  and  which  differs  from  ^  (K&ph)  only  by 
a  mark  at  the  opening  of  the  letter.  J^  (He),  whose  value  is  five,  differs 
very  slightly  from  H  (Heth),  whose  value  is  eight,  and  from  {^  (Tav), 
whose  value  is  four  hundred.  ^  (Vav)  and  ♦  (Yodh)  differ  only  in  length. 
Their  values  are  six  and  ten  respectively.  With  such  slight  differences  lu 
the  form  of  these  numerals,  would  it  not  be  natural  that  they  should  be  mis- 
read, especially  in  a  manuscript  poorly  written,  or  obscured  by  age  ?  If 
there  are  any  errors  in  dates,  can  it  be  proved  that  many  of  them  did  not 
arise  in  this  way  ?  We  think  it  will  be  difficult  to  refutp  this  hypothesis. 
(3.)  Perhaps  many,  if  not  all,  of  the  alleged  historical  errors  were  sup- 
posed to  be  correct  statements  when  they  were  made,  and  so  were  true  in 
the  conception  of  contemporaries.  Then,  in  the  general  estimation  of  men, 
and  for  purposes  of  moral  impression,  they  were  as  if  strictly  true ;  and 
any  other  statements  which,  possibly  as  mere  statements,  might  have  been 
more  accurate,  would  have  conveyed  wrong  moral  impressions  and  been  as 
if  false.  In  selecting  methods  of  expression,  the  Bible,  and  any  system 
making  an  honest  effort  to  impart  truth  and  nothing  but  truth,  would  choose 
those  which  would  be  most  likely  to  convey  truthful  impressions  in  the  di- 
rection intended,  without  any  reference  to  their  truth  as  mere  matters  of 
fact. 

The  object  of  the  Bible  was,  not  to  teach  history,  but  the  will  of  God. 
In  furtherance  of  this  sole  design,  the  Bible  could  not  afford  to  raise  con- 
troversies with  men  upon  mere  matters  of  history,  by  using  forms  of  ex- 
pression, in  conveying  truth,  which  would  imply  an  error  in  popular  belief. 
The  attention  of  men  would  necessarily  have  been  diverted  from  the  re- 
ligious truth  to  investigate  the  implied  charge.  What  would  have  been 
gained  ?  Not  only  would  the  truth  have  been  invalidated  for  cont^inpo- 
raries,  but  also  for  subsequent  ages.  For  then  the  statements  of  the  Bible 
would  have  been  so  manifestly  at  variance  with  the  historical  beliefs  of 
the  age  in  which  they  are  alleged  to  have  been  made,  and  would  have  had 
so  much  the  appearance  of  statements  made  in  a  more  advanced  stage  of 
historical  research  and  in  a  later  period  of  the  world,  that  they  would  at 
once  have  conveyed  a  doubt  of  their  genuineness  and  authenticity. 

Inspiration  has  been  defined  as  such  a  divine  influence  exerted  over  those 
concerned  in  the  authorship  of  the  Bible  as  insured  their  teaching  what- 
ever they  intended  to  teach  in  the  best  possible  manner,  and  caused  them 


680  The  Bible  and  its  OriticB.  [Oct 

to  communicate  religious  tnUh  without  any  error  in  reUffious  doetrins  or 
impression.  This  neither  afl^ms  nor  denies  anything  respc^i^  the  cor* 
rectness  of  the  historical  statements  of  the  Bible  as  such.  It  was  not  the 
design  of  inspiration  to  guard  those  concerned  in  the  authorship  of  the 
Bible  against  any  error  which  would  not  affect  the  object  for  which  the 
Bible  was  given.  Forms  of  statement  would  be  chosen,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  this  influence,  by  which  religious  truth  could  be  conveyed  in  the 
best  possible  manner.  If  such  a  statement  should  afterwards  prove  to  be 
wrong,  to  make  it  would  nevertheless  be  perfectly  consistent  with  the  theoij 
of  'divine  superintendence  in  the  authorship  of  the  Bible,  and  with  its 
spirit  and  purpose. 

We  reply  (4.)  that  it  is  yet  to  be  proved  that  any  such  errors  exist 
The  authors  of  the  Bible  were  more  likely  than  modem  doubters  to  be 
correct  about  the  history  of  the  times  of  which  they  wrote  and  spoke,  and 
were,  at  least,  just  as  likely  to  be  correct,  and  just  as  much  entitled  to 
belief  as  contemporaneous  historians.  At  this  distance  the  historical  opinioos 
of  modem  infidelity  are  worth  nothing  as  against  the  statements  of  the 
historians  of  those  times.  Besides,  researches  are  constantly  bringing 
facts  to  light  in  such  a  way  as  to  confirm  the  statements  of  the  sacred 
writers.  The  dbcovery  of  the  Rosetta  stone  was  the  opening  of  a  new 
rifl  in  the  clouds.  It  was  the  key  to  unlock  the  mysteries  shut  op  in  the 
hierogljrphics  upon  the  monuments  of  antiquity.  Modem  scholarship 
reads  from  the  mystic  characters  of  the  ancients  such  confirmation  of  many 
of  the  Biblical  narratives  as  should  put  the  cavillings  of  sceptics  to  silence. 
We  are  entitled  to  believe  that  such  confirmations  will  continue  to  arise. 
Grod  takes  care  of  his  Word. 

Second.  It  is  alleged  that  the  Bible  contains  errors  in  science. 

In  addition  to  the  answers  made  to  the  previous  objection,  which  may  be 
applied  to  this,  we  assert  (1.)  that  it  cannot  be  proved  that  a  single  error 
in  science  ever  grew  out  of  any  scientific  statement  of  the  Bible,  much 
less  that  moral  errors  have  resulted  from  any  such  statement  On  the  con- 
trary, while  we  do  not  go  to  the  Bible  for  science,  ^'  it  was  the  knowledge 
and  influence  of  the  Bible  that  gave  the  first  impulse  and  the  first  clew  to 
discoveries  in  natural  science,"  *  and  so  the  Scriptures  have  largely  con- 
tributed to  the  advancement  of  correct  scientific  knowledge.  Further,  in 
the  face  of  erroneous  notions  of  science,  supposed  to  be  advanced  by  the 
Scriptures,  correct  systems  have  been  adopted  by  those  who  have  accepted 
the  Bible  as  an  authoritative  guide.  For  example,  there  are  certain  pas- 
sages in  Job,  which  seem  to  indicate  the  belief  that  the  earth  is  an  im- 
mense plain  surrounded  by  water,  which  reaches  out  to  the   concave 

♦  W.  S.  Tyler,  d.  d.,  in  "  Theology  of  the  Greek  Poets,"  p.  64. 


1869.]  The  Bible  and  its  OriticB.  581 

heavens  in  which  the  stars  are  fixed.*  But  because  this  was  the  opinion 
of  the  times  of  Job,  and  is  so  stated  in  the  Bible,  it  need  not  be  our  opin- 
ion. Simply  because  Job  employed  this  method  of  expressing  Grod's  om- 
nipotence, we  are  not  reduced  to  the  alternative  of  either  embracing  errors 
in  science  or  rejecting  the  doctrine  thus  expressed.  Job's  errors  in  cos- 
mology do  not  force  us  into  scepticisms. 

We  reply  (2.)  that  very  many  of  the  alleged  errors  have  been  proved  to 
be  statements  consistent  with  correct  science.  Infidels  have  labored 
hard  to  prove  a  discrepancy  between  the  Mosaic  and  geologic  records  of 
creation,  upon  the  gratuitous  assumption  that,  if  either  record  is  at  fault,  it 
must  be  the  Mosaic  They  have  wrested  science 'from  its  legitimate  place 
beside  divine  truth  and  made  it  the  great  field  of  contest  between  scepti- 
cism and  Christianity ;  as  if  science  was  foreordained  to.  be  a  co-worker 
with  infidelity.  But  there  have  been  investigators  on  the  side  of  science 
who  read  nature  with  critical  eyes.  In  their  hands  science  became  a 
mirror  in  which  could  be  seen  reflected  the  truths  of  revelation.  Among 
these  was  Hugh  Miller,  who  was  confessedly  a  peer  among  the  great  geolo- 
gists. In  his  lecture  upon  ^the  two  records,"  in  *'The  Testimony  of  the 
Bocks,",  he  has  done  much  by  his  researches  and  discoveries  in  all  the  for- 
mations, from  the  Old  Red  Sandstone  upwards,  to  indicate  how  the  two 
records  may  harmonize.  He  claims  that  the  twilight  periods  of  morning 
dawn  and  evening  decline  distinctly  mark,  in  the  geologic  and  Mosaic 
record  alike,  the  line  of  separation  between  the  different  periods  of  animal 
and  vegetable  existence.  And  on  this  theory  he  proved,  by  interpreting 
the  records  of  nature,  what  sceptics  denied  and  labored  to  refiite,  that  God 
in  nature  and  in  revelation  spoke  with  the  same  voice  revealing  the  great 
^  I  AM  "  ;  calling  out  to  him  from  the  tombs  of  the  buried  races,  and  to 
Moses  from  the  burning  bush ;  always  in  each  case  uttering  the  same  truth, 
perfectly  harmonious  in  all  the  details  of  the  two  records.  By  the  same 
process,  he  proves  that  man  is  the  ultimate  end  towards  which  animate 
creation  tended  from  its  lowest  orders,  not  by  development  from  the  lower 
orders,  but  by  upward  progress  to  a  new  order  of  being,  higher  than  all 
others  in  the  scale  of  intelligence,  forming  the  last  and  noblest  link  in  the 
long  chain  of  creation.  If  space  were  ample,  we  might  cite  passages  from 
the  Graham  lectures  of  Agassi z,  from  Cuvier,  and  from  various  other 
scientific  men  of  acknowledged  eminence,  to  confirm  these  conclusions  of 
Hogh  Miller.  Many  of  the  most  eminent  scientific  men  have  failed  to 
see  discrepancies  where  infidels  have  labored  hard  to  prove  their  exist- 
ence. 

These  true  men  of  science  interpreted  nature,  and  the  results  of  their 

*  Job  iz.  6  and  xx?i.  11. 


582  The  Bible  and  its  Critia.  [Oct, 

iovestigations  show  that  the  two  records  are  by  the  same  mind,  duplicating 
and  confirming  in  each  the  revelation  in  the  other.  Thej  violated  neither 
science  nor  the  Scriptures,  but,  in  strict  fidelity  to  the  revealed  facts  of 
each,  placed  the  two  together  without  adjustment,  and  found  that  they  pre- 
cisely fitted.  Like  two  jointed  boards  they  were  at  once  united.  Until 
such  deductions  and  arguments  are  refuted,  should  not  infidelity  bold  its 
peace? 

Third.  It  is  urged  against  the  Bible  that  it  contradicts  itself,  and  con- 
tains statements  that  are  unreasonable  and  records  of  events  which  violate 
all  law. 

The  attestations  of  the  Bible  may  doubtless  be  contrary  to  the  reason  of 
infidelity,  but  not  to  the  sublime  reason  of  faith.  They  may  violate  all  thQ 
law  which  infidelity  has  discovered,  but  not  all  the  law  which  faith  has 
recognized. 

We  reply  (1.)  that  religion  is  not  a  system  of  weak  senUmentaliUes,  but 
of  profound  mysteries.  The  book  which  declares  them  must  be  as  pro- 
found as  the  mysteries  themselves.  There  is  a  sphere  of  the  infinite ;  and  be- 
cause finite  mind  is  baffled  in  exploring  it,  shall  such  mind  assume  that  there 
is  nothing  greater  than  itself  and  deny  the  existence  of  an  infinite  mind ; 
or  if  it  would  not  hazard  such  a  denial,  pronounce  it  absurd  and  contradic- 
tory to  suppose  that  an  infinite  mind  would  express  itself  in  a  way  wholly 
incomprehensible  to  finite  mind?  The  objection  virtually  prostitutea  the 
infinite  to  the  service  of  the  finite.  As  well  might  the  physically  weak 
call  exhibitions  of  great  muscular  strength  absurd,  as  for  a  finite  mind 
thus  to  stigmatize  exhibitions  of  knowledge  beyond  its  awn  reach.  These 
things  of  the  Scriptures  are  some  of  them  things  which  angels  desire  to 
look  into,  but  cannot  appreciate.  Are  they,  then,  absurd  because  finite 
human  reason  is  baffled  by  them  ? 

It  is  freely  conceded  that  there  are  assertions  in  the  Scriptures  which  might 
seem  contradictory,  if  judged  by  certain  standards.  But  the  fiexibility  of  the 
doctrines  of  the  Scriptures  allows  equally  flexible  forms  of  statement ;  and  in 
this  lies  their  adaptability  to  the  varying  emotions  of  the  souL  Yet  in  this 
variety  there  is  a  complete  unity  of  impression  and  teaching.  There  is  no 
contradiction  between  the  statements  "  ye  cannot  come  unto  me  "  and  "  ye 
will  not  come  unto  me,"  between  the  assertion  '*ye  cannot  serve  the 
Lord  *'  and  the  imperative  command  to  love  him  with  all  our  might.  For 
the  soul  sometimes  feels  that  it  cannot  come  when  it  knows  that  it  can  bat 
will  not.  At  such  times  it  is  better  for  the  soul  to  set  forth  the  doctrine 
that  men  can  but  will  not  come  to  Christ  by  a  method  of  expression  which 
afflrms  a  sort  of  inability.  On  the  other  hand,  when  the  soul  feels  that  it 
can  but  will  not,  it  is  better  suited  with  that  form  of  expression  which  ex- 
plains its  inability  by  declaring  "ye  will  not  come  unto  me."     Truth  is  not 


1869.]  The  Bible  and  iU  Criticn.  688 

'^  straight  like  a  needle,  sharp-pointed,  one-ejed,"  bat  it  is  many-sided  in  its 
unity,  fitting  every  possible  state  of  human  emotions.  It  is  becaase  these 
emotions  are  so  contradictory  that  divine  truth,  in  adapting  itself  to  them, 
assumes  such  apparently,  though  not  really,  contradictory  forms  of  state- 
ment. And  this  is  one  reason  why  infidels  have  challenged  the  Scriptures ; 
imputing  to  them  a  contradiction  in  doctrine  which  exists  only  in  state- 
ment, —  in  sound  of  words,  but  not  in  substance  of  truth. 

Such  objectors  have  not  faith  enough  to  grasp  the  comprehensive  differ- 
ence between  these  two  apparently  diverse  classes  of  expression  and  to 
discover  precisely  in  what  it  lies,  nor  to  discern  the  spirit  which  assimi- 
lates them  as  expressing  the  same  mind.  They  do  not  consider  that  the 
mystery  of  Grod's  being  makes  it  probable  that  He  is  consistently  the  sub- 
ject of  emotions  that  may  appear  contradictory  to  finite  minds.  They  do 
not  reflect  that  it  is  eminently  consistent  with  the  profoundest  philosophy 
that  a  holy  mind,  in  expressing  itself,  should  give  utterance  to  one  class  of 
emotions  when  speaking  of  sin,  and  to  another,  entirely  different,  when 
speaking  of  holiness.  They  forget  that,,  if  it  is  consistent  for  God  to  enter- 
tain such  apparently  conflicting  emotions  (and  who  dares  say  that  it  is  not 
who  has  fathomed  the  mystery  of  God*s  being  to  that  degree?), —  they 
forget  that  it  is  equally  consistent  to  express  these  emotions. 

Science  has  revealed  to  us  the  splendid  march  of  the  periods  of  time 
from  a  gray  antiquity.  But  from  before  this,  from  an  eternity  that  never 
began,  the  existence  of  God  comes  down  to  us ;  and,  for  aught  we  know,  the 
work  of  creation  and  destruction,  revealed  in  the  geological  epochs  of  the 
earth,  went  on,  in  other  planets  that  have  gone  out  in  oblivion,  by  the  ex- 
ercise of  the  same  infinite  power,  during  ages  that  had  long  since  elapsed 
at  the  dawn  of  the  first  day  of  creation.  Shall  puny  man,  whose  thoughts 
can  rise  no  higher  and  go  no  farther  back  than  the  brief  limits  of  a  finite 
existence,  presume  to  grasp  the  infinite  God,  in  wiiom  is  wrapped  up  such 
possibilities  of  power  ?  Failing  to  do  this,  shall  he  call  the  only  system  of 
troth  that  at  all  comports  with  the  idea  of  an  infinite  existence  and  a  reve- 
lation of  an  infinite  mind  a  mass  of  contradictions  ?  Then  may  ignorance 
justly  mock  at  wisdom  and  weakness  scoff  at  power.  Then  may  the  lamb, 
crashed  by  the  jaws  of  a  lion,  exclaim  that  a  lion  is  a  myth. 

We  reply  (2.)  that  the  truth  of  a  statement  or  series  of  statements, 
of  a  doctrine  or  a  system  of  doctfine^,  does  not  always  depend  upon  their 
apparent  reasonableness.  If  two  statements  or  doctrines  are  true  consid- 
ered separately,  they  are  true  considered  together.  If  it  is  true  that  God 
has  plans,  and  if  it  is  true  that  men  are  free  agents,  then  the  doctrine  of 
Free  Agency  and  that  of  God's  plans  harmonize  with  each  other,  although 
we  may  not  be  able  to  discover  how  they  agree.  Our  inability  is  no  argu- 
ment against  either  doctrine.    Their  ground  of  agreement  may  lie  too  deep 


684  The  Bible  and  ite  CriticB.  [Oct 

for  our  reason  to  fathom.  What  if  the  human  mind  is  too  imbecile  to 
affirm  or  deny  anything  about  these  mysteries  that  surprise  angels  ?  If 
certain  statements  do  not  accord  with  our  uniform  experience,  perhaps  our 
uniform  experience  has  been  too  narrow  to  justify  us  in  condemning  them. 
It  does  not  follow  that  snow  is  an  absurdity,  because  some  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  equatorial  regions  have  not  had  experience  of  it.  It  does  not 
follow  that  the  demonstrations  of  mathematics  are  not  true,  because  some 
man  of  indifferent  mental  powers  cannot  see  that  they  are  so.  It  does  not 
follow  that  the  doctrines  and  statements  of  the  Scriptures  are  not  true,  be* 
cause  men  cannot  reduce  them  to  logical  syllogisms,  —  adjust  them  by  the 
measurements  of  human  reason.  What  if  an  infinite  mind  is  g^reater  than 
a  finite  mind,  and  otters  things  which  a  finite  mind  is  too  limited  to  com- 
prehend !  The  statements  and  doctrines  of  the  Scriptures  have  a  ground 
of  truth  and  agreement  too  deep  for  contradictions,  just  as  there  are  calm 
depths  at  the  bottom  of  the  Atlantic  which  no  tempest  can  disturb. 

It  may  be  stated  as  a  just  criterion  of  belief,  that  it  is  more  absurd  to 
doubt  some  things  than  to  believe  them,  even  when  we  cannot  anderstand 
them.  Some  things  which  in  certain  relations  appear  absurd,  must  never- 
theless be  accepted  &s  true,  because  denial  of  them  would  involve  greater 
and  suicidal  absurdities  in  other  revelations.  The  laws  and  processes  of 
animal  and  vegetable  growth  are  inexplicable ;  yet  none  but  an  insane  man 
would  hazard  a  denial  of  them.  Perhaps  we  cannot  explain  how  a  mond 
system,  involving  incidentally  the  possibility  of  sin,  can  be  compatible  with 
the  glory  of  a  holy  God.  But  God  is  holy,  and  sin  does  exist  in  connec- 
tion with  the  present  moral  system.  But  because  we  cannot  discover  thb 
compatibility,  shall  we  assail  either  fact  and  deny  what  is  palpably  true,  or 
the  system  which  is  the  handiwork  of  God,  and  so  impugn  the  divine 
character  ? 

It  is  axiomatic,  that  two  truths  never  conflict  with  each  other.  Belief  in 
both  does  net,  therefore,  require  that  we  be  able  to  lay  them  side  by  side 
and  explain  in  detail  how  they  agree.  Each  is  true  independently ;  then 
each  is  true  in  relation,  for  relation  does  not  invalidate  truth.  It  is  theo, 
so  far  forth,  a  proof  of  the  reasonableness  of  a  system  of  doctrines,  if  the 
manifest  absurdity  of  denying  is  greater  than  that  of  receiving  it  The 
history  of  infidelity  is  a  standing  witness  to  the  absurdity  of  denying  the 
Biblical  system,  as  evangelically  understood. 

We  reply  (8.)  that  it  is  not  safe  philosophy  to  reject  a  system  or  a  book 
as  untrue,  because  many  of  its  statements  cannot  be  explained.  If  men 
.will  believe  only  what  they  can  understand  and  explain,  they  will  believe 
comparatively  little.  They  cannot  explain  the  deep  mysteries  of  their  own 
existence,  of  the  laws  and  operations  of  their  minds,  of  the  laws  of  the 
universe.    If  this  principle  of  denial  is  philosophical,  we  should  be  in- 


1869.]  The  Bible  and  its  Critics.  685 

Yolved  in  a  falsification  of  conscioasness,  and  so  in  universal  scepticism, 
that  would  entertain  as  grave  doubts  respecting  itself  as  respecting  any 
other  object.  Men  are  obliged  to  believe  some  things  which  thej  cannot 
understand,  or  by  the  same  principle  doubt  everything. 

Here  may  properly  be  considered  the  objections  to  miracles.  It  is  af- 
firmed that  superhuman  occurrences  cannot  be  true,  and  that  the  narration 
which  records  them  cannot  be  trustworthy.  Of  course  this  sets  aside  crea- 
tion as  the  work  of  any  designing  power ;  for  as  such  it  is,  if  possible,  a 
greater  miracle  than  any  other.  Renan  says,*  **  Till  we  have  new  light 
we  shall  maintain,  therefore,  this  principle  of  historical  criticism,  that  a 
supernatural  relation  cannot  be  accepted  as  such,  that  it  always  implies 
credulity  or  imposture."  He  also  says  f  that  it  is  evident  that  the  Gospels 
are  in  part  legendary,  '^  since  they  are  full  of  miracles  and  the  supernat- 
oral.**  He  lays  down  the  maxim,  that, ''  when  a  narrative  is  irreconcilable 
with  the  known  and  universal  laws  which  govern  the  course  of  nature,  it 
cannot  be  history.**  ^  It  is  not  in  the  name  of  this  or  that  philosophy,  but 
in  the  name  of  a  constant  experience,  that  we  banish  miracles  from  history." 
Theodore  Parker  says, ''  I  do  not  believe  there  ever  was  a  miracle  or  ever 
will  be.     Everywhere  I  find  law." 

Neither  Theodore  Parker  nor  any  other  man  has  any  right  to  found  an 
absolute  opinion  of  the  infinite  upon  finite  knowledge  and  experience. 
Benan  has  no  right  to  banish  miracles  from  history  in  the- name  of  »  ^  con 
•tant  experience"  which  is  necessarily  limited  to  the  course  of  nature  that 
oomes  within  the  observation  of  finite  minds.  There  is  a  law  everywhere. 
Theodore  Parker's  eyes  did  not  deceive  him.  But  it  accords  with  that 
<<  constant  experience  "  in  whose  name  Renan  banishes  miracles  from  his- 
tory, that  lesser  laws  are,  for  the  time,  held  in  restraint  by  higher  laws 
without  being  annihilated.  The  law  of  gravitation  is  held  in  abeyance  by 
the  higher  law  of  my  will  when  I  lift  my  arm,  but  it  is  not  destroyed. 
When  the  higher  law  of  my  will  ceases  to  act  contrary  to  the  law  of 
gravitation  with  reference  to  my  arm,  it  resumes  its  ordinary  operations, 
and  my  arm  instantly  drops  to  my  side.  Surely  there  can  be  nothing  here 
to  offend  reason.  What  if  an  infinite  will  for  a  sufficient  reason  should 
anspend,  for  the  time,  the  operation  of  the  law  of  gravitation,  so  that  a 
stone  thrown  into  the  air  would  fioat  like  a  feather  ?  Cannot  an  infinite 
will  control  the  law  of  gravitation  with  reference  to  a  stone  as  well  as  I 
with  reference  to  my  arm  ?  The  chemical  laws  which  produce  decay  in 
animal  substances  are  restrained  by  the  action  of  salt  In  neither  case  is 
the  ordinary  law  infracted,  neither  would  it  be  competent  for  any  to  shut 
his  eyes  and  declare  that  he  does  not  believe  that  salt  ever  did  or  ever 

*  Lift  of  JeBQf,  p.  45.  t  Ibid.,  p.  17. 


586  The  BiMe  and  it$  Orgies.  [Oct 

will  prevent  decay  in  animal  substances,  for  he  sees  a  law  of  decaj  eTerj* 
where.  So  we  should  not  term  a  miracle  an  infraction  of  any  law,  but  see 
in  it  a  lower  law  neutralized  for  the  time  by  a  higher  law  whidi  it  must 
obey.  Theodore  Parker  saw  law  everywhere ;  bat  did  he  not  diseem  the 
law  of  God's  will  ?  Or  was  he  blind  to  the  (kd  of  a  power  gfeater  than 
he  could  comprehend  ?  And  vfhki  if  this  law  is  greater  than  all  the  sal^ 
ordinate  laws  that  must  obey  it  in  working  out  the  ordinary  coarse  of 
nature  ?  Ca»ar  was  greater  than  all  his  legions.  May  not  God  be  greater 
than  all  bis  laws  ? 

In  the  most  comprehensive  sense  a  miracle  is  natural,  for  it  ooeors  by 
the  great  Cause  of  causes  operating  for  the  time  contrary  to  the  nnifbrm 
course  of  nature  as  we  have  experienced  it.  No  new  force  enters  into 
nature  when  a  miracle  is  wrought ;  a  conetant  force,  Grod's  will,  operates 
in  an  unusual  manner.  This  higher  law  sets  aside  or  turns  to  epeeial  oses 
the  lower  laws.  In  chapter  xix.,  verses  6  and  7,  the  ^  Wisdom  of  Solo- 
mon **  forcibly  sets  forth  this  fact  in  alluding  to  the  miracle  at  the  Red 
Sea.     ''For  the  whole  creature  in  hb  proper  kind  was    fashionbd 

AGAIN    ANEW,   SERVING    THE    PECULIAR    COMMANDMENTS    THAT    ITBRI 
GIVEN." 

The  np»Top  ^tvdot  of  all  infidel  objections  to  miracles  is  ignoring  the 
higher  law,  God's  will,  which  is  able  to  control  the  lower  laws,  and  does 
control  them  even  in  their  ordinary  operations.  This  is  the  only  ground 
upon  which  miracles  can  be  justified,  and  upon  this  they  can.  In  ordinary 
circumstances  Grod  uniformly  operates  through  second  causes,  but  he  has 
never  pledged  himself  not  to  depart  from  this  customary  uniformity  of  action. 
Because  lie  sees  fit,  for  reasons  which  he  deems  adequate,  to  vary  his 
methods  of  operation  and  act  miraculously  or  supematurally  by  temporarily 
suspending  or  ignoring  the  ordinary  operations  of  the  secondary  causes  in 
nature,  infidelity  need  not  raise  the  cry  of  law.  Perhaps  there  is  a  law  of 
which  it  is  totally  ignorant.  It  may  be  (and  infidelity  is  challenged  to  re- 
fute the  hypothesis)  that  there  is  a  law  of  the  divine  mind  by  which  it  is 
natural,  so  far  as  such  mind  is  concerned,  to  put  forth  acts  under  circum- 
stances deemed  warrantable  that  utterly  contradict  the  operation  of  the 
laws  of  nature  as  we  have  experienced  them.  In  nature,  in  its  restricted 
sense,  as  confined  to  the  operation  of  secondary  causes,  this  is  a  miracle; 
but  not  in  nature  in  its  comprehensive  sense,  including  God  as  a  cause. 
The  law  of  decomposition,  for  example,  so  far  as  it  is  a  law  of  nature,  may 
be  violated  by  a  miracle ;  but  perhaps  there  are  relations  in  which  the  law 
of.  decomposition  ik  not  a  law  of  nature.  In  these  relations  nature  is  not 
violated  by  the  act  which  sets  aside  or  violates  this  law.  Perhaps  it  would 
be  unnatural  for  dead  muscles  not  to  revive  at  the  special  command  of  Him 
who  can  take  life  and  give  it  without  limitations  of  time  and  place  and  cir- 


1869.]  The  Bible  and  its  Oritics.  587 

camstances.  Who  can  say  that  Grod  cannot  control  the  secondary  causes 
of  nature  80  as  to  produce  unusual  results,  without  violating  the  supreme 
law  of  his  will  ?  Is  Grod  limited  in  the  exercise  of  his  power  to  the  line 
of  action  along  which  finite  vision  runs  ?  Are  the  possibilities  of  omnipo- 
tent power  confined  within  the  limits  of  finite  experience?  Is  omnipotence 
thus  reduced  to  impotence  ?  If  any  one'  answers  No,  but  infinite  power 
would  not  probably  step  aside  from  the  line  of  action  it  has  marked  out  for 
itself,  we  reply,  Who  knows  enough  about  the  counsels  of  eternity  to  assume 
such  a  probability  ?  It  seems  more  than  probable  that  in  the  moral  gov- 
ernment of  the  universe  Grod  would  have  occasion  to  call  the  attention  of 
man  to  his  power  by  an  immediate  exercise  of  it.  £very  exercise  of  God's 
immediate  power  must  be  a  miracle  to  human  capacity. 

The  origin  of  nature  must  have  been  supernatural.  For  it  would  be 
manifestly  absurd  to  speak  of  the  origin  of  nature  in  its  limited  sense  as 
natural ;  for  what  is  natural  is  of  nature.  This  supernatural  agency  must 
have  been  an  intelligent  cause,  or  God.  Those  will  admit  this  who  admit 
the  existence  of  a  personal  God.  There  is  no  greater  absurdity  in  sup- 
posing that  nature  still  continues  to  obey  the  higher  law  of  infinite  intelli- 
gence by  which  it  was  constituted,  than  there  is  in  supposing  that  such  an 
intelligence  exists.  Then  there  is  no  greater  absurdity  in  supposing  that 
there  can  be  a  miracle  or  a  supernatural  event  in  obedience  to  the  will  of 
God,  than  in  supposing  that  there  can  bcT  a  natural  event  in  obedience  to 
the  same  will.  A  miracle  is  no  greater  absurdity  than  God.  Indeed,  a 
being  so  mysterious  in  the  fact  and  method  of  his  existence  as  Grod,  is, 
until  he  reveals  himself,  as  impossible  to  finite  conception  as  a  miracle. 

When  Renan  banishes  a  miracle  from  history  *^  in  the  name  of  a  constant 
experience,"  he  assumes  too  much  for  finite  experience.  Strauss  has  as- 
serted that  the  absolute  cause  never  disturbs  the  chain  of  secondary  causes 
by  arbitrary  acts  of  interposition,  and  therefore  he  finds  a  verdict  against 
miracles.  Weyescheider  says :  '*  The  belief  in  a  supematurcd  and  mirctC' 
fdouSf  and  that  too  an  immediate  revelation  of  Grod,  seems  not  well  recon- 
cilable with  the  ideas  of  a  God  eternal,  always  constant  to  himself,  omnip- 
otent, omniscient,  most  wise."  *  Now  all  this  proceeds  upon  the  gratuitous 
assumption  that  human  experience  in  its  limited  extent  is  a  sufficient 
ground  for  an  authoritative  statement  relative  to  the  past  and  prospective 
acts  of  infinite  power.  The  thing  assumed  is  the  thing  to  be  proved.  But 
there  is  no  law  by  which  we  can  judge  absolutely  of  the  divine  purposes 
and  acts.  Theodore  Parker's  assertion  that  law  is  ''  the  constant  mode  of 
operation  of  the  infinite  God  "  is  not  at  present  true  in  the  world  of  matter, 
as  Mr.  Mansel  justly  remarks ;  it  is  false  in  the  world  of  mind.     But  if  it 

• 

•  Qaoted  from  MaQsel's  *'  Limits  of  Religious  Thooght." 


588  The  BibU  and  it$  CrMe$.  [OeL 

were  true  in  regard  to  both,  it  would  prove  nothing  respecting  the  **  infinile 
God."  The  conception  of  law  is  quite  as  finite  as  the  conception  of  Birae- 
ulous  interposition ;  and  to  saj  that  Gk)d  always  obeys  law,  as  Mr.  Paiker 
uses  the  term,  is  qaite  as  absurd  and  derogatory  as  to  say  that,  for  snA- 
oient  reasons,  he  sometimes  disturbs  the  ordinary  course  of  nature. 

The  statement  is  unfortunate  in  another  respect.  It  does  not  consider 
that  what  is  law  in  one  place  may  be  a  miracle  in  another ;  so  that,  if  the 
statement  were  true  in  the  world  of  matter,  the  semblance  of  a  mirade,  if 
not  a  mirade,  would  be  involved.  A  polar  winter  would  at  present  be  a 
miracle  at  the  equator,  and  the  reverse.  What  is  law  at  one  place  is  nol 
law  at  the  other.  But  that  is  no  reason  why  a  dweller  at  the  line  should 
say,  ^  I  do  not  believe  there  ever  was  or  ever  will  be  snow  and  ice  at  the 
poles;  everywhere  I  fiud  law, -^ the  constant  mode  of  operation  di  the 
infinite  God."  At  every  step  in  either  direction  from  the  equator  he  would 
find  that  the  law  of  ^  operation  of  the  infinite  God  "  at  the  equator  is  not 
the  law  of  his  operation  north  or  south  of  it.  At  every  point  he  would 
meet  with  events  that  at  each  preceding  point  would  be  miraculous.  What 
if,  for  reasons  satisfactory  to  tlie  divine  mind,  events  peculiar  to  the  sixtieth 
degree  of  latitude  should  be  caused  for  a  time  to  transpire  at  the  equator, 
and  vice  vena  ;  would  infidels  doubt  the  sight  of  their  eyes  and  cry  law? 
There  would  still  be  law,  but  under  just  such  relations  as  in  working  a 
miracle.  The  exchange  would  1>e  by  immediate  interposition  of  the  Great 
Cause,  and  miraculous. 

But  let  alone  the  Earth ;  can  it  be  proved  that  God's  uniform  acts  in  the 
moon  would  not  be  miracles  on  our  planet,  and  the  reverse  ?  The  moon 
has  no  atmosphere,  we  are  told.  Then  the  laws  of  nature  upon  the  earth 
must  be  different  from  those  upon  her  satellite.  Then  the  *'  luno  "  which 
Mr.  Parker  finds  everywhere,  and  upon  which  he  saddles  his  infidelity,  is 
not  the  ''constant  mode  of  operation  of  the  infinite  mind."  The  universe 
presents  examples  of  constant  variation  from  this  law  which  infidels  have 
discovered  all  about  them.  The  other  planets  may  be  miracles  to  this. 
Suspend  terrestrial  laws  of  a  certain  kind,  and  we  might  witness  lunar  phe- 
nomena. Then  the  uniformity  in  the  manifestation  of  divine  power  which 
we  discover  within  the  range  of  our  observation  and  experience  is  no  proof 
that,  for  adequate  and  worthy  reasons,  this  uniformity  would  never  be  dis- 
turbed. For  there  is  variety  ;  and  it  is  just  as  possible  for  Gt>d  to  exhibit 
this  variety  in  connection  with  the  same  series  of  secondary  causes,  by  in- 
terrupting them,  as  between  different  series  of  such  causes  in  ordinary 
action.  Establish  omnipotence,  and  mirades  are  not  impossible  nor  an  ab- 
surdity. 

Then  there  may  be  mirade?,  if  the  circumstances  warrant.  The  occa- 
sion of  the  miracles  of  the  Bible  was  worthy.    Mind  finds  satisfaction  in 


ISea]  The  BibU  and  U$  Critien.  588 

expresBing  iteelf.  Perhaps  an  infinite  mind  would  find  infinite  satisfiictiiNa 
in  expressing  itself.  Then  there  was  a  priori  probability  of  a  speeiai 
xevekition  of  the -divine  will.  But  the  constitution  of  man  is  saeh  that'll^ 
eannoty  or  will  not,  believe  in  the  divine  origin  of  a  religious  sjstem)  «nlei9 
its  promulgation  be  aceompanied  by  miracles.  Every  religious  aystem^ 
has  recognized  this  innate  demand  of  the  human  mind,  and  idolatry  of 
every  form.  Mohammedanism,  Romanism,  have  overdone  the  matter 
even,  in  endeavoring  to  joommend  themselves  as  divine  and  of  divine  sanoi 
tioB.  The  only  reason  why  intelligent  minds  reject  the  allied  mirades  of 
the  Romish  Church  is,  not  because  miracles,  or  even  these  miracles,  avd 
impossible,  but  because  the  mind  intuitively  pronounces  the  occasions  im 
which  they  are  claimed  to  have  been  wrought  unworthy  such  divine  inter* 
position.  Renan  recognizes  this  demand  of  men.  He  says  that  .Christ 
was  a  thaumaturgist  because  the  people  demanded  wonders  in  attestation  cf 
the  divinity  of  his  mission.  The  very  fact  that  Christ,  as  an  honest  per^ 
son,  gratified  this  demand  is  a  proof  that  the  alleged  miracles  of  the  Bible 
were  really  so.  And  after  this  admission,  Renan's  attempt  to  explain  thescl 
apparently  supernatural  acts  upon  the  ground  of  ordinary  occnrrenoesy  or 
of  what  seem  very  much  like  feats  of  legerdemain,  is  lame,  not  td  say.  blaoJ 
phemous.  It  certainly  makes  Christ,  whom  Renan  condescends  to  ooiw 
sider  a  very  good  man,  very  dishonest.  { 

If  there  is  this  expectation  in  the  minds  of  men,  the  probability  of  miiw 
acles  was  as  great  as  the  probability  of  a  special  revelation  of  the  divine  wiiii 
There  is  nothing  absurd  in  the  idea  of  a  miracle,  wrought  by  infinite  power, 
to  commend  a  revelation  of  God's  will  specially  made  to  men.  Then  if  m 
record  contains  accounts  of  well-authenticated  miracle?,  wrought  for  a  wprth]fi 
purpose,  it  records  no  absurdity  nor  impossibility,  and  can  rightfoUy  claini 
not  only  a  place  in  history,  but  also  divine  authority.  The  BiUe  is  sdoh  • ' 
record.  Its  miraculous  accounts,  therefore,  form  no  reason  for  its  rejectiof^ 
bot  the  contrary. 

We  reply  (4.)  that  the  urger  of  the  objection  before  as  is  driven  by  H 
upon  one  of  two  horns  of  a.  dilemma.  Men  are  themselves  a  sufficient  'proof 
of  the  necessity  of  a  rule  of  faith  and  practice.  This  rule  must  be,  eifebed 
reason  illuminated  by  the  light  of  nature,  or  a  special  revektioii  of  tha 
divine  wilL  The  religious  history  of  the  race  is  ample  proof  that  raasotf 
with  any  illumination  from  nature  is  not  a  safe  rule  of  fiuth  and  praotiocu 
Then  the  Bible  is  such  a  rule,  or  men  have  noiie.  But  infidelity  insist^ 
that  men  have  such  a  rule.  Then  it  is  the  Bible.  The  Bible,  not-natuMr^ 
has  illuminated  the  reasons  of  men,  if  these  are  in  any  case  safe  gnidet# 
Infidelity,  if  consistent,  is  forced  to  abandon  its  position  and  say  tiiat  mea^ 
need  no  moral  guide,  or  abandon  itself  and  accept  the  Bible.  • 

Men  may  think  that  they  have  framed  for  themselves  a  nde  of 

NBW  SEBIBS. —  YOL.  I.  NO.  4.  37 


fiiO  Th4  BibU  and  iU  Criiict.  [OeL 

and  praJctiee  distinct  firam  the  Bible.  Bat  if  it  embodies  aoj  ekmente  of 
Aioralitj^  can  we  not  detect  in  it  principles  borrowed  from  the  Scriptnrei, 
and  are  not  tliese  their  guide  ?  Then  when  these  men  den j  the  BiUs 
tiiej  deny  the  precepts  of  their  own  morality.  That  most  be  an  iUogieil 
and  nnsafe  system  of  belief  which  is  always  hacking  away  with  its  own 
taxor  at  its  own  throat. 

*.  One  of  the  safe  and  consistent  things  aboat  Christianity  is,  that  it  takes 
its  stand  upon  the  being  and  attributes  of  God,  and  affirms  the  tmth  of  the 
aecords  of  the  Bible  and  challenges  infidelity  to  assail  its  position.  Faith 
knows,  and  is  fearless ;  infidelity  guesses,  and  is  afraid.  Faith  is  master  of 
a  logic  that  is  above  reason  and  premises  and  syllogisms ;  infidelity  striTes 
to  take  human  logic  out  of  its  sphere  and  apply  it  to  truths  that  faafib 
Angels,  and  &ils.  There  are  things  that  are  not  to  be  syllogistioaliy 
proved.  They  are  true,  and  are  to  be  belieTed  withoat  demonstn* 
tion. 

.'  Fourth*  It  b  urged  against  the  Bible  that  Christianity  is  efiete,  behind 
tiiA  times. 

\  Likely  this  may  be  true,  as  infidelity  understands  it.  It  is  devoutly  to 
be  hoped  that  it  will  continue  to  be  so.  It  is  not  desirable  that  Christianity 
should  keep  pace  with  the  illiberal  liberality  of  modem  sceptidsm  that 
lends  itself  to  the  Devil.  It  cannot  be  urged  against  Christianity  that  it 
does  not  gratify  men's  cama)  desires.  It  does  not  profess  ta  If  men 
Have  advanced  so  far  as  to  demand  a  gospel  that  will  countenance  their  ia- 
prdinate  excesses,  the  age  is  too  fast.  If  the  objection  is  ralid,  it  is  re- 
markable that  Christianity  should  so  commend  itself  to  the  best  minds  of 
every  civilized  country,  that  they  seek  the  Bible  for  culture  and  instrae- 
tton.  If  Christianity  is  in  its  dotage,  why  is  infidelity  so  furious  in  its 
assaults  upon  the  Scriptures  ?  They  contain  only  a  harmless  gray-baired 
system  that  has  outlived  its  years. 

But  this  objection  of  infidelity  retorts  upon  itself.  The  arguments  of 
Hume  had  the  merit  of  originality.  The  pleas  of  modem  infidels  have 
been  bandied  from  mouth  to  mouth  for  a  century.  Hardly  a  new  idea  has 
been  advanced.  Old,  dried-up,  bodies  of  objections  have  been  dug  up  and 
rehabilitated ;  but  the  fact  has  been  ill-concealed,  that  they  are,  aAer  all, 
mummies  that  lived  in  the  early  history  of  infidelity,  rather  than  fresh  ar- 
guments which  modem  necessity  has  constructed.  No  new  line  of  attack 
has  been  found.  The  assaults  of  modem  infidels  ^re  feeble  imitations  of 
the  first  sceptics.  All  that  could  be  said  against  the  Scriptures  was  said 
long  ago,  and  so  modem  infidels  who  sneer  at  Christianity  because  it  has 
become  antiquated,  are  in  the  ludicrous  predicament  of  men  urging  objec- 
tions that  have  themselves  grown  gi*ay  with  the  passage  of  a  century  or 
ibore  8ino6  their  birth.    Is  not  infidelity  old  and  decrepit  ?    On  the  other 


J«69.]  The  Bible  and  U$  CrUice.  5tt 


"bandf  the  paainge  of  evcrj  year,  and  ererj  new  discovery  in  scttooe 
reseairch  in  Bistory,  add  fresh  proofs  of  the  credifatlity  of  the  SoripioMb 
and  the  freshness  of  Christianity.  Nay,  more,  daily  life  is  a  reiterated  tea» 
timony  to  thevalae  of  principles  which,  thoagh  they  be  old  as  etemityi  am 
yet  yooag  as  tlie  new4x>m  morning.  Erery  life  that  moves  in  obedienoe 
to  the  principles  of  Chnstianity  constantly  constructs  npnimrnts  lorlfaefli 
oat  of  ita  own  experience,  that  are  new  and  fresh  additions  to  the- pfotf  of 
the  perennial  value  and  power  of  religion.  Infidelity  stands,  where  its 
founders  left  it.  The  lH»niiies  and  apologies  of  the  early  Christian  Falheai 
were  fbondations;  and  upon  these  have  been  boilt,  layer  upon  layer  by  sii4> 
oessive  ages  of  godly  men,  argoments  in  proof  of  the  gospel;  aad  the 
atmcture  will  rise  by  new  additions  to  receive  the  eap-stooe  in  etern^ 
We  appeal  to  history.  While.  Chnstianity  has  steadily  advanced,  and  ilB 
proofs  have  beea  like  new  revelations,  as  it^were^  of  the  divine  wiU,  in^ 
delity  has  stood  stilL  <:  i  " 

But  the  lohjection  urged,  coupled  with  the  advances  which  havet'been 
made  in  Christian  research,  becomes  a  proof,  Christianity  does  ceaeb  bask; 
and  lor  this  very  reason  it  is  likely  to  be  what  it  professes  :to  be^  The 
Bible  ia  not  a  modem  book,  although  it  is  capable  of  modem  application 
lo  ^ezible,  yet  consistent,  are  its  tmtha.  These  truths  are  as  valaaye  ftr 
conrecting  evils  that  now  exist  as  they,  were  for  correcting  similar  evili 
eighteen  hundred  years  ago.  Paul  wrote  tb  the  Corinthians  to  eorrectcm 
tain  errors  that  had  crept  into  the  Church.  Are  not  these  suggestions  viil- 
uable  now  for  the  correction  of  similar  errors  ?  Many  things  in  the  Bible 
were  doubtless  said,  at  the  time  they  were  uttered,  with  a  local  reference. 
But  that  does  not  destroy  their  force,  if  at  another  time  and  place  errors 
exist  that  can  be  corrected  by  the  same  principles.  The  same  truth  ma^ 
be  applied  to  correct  evil  under  the  various  forms  which  it  is  wont  to  assume. 
We  do  not  seek  so  much  for  the  language  of  the  Bible  as  for  the  trutii  cep^ 
veyed  by  it.  By  trial  these  truths  have  been  found  to  be  fitted  to:  the 
deepest  spiritual  wants  of  all  men  in  all  times,  conditions,  and  places.  OU 
as  the  Bible  is,  its  truths  have  perennial  freshness,  and  we  turn  to  theii 
with  joy  when  all  else  fails.  The  Bible  has  not  yet  become  too  old  fortkb 
necessities  of  sinful  men.  •    .    . ,.,, 

<  The  assaults  of  infidelity  upon  the  Bible  aflR>rd  gratifying  and  dectsitie 
proofe  of  its  value.  No  line  of  attack  has  been  lef%  untried ;  there  ia  nol 
an  objection  that  depraved  human  ingenuity  could  invent  that  has  not'  beett 
urged  with  all  the  subtle  force  of  profound  learning  and  high  cukare,  them 
is  not  an  available  argument  that  has  not  been  brought  forward  and  magni- 
fied and  set  forth  by  the  champions  of  infidelity  with  the  most  finished 
rhetoric  and  the  most  sparkling  wit ;  popular  literature  in  magazines  and 
elsewhere  has  been  enlisted  for  covert  attacks ;  periodicals,  supported  by  able 


642  The  Btbh  and  ite  Oritiet.  [Oct 

writers,  have  been  established  for  open  assault ;  the  most  fertile  resooroesof 
man's  genius  have  been  taxed  to  their  utmost  capacity  to  devise  means  to 
crush  the  Bible.  Yet  it  has  kept  steadily  on  its  waj,  with  not  one  whit  cf 
Its  power  abated,  commending  itself  to  serious  thinking  minds,  pointing 
multitudes  to  the  cross,  constantly  exerting  a  healthful  inflnenoe,  defeating 
IIm  most  wily  sdynes  of  its  bitterest  foes,  by  so  manifestly  sdapdog  itself 
in  a  way  wholly  peculiar  to  itself,  to  the  varying  wants  of  haman  aook 
that  they  turn  to  it  and  believe  it  in  the  fiiceof  objections  which  they  eanool 
answer.  Any  system  less  vital  and  true  would  have  yielded.  But  the 
Biblical  system  has  preserved  its  integrity  in  matter  and  foras  and  inAoeiioeb 
Infidels  have  flattered  themselves  that  death-blows  had  been  dealt  to  Chiia- 
tianity  by  their  hands,  and  have  died  with  this  befieL  But  it  triaraphaatl^ 
asserts  itself  from  the  sarcophagi  even  of  its  ablest  foes.  Upon  the  tonih 
of  David  Hume  one  of  his  descendants  has  written  above  his.  iiame, 
^  Thanks  be  to  God  who  giveth  us  the  victory  throuf^  our  Lord  Jesoa 
Christ " ;  and  within,  another  has  recorded  his  faith  in  these  words,  ^  I  am 
the  resurrection  and  the  life."  Even  the  ashes  of  the  great  infidel  aeem  to 
cry  out  against  him.  Truth  is  immortal  It  cannot  and  will  not  be  put 
down.  No  blows  of  human  reason  can  cripple  it.  Its  book,  tbe  BiUe,  is 
for  the  ages.  To  the  end  of  time  it  will  shine  with  an  imbonowel 
lustre   that    cannot   be    dimmed    by  any  brilliancy  of  human    in^ 

tioDS* 

"  It  giyes  a  light  to  ereiy  age,  it  gires  but  boirows  none." 


The  Tongue.  —  To  create  fo  little  a  piece  of  fleOi,  and  to  put  fuch 
vigor  into  it :  to  give  it  neither  bones  nor  nerves,  yet  to  make  it  ftronger 
than  arms  or  legs,  and  thofe  mod  able  and  ferviceable  parts  of  the  body. 
Becaufe  it  is  fo  forcible,  therefore  hath  the  moil  wife  God  ordaiDed  that 
it  fiiall  be  but  little,  and  that  it  (hall  be  but  one,  that  fo  the  paniity  and 
fingularity  may  abate  the  vigor  of  it  If  it  were  paired,  as  the  armSi 
legs,  hands,  feet,  it  would  be  much  more  unruly.  For  he  that  cannot 
tame  one  tongue,  how  would  he  be  troubled  with  twain !  Becraufe  it 
is  fo  unruly,  the  Lord  hath  hedged  it  in,  as  a  man  will  not  tmft  a 
wild  horfe  in  an  open  paflure,  but  prifon  him  in  a  dole  pound.  A  double 
fence  hath  the  Creator  given  to  confine  it,  —  the  lips  and  the  teeth,  — 
that  through  their  bounds  it  might  not  break. 

Thomas  Adams.     1639. 


1869.]     Collegiate  and  Theological  JEdueation  at  the  Weet.         548 


COLLEGIATE  AND  THEOLOGICAL  EDUCATION  AT  THE 

WEST. 

A  PLEASANT  tking  it  is  to  the  weary  traveller  to  seat  himself  beside 
some  milestone,  reriew  the  way  passed  over,  and  rest  a  little  for  the 
jonmey  he  has  in  prospect  We  do  not  know  that  the  officers  and  patrons 
of  the  ^  Society  for  tife  Promotion  of  Collegiate  and  Theological  EducatioB 
at  the  West  ^  were  especially  weary  in  the  work  of  aiding  institations  of 
learning  at  the  West ;  but,  as  we  learn  from  the  last  volume  *  issued  by  the 
Society,  they  had  a  four  days*  respite  from  the  toils  of  their  journey  west- 
ward, in  Marietta,  Ohio,  in  the  month  of  November  of  the  year  of  grace, 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-eight  And  right  worthily  did  they 
improve  the  occasion  in  reviewing  the  work  of  the  past  twenty«>five  years 
and  laying  plans  for  the  future.  Under  the  eaves  of  one  of  the  colleges 
aided  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio,  and  looking  out  over  the  Father  of  Waters, 
the  prairies  of  the  West,  and  the  cotton-fields  of  the  South;  the  East  and 
the  West  shook  hands  together,  and  renewed  their  pledges  to  prosecate 
vigorously  the  work  so  successfully  begun. 

In  thi^  volume  of  188  pages  the  Corresponding  Secretary,  Rev.  TheroB 
Baldwin,  d.  d.,  has  gathered  up  the  results  of  the  quarter-century  labors 
of  the  Society,  that  whosoever  will  may  know  its  animating  idea,  and  the 
work  it  has  accomplished.  It  is  the  aim  of  this  article  to  present  the  main 
facts  of  this  interesting  volume.  We  have  taken  occasion,  however,  to  add 
here  and  there  data  derived  from  other  sources,  that  it  may  be  as  perfect 
an  exhibit  as  possible  of  the  policy,  plans,  and  results  of  this  movement 
for  the  religious  culture  of  the  West. 

Origin  of  the  Society.  —  It  was  demanded  by  the  West  and  the  East  alike. 
There^  on  the  outskirts  of  organized  society,  several  institutions  of  learning 
had  been  started,  but,  by  reason  of  the  financial  embarrassments  of  the 
country,  they  were  threatened  with  temporary  suspension  or  extinction. 
thre^  the  churches  had  been  worried  into  a  chronic  irritability  by  never- 
ceasing  appeals  from  the  West  to  aid  colleges  whose  importance  and  neces- 
sities they  had  no  adequate  means  of  determining.  There  was  no  system 
possible  in  the  bestowment  (3^  their  charities.  An  umpire  was  needed  to 
stand  between  the  East  and  the  West,  able  to  comprehend  the  necessities  of 
the  one,  and  make  a  judicious  appropriadon  of  the  charities  of  the  other. 

Accordingly  a  convention  was  held  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in  June,  1842, 

*  Proceedings  at  the  Quarter-Centarj  Anniveraarj  of  the  Society  for  the  PromotioB 
of  Collegiate  and  Theological  Education  at  the  West,  held  at  Marietta,  Ohio,  November 
7-10,1868.    870.    pp  188. 


I 

644  VoUegiate  and  Theological  Hdiication  at  (he  West,       [Oct 

composed  of  about  one  hundred  delegates  from  the  States  of  Ohio,  Indiana, 
Kentucky,  Illinois,  and  Iowa.  The  first  four  questions  discussed  were, — 
Education  for  the  Ministry,  Home  Missions,  A  Religious  Newspaper,  and 
Colleges.  Nothing,  however,  was  accomplished  by  this  convention,  so  far 
as  the  last  topic  is  concerned,  save  to  recommend  to  the  confidence  of  the 
churches  Western  Reserve  College,  with  its  Theological  Department,  Meui- 
etta,  Wabash,  and  Illinois  Colleges,  and  Lane  Theological  Seminary.  One 
of  the  delegates  to  that  convention  was  the  Rev.  'Dieron  Baldwin,  then 
iPrincipal  of  the  Monticello  Female  Seminary,  Ohio.  Coming  East  from 
that  meeting,  as  he  was  reflecting,  in  the  cabin  of  the  steamboat  May- 
flower, upon  the  doings  of  the  convention,  and  the  peril  of  those  strog- 
gling  institutions,  the  idea  of  an  organization^  that  should  embrace  the  in- 
terests of  all  in  one  cause, ''  dawned  upon  his  mind  like  a  new  reveladon.* 

At  another  convention  called  in  the  spring  of  1843,  at  the  house  of  Rev. 
Lyman  Beecher,  d.  d.,  delegates  from  Lane  Tlieological  Seminary,  Mari- 
etta, Wabash,  and  Illinois  Colleges  adopted  a  plan  of  association,  and  ap- 
pointed their  presidents,  a  committee  to  lay  their  condition  before  a  con- 
vention of  Eastern  Christians,  and  endeavor  to  secure  their  co-operation. 
Such  a  convention  was  held  in  New  York  in  connection  with  the  anniver- 
saries, in  May  of  that  year,  and  again,  by  adjournment,  on  the  29th  of 
June,  when  a  Constitution  was  adopted,  a  Board  of  Directors  appointed, 
and  the  Rev.  Therdn  Baldwin  was  chosen  Corresponding  Secretary.  A 
delegate  was  present  from  Western  Reserve  College,  assenting  to  the  move- 
ment, and  committing  that  institution  to  work  in  harmony  with  the  four 
already  referred  to. 

Institutions  Aided.  —  Tlius  were  Western  Reserve,  Marietta,  Wabash, 
and  Illinois  Colleges,  and  Lane  Theological  Seminary,  first  adopted  by  the 
Society,  saved  to  the  Church,  and  raised  to  a  situation  where  they  were  in- 
dependent of  Eastern  aid.  The  amount  furnished  by  the  Society,  thongh 
email,  was  sufficient  to  "  carry  them  past  the  dead-point,**  and  give  tliem 
time  to  develop  the  resources  of  their  several  fields. 

One  by  one  these  institutions  were  raised  above  the  need  of  Eastern  aid, 
and  passed  off  the  Society's  hands.  One  by  one  new  applicants  for  assist- 
ance presented  themselves,  from  which,  after  a  careful  examination  of  their 
claims  to  Eastern  sympathy  and  aid  (in  nine  instances  by  committees  sent 
upon  the  ground),  the  following  have  been  approbated,  the  first  four  of 
which  have  also  been  raised  above  dependence  upon  Eastern  aid,  namely : 
Wittenberg,  Knox,  and  Beloit  Colleges,  and  the  College  of  California; 
Wilberforce  University,  Oberlin,  Olivet,  Iowa,  and  Washburn  (late  Lin- 
coln) Colleges,  Pacific  University,  and  Ripon  College,  Wisconsin. 

While  selecting  these  institutions  the  Board  have  felt  compelled  to  with- 
hold aid  from  about  an  equal  number  of  applicants,  whose  agents  would 


1869.]     CdtUgiaU  and  Theologtcal  Eduoatim  at  the  TTetk.         64ft 

otherwise  have  been  in  the  field  soliciting  aid  during  all  these  jears.  .Th# 
Societj  has  thus  diminished  the  number  of  institutions  asking  Eastern  ai4 
about  one  half)  and  brought  into  system  the  work  of  contributing  to  tho8# 
which  give  the  greatest  promise  of  success.  For  this  it  deserves  the  liberal 
patronage  of  the  churches  and  of  all  benevolent  men.  It  has  simplified  tha 
.woik  of  benevolence  in  the  department  of  Christian  education  and  saved 
large  amounts  that  would  otherwise  have  been  squandered. 

The  whole  number  of  graduates  of  this  circle  of  colleges  is  2,105.  H 
will  be  safe  to  assume  that  for  every  one  who  has  completed  a  course  of 
study  at  least  ten  have  received  a  partial  education.  President  Chapia 
says  of  Beloit  College :  ''  It  has  graduated  one  hundred  and  thirty-finir. 
It  has  had  under  its  training,  for  a  longer  or  shorter  period,  nearly  ona 
thousand  five  hundred  other  young  men.**  President  Sturtevant  testified  ret 
Electing  Illinois  College :  *^  While  the  graduates  number  two  hundred  and 
Miji  the  number  of  students  who  have  been  from  time  to  time  oonnected 
with  the  institution  is  many  times  as  large,  amounting  doubtless  to  several 
thousands." 

In  addition  to  these  a  little  more  than  seven  hundred  theological  stadenti| 
have  been  sent  out  from  Lane  Theological  Seminary,  and  the  Theological 
Departments  of  Oberlin  and  Wittenberg ;  while  some  have  sought  oth^ 
theological  schools,  and  veiy  many  have  entered  the  ministry  without 
eompleting  a  full  course  of  collegiate  study.  From  these  data  it  appears 
probable  that  the  colleges  aided  by  this  Society  have  had  tinder  their 
training  more  than  twenty  thousand  different  pupils,  and  have  been  instror 
mental  in  introducing  wellnigh  a  thousand  to  the  Christian  ministry.  j 

Revivals,  —  Seasons  of  special  religious  interest  have  been  the  law  ill 
these  institutions.  Said  President  Sturtevant :  ^  The  religious  history  of 
Illinois  College  has  been  a  history  of  revivals.  It  is  believed  that  comi 
paratively  few  have  ever  been  connected  with  the  college,  even  for  a  year^ 
to  whom  their  residence  has  not  been  the  beginning  of  a  new  era  in  their 
religious  history." 

-  Professor  Mills  testified,  at  the  close  of  the  first  quarter-century  6f  Wa* 
bash  College,  that  "  no  class  had  passed  through  the  college  course  without 
witnessing  from  one  to  four  revivals."  Said  President  Tuttle,  at  the  late 
meeting :  '*  You  have  noticed  two  facts  in  our  history.  The  first  is,  the 
entpoaring  of  6od*s  Spirit  on  our  college.  The  revival  of  two  years  ago 
was  a  most  astonishing  display  of  the  divine  grace  and  power.  It  is  out 
prayer  and  expectation,  that  Grod  will  make  it  the  chief  glory  of  our  coU 
lege  that  it  is  an  institution  famous  for  revivals  of  religion.*^ 

^  About  seventy-five  per  cent  of  the  graduates  of  Marietta  College,  hf^ve 
been  professedly  pious  at  the  time  of  graduation,  of  whom  nearly  one  thfrd 
were  converted  while  connected  with  th^  institution.    All  the  members ;of 


646  CoUeffiate  and  ThmUgieal  JSducatum  at  A^  Wui.      [Oet 


ihe  Senior  Class  are  now  hopefuUj  pious,  and  a  large  mi^joritj  of 
Ibe  oib^r  classes.  Half  of  the  snbjects  of  the  work  fre  the  aons  of 
ii&nt  and  of  that  class  of  stodents,  fideen  in  nDntber,  noi  one  is  ML*** 
i  *^  Knox  CSollege  and  Gaksbarg,  being  both  the  offiipring  of  ChriitiaB  ho- 
nevolenoe  and  philanthropj,  have  been  greatly  blessed  in  their  religiov 
liistorj.  They  have  enjoyed  frequent  and  powerful  revivak  of  religioB. 
About  two  thirds  of  the  college  students  now  in  attendance  are  profeaiag 
Christians.  Seventeen  have  the  ministry  in  view,  six  of  whdin  have  eoo- 
aecrated  themselves  to  the  wori^  of  Foreign  Missions.  A  large  proponioa 
also  of  the  young  ladies  in  the  seminary  are  professing  Christians.*  f 
-  ^Beloit  College  has  been  the  centre  of  positive  religtoos  infloenes^ 
where  the  saving  power  of  divine  grace  has  been  almost  constantly  man- 
ifested for  Ihe  conversion  and  sanctification  of  the  students.  •  Scarcely  a  year 
bf  its  history  has  passed  without  some  token  of  the  divine  favor  in  tim 
fintn.  There  is  reason  to  believe  that  this  has  been  the  spiritoal  birthphfli 
of  nearly  two  hundred  souls.'*) 

^  The  agency  of  Wittenberg  College  in  maintaining  the  cause  of  Etaa* 
gelical  piety  is  felt  and  acknowledged  over  tho  entire  territory  of  the  gen* 
tad  synod  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  of  the  United  8tatea.''f 
^  Iowa  College  reports  hve  successive  years  of  revival  influence.  ^  Then 
lias  been  a  confident  expectation  of  the  annual  converting  agency  of  the 
Holy  Spirit  in  the  hearts  of  the  faculty  and  the  Christian  students.  Osa- 
▼ersions  have  been  looked  upon  as  a  part  of  the  ordinary  history  of  the 
college  year.  A  member  of  the  faculty  remarked  in  a  students^  daily 
prayer^meeting, '  My  young  friends,  Jesns  Christ  is  in  the  habit  qHl  viaiting 
Iowa  Cbllege.' "  g 

The  history  of  Olivet  College  has  been  marked  by  nothing  else  ss 
strongly  as  by  the  constant  presence  of  the  Spirit  with  converting  power. 
^  During  the  revival  there  of  1867  -  68  there  was  scarcely  a  student 
who  was  not  deeply  moved,  and  about  sixty  responded  to  the  Savionr^s  eaU» 
and  for  the  first  time  yielded  their  hearts  to  him.  Every  family  for  miles 
around  was  also  visited  and  prayed  with,  and  the  whole  number  of  conver- 
sions is  believed  to  have  been  over  one  hundred.  Revival  interest  has  con* 
tinned  through  most  of  the  year  past,  that  is,  conversions  have  ooatinoedto 
occur  at  short  intervals  throughout  the  year.lf 

No  college  aided  by  the  Society  has  been  more  habitually  blessed  with 
revival  influence  than  Oberiin.  As  a  consequence  the  President  could  ssy 
in  January  last :  ^  At  present  all  the  members,  I  believe,  without  exceptiooi 
of  the  Senior  and  Junior  Classes  are  hopefully  pious,  and  a  very  large  pro* 

•  President  I.  W.  Andrews.  \  President  Samnel  Spreehcr. 

t  President  Galllrer.  H  President  G.  F.  Ms(roaii. 

i  X  ^nmOmt  A  L.  Chapin.  ^  t  President  N.  J.  Moirison. 


t8ee.]     (Megi4teand  Theotogicdl  Mutation  at  ih9  Weil.         647 

portion  of  the  other  two  chisMs.  Probably  half  of  thoee  in  -the  Brcipavi* 
tafj  Department  arg  profeaaed  Christians." 

JDuriag  the  winter  of  1867-68  an  extensive  work  of  grace  wM 
fli^yed  in  Washbam  Coltege,  brhigidg  almost  eyerj  student  to  Christ 
Pacifio  Unirersitj  was  visited  during  the  ladt. winter  with  a  Mittilar  tokeli 
of  the  divine  favor,  bringing  nearly  a  score  to  the  saving  knowledge  of  thb 
tenth. 

Bipen  College^  too,  jast  placed  upon  the  Society's  list,  gives  evident 
that  it  has  a  claim  to  come  into  the  family  of  Christian  schools,  in  the  h^ 
that  during  each  of  the  five  years  of  its  existence  it  has  been  visited  by  a 
f^  refreshing  from  the  presence  of  the  Lord." 

■  These  faets^  stated  chiefly  in  the  words  of  college  pre&Ments,  emphasise 
the  troth  of  oor  statement,  —  that  revivals  have  been  ike  law  rdifwr  than 
the  txeepUon  in  the  religions  histcnry  of  these  yoong  ifistitotiomk  Thih 
thought  was  eloquently  expressed  by  Professor  Butterfield,-^^'  IFe  han^ 
iuiU  a  chain  of  coUegea  thai  hhze  with  revivab** 

'  As  the  result  of  careftjl  examination  it^  appears  that  some  seven  hundred 
of  the  graduates  of  these  institutions  were  converted  during  their  course  of 
■tody.  How  many  more  among  the  thousands  who  enjoyed  only  a  partiat 
eenrse  only  the  judgment  will  reveal.  -^ 

Mftne  and  Foreign  Missions.  —  Said  a  distinguished  professor  of  mk 
Sastem  institution :  ^  The  work  of  your  Society  is  vitally  related  to  thii 
•access  of  the  Home  and  Foreign  Missionary  Societies."  The  students  of 
these  young  colleges  are  drawn  from  a  class  of  young  men  far  more  likely 
to  enter  the  ministry  and  the  missionary  work  than  the  representatives  of 
our  older  civilization  and  our  richer  communities.  They  are  not  tempted 
ao  strongly  to  enter  other  professions.  They  will  endure  hardships  hotter. 
They  see  around  them  the  pressing  need  of  home  missionary  labor.  Thef 
know  the  West,  and  are  better  prepared  to  adapt  themselves  to  its  peculiar- 
ities. 

Said  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  Home  Missionary  Society  i^  <*  West* 
em  men  of  Western  education  for  Western  work  is  coming  to  be  the  motto 
of  'Uiose  who  most  intimately  know  the  West  in  her  character  and  hef 
needs.  Many  a  good  man  has  tried  to  do  good  there  and  fkiled,  simply  for 
lack  of  the  gift  to  understand  the  West  and  to  fit  it  Save  tithe  and  ex- 
|>eiise  and  avoid  many  a  failure,  therefore,  by  using  the  home  material,  and 
lireparing  it  on  the  spot  where  it  is  to  be  used."  Hundreds  of  ourstodents 
are  now  ministering  to  Home  Missionary  chnrches  at  the  West,  while  fixMB 
thirty  to  fifty  have  gone  to  carry  the  gospel  to  the  heathen. 

Said  the  President  of  Marietta  College:  ^Of  the  two  hnndred  and 
ninety-eight  graduatesy  one  hundred  and  fifteen  have  studied  or  atfo  stiidjr- 

*  A.  H.  Clapp,  D.  D« 


548  OoBegiate  and  Theohgteal  JBdueatian  at  the  WmL       [Oet 

ing  for  the  tninistrj.  These  are  now  preaching  the  gospel  in  twen^ 
States  of  the  Union.  Some  have  been  missionaries  of^the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M., 
laboring  in  the  Sandwich  Islands^  Afncai  Turkey,  Peraiay  China,  and 
among  the  American  Indians.  One  is  on  the  western  coast  of  Sooth 
America,  laboring  in  connection  with  the  American  and  Foreign  Christian 
Union." 

This,  for  substance,  is  the  history  of  all  the  older  institutions  aided  by  the 
Society,  and  the  younger  are  entering  vigorously  upon  the  same  work, 
even  as  they  have,  been  baptized  with  the  same  missionary  spirit. 

Daify  Prater-Meetings  and  Sabbath  Schoois,  —  These  have  been  a  com* 
mon  feature  in  the  history  of  all  these  institutions.  The  fbrmer  are  fre- 
quently continued  from  year  to  year,  and  in  times  of  special  religioQS  in- 
terest multiply  themselves  into  two  or  three  daily  meetings  in  the  different 
departments*  They  concentrate  the  religious  interest  and  make  it  effeetiva 
for  labor  and  growth* 

'^  In  Beloit  College,"  writes  President  Chapin,  **  the  centre  of  the  nuuiiftlt 
religious  life  is  the  daily  prayer-meeting,  for  half  an  hour  each  evening 
after  supper.  This  is  supplemented  by  brief  meetings  in  each  college 
building  at  the  close  of  every  evening,  and  by  weekly  meetings  of  the 
tg^mbers  of  each  class.  Around  these  spontaneously  grows  a  system  of 
Christian  labor,  in  connection  with  which,  one  after  another  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  institution  is  brought  into  the  circle  and  cherished  there.  Of 
one  hundred  young  men  in  the  more  advanced  classes  more  than  tkre$ 
fourths,  while  of  a  like  number  in  the  younger  classes  less  than  ane/aurtk^ 
are  entertaining  the  Christian  hope.  Of  this  change  of  aspect  during  the 
progress  of  the  course  one  main  cause  may  be  found  in  the  daily  prayer- 
meeting,  like  a  tree  of  life  in  the  midst,  yielding  its  fruit  every  month. 
During  the  past  year  twenty-five  have  begun  to  hope." 

The  maintenance  of  neighborhood  Sabbath  schools  is  another  interesting 
feature  of  our  Christian  colleges.  ^  Within  a  radius  of  about  ten  miles 
around  Beloit  College  the  students  have  sustained  eleven  schools  during 
the  past  year,  embracing  in  all  six  hundred  pupils.  One  of  these  schools 
has  been  blessed  with  a  rich  revival,  and  is  already  growing  into  a 
church."  * 

^  The  Christian  students  of  Olivet  College,  aided  by  young  people  of  the 
town,  sustain  a  Sunday  School  Association,  whose  object  is  to  found  and 
maintain  Sunday  schools  in  all  the  school  districts  and  neighborhood 
around  within  a  radius  of  three  to  six  or  eight  miles.  At  least  a  dozen 
such  schools  have  been  sustained,  in  three  of  M'hich  revivals  have  occurred 
during  the  past  year,  in  one  instance  with  the  conversion  of  nearly  every 
adult  in-the  neighborhood.    The  surrounding  neighborhoods  are  gradually 

*  Preflident  A.  L.  Chapin. 


1869.]     UoUegtate  and  Theologteal  Education  at  the  WeBt.         64d 

becoming  reformed,  renovated,  Christicmized,  and  brought  tmder  the  infloh- 
ence  of  the  college.*  Besides,  this  work  affords  to  oar  Christian  young 
people  a  most  excellent  religious  gTmnastic,  if  I  maj  so  say.  They  here 
Become  strong  foi^  religious  work.'*  * 

Loyaky  of  the  indents,  —  Lojalt j  to  the  goTemment  has  been  one  df 
the  most  marked  features  in  the  history  of  these  Christian  colleges.  The 
recent  civil  war  brought  this  fact  conspicuously  to  light.  In  one  emergency 
nearly  all  the  undergraduates  of  Western  Reserve  College,  and  two  of  the 
professors,  responded  to  the  call  of  the  country,  and  continued  together  in 
the  service  four  months. 

The  alumni  of  Illinois  College  stood  foremost  in  the  State  of  Missouri, 
tnaintaining  the  cause  of  Union  an^reedom. 

Not  a  few  of  the  graduates  of  Wabash  College  attained  high  positions 
in  the  army  that  subdued  the  rebellion.  For  a  time  it  seemed  as  if  every 
student,  except  the  cripples,  would  enter  the  army.  This  college  has  great 
pride  in  its  roll  of  honor. 

Between  fifly  and  sixty  of  the  alumni  of  Marietta  College  entered  the 
Union  army,  and  more  than  forty  of  the  undeiptiduates.  Twelve  of  them 
lost  their  lives  while  in  the  service  of  their  country. 

Nearly  three  hundred  of  those  who  have  at  some  time  been  oonnectid 
Ifith  Beloit  College  were  actually  engaged  in  military  service  during  the 
War. 

Pacific  Univeraity  has  always  been  thoroughly  loyal.  The  county  in 
which  it  is  located  has  been  the  banner  county  and  stronghold  of  freedom. 
•  With  such  a  record  during  the  storms  of  civil  strife,  it  is  not  difficult 
to  estimate  the  influence  of  these  institutions  during  all  the  years  of  their 
history.  Lying  directly  in  the  track  of  emigration  to  the  Northwest,  and 
deeply  iqfibued  with  the  New  England  spirit,  they  have  nurtured  in  all  the 
new  States  a  love  for  the  institutions  of  the  Puritans^  and  made  them  true 
to  the  cause  of  Union  and  freedom. 

Resources  and  Struggles  of  the  early  Institutions.  —  We  have  seen  that 
the  necessities  of  the  five  institutions  first  aided  called  the  Society  into  exist- 
ence. How  great  those  necessities  were  will  be  seen  in  the  fhoi  that  their 
total  resources  amounted  only  to  $  418,000,  while  at  the  same  time  they 
Were  burdened  with  debts  to  the  amount  of  %  101,000.  In  the  minutes  of 
the  Cincinnati  Convention  it  is  said,  **  Tlie  debts  of  all  the  institutions  are 
{pressing,  and  must  be  provided  for  at  the  earliest  practicable  day.**  Had 
they  been  forced  into  liquidation  it  is  easy  to  see  what  must  have  been  the 
result 

At  the  recent  anniversary  Professor  Smith,  in  recounting  the  items  of  his 
experience  as  a  professor  at  Marietta,  said :   ^  The  days  intervening  be- 

*  President  N.  J.  Morrison. 


650  OoUegiate  and  Theohgieal  EdueaUan  at  the  WeH.       [Oofc 

iween  the  organization  of  this  college  in  168B  and  the  formation  of  the 
WeBtem  College  Society  in  1843,  —  ten  long,  hard,  yet  not  altogether  un- 
happy years,  —  after  the  first  burst  of  youthful  enthusiasm  had  past,  were 
days  of  straggle  and  darkness,  sometimes  of  tears,  and  almost  of  despair. 
The  salary  of  the  professors  was  fixed  at  first  at  $  600.  But  the  truttees,  &- 
trasting  their  ability  to  pay  so  large  a  sum,  requested  them  to  accept  $200 
of  this  in  the  form  of  a  college  note.  How  we  lived  in  the  mean  time^ 
with  young  and  growing  families,  is  one  of  the  mysteries  of  Providence 
which  I  do  not  pretend  to  understand.  Nor  was  the  balance  punctually 
paid,  and  money  wad  almost  a  thing  unknown.  In  those  dajrs  here  in 
Marietta  we  dealt  in  barter,  I  have  a  distinct  remembrance  of  one  year  in 
particular,  when,  balancing  my  accounts  with  the  college*  I  found  I  had 
received  in  payments,  applicable  to  me  support  of  my  family,  the  aam  of 
exactly  one  hundred  dollars." 

The  President  of  Western  Reserve  College  testified  that,  previous  to  the 
existence  of  the  College  Society,  ^  he  had  often,  at  the  hour  of  midnight, 
lain  upon  his  bed  revolving  in  his  mind  the  best  method  of  winding  np  the 
affiurs  of  the  college,  without  having  dared  to  Usp  it  to  an  associate  ia 
office." 

^Manifestly  such  a  state  of  things  could  not  long  have  continned  without 
disaster.  And  to  add  to  the  anxiety  and  peril  of  the  situation,  the  churches 
of  the  East  had  manifested  a  disposition  to  withdraw  pecuniary  aid,  and 
leave  them  to  straggle,  if  not  to  die,  alone  and  unassisted.  The  causes  of 
this  disposition  on  the  part  of  Eastern  Christians  have  been  already  referred 
to.  They  were  removed  at  once  by  the  formation  of  the  Society,  which 
reduced  the  appeals  for  aid  to  system,  and  secured  a  judicious  use  of  their 
contributions. 

The  amounts  contributed  by  the  Society  to  the  institutions  it  has  aided 
have  never  been  large.  But  they  have  assured  their  success,  stimulated 
their  patrons  at  the  West  to  greater  sacrifices,  and  carried  them  through  the 
crises  in  their  early  history  which  would  otherwise  have  imperilled  their 
existence.  The  Board  has  made  it  a  principle  of  action  from  the  begin- 
ning  not  to  lift  a  finger  for  the  benefit  of  any  institution,  which  does  not 
give  evidence  of  doing  all  in  its  power  to  develop  the  resources  of  its  own 
field.  As  a  consequence,  while  the  Society  has  raised  on  the  Eastern  fieU 
only  about  $  650,000,  the  present  resources  of  the  cluster  of  institntions 
aided  do  not  fall  short  of  $  2,500,000.  <'  The  handful  of  com  on  the  top 
of  the  mountains  already  shakes  like  Lebanon." 

The  testimony  of  the  colleges  aided  will  set  the  necessity  of  the  Society, 
and  the  importance  of  the  work  it  has  done,  in  a  clearer  light. 

Said  Professor  Smith,  of  Lane  Theological  Seminary :  **  The  aid  se- 
cured, though  small,  was  sufficient  to  carry  the  institutions  past  the  dead- 


IMa]     CMUgiaU  and  Theohgieal  Education  at  the  West.         651 

pointy  and  to  give  them  time  more  perfectly  to  develop  the  reaouroes  of 
thdr  several  fields.  The  great  service  of  this  Society  was  to  keep  the  in- 
stitutions alive  while  they  were  doing  this  work.  And  from  this  point  of 
Tiew,  I  have  said  hefore,  and  I  now  say  again,  Marietta  owes  its  life  to 
yoar  noble  associatkm.  What  is  true  of  Marietta  is  true,  in  a  somewhat 
modified  sense,  of  Lane." 

^  Most  of  these  colleges,*^  said  President  Andrews,  ^  would  never  have 
had  an  existence  had  it  not  been  for  the  expectation  of  aid  from  the  East, 
and  for  the  encouragement  which  Christian  men  living  there  held  out  to 
those  whose  .homes  were  in  the  West." 

President  TutUe  said  of  the  aid  rendered  Wabash  College :  ^  Among 
its  bestowments  the  first  year  of  its  existence  was  the  sum  of  $  2,G42.26. 
That  sum,  not  larger  than  some  Chilbtian  men  expend  on  a  span  of  coach- 
horses,  or  in  the  bridal  outfit  of  a  daughter,  saved  Wabash  College.  Dur- 
ing the  years  that  it  was  one  of  the  beneficiaries  of  this  Society  we  recall 
tM  only  Ood's  distinguishing  meroy,  but  the  almost  maternal  solicitude 
and  love  of  the  Society.    We  can  never  fcM^et  it." 

The  Trustees  of  Knox  College  have  testified,  with  ^  respectful  grati- 
tude," their  "  high  appreciation  "  of  the  assistance  rendered  them,  as  '^  of 
the  very  last  importance,"  coming  as  it  did  when  the  funds  of  the  college 
were  ^  low  and  embarrassed,"  college  orders  being,  at  one  time,  at  a  dis- 
count of  twenty-five  per  cent. 

Beloit  College,  too,  has  recognized,  with  ^  devout  gratitude  to  God«  the 
ministry  of  the  Society,"  which  **  nursed  the  institution  "  in  its  infancy,  and 
has  ^fostered  all  its  growth  hitherto." 

The  Trustees  of  Wittenberg  College  have  testified  that  they  ^  could  not 
have  established  the  college  without  this  aid." 

These  acknowledgments  of  the  timely  aid  rendered  the  institutions  that 
are  now  above  dependence  upon  the  East,  show  what  relief  the  Society  is 
now  qffhrding  the  colleges  yet  on  its  list  of  beneficiaries. 

Policy  of  the  Soeteiy.  —  The  first  Resolution  passed  by  the  Cincinnati 
Convention  in  June,  1842,  was  in  these  wocds :  '*  Beiolvedj  As  the  soise 
of  this  convention,  that  no  branch  of  the  Christian  Church  can  expect  to 
enjoy  any  true  and  permanent  prosperity  without  the  aid  of  well-endowed 
and  well-conducted  literary  institutions  for  the  thorough  educaticm  of  her 
ministry." 

This  is  th^  germ  from  which  the  Society  sprung,  and  which  has  deter- 
mined its  aim  and  entire  policy.  The  multiplication  of  an  ewmgdical  mtn-' 
iifry  has  been,  from  the  first,  the  leading  thought,  the  animating  idea.  This 
win  account  for  the  fact  that  revivals  have  been  so  frequent  in  this  circle 
of  colleges,  conversions  so  numerous,  and  that  so  large  a  per  cent  of  their 
Alnmni  have  gone  into  the  ministry.    They  are  Chrieiian  coUq;e8, 


552  OoUeffiate  and  Theologieal  JSdueation  at  the  WM.      [Oft 

ingt  bj  marked  tokens,  from  mere  literary  or  State  ioBtitotioDB.  Tbe 
multiplication  of  thue  lattery  to  anj  extent,  would  not  prevent  the  need  of 
the  former. 

Supplementing  the  data  contained  in  the  volume  before  as  by  a  few 
items  gathered  from  former  Reports,  the  following  appear  to  be  the  ink 
portant  features  of  the  Society's  policy. 

It  affords  aid  to  no  institution  of  a  lower  grade  than  the  college.  Many 
of  the  colleges  have  Preparatory  Schools  connected  with  them,  but  tbe  es* 
pense  of  these  departments  is  to  be  borne  by  the  friends  of  Cbriatian  kani- 
ing  at  the  West 

Its  appropriations  are  limited  to  ^  three  specific  purposes,  — -  the  support 
of  instructors,  the  purchase  of  books,  and  the  purchase  of  apparatnSi'' 
Thus  far  they  have  been  limited  almost  entirely  to  the  first  Incidentally 
something  has  been  done  in  securing  donations  of  books.  Its  funds  cannot 
be  applied  to  the  purchase  of  lands,  the  erection  of  buildings,  or  the  paymenl 
of  debts,  excepting  those  incurred  fov  instruction.  The  principle  that  has 
governed  the  Board  in  making  its  appropriations  is,  — that  **•  tbe  West  miMt 
build  its  colleges  with  the  aid  of  the  East,  and  not  the  East  with  tbe  aid  of 
the  West"  It  has  been  a  standing  rule  that  dependence  must  in  nil  casaB 
cease  at  the  **  earliest  dates  possible." 

As  to  the  denominational  proclivities  of  the  colleges  aided,  the  action  of 
the  Board  has  been  decided  upon  one  point  only,  they  must  he  evcatgeUeA 
They  are  required  to  give  *'  satisfactory  official  assurance,  that  the  funds 
shall  be  returned,  in  case  the  Christian  character  of  the  college  be  changed, 
or  the  institution  in  any  way  diverted  from  the  policy  which  originally  str 
cured  the  Society's  approbation  and  support."  But  the  Board  has  deemed 
it  *'  undesirable  that  an  institution  aided  by  this  Society  should  be  under  the 
control  of  any  ecclesiastical  denomination." 

The  appropriations  voted  by  the  Board  are  conditioned  upon  its  ability 
to  meet  them,  '^  except  when  there  shall  be  an  express  vote  to  the  con- 
trary." They  are  not  regarded  as  making  a  claim  upon  receipts  that  come 
in  after  the  year  during  which  they  were  voted.  The  Board  thus  becomes 
the  almoner  of  all  the  funds  intrusted  to  it,  but  does  not  accumulate  a 
debt. 

Institutions  placed  on  the  Society's  list  are  allowed,  in  turn,  to  canvass 
the  Eastern  field,  under  the  Society's  direction,  to  secure  permanent  funds 
for  the  salaries  of  their  presidents  and  professors.  These  agents  are  to 
'carry  credentials  signed  by  the  of&cers  of  the  Society,  and  are  expected, 
'*  as  the  latter  does  its  utmost  to  aid  them,  to  do  all  in  their  power  to  give 
it  prominence  and  vigor ;  they  are  to  account  to  the  Society  for  all  the 
funds  they  raise,"  and  their  presentation  of  the  cause  in  any  given  chorch 
'*  is  to  be  considered  as  the  annual  application  of  the  Society  for  the  yev 
then  current." 


1869.]     CMegiaU  and  Theologieal  Hducation  at  ike  Wat.         558 

Institutions  asking  aid  are  expected  to  make  a  full  exhibit  to  the  Board 
of  their  terms  of  incorporation,  assets,  debts,  number  of  pupils,  &c^  and 
are  required  to  '*  correspond  with  it,  at  leas(  annually,  in  respect  to  their 
financial,  statistical,  social,  and  religions  state/*  Through  these  Reports 
the  East  is  put  en  rapporU  with  the  West,  and  the  way  is  prepared  for  dis* 
criminative  and  timely  aid. 

.  It  has  always  been  the  policy  of  the  Board  to  '*  use  extrenoe  caution  id 
the  reception  of  institutions,"  and  at  the  last  meeting  it  was  voted  *'  that  it 
be  distinctly  announced  as  the  general  policy  of  the  Society  for  the  future  to 
aid  in  establishing  one,  and  but  one,  institution  in  a  given  State  or  its  equiv^ 
alent  territory,  until  each  one  of  the  new  commonwealths  at  the  West  comes 
to  this  extent  under  its  culture." 

Some  two  years  since,  an  organization  was  formed  auxiliary  to  the  So- 
ciety, called  the  "  College  Society  Band,"  the  members  ^^  cordially  giving 
their  pledges  to  pay  something  annually  into  the  treasury  of  the  Society/* 
Xhis  numbers  at  the  present  time  about  four  hundred  members.  It  is  hoped 
that  they  will  become  acquainted  with  the  principles  and  work  of  the  So« 
dety  and  be  prepared  in  coming  years  to'fill  the  places  of  its  libeM  patrons 
«ho  are  fast  passing  away,  ^^not  being  suffered  to  remain  by  reason  of  death." 

Literature  created.  —  The  Society  was  a  unique  organization,  and  found 
DO  literature  in  existence  adapted  to  its  wants.  It  became  necessary,  there- 
fore, to  create  one.  The  Corresponding  Secretary  has  accordingly  ex- 
pended the  best  energies  of  his  life  in  the  discussion  of  all  the  fundamental 
questions  that  underlie  our  system  of  liberal  education.  That  discussion 
k  contained  mainly  in  the  twenty-fif^  Annual  Reports  which  he  has  laid 
before  the  Board  of  Directors.  Perhaps  no  series  of  Reports  published 
in  our  country  possesses  greater  value.  We  may  say  of  them  ally  without 
fear  of  contradiction  from  any  enlightened  source,  as  the  Bibliotheca  Sacra 
said  of  the  first  sixteen  of  the  series :  *^  Taken  together  [they]  constitute  a 
thesaurus  of  facts  and  principles  touching  Christian  education  such,  as  can 
acarcely  be  found  anywhere  else."  In  addition  to  these,  the  Board  has  se- 
eared  the  talent  of  many  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  the  age,  in  the  prepara* 
tion  of  Discourses  for  its  annual  meetings.  These,  twenty-two  in  numberi 
have  all,  with  one  exception,  been  given  to  the  public  The  names  of 
Bunes,  Beaman,  Bacon,  Condit,  Edward  Beecher,  Skinner,  |(dwin  Hall, 
Town,  Eddy,  Storrs,  Kirk,  H.  B.  Smith,  Thompson^  Steams,  Ray  Palmer, 
Stowe,  Cleaveland,  Fisher,  Crosby,  and  President  Hopkins  are  suggestive 
of  the  ripest  thought,  the  highest  type  of  Christian  culture.  Twelve 
addresses  in  pamphlet  form,  and  the  condensed  report  of  more  than  sixty 
others  delivered  at  annual  meetings  and  anniversaries,  by  college  profes- 
•OMi  clergymen,  and  eminent  laymen,  have  also  been  given  to  the  public 
as  a  contribution  to  the  literature  of  the  age.    The  Society  has  also  called 


664  OoOegiaU  and  Theohgieal  Education  at  the  WM.       [Oot 

out  two  Premiom  EsMtys,  one  o&  the  ^  Edacational  8jstem  of  the  Parkan 
and  Jesuit  compared,"  bj  Professor  Porter,  of  Yale  College ;  the  other  on 
«  Prayer  for  Ck)llege8,''  by  Prefessor  Tyler,  of  Amherst  College ;  a  "  Plea 
for  Libraries,"  by  Professor  Porter,  and  ^  Plain  Letters  to  a  Parishioner " 
by  Rev.  John  Todd,  d.  d.  These  *'  Permanent  DocumeDts  "  are  worthy 
a  place  on  the  shelves  of  every  library,  public  or  private.  Said  the  Aner* 
lean  Theological  Review  of  these  volumes :  ^  They  are  well  entitled  Ar- 
manent  Docutnenis.  In  no  work  devoted  to  education  are  coanbined  move 
broad  and  philosophic  views,  wise  suggestions,  pertinent  fads,  and  ela- 
quent  appeals,  upon  the  true  nature,  methods,  and  aims  of  collegiate  edoca- 
tion,  under  Christian  auspices,  in  a  republican  country.  The  ▼oliimes  aie 
invaluable." 

In  the  last  five  Annual  Reports  carefully  prepared  lists  of  Liberal 
Benefactions  (and  the  first  ever  prepared  in  our  country)  have  been  pn^ 
lished,  which  have  been  widely  copied  by  the  periodical  preesy  and  have 
not  only  awakened  a  general  interest  in  our  own  land,  but  are  known  te 
have  excited  wonder  and  admiration  in  that  land  of  universities, -«- Gar* 
many.  The  sum  total  of  these  benefactions  for  educational  instttutioot 
exceeds  $12,500,000.  What  other  benevolent  enterprise  has  been  pev^ 
mitted  to  record  such  instances  of  princely  liberality  ? 

Quarter- Century  Anniversary.  —  But  we  must  come  back  to  the  place 
of  beginning.  There  was  an  obvious  propriety  in  the  choice  of  Marietta 
as  the  place  of  the  Quarter-Century  Anniversary.  Not  simply  beeaase 
this  was  the  seat  of  one  of  the  colleges  the  Society  had  aided,  the  oldest  of 
the  noble  sisterhood,  but  because  it  Is  the  site  of  the  first  colony  north  ef 
the  Ohio,  the  oldest  town  in  the  State,  the  Plymouth  Rock  of  tlie  grett 
Northwest.  The  Ohio  Company  that  made  its  first  settlement  here  was 
organized  at  the  *'  Bunch  of  Grapes  Tavern,"  that  occupied  the  site  of  the 
present  New  England  Bank  Building,  on  the  west  comer  of  State  and 
Kilby  Streets,  Boston,  on  the  3d  March,  1786.  Thus  early  were  Boston 
and  New  England  linked  with  Marietta  and  the  great  Northwest.  Going 
West  to  hold  its  anniversary  on  the  borders  of  the  territory  that  had  been 
the  scene  of  its  labors,  the  Board  extended  an  invitation  to  all  the  instita* 
tions  it  had  aided  to  be  present  by  their  representatives  and  participate  in 
the  deliberations  of  the  meeting.  It  was  a  rare  occasion.  Twelve  cd* 
lege  presidents,  the  acting  president  of  Lane  Theok)gical  Seminary,  numer- 
ous professors,  college  trustees,  and  clergymen  met  the  board,  prepared  to 
give  a  history  of  their  several  institutions,  and  to  recount  the  struggles,  the 
successes,  and  the  revival  scenes  that  have  checkered  their  experience.  The 
Rev.  Dr.  Hopkins,  President  of  Williams  College,  ^  the  eldest  and  moat 
distinguished  of  the  college  presidents  of  the  country,"  who  was  to  preach 
the  annual  sermon,  was  also  in  attendance.    The  board  opened  its 


1869.]     OoUegiaie  and  Theological  Education  at  the  We$t.         555 

sioos  on  Sfttardaj,  November  17th.    It  was  one  of  those  riare  occasions 

when 

*'  Heaven  comes  down  our  souls  to  greet, 
And  glory  crowns  the  mercj-seat." 

Sabbath  evening  having  been  assigned  to  the  opening  sermon,  President 
Andrews,  in  behalf  of  the  trustees,  officers  and  friends  of  Marietta  College, 
welcomed  the  Society,  the  presiding  officer,  and  the  speaker  in  a  beautiful 
and  classic  address,  after  which  President  Hopkins  delivered  the  annual 
discourse  upon  National  Stabilitj,  from  Isaiah  xxxiii.  6 :  ^  And  wisdom 
and  knowledge  shall  be  the  stability  of  thy  times  and  strength  of  salllition  ; 
the  fear  of  the  Lord  is  his  treasure."  ^ 

The  discourse,  being  in  the  line  of  the  President's  life-long  studies  and 
labors,  is  a  masterly  unfolding  of  one  of  the  finest  texts  perhaps  for  the 
porpose  to  be  found  in  the  Scriptures.  It  should  be  read  by  all  who  are 
in  any  way  connected  with  the  cause  of  education.  Contrary  to  the  usual 
custom  of  the  Society,  it  is  included  in  the  volume  before  us,  —  the  **  Pro* 
ceedings  *'  of  the  anniversary. 

'  Monday  evening  was  occupied  with  the  twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  the 
Society.  Resolutions  were  offiired  and  addresses  were  made  by  Presidents 
Sturtevant,  Chapin,  Tuttle,  Andrews,  and  Hon.  William  P.  Cutler,  grand- 
son of  Dr.  Manasseh  Cutler,  of  Hamilton,  Mass.,  who  was  one  of  the 
most  prominent  patrons  of  the  Ohio  Colony.  These  addresses  revealed  the 
desperate  condition  of  Western  ccJleges,  in  respect  to  finances,  when  the 
Society  came  to  their  help,  and  bring  out  the  relation  of  the  Christian  col- 
lege to  the  increase  of  an  evangelical  ministry,  and  the  establishment  of 
New  England  institutions  at  the  West.  President  Tuttle  paid  a  touching 
tribute  to  the  memory  of  the  deceased  college  officers  (eight  in  number), 
who  had  been  connected  with  institutions  aided  by  the  Society. 

Addresses  in  response  were  made  by  Hon.  A.  C.  Barstow,  of  Providence, 
and  Bev.  H.  M.  Dexter,  d.  d.,  of  Boston,  encouraging  Christians  of  the 
West  to  'May  bixmd  and  deep  the  foundations  of  a  high  Christian  culture.** 
No  abstract  of  these  addresses  could  be  made  that  wonld  do  them  justice. 
Wiik  the  exception  of  the  last,  which  could  not  be  obtained,  they  are  all 
pre^rved  in  full  in  the  volume  before  us. 

On  Tuesday  the  10th  ult  the  board  approbated  Ripon  College,  located 
at  Bipon,  Fon  du  Lac  County,  Wis.,  voted  appropriations  to  the  several 
colleges  on  its  hands,  and  adjourned,  **  referring  the  matter  of  holding  the 
auBoal  meeting  oi  the  Society  at  least  once  in  three  years  at  the  West,  to 
the  eonsulting  coomiittee,  to  report  at  the  next  meeting." 

Let  it  visit  in  turn  the  institutions  it  has  aided,  as  the  years  roll  on,  en- 
courage them  to  develop  more  fully  the  resources  of  their  respective  fldda, 

maw  BKiEUB8.-**TOL.  L  NO.  4.  dS 


556  CoUegiate  and  Theological  JEdueatian  at  the  Weet.       [Oct 

and  draw  inspiration,  as  on  the  present  occasion,  from  their  zeal  in  labor  and 
their  willingness  to  sacrifice  for  the  cause  of  Christian  learning. 

It  was  a  happy  coincidence,  when,  during  the  closing  session  of  the 
board,  the  Trustees  of  Marietta  College  assembled  and  voted  to  raise  on 
their  own  field  an  additional  endowment  of  $  100,000,  four  of  their  number 
pledging  $  29,000  on  the  spot. 

Land  to  be  possessed.  —  It  has  been  gravely  argued  tbat  the  Sodetj 
ought  to  have  ended  its  labors  with  the  relief  of  the  first  Jive  institutions 
whose  necessities  called  it  into  existence.  But  before  this  point  was 
reached  others  equally  needy  were  knocking  at  its  doors  for  help.  No 
opportunity  has  ^^t  occurred  when  it  could  bring  its  labors  to  a  dose. 
Least  of  all  is  the  present  —  this  era  of  development  —  such  a  time.  The 
overthrow  of  the  slave  system  opened  all  the  South  to  the  iostitations  of  a 
Christian  Republic,  among  which  the  Christian  college  must  always  have 
predominance.  The  emancipated  race  mitst  be  educated.  This  implies 
teachers  highly  disciplined  and  Christian.  We  owe  them  more  than  free- 
dom, — the  ability  to  use  it  to  the  profit  of  the  race  and  without  detriment 
to  the  Republic.  They  must  be  brought  under  the  influence  of  the  gos- 
pel. This  implies  an  evangelical  ministry.  Wo  owe  it  to  Christ  to  save 
them  from  the  shackles  of  the  spirittujU  bondage  that  Rome  is  forging  for 
their  souls ;  while  a  heathen  continent,  waiting  for  the  gospel,  begs  us  to  give 
them  a  Christian  culture. 

The  completion  of  the  Pacific  Railroad  has  made  about  one  third  of  our 
unoccupied  domain  accessible,  and  greatly  stimulated  immigration  from  all 
nations.  Measures  are  maturing  that  are  to  bring  every  section  of  our 
unreclaimed  territory  speedily  into  the  market.  Eighteen  hundred  thou- 
sand square  miles  —  more  than  half  the  whole  area  of  the  republic,  to  say 
nothing  of  Alaska — lie  to  the  west  of  the  eastern  boundary  of  Kansas, 
Nebraska,  and  Dacota.  The  eyes  of  oppressed  millions  are  upon  it  as  an 
asylum  and  a  home.  For  the  stars  and  stripes  float  over  it  all,  the  emblem 
of  Freedom. 

And  it  is  all  to  be  speedily  settled.  Towns  and  cities  are  annually 
springing  up  by  the  hundred,  needing  at  their  birth  all  the  appliances  of  a 
Christian  civilization.  It  is  to  be  mainly  settled  by  foreigners,  all  of  whom 
are  ignorant  of  our  government  and  laws.  Multitudes  of  them  are  hostile 
to  the  fundamental  institutions  upon  which  tliey  are  based,  —  the  evangeli- 
cal church,  the  Christian  Sabbath,  and  the  common  school.  Ifere  Cathol- 
icism is  organizing  its  forces  to  subjugate  the  land  to  a  system  of  futh 
subversive  alike  of  truth  and  civil  liberty.  There  a  reckless  Infidelity 
prevails,  that  is  openly  at  war  with  all  the  distinctive  characteristics  of  a 
Christian  civilization.  While  from  Eastern  Asia  a  tide  of  Pagan  immigra- 
tion is  beginning  to  flow  that  is  to  fill  the  land  with  ancestral  halls,  heathen 


1869.]     Collegiate  and  Theological  Education  at  the  We%t,         667 

temples,  and  idol  gods.  What,  wc  anxiously  ask,  is  to  be  the  character  of 
the  nation,  made  up  of  such  materials,  if  it  be  not  brought  at  once  under 
the  elevating  influences  of  Christian  learning  and  a  living  faith  in  Grod  ? 
National  characteristics  and  social  systems  as  opposite  as  the  hemispheres 
in  which  they  had  their  origin  ;  views  of  government  the  most  diverse  and 
mutually  exclusive,  and  systems  of  religious  belief  the  most  hostile  to  each 
other,  are  here  to  meet  and  struggle  for  the  ascendency.  Tfa^  great  Ameri- 
can valley  is  to  be  the  battle-ground,  Christ  and  Satan  the  leaders.  And  it 
does  not  need  a  prophet's  ey«  to  see  that  victory  will  fall  to  the  lot  of  those 
who  can  marshal  the  men  of  learning,  the  leading  thinkers  of  the  age ; 
who  have  control  of  the  educational  institutions  of  the  land,  and  the  minds 
of  the  young ;  and  who  can  bring  to  the  fore-front  of  the  battle  all  the  re- 
sources of  a  Christianized  science,  a  sanctified  literature,  and  ^'  the  sword 
of  the  Spirit,  which  is  the  word  of  God." 

The  Society  whose  anniversary  "  Proceedings "  we  have  briefly  re- 
viewed is  one  of  the  important  agencies  that  are  aiming  to  bring  the  Chris- 
tian patriot  and  the  Evangelical  Church  to  this  high  vantage-ground  in 
the  coming  contest  May  it  be  greatly  prospered  in  the  years  to  come 
through  the  patronage  and  prayers  of  the  Church  and  the  blessing  of  God  1 


Judge  not  the  preacher  ;  for  he  is  thy  judge  : 
If  thou  miflike  him,  thou  conceiv*fl  him  not 
God  calleth  preaching  folly.     Do  not  grudge 
To  pick  out  treafures  from  an  earthen  pot 

The  word  fpeak  fomething  good  :  if  all  want  fenfe, 
God  takes  a  text,  and  preacheth  patience. 

He  that  gets  patience,  and  the  bleffrng  which 

Preachers  conclude  with,  hath  not  loft  his  pains. 
He  that,  by  being  at  church,  efcapes  the  ditch 
Which  he  might  fall  in  by  companions,  gains. 

He  that  loves  God's  abode,  and  to  combine 

With  faints  on  earth,  (hall  one  day  with  them  (hine. 

Herbert's  Church  Porch. 


Oot^^atiiMal  Ohapd,  Springfiddf  lUtnoia. 


[Ott 


CONGREGATIONAL  CHAPEL,  SPRINGFIELD,  ILLINOI& 


Tbis  buildiDg  is  a  contribatioo  toward  the  problem  of  cbespnesi  with 
oonvenience  and  beauty  id  a  meeting-house.  In  the  opinion. of  man^  who 
have  Been  it,  it  approximates  success. 

The  dimensions  are  as  follows :  Outside  meeanrement,  75  X  ^^'  Hei^t 
to  cornice,  30  feet ;  to  apex  of  ceiling,  30.  The  general  style  is  Gothic ; 
inude  walls  are  beautifully  tinted  and  frescoed;  wood-work  grained  light 
and  dark  oak ;  ceiling  in  wood,  finished  in  panels,  oak-grained,  trimmed 
with  black  walnut.  The  seats  are  hollowed  out  after  the  manner  of  some 
horse-car  seats,  and  have  reversible  backs  for  the  accommodation  of  Sun- 
da;r-scbool  claraes.  Under  each  alternate  seat  is  fixed  a  small  drawer 
capable  of  holding  books  necessary  for  the  class  occupying  the  two  seats. 
Book-racks  are  attached  to  seal-back?,  so  arranged  that  hymn-books  elide 
in  from  the  end,  thus  obviating  any  disarrangement  of  books  in  turning, 
the  seats.  The  palpit  is  of  carved  walnut,  20  X  30  inches,  and  movable : 
the  platform,  running  back  three  feet  into  recess,  is  about  12  X  10  feeL  On 
tbo  front  edge  of  the  platform,  rising  up  just  in  advance  of  the  pulpit,  is  a 
sliding  black-board  5X8  feet.  This  board  is  hung  on  weights  and  pnlleys, 
and  when  not  in  use  can  be  readily  pushed  down  into  the  basement,  and  the 
opening  through  which  itTiaes  closed  with  a  narrow  trap,  carpeted  like  the 
rest  of  the  platform.  On  the  right  of  the  pulpit,  on  a  small  raised  plat- 
form, stands  the  organ,  with  room  for  a  choir  of  eight  or  ten.  The  arrange- 
ment is  for  congregational  singing,  with  the  choir  to  lead.  The  base-boards 
on  both  sides  of  the  main  room  are  hinged,  and  can  be,  in  a  moment's  lime. 


1869.]  Congregational  Chapd^  SpringfiMy  Illinois.  56d 

eonverted  into  seats  for  extra  occasions.  There  is  a  sliding  pardtion  which 
cuts  off  a  room  40  X  20  for  prayer-meeting,  infant  class,  and  parlor  pur- 
poses. This  partition  is  pushed  down  into  basement^  the  middle  portion 
to  a  level  with  the  floor,  leaving  a  clear  way  between  the  rooms ;  the  side, 
portions  to  a  level  with  tops  <^  the  pews,  securing  an  unbroken  appearance 
to  the  whole  when  thrown  together.  There  is  a  vestibule  4>n  each  sida^ 
and  there  are  three  aisles,  one  in  the  eentre  and  one  against  each  side* 
wall.  The  small  room  is  carpeted  in  keeping  with  the  large,  and  furnished 
with  chairs  instead  of  pews.  By  removing  most  of  these  and  introducing  a 
centre-table  and  piano,  this  small  room  fumidhes  a  commodious  and  attrac* 
tive  parlor  for  sociiGtl  gatherings  of  the  church.  Above  it  is  a  gallery, 
same  sire,  used  for  Bible  classes  and  church  sittings,  Each  room  has  i^ 
separate  furnace.  The  small  room  is  hung  with  engravings  and  illuminated 
Scripture  mottoes.  The  Sunday-school  library  is  in  the  south  vestibule. 
Capacity  of  the  building:  For  Sunday-school,  main  room,  310;  infani 
class  room,  125 ;  gallery,  80;  that  is,  inelnding  teachers,  a  school  of  550L 
For  church  services,  main. room  in  pews,  275  ;  small  room,  125 ;  gallery, 
100  ;  base  or  wall  seats,  125 ;  an  ordinary  capacity  of  500,  extraordinary', 
625.  By  making  the  building  a  little  wider — say  75  X  45  feet  —  the 
capacity  of  the  pews  would  be  increased  by  some  sixty  sittings,  at  a  very 
slightly  increased  by  cost  of  construction. 

Cost  of  building:  Lot,  $  6,000.  House,  $  10,000.  Furnishing,  inolodr 
ing  carpets,  furnaces,  gas-fixtures,  exclusive  of  pipe,  $  1,500.  A  building  of 
the  same  general  style,  but  of  cheaper  and  yet  handsome  inside  finish,  can 
be  built  for  from  $  6,500  to  $  9,000. 

The  church  which  has  erected  this  house  was  organized  February  0^ 
1867,  with  seventy-five  members.  For  several  months,  to  October  of  186^. 
it  had  no  pastor.  Rev.  J.  K.  McLean  then  became,  and  continues  pastor. 
It  has  had  on  its  roll  of  members  one  hundred  and  thirty-eight  names. 
Present  number,  oiie  hundred  and  eighteen ;  Sabbath  school  of  two  huor 
dred.  Ground  was  broken  for  the  foundation  of  meeting-house  Junei  %% 
1^68,  and  the  building  dedicated  December  10th  of  the  same  year.  Th# 
eight  windows  of  the  main  room  costing  $  35  apiece,  together  with  the 
two  pulpit  or  platform  windows,  were  given  by  churches  and  Sabbath 
schools  in  Beardstown,  111.,  Waverly,  III.,  Amboy,  III.,  Jacksonville,  UI.^ 
Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  Framingham,  Mass.,  Aubumdale,  Mass.,  West  Newton, 
Mass.,  and  Lincoln,  Mass. 

The  seats  of  this  house  are  free,  the  expedles  being  met  by  voluntary 
monthly  subscriptions,  and  a  collection  each  Sabbath  morning.  ^ 


660  Congregational  Neerohgg.  [Oct 


CONGREGATIONAL  NECROLOGY. 

CHARLES  EDWARD  LANE  died  in  Stratham,  N.  H.,  August  17,  18S8, 
in  his  thirty-first  year.  He  was  youDgest  of  the  dve  children  of  Charles 
arid  Hannah  (French)  Lane,  bom  December  27,  1837,  in  South  Kewmaiicet, 
K.  H.,  whence  his  father  removed  in  1867  to  a  part  of  the  old  homestead 
where  his  grandfather,  Deacon  Samuel  Lane,  the  last  *' elder"  in  the  Con- 
gregational Chorch  in  Stratham^  settled  a  hundred  and  twenty-five  years  before. 
The  father  of  Deacon  Samuel  was  Deacon  Joshua  of  the  first  Congregational 
Church  in  New  Hampshire,  at  Hampton,  killed  by  lightning,  June  14,  1766,  aged 
•eventy,  whose  grandfather,  William  Lane  from  England,  was  a  citizen  of  Bos- 
ton in  1651. 

Be«de  the  influence  of  a  godly  ancestry,  his  mother,  like  Hannah  of  old,  gave 
him  to  the  Lord  from  his  birth.  With  the  hope  that  he  might  preach  the  gospel, 
lie  was  named  Edward  Payson,  bat  on  the  addition  of  his  father's  name,  Paysoa 
was  dropped.  His  mother  died  when  he  was  three  years  old,  but  his  early  re- 
ligious impressions,  and  ultimate  conversion,  he  largely  traced  to  her  influence 
and  prayers.  He  made  a  profession  of  religion  at  home  with  a  sister,  next  older, 
April  4,  1858.  He  was  then  a  member  of  Phillips  Academy,  Andover,.  having 
entered  December,  1856,  but  ill-health  prevented  his  graduation  till  1861.  He 
graduated  at  Amherst  College,  1865,  at  Andover  Theological  Seminary  A,ugast 
6, 1868,  preachctU  at  Kindge,  N.  H.,  the  following  Sabbath,  and  died  a  week 
from  the  next  day. 

From  the  revival  of  1858  he  turned  toward  the  ministry  with  an  enthusiasm 
which  shone  to  the  last  hour  of  life.  He  went  at  once  about  his  Master's  work, 
and  in  school,  college,  and  seminary,  as  well  as  on  visits  and  vacations,  the  aim  of 
his  life  was  to  serve  God  and  save  men.  Out  of  his  heart  he  wrote,  **  It  matters 
little  where  I  labor  if  I  do  Christ's  work.  The  crown  I  am  sure  is  worth  the 
cross.  How  glorious  to  wear  out  in  doing  acts  for  others,  every  one  of  which  will 
pli^ase  the  Saviour,  if  we  are  only  humble  and  perform  them  in  a  right  spirit!" 
His  work  in  mission  Sabbath  schools,  in  the  mission  fields  of  Vermont  and  among 
his  brother's  people  in  Whately,  Mass.,  will  long  be  remembered.  He  led 
many  to  Christ.  He  made  friends  and  won  favor  wherever  he  went,  ^d 
once  wrote,  *^  I  don't  know  why  it  is,  but  it  seems  to  me  I  have  not  an  enemy  in 
the  world,  excepting,  of  course,  my  own  wicked  heart  and  sin  in  its  varied 
forms."  From  his  licensure  in  December,  1867,  by  the  East  Hampshire  Associa- 
tion, he  preached  almost  every  Sabbath  till  his  death.  From  many  vacant 
churches  he  had  requests  to  be  a  candidate,  but  turned  eagerly  toward  the  home 
mission  work  of  Vermont  or  the  West,  where  he  hoped  to  begin  his  ministry  if  not 
spend  his  life. 

Of  him  in  college  Professor  Tyler  writes ;  *'  As  a  man  and  a  Christian  Mr. 
Lane  was  highly  esteemed.    His  mature  age  and  experience,  his  practical  wisdom 
and  good  sense,  his  warm  and  active  piety,  and  his  exemplary  Christian  character 
ave  him  more  than  usual  influence,  especially  in  seasons  of  religious  interest 


1869.]  Congregational  Necrology,  561 

'*No  member  of  his  class  —  we  might  add,  no  member  of  college  in  his  daj  — 
was  probably  more  zealous  in  promoting  revivals,  or  more  active  in  efforts  to  win 
souls  to  Christ.  At  the  same  time  his  zeal  was  tempered  by  moderation,  and  his 
activity  guided  by  wisdom.  Perhaps  constancy  and  conscientiousness  were 
the  most  marked  features  of  his  Christian  character  and  life.  His  appointment 
to  act  as  one  of  the  deacons  of  the  College  Church  -  during  his  senior  year  is  an 
index  of  the  esteem  in  which  he.  was  held  by  the  Faculty  and  the  Christian  stu- 
dents. 

"  Indeed,  no  student,  however  irreligious  himself,  questioned  the  sincerity  and 
genuineness  of  Mr.  Lane*s  Christian  character ;  none  doubted  that,  whoever  else 
might  be  found  wavering  or  faltering,  he  would  always  and  everywhere  *  stand 
np  for  Jesus.' " 

Professor  Phelps  writes :  "  Very  early  in  my  acquaintance  with  him  he  made 
upon  me  the  impression  of  a  man  of  great  directness  and  earnestness  of  Christian 
character.  This  impression  deepened  with  time.  Yet  his  modesty  tempered  his 
zeal,  and  his  genial  manner  made  his  courage  wise.  He  could  safely  say  things 
to  the  impenitent  which  few  could  utter  without  giving  offence.  To  his  Christian 
associates  his  words  were  quickening  and  timely.  Those  who  knew  him  most  in- 
timately recall  his  life  most  thoughtfully  as  having  been  full  of  helpful  suggestion 
to  them. 

"If  he  could  have  known  that  his  life's  work  was  to  be  so  brief,  I  donbt 
whether  he  could  have  essentially  changed  the  plan  of  it  without  detriment  to  its 
results.  Few  young  men  make  the  course  of  education  in  academy,  college,  and 
seminary  a  course  of  Christian  usefulness  so  faithfully  and  so  skilfully  as  he  did 
His  whole  being  seemed  engaged  and  always  engaged  in  Christ's  work.  He 
seemed  to  give  himself  by  instinct  to  those  means  and  methods  of  activity  which' 
lay  nearest  to  him.  He  used  them  without  parade.  He  took  literally  what  his 
hand  found  to  do,  and  did  it. 

'*  As  a  preacher  he  exhibited  the  same  traits  of  mind  and  heart  which  were  so 
conspicuous  in  the  man.  Biblical  taste,  solid  good  sense,  directness  of  style,  and 
intensely  practical  aims  were  the  most  noticeable  characteristics  of  his  sermons. ' 
Their  defects  were  secondary.  Defect  was  overborne  by  the  eagen^ess  of  spirit, 
which  always  aimed  right.  In  this  the  sermon  was  what  the  man  was.  It  was 
the  embodiment  of  his  own  soul  struggling  to  express  itself  for  Christ." 

As  a  brother  and  son  he  was  dutiful  and  affectionate.  To  his  family  his  loss  is 
irreparable.  He  died  suddenly  on  the  sixth  day  afler  reaching  home.  Ever  will- 
ing, in  self-forgetfulness,  to  attempt  all  asked  of  him,  none  knew  how  weary  and 
worn  he  was  at  graduation,  as  he  said,  in  words  that  seem  prophetic,  **  I  am  going 
home  to  rest." 

A  slight  attack  of  dysentery  seemed  to  complete  the  work  which  nervoos  ex- 
citement and  overwork  had  so  nearly  accomplished.  Delirium  was  the  first  token 
of  danger,  yet  even  then  the  Saviour  ruled.  He  was  constantly  praying,  preach- 
ing, repeating  Scripture,  and  addressing  his  classmates  most  touchingly.  **  Qo 
f>rth  to  the  scene  of  your  future  labors  with  your  armor  bright !  Go  trusting  in 
almighty  strength,"  &c.  *'  My  work  is  done,  I  am  going  home."  To  a  sister  he  said, 
*'  I  want  you  to  take  my  hand  and  go  with  me  to  our  dear  mother's  grave,  then  go 


562  C(mffregaUondl  Necrology.  [Oct 

with  me  to  heaTen,  won't  yon  ?  "  To  his  father,  **'  Where  are  Abraham,  Isaac,  and 
Jacob  to-day?*'  He  was  told/' In  the  land  of  the  blessed."  **  We  will  try  and  go 
there  too,  won't  we,  father.  I  know  I  shall  be  there,  for  I  do  love  Jesus.  Never  saf 
Uiat  I  died  denying  my  Jesus ! "  His  wish,  once  written  to  a  friend,  was  granted  ia 
this :  "  We  must  all  die.  God  grant  that  we  may  have  our  armor  on,  and  our  work 
done.  I  rejoice  in  the  hope  of  the  perfect  knowledge  of  the  future  life."  Ha 
longed  to  do  much  more  for  Christ,  and  with  confidence  we  write  over  his  graT* : 
**  Thou  didst  well  that  it  was  in  thine  heart." 

J.  W.  L. 

Rev.  ALFRED  NORTH  died  in  Chilton,  Wis.,  on  the  8d  of  March,  18€9, 
aged  sixty-two  yelu^  He  was  born  in  Exeter,  N.  H.,  where  his  father  waa  a 
physician.  When  ten  years  old  he  went  with  the  family  to  Boonville,  in  North* 
•rn  New  York,  where  he  remsined  until  he  was  sixteen.  He  then  went  to  Utiea 
and  learned  the  printing  business,  which  he  chose  in  preference  to  all  other  em- 
plojments,  if  he  must  be  denied  the  privilege  of  a  college  coarse.  In  1B30,  or 
thereabouts,  when  twenty-three,  he  returned  to  his  Other's  house,  and  spent  soma 
two  years  in  studying  Latin  and  Greek,  having  previously  acquired  some  knowlf 
adga  of  Hebrew.  In  1832  and  1833  he  was  employed  in  New  York  as  a  printer, 
and  the  writer  stood  at  his  side  by  the  case,  and  occupied  the  same  room  at  nighty 
fbr  several  months,  before  and  afler  the  cholera  raged  with  such  awfol  and  deadly 
Tiolence.  There  an  acquaintance  began  which  ripened  into  friendship,  and  con- 
tinues yet,  though  death  has  come  between.  In  1834  he  received  an  appoint- 
ment from  the  American  Board  to  the  Mission  at  Smgapore,  and  sailed  in  July 
of  the  next  year  to  his  place  of  destination.  He  remained  there  teaching,  aad 
oocasionally  preaching,  till  the  Mission  was  broken  up  in  1843,  when  he  was  trans- 
flnrred  to  the  Madura  Mission.  Soon  afler  landing  Mrs.  North  was  seized  with 
oholera,  and  died,  leaving  four  snuill  children.  They  were  sent  to  this  comitry. 
Mr.  North,  thus  doubly  bereft,  was  stationed  at  Dindique.  In  1847  he  returned 
to  this  country,  and,  at  his  own  request,  was  dismissed  from  the  service  of  the 
Board.  Afler  studying  theology  about  two  years  at  Auburn  Seminary,  he  was 
■larried  to  Miss  Martha  Br}'an,  a  sister  of  his  first  wife,  and  again  brooght  to- 
gether his  scattered  family,  whom  he  cherished  with  devoted  affection.  He  was 
aittlcd  in  several  places  in  the  west  centre  of  New  York,  as  Middlefield,  PiUsford, 
Attica,  and  Leroy.  One  of  his  sons  having  died  in  the  war,  in  the  early  part  of 
1966  he  wont  to  Kansas,  and  spent  the  summer  with  his  surviving  son  in  fanning. 
Ha  was  next  engaged  as  a  Home  Missionary  in  Tipton,  Mo.,  and  finally,  in  Octo- 
kar  last,  he  went  to  Chilton.  He  lefl  home,  writes  a  near  relative,  ^  in  vigoroos 
^tahh,  and  entered  upon  his  new  field  with  all  the  ardor  of  his  natnre."  His 
4ll^  waa  very  sudden,  caused  probably  by  premature  mental  exertion  when  re- 
^iMting  from  a  brief  sickness.    Thus  passed  from  earth  to  heaven  one  of  the 

and  most  warm-hearted  men  the  writer  has  ever  had  the  privilege  of  know« 

Ua  was  acute  in  intellect,  he  had  much  general  information,  his  acqnifl- 

lia  Huuny  branches  of  knowledge  were  extensive^  and  all  his  faculties  wers 

fHi|ilate  contit^  Besides  a  respectable  acquaintance  with  the  Englidi 
iWid  lilaratare,  ha  had  peiiect  conmiand  of  the  Malay  tongue,  and  was 


1809.]  Congregational  Weerohgy.  563 

cAen  employed  by  the  Engiieh  Goyemment  to  translate  documents  of  importance. 
Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  were  familiar  to  him.  Few  Americans  have  so  broad 
and  profound  knowledge  of  history,  in  its  facts  and  its  philosophy,  as  Mr.  North. 
His  delight  was  in  metaphysical  studies,  and  he  pursued  them  into  their  intrica- 
eiesL  And  yet  he  learned  more  and  more,  in  adyancing  years,  to  discard  the 
■letaphysical  method  in  sermonizing,  and  to  lay  out  his  strength  in  bringing  forth 
tlM  meaning  of  the  sacred  writers.  In  this  regard  he  held  the  most  advanced 
Tiews  of  scriptural  exegetes.  **  Study  the  original  languages  of  the  sacred  Scrip- 
tnras,"  was  his  motto.  There  you  will  find  the  intent  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  and  by  so 
doing  yon  will  ever  be  fresh  and  full  of  variety  in  ^our  pulpit  exercises.  If  his 
early  predilections  had  been  gratified,  and  he  had  been  able  to  devote  himself  to 
lelten,  he  would  have  been  universally  ranked  among  the  distinguished  sons  of 
Hew  Hampshire  His  life  was  broken  up,  and  therefore  he  was  never  able  to 
achieve  what  would  otherwise  have  been  attained.  But  he  was  greatly  useful  in 
hii  day ;  and  his  life,  if  he  had  written  it,  would  have  been  a  rare  specimen  of 
autobiography.  With  outward  adventure  and  inward  experience  which  few  ro- 
laancers  would  dare  to  invent ;  with  intellectual  acumen  and  intensity  of  feeling, 
and  largeness  of  83rmpathy  which  few  heroes  possess,  he  would  have  filled  a 
Tolame  of  permanent  interest  and  value.  But  he  is  gone,  and  it  is  a  positive 
pleasure  to  think  that  his  acquisitions  will  find  a  fitting  sphere  of  exertion  in  a 
perfect  world. 

A.  P.M. 

Mrs.  ABBT  P.  COLMAN  died  in  Princeton,  Bl.,  March  25, 1869,  agdd 
aeventy-three  years. 

She  was  a  native  of  Newport,  R.  I.,  a  daughter  of  Hon.  T.  G.  Pitman.  At 
the  age  of  seventeen  she  united  with  the  Congregational  Church,  then  under  the 
care  of  Rev.  Wm.  Patten.  In  1819  she  became  the  wife  of  Rev.  Ebenezer  Col- 
man,  then  of  Tiverton,  R.  I.  They  were  afterward  settled  in  New  Hampshire 
and  in  New  York.  After  the  marriage  of  their  eldest  daughter  they  followed 
her  to  Blinois,  where  Mr.  Colman  spent  several  years  usefully  in  the  active  laboii 
of  the  ministry.  Then  his  health  declining,  they  removed  to  Detroit,  where  he 
ekeed  his  life  in  1859. 

Through  all  these  eventful  years  of  their  married  life  Mrs.  Colman  was  his 
judicious  counsellor,  his  affectionate,  faithful,  and  efficient  helper. 

Her  prominent  characteristics  were  industry,  frugality,  punctuality,  energy, 
diicretion,  and  self-control.  She  set  the  Lord  always -before  her,  and  acted  with 
veference  to  his  revealed  will  in  all  things.  Moral  obligation  with  her  was  par* 
aanmnt  to  every  other  consideration.  The  Bible  was  her  study  and  delight. 
Hmt  last  illness  was  short  and  her  disease  obscured  her  intellect  Tet  her 
tkoQghts  were  evidently  on  scriptural  and  heavenly  things,  and  she  was  much  in 
prayer.  And  thus  she  passed  away,  leaving  earth  the  poorer  and  making  heaven 
the  richer  by  her  removal. 

Foar  children  survive  her,  one  a  clergyman,  and  several  had  preceded  her  to 
Ae  better  land. 


564  Congregational  Necrology.  [O^ 

Rev.  D.  HOYT  BLAKE  died  in  Stamford,  Ck>nn.,  April  6, 1869,  at  the  ag* 
of  forty  years. 

Mr.  Blake  was  a  native  of  Sutton,  Vt  When  a  youth  of  seyenteen,  after  the 
death  of  his  parents,  he  went  to  reside  with  a  brother  in  Michigan.  There  he 
was  persuaded  by  a  companion  to  enter  Knox  College,  with  the  intention,  bow- 
ever,  of  pursuing  a  business  life.  His  conversion  to  Christ,  however,  led  him  to 
devote  himself  to  the  work  of  the  ministry.  It  was  characteristic  of  him  that, 
when  he  became  the  subject  of  strong  religious  impressions,  he  shut  himself  in  his 
room  with  the  determination  not  to  leave  it  till  he  had  made  his  peace  with  God. 

He  studied  theology  in  thd  Union  Theological  Seminary  of  New  York.  Whfle 
there  be  wrote  of  one  "happiest  hour  of  his  life  thus  far,"  and  continued,  *'and 
when  the  shades  of  eternal  night  shall  begin  to  gather  round,  and  the  eye  grow 
dim,  may  that  hour  be  the  happiest  of  all  my  life.  It  seems  to  nA»  now  that  it  will 
be.  I  feel  that  I  shall  not  fear  death,  but  welcome  it,  when  my  work  on  earth  is 
done."  He  graduated  in  1859,  and  about  the  same  time  married  Miss  Charlotte 
A.,  daughter  of  Deacon  Munson  Lockwood,  of  Brooklyn. 

Mr.  Blake  was  first  settled  over  the  Congregational  Church  in  Mendota,  111. 
For  some  months  he  served  the  church  in  Waupun,  Wis.,  and  then  became  pastor 
of  the  church  in  Princeton,  III.  Burning  with  ardor  for  the  cause  of  our  country, 
he  sought  a  commission  to  the  seat  of  war.  He  served  as  chaplain  of  soldiers  in 
the  hospitals  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  and  among  the  exchanged  prisoners. 
In  that  service  there  is  reason  to  believe  he  contracted  the  seeds  of  the  malady, 
Addison's  disease,  which  proved  fatal.  He  was,  however,  again  settled,  over  the 
Congregational  Church  in  Spcncerport,  N.  Y.,  where  he  labored  earnestly  a  year 
or  two,  till  increasing  infirmities  compelled  him  to  withdraw  from  the  regular 
duties  of  the  ministry. 

Mr.  Blake  was  about  the  average  stature,  and,  when  in  health,  of  very  fine 
appearance.  He  was  a  man  of  decision  of  character,  and  of  strong  convictions, 
which  gave  a  vigorous  tone  to  his  preaching.  Wherever  he  saw  a  wrong  he  de- 
sired to  smite  it.  His  piety  was  overt  and  practical  rather  than  contemplative 
and  subjective.  Weighed  down  with  prolonged  and  heavy  sickness,  he  sometimes 
longed  to  depart  and  be  with  Christ.  He  often  said,  "  I  have  no  desire  to  live 
after  my  life  shall  have  ceased  to  be  one  of  active  service."  He  united  with  the 
church  in  Stamfoi*d,  though  anticipating  that  he  came  to  die,  saying  to  his  pastor, 
*'  If  I  can  do  anything,  I  want  to  do  it."  At  the  beginning  of  the  present  year  he 
was  elected  superintendent  of  the  Sabbath  school,  and  though  very  weak,  con- 
ducted it  efficiently  for  three  months.  It  is  not  strange  that,  languishing  under 
slow  but  mortal  disease,  he  sometimes  had  dark  hours ;  but  he  enjoyed  also  many 
sweet  experiences  of  the  love  of  Christ.  Some  months  before  his  death  he  wrote, 
"  I  wish  here  and  now  to  record  my  great  although  imperfect  love  to  Christ 
I  am  rich,  rich  because  I  seem  to  have  been  taken  up  and  cared  for  by  my 
Heavenly  Father.  Sometimes  it  seems  perfectly  glorious,  as  though  only  a  f<M^ 
taste  of  heaven.  But,  oh !  the  sins  that  make  me  mourn.  I  can  truly  say  with 
Edwards,  *  O  that  God  would  help  me  to  discern  all  the  flaws  and  defects  of  my 
temper  and  conversation,  and  help  me  in  the  difficult  work  of  amending  them.** 

His  departure  at  length  came'suddenly.     After  performing  his  regular  service 


1869.]  Congregational  Necrology.  565 

in  the  Sabbath  school  he  was  directly  seized  with  congestion  of  the  lungs,  and  on 
the  next  Tuesday  morning,  following  a  night  of  extreme  suffering,  he  passed 
away,  leaving  his  beloved  wife  and  four  children  of  tender  age  to  the  care  of  the 
Savioor  in  whom  he  trusted. 

B.  B.  T. 

Deacon-  JOHN  KIMBALL  died  at  the  house  of  his  son,  in  Newbury,  Vt, 
May  3,  1869,  at  the  age  of  ninety-four  years  and  four  months. 

*<  The  righteous  shall  be  in  everlasting  remembrance,"  and  this  venerable  and 
truly  worthy  man  deserves  to  be  thus  cherished.  He  was  naturally  of  fine  per- 
sonal appearance,  of  a  strong  mind,  energetic  in  his  pursuits,  and  adapted  to  go 
forward  and  have  influence  in  society.  His  mind  was  well  stored  with  useful 
knowledge,  and  he  was  a  faithful  man,  for  he  feared  God.  The  greater  part  of 
his  long  life  was  spent  in  the  service  of  the  King  of  saints  in  persevering  en- 
deavors to  promote  his  cause,  especially  in  his  place  of  residence  at  North  Haver- 
hill, N.  H.,  and  at  Wells  River  in  Newbury,  Vt.,  near  by.  He  used  the  oflice  of 
a  deacon  well,  and  purchased  to  himself  a  good  degree,  and  great  boldness  in 
the  faith 'which  is  in  Christ  Jesus.  The  writer  of  this  brief  notice  remembers 
once  hearing  him  tell  of  his  holding  religious  meetings  at  Wells  River,  when  there 
was  no  church  there,  and  scarcely  a  man  in  the  place  to  sympathize  with  him, 
and  how  he  felt  when  he  looked  around  on  such  an  assemblage,  and,  standing  up 
ioT  his  Saviour  all  alone,  gave  out  the  hymn,  — 

''  I  'm  not  ashamed  to  own  ray  Lord, 
Nor  to  defend  his  cause." 

He  lived  to  see  a  wonderful  change  there,  to  see  a  spacious  house  of  worship 
erected,  and  thronged  with  worshippers  devoutly  listening  to  that  gospel  which 
many  of  them  had  personally  found  to  be  "  a  savor  of  life  unto  life." 

Deacon  Kimball  earnestly  desired  and  sought  the  conversion  and  salvation  of 
his  own  household,  and  had  the  great  joy  of  seeing  bis  children  walking  in  the 
trnth.    He  lefl  five  of  them  members  of  Congregational  churches. 

Mrs.  ROGENA  AMIRA  BAILEY,  wife  of  Rev.  John  G.  Bailey,  Hyde 
Park,  Vt,  died  May  8,  1869,  aged  twenty-nine  years. 

Her  maiden  name  was  Scott,  and  she  was  born  at  Fairfax,  Yt.,  April  6,  1840. 
Her  father,  a  member  of  the  Franklin  County  Bar,  himself  a  scholarly  man,  was 
assiduous  in  his  attentions  to  her  intellectual  cultivation,  and  her  .mother,  whose 
religion  was  a  constant  lifey  was  correspondingly  attentive  to  the  training  of  her 
heart  and  moral  habits. 

Her  higher  studies  were  pursued  at  various  seminaries  and  academies,  of  which 
those  at  Fairfax  and  Johnson,  in  the  earlier  stages,  may  be  named ;  and  those  at 
Cincinnati  and  Nashville,  in  the  later. 

In  various  parts  of  our  country,  for  several  years,  she  was  employed  as  a 
teacher.  While  at  the  South  and  Southwest  she  instructed,  mainly,  in  the  fine 
arts  of  music,  painting,  and  their  kindred  branches. 

She  commenced  teaching  at  Lowell,  Vt,  wh^n  but  sixteen  years  of  age; 
travelled    alone  to  Kentucky  when  only  seventeen  years  old.      There    she 


666  Cimgregatixmal  Necrology.  fOci. 

taught  one  jear,  and  from  thence  went  to  Lonisiana,  where  the  taught 
one  and  a  half  yean.  From  thence  she  went  to  Nashville^  where,  for  two 
jrears,  she  taught  with  good  success.  After  the  Union  soldiers  entered  that  eilj, 
she  gave  her  time,  for  several  weeks,  to  ministering  in  the  hoepitaL 

Returning  home,  she  was  married  at  Wuner,  N.  H.,  Feb.  17,  1863.  She  still 
continued  to  teach  occasionally. 

Her  Christian  experience  began  young.  She  united  with  the  church  when 
but  fifteen  years  of  age.  The  hope,  thus  early  professed,  she  never  rtlinqnished. 
Her  enex^  of  character  and  fixedness  of  moral  principle  were  marked  and  ad- 
mirable. 

In  addition  to  all  her  other  cares,  as  a  wife,  a  mother,  and  a  teacher,  she  al- 
ways found  so  much  time  to  work  for  the  interests  of  the  church  of  which  her 
husband  is  pastor,  as  to  have  impressed  them  with  a  tender  sense  of  thdr  loss,  in 
her  death.    Deeply,  therefore,  do  they  mourn  for  her. 


Rev.  JOHN  WILLIAMS  SALTER  died  at  Mansfield  Centre,  Conn.,  July  €, 
1869,  at  the  i^e  of  seventy-one  years.  He  was  the  son  of  Gen.  John  Salter,  a 
highly  respected  and  wealthy  citizen  of  Mansfield.  His  mother,  Mary,  was 
the  daughter  of  Ezekiel  Williams,  of  Middletown,  and  sister  of  the  late  OM 
Justice  Williams,  of  Hartford. 

Richard  Salter,  uncle  to  Gen.  Salter,  was  pastor  of  the  First  Church  in  Maof- 
fieldfit>m  1744  to  1787. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  bom  January  28, 1798.  He  was  prepared  for 
college  under  the  tuition  of  Rev.  Moses  Hallock,  of  Plainfield,  Mass.,  and  gradn- 
ated  at  Yale  in  1818.  His  religious  experience  commenced  during  a  powerful 
revival  which  occurred  in  Yale  College  during  his  Freshman  year. 

After  completing  his  college  course,  although  he  then  had  a  strong  desire  to 
enter  the  gospel  ministry,  he  yielded  to  the  wbh  of  his  father,  and  studied  law 
in  Hartford  with  his  uncle,  Chief  Justice  Williams.  He  commenced  the  practice 
of  law  in  Mansfield  in  1821.  The  late  Rev.  John  A.  Albro,  D.  D.,  of  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  was  then  an  inmate  of  his  father's  family,  and  had  just  commenced 
the  pr^tice  of  law  in  the  same  village ;  and  the  two  youthful  aspirants  for  legal 
honors  were  often  obliged  to  measure  their  professional  abilities  with  each  other 
as  opponents  in  the  same  case.  Mr.  Albro  married  an  elder  sister  of  Mr.  Salter, 
and  afterwards  abandoned  the  profession  of  law,  and  spent  the  remainder  of  his 
lifo  in  preaching  the  gospel.  This  circumstance,  together  with  his  early  convic- 
tions of  duty,  probably  influenced  Mr.  Salter. 

Mr.  Salter,  however,  continued  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  a  few  years. 
In  1825  he  married  Miss  Harriet  Byron  Stedman.  He  commenced  the  study  of 
theology  at  New  Haven  in  1827. 

His  first  settlement  was  at  Kingston,  Mass.,  in  1829,  where  he  remained  about 
two  years.  In  1832  he  was  installed  over  the  church  in  Bozrah,  Conn.  Resigning 
his  pastorate  there  in  1835,  he  removed  to  Norwich  and  engaged  in  teaching  a 
select  school  in  his  own  residence  until  1837,  when  he  was  called  to  Milford, 
K.  H.    There  his  beloved  wife 'died  in  the  autumn  of  1838.    On  account  of  aome 


1869.]  Congregational  Necrology.  667 

dissensions  in  ihe  church,  for  which  he  was  in  no  wise  responsible,  he  soon  after 
resigned  and  returned  to  Connecticut.  Jn  1841  he  was  recalled  by  the  church  in 
Bozrah,  but  not  deeming  it  best  to  be  resettled,  he  labored  with  them  one  year 
as  acting  pastor.    In  1842  he  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Turner,  who  surviycs  him. 

Soon  afler  his  marriage  in  1842  he  was  settled  in  Douglas,  Mass^  where  he  re- 
mained until  near  the  close  of  1846.  In  1847  he  became  acting  pastor  of  the 
church  in  Montville,  Conn.,i(nd  continued  to  labor  in  that  field  about  eleven  years. 
Hb  hearing  becoming  imperfect,  after  the  close  of  his  pastorate  at  Montville  in 
1858  he  removed  to  New  London;  and  from  there  to  Mansfield  in  1862,  and 
spent  his  remaining  years  in  the  old  family  mansion,  where  his  honored  father 
and  mother  lived  and  died. 

AAer  removing  to  Mansfield,  he  supplied  the  pulpit  there  for  about  two  years. 

Mr.  Salter  labored  for  brief  periods  with  other  churches  than  those  above 
named.  He  spent  some  months  in  Grorham,  Maine,  in  the  early  part  of  his 
ministry,  where  his  labors  were  blessed  in  quite  an  extensive  revival. 

He  was  a  true  gentleman.  Politeness  was  interwoven  with  his  nature  and  edu- 
cation. No  man  possessed  a  kindlier  and  more  sympathizing  nature  than  he. 
His  Christian  character  was  fervent  and  devoted,  yet  at  times  he 'was  somewhat 
desponding  and  distrustful  of  himself  He  loved  the  Bible  and  spent  the  larger 
part  of  his  time  during  the  later  years  of  hb  life  in  its  study. 

His  preaching  was  earnest  and  impressive  ;  his  pulpit  productions  were  ofien 
of  a  high  order,  and  sometimes  even  brilliant  He  possessed  a  lively  and  power- 
ful imagination  and  wrote  with  a  flowing  pen.  He  often  electrified  the  ministers' 
meeting,  of  which  he  was  for  several  years  a  member,  by  his  coruscations  of 
fancy,  and  ever}'thing  which  flowed  from  his  lips  or  his  pen  bore  the  stamp  of 
his  quick-working  brain. 

After  attending  the  funeral  of  an  aged  neighbor,  and  taking  a  part  in  the  ser- 
vice, on  the  ninth  day  of  June,  he  returned  home,  and  the  same  evening  was  pros- 
trated by  typhoid  fever,  but  survived  until  the  6th  of  July  at  evening,  when  he 
entered  the  heavenly  rest  During  his  sickness  his  mind  and  conversation  were 
almost  entirely  upon  spiritual  and  divine  things.  In  one  of  his  last  conscious 
moments  his  wife  repeated  to  him  a  few  lines  from  that  favorite  hynm  by  Mrs. 

Elliott, 

''  Just  as  I  am,  without  one  plea," 

when  his  countenance  became  radiant  with  heavenly  light,  and  his  eyes  beamed 
with  joy  as  if  looking  through  the  open  gates  of  Heaven,  and  thus  he  paved  to 
the  spirit-world. 

K.  B.  O. 


568  Literary  Review.  [Oct. 


LITERARY  REVIEW. 

In  this  bustling  age,  when  "  activity  "  is  the  demand,  there  is  danger  of  losmg 
sight  of  the  great  need  of  soul-work,  of  care  for  the  inner  life.  Activity  is  not 
necessarily  religion.  Grorng  about  doing  good  is  Christian  work,  bnt  it  is  not  all 
of  it  We  welcome  every  good  effort  designed  to  turn  the  Christian's  thoughts  to 
the  sources  of  healthful  Christian  action.  The  fountain  must  be  full  and  pure  to 
keep  the  streams  pure  and  fluent.  *'  Upward  "  *  is  a  book  for  the  hour,  instroctiye, 
winning,  warming*;  valuable  to  any  one  who  wants  to  make  higher  attainments  in 
the  divine  life.  The  author  tells  us  that  his  'Mittle  book  is  meant  to  reflect  the 
dealings  of  God  with  the  heart  of  his  child,  —  in  other  words,  to  be  a  book  of 
Christian  experience."  It  is  more  than  well  often  to  turn  aside  and  ask  ourselves, 
"  How  much  of  our  religion  is  bom  of  the  people,  and  how  much  of  God  ?  " 

We  have  seen  few  books  more  wonderful  than  the  **  Life  of  John  Carter.*  f  -As 
a  physical  phenomenon,  he  was  a  wonder.  As  an  artbt  against  such  fearful  odds, 
he  was  a  marvel  without  a  parallel.  He  was  born  in  the  County  of  Essex,  in 
England,  July  31,  1815.  He  received  a  fair  edudition,  like  other  boys  at  the 
parish  school,  during  which  he  showed  some  taste  for  drawing.  He  became  a 
silk-weaver,  and  was  married  in  1835.  Like  many  others  of  bis  crafV,  he  spent 
many  of  his  evenings  **  at  the  public-house,  and  soon  took  delight  in  all  evil  and 
mischief."  A  fall  of  forty  feet  from  a  rookery,  where  he  had  no  right  to  be,  and 
striking  upon  his  back,  so  disabled  him  that  he  never  aflerwards  moved  hand  or 
foot  He  lived,  but  was  a  perpetual  paralytic.  He  became  a  decided  Christian. 
He  became  interested  in  painting  and  drawings.  By  dint  of  untiring  perseverance 
he  gained  the  use  of  the  pencil  and  brush  in  his  mouth,  so  as  to  produce  many 
remarkable  specimens  of  drawing,  in  line  and  with  colors.  His  first  efibrt 
was  a  butterfly,  a  fac-simile  of  which  is  given  in  the  book,  with  colors,  as  in  the 
original.  It  also  contains  his  Bird  on  Flower;  Syrian  Goat;  Head  afler  Rem- 
brandt ;  Sketch  of  Desk,  Brush,  and  Pencil ;  Virgin  and  Child ;  Woodcut  of  our 
Lord  ;  The  Sick  Horse  ;  The  Head  of  a  Yotl  ;  Fac-simile  of  his  Writing.  These 
are  only  sample  representations  of  his  varied  pencil  productions.  He  died  June 
2,*  1850.  The  publishers  have  spared  no -pains  or  cost  to  give  this  unique  charac- 
ter a  beautiful  setting. 

Tub  trusfees  of  Andover  Theological  Seminary  invited  the  Kev.  Rufus  An- 
derson, D.  D.,  to  deliver  a  course  of  lectures  on  Foreign  Missions,  %  to  the  students 
of  that  institution.     On  similar  invitations  the  same  course  was  delivered  at 

*  Upward  from  Sin,  througli  Grace,  to  Glory.  By  Rev.  B.  B.  IIotchkiss.  Phila- 
delphia :  Presbyterian  Publication  Committee,  1334  Chestnut  Street,     pp.  293. 

t  The  Life  of  John  Carter.  By  Frederick  James  Mills.  With  Illustrations. 
N«w  York  :  Published  by  Kurd  and  Houghton.  Cambridge  :  Riverside  Press.  1868. 
pp.122.    $1.75. 

X  Foreign  Missions :  their  Relations  and  Claims.  By  Rufus  Akderbon,  d.  d., 
LL.  D.,  late  Foreign  Secretary  of  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign 
Missions.     New  York  :  Charles  Scribner  &  Co.     1869.    pp.373.     $1.50. 


1869.]  Literary  Review.  569 

Bangor,  Hartford,  Auburn,  Princeton,  and  the  Union  Seminary  at  New  Tork.  Dr. 
Anderson's  lono^  connection  with  the  oldest  and  larr^est  Board  of  Missions  in  this 
country,  as  well  as  his  singular  abilities,  pointed  him  out  as  the  man  to  inaugurate 
such  a  service.  The  substance  of  these  lectures  we  now  have  in  a  cheap  and 
acceptable  form,  and  they  ought  to  be  widely  circulated.  The  reputation  of  the 
author  for  careful  and  judicious  research,  together  with  his  abundant  opportuni- 
ties for  knowledge,  by  extensive  and  repeated  journeys  in  Europe  and  Asia, 
and  his  associations  and  correspondence  with  leading  officers  of  other  missionary 
boards,  and  with  missionaries  themselves,  are  a  sufficient  guaranty  of  the  accu- 
racy and  thoroughness  of  this  invaluable  compend  of  missionary  and  Christian 
knowledge.  The  contents  are.  An  Opening  World ;  An  Upqsing  Church ;  De- 
velopment of  the  Idea  of  the  Christian  Church;  Characteristics  of  Apostolic 
Missions  ;  Irish  Missions  in  the  Early  Ages ;  Historical  Developments  of  Modem 
Missions ;  Principles  and  Methods  of  Modern  Missions ;  Value  of  Native  Churches ; 
Missionary  Life  Illustrated;  Hindrances  at  Home;  Diffusion  of  Missions;  Success 
of  Missions ;  Claims  of  Missions  on  Young  Men ;  Romish  Missions  as  an  Opposing 
Force ;  R^umd  and  Conclusion ;  to  which  an  Appendix  of  over  sixty  pages  is 
added.  It  is  a  book  to  be  commended  to  every  Sabbath-school  library  and 
every  Christian  family. 

The  past  is  rich  in  varied  experiences,  with  which  the  present  cannot  wisely 
dispense.  He  is  a  benefactor  to  his  race,  therefore,  who  will  patiently  search  out, 
arrange,  and  give  to  the  world,  the  results  of  his  unwearied  labors,  in  such  avail- 
able forms  that  all  may  share  their  benefits.  And  among  our  New  England 
towns,  even,  few  have  a  more  important  or  interesting  history  than  Bennington, 
Vt.  Its  one  hundred  years'  life  is  full  of  striking  incidents,  —  ecclesiastical, 
civil,  —  some  uncivil,  —  social,  revolutionary,  educational.  It  was  an  important 
settlement,  as  among  the  earliest  in  the  State,  as  a  key  or  thoroughfare  to 
other  parts,  and  as  the  home  of  leading  men.  "  The  Memorials  of  a  Cen- 
tury,"* originally  prepared  as  a  sermon,  has  grown  into  a  fine  volume,  con- 
taining *^  a  Record  of  Individuals  and  Events,  chiefly  in  the  Early  History  of 
Bennington,  and  its  First  Church."  Posterity  will  thank  the  author  for  his  perse- 
vering toil.  While  he  may  not  have  attained  all  that  is  desirable,  or  possibly 
available,  he  has  brought  together  an  array  of  facts  that  will  greatly  interest  and 
instruct  the  reader ;  and  he  has  thus  set  up  excellent  way-marks  to  guide  future 
explorers.    In  this  alone  he  has  done  a  good  work. 

We  sincerely  hope  another  edition  of  this  excellent  volume  will  be  called  for ; 
and  in  its  preparation  some  typogrf^phical  and  other  small  blemishes  should  be 
removed,  and  a  full  index  added.  It  should  be  an  indictable  ofifence  in  literature 
to  print  a  historical  work  without  an  index ;  the  omission  almost  forfeits  a  good 
notice  of  the  book.  The  only  remedy  now  is  to  read  it  thoroughly  through, 
which,  one  commencing  it,  will  be  strongly  inclined  to  do. 

♦  Memorials  of  a  Century.  Embracing  a  Record  of  Individuals  and  Events  chi^y 
in  the  Early  History  of  Bennington,  Vt,  and  its  First  Charch.  By  Isaac  Jenninos, 
Pajitor  of  the  Church.  Boston :  Gould  and  Lincoln,  59  Washington  Street.  1869. 
pp.  408. 


570  Literary  Review.  [Oct. 

The  woman  question  is  up,*  and  **  will  not  down  "  until  more  is  known  of  it 
That  a  French  Papal  bishop  should  come  to  the  rescue  of  those  with  whom 
he  and  his  class  are  denied  their  marital  rights  is,  indeed,  strange.  But  the 
array  of  great  names  he  brings  from  all  ages,  and  his  able  defence  of  tlmr 
powers  in  certain  directions,  make  a  strong  appeal  in  behalf  of  womanl/ 
capabilities;  and  the  writer  shows  a  fairness,  an  impartiality  and  careful 
discrimination  seldom  surpassed.  His  topics  are :  Opinion  of  M.  de  Maistre, 
—  Learning  dangerous  for  Women ;  The  Question  fairly  stated,  —  What  is 
Woman's  Province ;  Examples  of  Learned  Women ;  Duty  of  Woman  to  de- 
velop her  Intellect ;  The  Danger  of  Repression ;  Fatal  Consequences  of  Igno- 
rance and  Frivolity  in  Women ;  Advantages  of  Intellectual  Labor ;  A  Truth  fixr 
Ladies  of  the  Fashionable  World,  —  The  Duties  of  a  Mother ;  Bad  Education 
and  Prejudices,  —  the  Remedy ;  The  Practical  Part,  —  What  Faculties  Women 
ought  to  cultivate ;  The  Plan  of  Life.  Under  the  advantages  of  intellectual 
labor,  he  says :  **  How  many  mothera  have  lost  all  power  over  the  souls  of  their 
sons,  because  they  have  been  unable  to  nourish  and  to  develop  their  intellectiial  m 
they  had  done  their  physical  being  I  To  be  a  mother,  a  mother  in  all  the  eleva- 
tion, the  extent  and  depth  of  the  word,  —  that  alone  justifies  all  the  noble  efforts 
of  a  woman  to  acquire  the  greatest  superiority  of  mind I  do  not^  there- 
fore, the  least  in  the  world,  agree  with  M.  de  Maistre,  that  science  in  petticoats, 
as  he  calls  it,  or  that  talents,  whatever  they  may  be,  make  a  woman  less  good  ee 
a  wife  or  a  mother ;  quite  the  contrary."  The  book  is  full  of  good  common-eenee 
suggestions,  truthful,  philosophical,  religious.    It  is  well  printed. 

L'Aoot  DE  Segur*s  little  book,  ^  Answers  to  the  Most  Conmion  Objections 
urged  against  Religion,"  f  is  one  which,  were  it  not  for  its  occasional  bittemesi 
against  Protestantism,  and  lack  of  either  knowledge  or  candor,  we  should  like  to 
see  widely  circulated.  We  should,  however,  make  still  further  exception  of  its 
explanations  and  definitions  of  certain  Romish  peculiarities,  such  as  the  celibacy  of 
priests,  confession,  worship  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  infallibility  of  the  Pope,  etc.,  etc 
But  its  answers  to  the  common  objections  to  religion  are  admirable  for  their 
clearness  and  comprehensiveness,  and  can  be  studied  with  pleasure  and  profit  by 
all ;  they  are  put  with  simplicity,  directness,  oflen  with  great  vivacity,  and  always 
in  a  popular  style.  The  section  (XIX.)  which  treats  of  Jesus  Christ  as  God  is, 
for  the  space  occupied,  one  of  the  best  arguments  we  have  seen.  The  author's 
whole  treatment  of  those  outside  the  Romish  Church  is  unfair,  although  we  have 
charity  to  believe  unintentionally  so,  and  one  of  his  weakest  chapters  is  that  in 
which  he  attempts  to  explain  what  is  really  meant  by  ^^  infallibility  "  in  the  Church 
or  in  the  Pope.  The  ingenious  loop-hole  is  that  it  is  not  "  the  man  who  is  infalli- 
ble in  the  Pope,  it  is  Jesus  Christ,"  and  therefore  **  we  must  not  take  heed  to  the 
personal  qualities  of  the  Pope,  the  bishop,  or  the  priest,  but  only  to  his  legitimate 

*  Studious  Women.  From  the  French  of  Monseignenr  Dupanlonp,  Bishop  of 
Orleans.  Translated  by  R.  M.  Phillemore.  Boston :  Patrick  Donahoe.  1869. 
pp.  105. 

t  Short  and  Familiar  Answers  to  the  Most  Common  Objections  uiged  Against  Re- 
ligion :  From  the  French  of  L'Abb€  do  Sogar.  Edited  by  J.  V.  Huktihoton.  Bof- 
ton :  Patrick  Donahoe.     16mo.    pp.195. 


1869.]  lAterary  Review.  671 

authority,"  etc.,  etc.  *'  Weaknesses  are  attributable  to  the  man  and  not  to  the 
priest,"  and  this  is  why  we  are  told  that  '*  the  mass  and  the  absolution  of  a  bad 
priest  are  as  valid  as  the  mass  and  the  absolution  of  a  faithful  priest."  Such  dis- 
tinctions are  '^  more  nice  than  wise."  We  do  not  forget  that  Luther  did  not  out- 
grow this  belief.  L'Abb^s  logic  is  a  little  at  fault.  He  defines  Protestantism  as 
being  to  Catholicism  what  no  is  to  yes  in  the  fundamental  points  of  religion,  and 
that  out  of  the  Catholic  Church  there  is  no  Christianity ;  yet  he  is  generous 
enough  to  say  that  if  a  man  **  has  lived  according  to  what  he  has  believed  to  be 
the  true  law  of  God,  he  will  have  the  same  claim  to  the  joys  of  heaven  as  if  he 
were  a  Catholic  " ;  for  which  kindness  L'Abb^  has  our  thanks  1 

Several  books  by  Roman  Catholic  authors  have  been  published  recently. 
Among  these  we  mention  **  The  Instruments  of  the  Passion  of  our  Lord  Jesus 
Christ,*'  *  by  Dr.  John  Emanuel  Veith,  a  Romish  convert  from  Judaism.  The 
spirit  of  the  book  is  excellent,  and  we  have  neither  the  right  nor  the  disposition 
to  doubt  the  sincerity  and  piety  of  the  author.  Certainly  the  atoning  work  of 
Christ  is  set  forth  with  great  power  and  beauty,  and  salvation  only  through  him 
is  the  strong  undercurrent  of  thought.  True,  the  Mariolatry  pains  us,  and  espe- 
cially when  the  book  is  so  complete  without  it.  The  very  argument  on  the  "  pas-' 
sion  "  of  Christ  is  conclusive  against  the  worship  of  Mary.  As  Christ  is  here 
^lown  to  be  sufficient  for  the  salvation  of  all  who  will  put  their  trust  in  him,  what 
need  of  Mary  ?  The  book  is  beautifully  printed  and  bound,  but  the  black  edge  is 
hardly  to  our  taste. 

Max  Moller,  in  his  latest  published  work,t  attempts,  through  philological 
channels,  a  comparative  study  of  religions.  He  believes  in  a  science  of  religion 
as  truly  as  in  a  science  of  language,  and  holds  that  "  the  history  of  religion,  like 
the  history  of  language,  shows  us  throughout  a  succession  of  new  combinations 
of  the  same  radical  elements.  An  intuition  of  God,  a  sense  of  human  weakness 
and  dependence,  a  belief  in  a  divine  government  of  the  world,  a  distinction  be- 
tween good  and  evil,  and  a  hope  of  a  better  life,  —  these  are  some  of  the  radical 
elements  of  all  religions."  While  during  the  last  half-century  the  accumulation 
of  new  material  for  the  study  of  the  religions  of  the  world  has  been  remarkable, 
Max  Miiller  candidly  expresses  his  doubts  whether  it  is  yet  possible  to  master  this 
material,  and  shows  a  modesty  characteristic  of  a  true  scholar,  which  is  in  marked 
contrast  to  the  rash  assumptions  of  a  class  of  modern  skimmers  of  learning  who 
draw  weighty  conclusions  from  very  shallow  premises. 

There  are  those,  for  instance,  who  would  have  us  believe  that  they  have  con- 
quered the  mysteries  of  the  religions  of  the  Indies  and  of  China ;  but,  says  our 
author,  *'  to  gain  a  full  knowledge  of  the  Veda  or  the  Zend-avesta  or  the  Trepi- 
taka  of  the  Old  Testament,  the  Koran  or  the  sacred  Books  of  China,  is  the  work 

*  The  Instruments  of  the  Passion  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ.  Translated  from  the 
German  of  Rov.  Dr.  John  Emanuel  Vcith,  Preacher  of  St.  Stephen's  Cathedral,  Vienlla. 
By  Rbv.  Theodore  Noethen,  Pastor  of  tiio  Church  of  the  lioly  Cross,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
Boston :  Patrick  Donahoe.     12mo.    pp.292. 

t  Chips  from  a  German  Workshop.  By  Max  Muller,  Fellow  of  All  Souls'  College, 
Oxford.    Jfew  York  :  Charles  Scribner  &  Co.    2  vols.    pp.  374, 402.    $  5.00. 

NEW   SERIES.  —  VOL.  I.  NO.  4.  39 


572  Literary  Review.  [Oct 

of  a  whole  life.  How,  then,  is  one  man  to  survey  the  whole  field  of  reKgM 
thought,  to  classify  the  religions  of  the  world  according  to  definite  and  permancDt 
criteria,  and  to  describe  their  characteristic  features  with  a  sure  and  discrimiiuifii| 
hand?  Nothing  is  more  difficult  to  seize  than  the  salient  features, the  tnits  tfaift 
constitute  the  permanent  expression  and  real  character  of  a  rfligion."  Cob»> 
quently  ho  urges  care  and  caution  in  all  such  discussions,  because  of  **  the  short- 
comings and  errors  that  are  unavoidable  in  so  comprehensive  astndj";  bathe 
feels  that,  while  the  true  science  of  religion  —  its  historical  features  —  may  be  tib 
last  to  be  elaborated,  it  will  ultimately  change  the  aspect  of  the  world,  and  givei 
new  life  to  Christianity  itself,  which  will  then  be  assigned  its  right  place  in  the  re- 
ligions of  the  world.  He  believes  that  our  Christianity  should,  as  a  study  of  in- 
vestigation, be  treated  in  a  genuine  historical  spirit,  and  well  says  that  he  mvt 
l)e  a  man  of  little  faith  who  would  fear  to  subject  his  own  religion  to  the  same  critical 
tests  to  which  the  historian  subjects  all  other  religions.  Ho  remarks,  in  the  pr»> 
face,  that  if  we  send  missionaries  to  every  part  of  the  world  to  face  every  kind  of 
religion,  to  shrink  from  no  discussions,  and  to  be  staggered  by  no  objections,  we 
must  not  give  way  at  home  or  within  our  own  hearts  to  any  misgivings  lest  a 
comparative  study  of  the  religions  of  the  world  should  shake  the  fbundatioos  of 
our  own  faith.  And  further,  he  believes  that  in  such  critical  study  as  is  at- 
tempted in  this  work  we  may  find  that  the  Christianity  of  to-day  has  sooM 
radical  variations  from  the  religion  of  Christ,  and  whenever  we  are  tempted  to 
feel  that  the  modern  teaching  of  our  faith  does  not  win  as  many  hearts  in  India 
and  China  as  it  ought,  we  should  remember  that  it  w^as  the  Christianity  of  the 
first  century  in  all  its  dogmatic  simplicity,  but  with  its  overpowering  love  of  God 
and  man,  that  conquered  the  world,  and  superseded  religions  and  philosophiei 
more  difficult  to  overcome  than  the  systems  of  Hindus  and  Buddhists.  The  tfaeoiy 
of  the  author  is,  that,  while  our  religion,  in  its  essence  and  in  its  relation  to  our- 
selves, stands  alope,  and  admits  of  no  rival  in  the  history  of  the  world,  it  is  one  of 
many,  and  must  be  considered  historically  and  in  critical  comparison  with 
others. 

This  able  work  is  in  two  well-printed  and  well-bound  volumes,  and  connsts  of 
a  scries  of  essays  originally  published  in  English  reviews.  Vol.  I.  contains  fifteen 
essays  on  the  Science  of  Religion,  and  Vol.  H.  twelve  essays  on  Mythology,  Tra- 
ditions, and  Customs.  As  a  whole,  it  is  a  remarkable  contribution  to  the  science 
of  philology,  and  the  racy,  vivacious  style  of  the  learned  author  makes  that 
entertaining  which,  under  less  fascinating  treatment,  would  be  hard  if  not  dull 

study. 

• 

In  the  Quarterly  for  April  we  noticed  the  work  of  President  Hopkins  on  Mor- 
al Science.  We  have  since  received  a  treatise  on  the  same  subject  firom  Firesi- 
dent  Fairchild,  of  Oberlin.*  It  is  perhaps  just  that  these  two  works  should  bs 
considered  together.  Indeed,  as  wo  understand  it,  they  have  an  historic  connec- 
th>n  which  is  of  special  interest  Somewhat  over  thirty  years  ago  there  was  a 
prolonged  discussion  at  Oberlin  on  the  foundation  of  virtue,  which  deeply  inter- 

♦  Moral  Philosophy;  or.  The  Science  of  Obligation.  By  James  H.  Faibchild, 
President  of  Oberlin  College.    New  York :  Sheldon  &  Co.    ISmo.    pp.896.    |l.50. 


1869.]  Literary  Review.  678 

ested  not  only  all  who  were  connected  with  the  college,  but  indeed  the  whole 
community  there.  That  was  a  philosophic  period  in  the  history  of  the  ooUege, 
and  affected  for  years  the  mental  condition  of  the  students.  Its  influence  on  the 
teachings  of  that  institution  seems  to  be  permanent,  and  appears  finally  to  have 
reached  Western  Massachusetts. 

The  disputants  were  President  Mahan,  as  the  advocate  of  right  as  a  simple 
idea,  and  Professor  John  P.  Cowles  (now  of  Ipswich,  Mass.),  as  a  utilitar 
rian.  Professor  Finney  presided.  The  discussion  continued,  if  we  mistake  not, 
two  days  in  the  week,  for  a  number  of  weeks,  and  gave  shape  even  to  the  preaclf- 
ing  at  Oberlin  for  months.  The  remarkable  power  of  President  Mahan  as  a 
debater,  and  the  scholarly,  incisive  traits  of  Profe^or  Cowles,  could  not  but  invest 
with  special  interest  and  importance  such  a  contest  on  such  a  theme. 

Professor  Finney  had  some  very  eminent  traits  fitting  him  to  preside  over  sucfi 
a  discussion,  to  present  a  resume  oi  the  arguments,  and  independent  ultimate  con- 
clusions. 

As  the  result  of  the  long  debate,  Professor  Finney  advanced  substantially  the 
theory  now  presented  to  the  public  by  Doctors  Hopkins  and  Fairchild.  At  the 
time  when  the  discussion  occurred.  President  Fairchild  was  a  student  in  the  col- 
legiate Department  at  Oberlin,  and  was  doubtless  stimulated  by  it  to  devote 
himself  to  philosophical  studies.  The  theory  which  Professor  Finney  then 
adopted  has  prevailed  in  the  institution  at  Oberlin  ever  since,  and  is  held  in  ooni- 
mon  by  Professor  Finney,  Professor  Morgan,  and  the  author  of  the  work  now 
under  review. 

It  is  very  remarkable  that  Dr.  Hopkins,  afler  having  taught  his  college 
classes  for  twenty-five  years  that  right  was  a  simple  idea,  should  then  have  been 
fwayed  from  his  moorings,  and  led  to  adopt  a  new  theory.  He  acknowledges,  in 
the  Preface  of  his  second  volume,  that  he  is  ** greatly  indebted  "  to  his  **  early  and 
constant  friend,  Dr.  John  Morgan,  of  Oberlin.''  In  our  opinion  the  world  would 
have  been  quite  as  much  indebted  to  him  if  he  had  been  less  indebted  to  Ober- 
lin. 

It  has  been  attempted  to  connect  this  theory  of  moral  science  with  the  teach- 
ings of  President  Edwards.  But  the  principle  of  that  great  philosopher,  that 
virtue  consists  in  benevolence,  and  that  benevolence  is  "  love  of  being  in  gener- 
al," is  consistent  with  several  of  the  different  theories  as  to  the  foundation  of 
virtue,  and  cannot  be  claimed  exclusively  by  either  of  the  parties. 

The  **  highest  good  **  theory  advocated  by  President  Hopkins  and  President 
Fairchild  has  not  an  Edwardian  but  an  Oberlin  origin,  and,  attempt  to  disguise  it 
as  they  may,  it  is,  as  it  seems  to  us,  a  modified  form  of  utilitarianism. 

President  Fairchild's  work  covers  much  the  same  ground  as  President  Hop- 
kins's. The  two  distinguished  authors,  however,  do  not  pursue  the  same  methodf 
of  developing  the  same  leading  doctrine,  so  that  he  who  reads  both  treatises  ob- 
tains a  more  nearly  complete,  and  therefore  more  satisfactory,  view  of  the  sub- 
ject. The  contents  are  well  arranged.  Part  I.  is  theoretical,  and,  after  a  chap- 
ter of  definitions,  treats  of  right  and  virtuous  actions,  wrong  and  sinful  actions^ 
particular  virtues  and  vices,  right  and  wrong,  conscience,  moral  action,  and  obli^ 
gadon  and  its  theories.    Then  follows  Part  II.,  which,  under  the  general  head  pf 


574  Literary  Review.  [Oct 

Practical  Ethics,  treats  of  government,  its  nature  and  foundation,  divine,  civil, 
and  family  government,  with  the  details  naturally  belonging  thereto.  Personal 
Bights  and  Duties  are  discussed  in  the  second  division  of  the  book.  President 
Fairchild  is  clear  in  his  definitions,  and  logical  in  the  presentation  of  his  views, 
and  he  has  made  a  valuable  contribution  to  the  literature  of  moral  law. 

For  any  criticism  which  we  would  offer  on  his  theory  we  refer  to  our  notice  of 
Dr.  Hopkins's  book  in  the  July  number  of  the  Quarterly. 

It  was  a  wise  provision  when  the  Rev.  John  Bampton,  Canon  of  Salisbury,  be- 
queathed lands  and  estates  to  the  chancellor,  masters,  and  scholars  of  the  Uni- 
Tersity  of  Oxford,  in  trust  for  the  endowment  of  **  eight  Divinity  Lecture  Ser- 
mons." In  accordance  with  tlie  specifications  of  the  will,  a  lecturer  is  yearly 
chosen  by  the  heads  of  colleges  only,  upon  the  first  Tuesday  of  Easter  term,  to 
preach  eight  sermons  the  year  following  at  St  Mary's,  in  Oxford.  These  eight 
Lecture  Sermons  are  required  to  be  upon  either  of  the  following  subjects :  to  con- 
firm **  and  establish  the  Christian  faith,  and  to  confute  all  heretics  and  schis- 
matics ;  upon  the  Divine  authority  of  the  Holy  Scriptures ;  upon  the  authority  of 
the  writings  of  the  primitive  Fathers,  as  to  the  faith  and  practice  of  the  primitiTe 
Church ;  upon  the  Divinity  of  our  Lord  and  Saviour  Jesus  Christ ;  upon  the 
Divinity  of  the  Holy  Ghost ;  upon  the  Articles  of  the  Christian  Faith,  as  compre- 
hended in  the  Apostles'  and  Nicene  Creeds."  ^  Thirty  copies  of  the  sermons 
shall  be  always  printed,  within  two  months  afler  they  are  preached.  No  person 
shall  be  qualified  to  preach  the  Divinity  Lecture  Sermons,  unless  he  hath  taken 
the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  at  least,  in  one  of  the  two  Universities  of  Oxford  or 
Cambridge ;  and  the  same  person  shall  never  preach  the  Divinity  Lecture  Sermons 
twice."  The  income  of  these  lands  and  estates  is  £  1 20  per  annum.  The  fint 
course  was  preached  in  the  year  1 780.  Many  of  these  lectures  have  been  given 
by  the  ablest  men  in  the  Church  of  England,  and,  in  addition  to  the  printing  of 
thirty  copies,  a  large  part  of  them  have  been  published.  A  full  set  of  these 
lectures  would  be  of  great  value  in  any  theological  library,  but  unfortunately  a 
full  set  is  not  to  be  found  in  the  market,  and  it  is  an  infelicity  that  those  which 
are  for  sale  are  not  printed  or  bound  in  uniform  style.  It  is  an  interesting  matter 
of  history  that  it  was  the  ambition  of  the  late  Hon.  Samuel  T.  Armstrong  to  have 
a  somewhat  similar  course  of  lectures  instituted  in  Boston,  with  a  portion  of  the 
funds  of  the  Old  South  Church. 

The  Bampton  Lectures  for  1867  were  preached  by  Rev.  Edward  Garbetton 
"The  Dogmatic  Faith,"*  and  are  now,  we  are  happy  to  say,  offered  for  sale  by 
Messrs.  Grould  and  Lincoln,  of  Boston. 

The  author  distinguishes  between  dogma  and  dogmatism,  and  defines  dogma 
as  "  only  another  word  for  a  positive  truth,  positively  asserted  in  contrast  to  an 
opinion,  a  conjecture,  or  a  speculation."  He  gives  prominence  to  three  propo- 
sitions, —  that  the  Church  as  a  visible  community  has  had  a  continuous  existence ; 

*  The  Dogmatic  Faith.  An  Inquiry  into  the  Relation  subsisting  between  Revelation 
and  Dogma,  in  Eight  Lectures  preached  before  tho  University  of  Oxford,  in  the  Year 
1867,  on  the  Foundation  of  tho  late  John  Bampton,  m.  a.  By  Edwakd  Garbett, 
K.  A.,  incnmbent  of  Christ  Church,  Surbiton,  Kivington,  London,  Oxford,  and  Cam- 
bridge.    1869.    Boston :  Gould  and  Lincoln.     12mo.     pp.307.    $2.50. 


1869.]  Literary  Review.  6T6 

ihe  body  of  dogmatic  faith  has  been  identical  in  all  ages;  the*  Holy  Scriptures  are 
the  authoritative  documents  of  this  faith.  This  book  is  characteristically  English. 
No  man  but  a  Churchman  could  ever  have  written  it  Although  the  author 
alludes  in  detail  to  the  sects  and  theologians,  not  of  England  only,  but  also  of  the 
continent,  yet  there  is,  so  far  as  we  have  observed,  not  a  word  in  the  volume  to 
imply  that  there  is  any  other  hemisphere  but  the  Eastern.  His  language  wotild^ 
we  think,  in  some  cases  have  been  modified  had  he  been  acquainted  with  the 
minute  analysis  of  American  thinkers.  In  his  arguments  with  sceptics  as  to  the 
aathority  of  the  conscience,  he  fails  to  discriminate  clearly  between  the  primary 
-and  secondary  use  of  the  word,  between  its  authprity  as  a  moral  instinct,  and^its 
authority  when  the  word  is  used  as  synonymous  with  the  judgment  In  his  at- 
tempts to  establish  the  authority  of  *^  The  Dogmatic  Faith "  in  distinction  fhm 
the  teachings  of  Reason,  he  recognizes,  but,  as  it  seems  to  us,  does  not  make  suA 
fici^ntly  prominent,  the  fact  that  there  is  a  Reason  in  man  to  which  there  must  be 
an  ultimate  appeal  as  to  the  foundations  of  our  faith,  which  reason  is  in  its  proper 
sphere  authoritative.  The  volume  is  valuable  as  an  illustration  of  the  state  of 
theological  science  in  England,  as  an  able  treatise  on  a  peculiarly  timely  theme, 
as  remarkably  well  written,  rhetorically,  and  as  an  exhibition  of  erudition. 

The  Roman  Catholics  are  making  special  efforts  to  commend  their  system  of 
religion  to  the  intelligence  of  the  nineteenth  century.  A  volume  of  **  Lecturei 
on  Reason  and  Revelation,'*  *  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  S.  Preston,  of  New  York,  has 
been  sent  us.  It  is  written  in  direct,  lucid  style,  and  the  spirit  which  it  breathes 
ia  calm  and  dispassionate.  Some  of  its  statements  are  remarkable.  In  the  intro- 
duction the  author  says:  ^*  We  are  not  believers  in  total  depravity,  and  have» 
therefore,  great  confidence  in  the  good  which  still  remains  in  human  nature." 
Again :  "  It  is  a  great  mistake  to  suppose  that  the  Catholic  Church  requires  of 
any  man  that  he  should  do  away  with  his  reason,  or  cease  to  exercise  those 
powers  which  God  has  given  him  for  the  proper  appreciation  of  truth  and  good- 
ness. To  man's  intelligence  revelation  is  addressed,  and  every  new  light  from 
above  only  serves  to  enlarge  the  thirst  for  knowledge."  "  Private  judgment  has 
its  full  scope,  as  to  it  are  clearly  presented  the  tokens  of  every  supernatural  in- 
tervention." 

'  This  does  not  sound  much  like  the  old  adage,  "  Ignorance  is  the  mother  of  de> 
votion."  Philosophically,  the  fundamental  error  of  the  writer  is  in  his  limiting  the 
province  of  reason  to  the  examination  of  ^^  the  extrinsic  credibility  "  of  a  Revela- 
tion. He  remarks :  **  If  we  go  on  to  say  that  reason  assured  of  a  revelation  can* 
not  be  the  judge  of  the  intrinsic  credibility  of  a  dogma  cleariy  reveided,  we  only 
say  that  reason  must  act  in  its  own  sphere,  and  that  the  finite  must  not  venture 
to  measure  the  infinite."  He  here  overlooks  the  fundamental  principle  that 
"  the  intrinsic  credibility  "  of  the  dogma  taught  in  a  professed  revelation  is  one  of 
the  data  to  be  examined  in  deciding  whether  the  book  is  to  be  acpepted  as  a 
Revelation.     Should  a  book  teach  that  two  and  two  make  five,  no  amount  of 

*  Lectures  on  Reason  and  Revelation,  delivered  in  St.  Ann's  Church,  New  York, 
daring  the  Season  of  Advent  1867,  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  S.  Prbston.  New  York: 
The  Catholic  Publication  House,  126  Nassau  Street.    8vo.    pp.  266. 


676  Literary  Review.  [Oct 

extrinsic  evidence  could  satisfy  us  that  it  was  a  divine  reTclatioD.  To  aDov 
fall  scope  to  private  judgment  as  to  "  extrinsic  credibility,"  and  deny  its  riglitts 
consider  intrinsic  credibility,  is  the  assumption  and  presumption  of  Rome.  Hm 
author  asserts :  '*  Protestantism  delivers  no  system  of  religion,  since  in  its  Taricmi 
phases  there  is  a  tissue  of  contradictions  which  leave  nothing  for  a  resalt."  He 
then  adds :  *'  It  would  be  illogical  in  examining  a  great  system  held  in  conunoo 
by  a  vast  multitude  of  adherents  to  exclude  any  of  the  members  from  the  respon- 
sibility of  evils  directly  flowing  from  the  principles  adopted  by  all."  We  wKf 
well  ask  if  ^  Protestantism  delivers  no  s}'stem  of  religion."  What  is  that  **  great 
syitem  held  in  common  "  to  which  he  refers  ? 

In  reading  the  Bampton  Lectures,  by  Rev.  Mr.  Garbett,  and  this  rolome,  by 
Rev.  Mr.  Preston,  one  is  struck  with  the  similarity  in  the  great  line  of  thou^  in 
which  the  mind  of  a  Churchmsn  and  that  of  a  Romanist  naturally  mna.  In  dns 
instance  the  Churchman  has  said  more  than  the  Romanist  to  depreciate  Reason 
and  Conscience. 

From  the  '*  Life  of  Father  De  Ravignan  "  *  Protestants  may  learn  one  great 
reason  for  the  success  of  Catholics  in  their  work.  This  '*  Father  ^  was  one  of  the 
most  eminent  of  the  French  Romanists,  recognized  by  the  Church  and  his  friends 
M  '^  an  Apostle,  fighting  the  battle  of  the  Lord  in  the  face  of  day ;  and  the  Relig- 
ions, struggling  against  self,  and  seeking  sanctification  in  secret"  **  The  former" 
•ays  his  biographer,  **  was  great  in  the  eyes  of  the  world ;  the  latter  was  yet 
greater  in  the  eyes  of  God  and  his  brethren."  The  memoir  is  well  written,  and 
in  a  reverential  spirit,  and  on  every  page  shows  the  steadfast  earnestness  which 
characterizes  the  life  and  labors  of  a  thoroughgoing  priest  who,  in  the  good  of 
his  church,  loses  sight  of  self  and  all  things  else.  He  made  his  religion  his  bosi- 
ness,  therein  putting  to  shame  many  among  us  who  give  grudgingly  to  the  Lord 
such  odd  bits  of  time  and  attention  as  we  cannot  well  use  in  our  worldly  afiairs. 
The  chapter  on  Ravignan*s  dealings  with  Protestants  is  very  instructive,  for  it 
emphasizes  the  well-known  fact  that  Romanists  are  indefatigable  in  their  labors 
to  make  converts  to  their  faith ;  they  never  are  discouraged,  they  never  falter, 
and  consequently  they  very  often  succeed.  Why  should  we  be  less  aggressive 
than  they  V  Here  is  another  lesson  for  us.  An  interesting  section  of  the  book  if 
that  in  which  the  Spiritualist  Home's  temporary  connection  with  the  Catholic 
Church  is  frankly  narrated.  It  seems  that  Home  did  join  that  Church,  and  for  a 
time  was  '*  in  good  and  regular  standing,"  but  when  Ravignan  found  that  he  per- 
sisted in  his  ^^  Spiritualism,**  aAcr  promising  to  give  it  up,  he  spumed  him  from  his 
presence,  and  his  connection  with  Romanism  ceased  from  that  date.  The  last 
hours,  and  dying  scene,  are  certainly  stimulants  to  a  holy  life,  andrare  convincing 
proof  of  the  sincerity  of  his  l)elief,  and  we  are  only  the  more  astonished  that  one 
whose  faith  in  an  atoning  Saviour  seemed  so  strong,  should  also  feel  the  need  of 
the  formal, accessories  of  the  peculiar  dogmas  of  Romanism.  This  memoir  is  ele- 
gantly printed  and  bound,  and  we  have  read  it  with  interest 

♦  The  Life  of  Father  De  Ravignan,  of  the  Society  of  Jesus.  By  Father  Db  P05- 
LBVOT.  Translated  at  St  Beuno's  College,  North  Wales.  New  York:  Catholic 
Pablication  Society.     Crown  8vo.    pp.693.    $4.00. 


1869.]  Literary  Review.  677 

The  Carters  have  issued  three  small  volumes :  *  ^  Little  Effie's  Home,"  "  ShTn- 
iag  Light,"  and  "  Little  Jack's  Four  Lessons,**  which  are  of  a  religious  character, 
and  among  the  best  for  use  in  Sabbath  schools. 

There  is  some  hope  that  the  '*  woman  suffrage  "  question  is  passing  out  of  the 
impractical  twaddle  of  the  uneasy  dozen  who  have  been  noisily  splashing  the  sur- 
fiMie  of  public  opinion.  There  is  a  prospect  that  out  of  the  bitter  may  come  forth 
sweet,  that  instead  of  violent  denunciations  and  assumptions  may  be  sound  argu- 
ment and  solid  sense,  when  such  men  as  Horace  Bushnell,  John  Stuart  Mill,  and 
President  Hopkins  enter  the  lists.  Not  of  necessity  that  we  always  agree  with 
these  writers,  but  that  we  feel  that  whatever  views  they  advance  will  be  worth 
considering.  Dr.  Bushnell's  work  f  is  racy  reading,  of  course,  abounds  in  the  ex- 
cellences and  defects  of  his  characteristic  style,  and  presents  some  good  argu- 
ments against  what  he  happily  calls  the  "  reform  against  nature."  He  admits 
that  women  have  some  **  wrongs  "  that  should  be  righted,  such  as  questions 
of  property,  employment,  payment,  and  education.  In  regard  to  the  latter, 
he  holds  that  when  both  sexes  are  taught  on  a  footing  of  equality,  women  will 
6nd  all  places  and  professions  open  to  them  for  which  they  shall  prove  them- 
sdves  fitted.  But  he  denies  woman  the  right  to  vote  and  to  hold  office, 
herein  radically  differing  from  those  who  believe,  or  try  to  think  they  do,  that  the 
ballot-box  is  the  panacea  for  all  the  evils,  real  and  imaginary,  which  women  now 
undergo.  He  ridicules  the  idea  of  any  absolute  right  of  suffrage  either  for  man 
or  woman,  and  holds  that  suffrage  is  a  political  trust  conferred  upon  some  of  the 
citizens  for  the  benefit  of  the  whole,  and  that  it  has  never  been  exercised  as  a 
natural  right  in  any  part  of  the  world,  and  has  never  been  unrestricted.  He 
illustrates  from  history  the  evils  attending  or  resulting  from  woman-rule,  and 
argues  that  if  women  vote  and  hold  office,  men  and  society  would  be  made  no 
better,  and  women  would  be  made  much  worse.  This  whole  division  of  the  book 
—  **  Probable  Results  "  —  is  worthy  of  study,  and  we  consider  it  better  than  that 
in  which  he  attempts  to  show  that  God  and  nature  demand  the  subjection  of 
woman  to  man.  With  all  his  conservatism  on  the  general  subject,  it  is  not  a 
little  curious  to  find  Dr.  Bushnell  advocating  the  removal  of  **  the  embaigo  on 
women  as  respects  advances  toward  marriage." 

The  character  of  Mr.  Mill's  book  may  be  judged  from  its  title,  —  **  The  Sub- 
jection of  Woman."  This  title  is  bad,  is  fabe,  and  we  deprecate  the  whole  aim 
of  the  book,  which,  if  we  read  it  rightly,  is  to  convince  us  that  the  women  of  to- 
day are  cruelly  oppressed  and  enslaved  by  the  monster  man.  He  writes  ably, 
and  makes  some  strong  and  good  points  in  regard  to  property,  education,  and 
emplo3rment,  and  here  we  can  heartily  indorse  much  that  he  says ;  at  the  same 
time,  large  poVtions  of  his  book  are  of  no  practical  use  in  this  country,  for  it  is 

*  Little  ££Be's  Home.  By  the  Author  of  "  Donald  Frascr,''  "  Bertie  Lee/'  &c  1 2mo. 
pp.  266.  Shining  Light  By  the  Author  of  *'  Memorials  of  Captain  Hedley  Vicars." 
12mo.  pp.  131.  Little  Jack's  Four  Lessons.  By  the  Author  of  "Sunday  all  the 
Week,"  "The  Star  out  of  Jacob,"  &c.  12mo.  pp.  109.  New  York  :  Robert  Carter 
&  Brothers,  530  Broadway.     1 869. 

t  Women's  Suffrage;  or.  The  Beform  against  Nature.  By  Hosacb  Bushnell. 
New  York:  Charles  Scribncr  &  Co.    12mo.    pp.  184.    $  1.50. 


578  Literary  Review.  [Oct 

written  with  English  laws  and  customs  in  mind.  Further,  the  book  is  too  a»- 
sumptive,  and  appeals  too  mnch  to  prejudices.  The  great  defect  of  his  book, 
to  our  view,  is  his  utter  avoidance  of  the  great  question  of  the  famil3r  relatkm. 
As  has  been  well  said,  ^*  all  modern  civilization  is  built  up  of  families  ";  it  is  at  home, 
that  is  to  say,  in  the  family,  that  the  young  learn  life  and  acquire  chancter. 
Now  the  marriage  relation  is  the  foundation  of  the  family,  and  separate  intereiti 
and  aims  of  husband  and  wife  impair  it,  and  injure  or  ruin  the  family.  And 
here  is  a  great  objection,  perhaps  fetal,  to  the  woman  suffrage  movement.  Its 
tendency  is  to  weaken  the  marriage  relation,  and  indeed  the  leading  advocates  of 
<*  woman's  rights  "  scout  at  marriage  laws,  and  their  leading  papers  ridicnle  the 
institution.  The  really  well-meaning  claimants  for  woman  suffrage  —  and  there 
are  many  such  whom  we  respect — must  see  to  it  that  their  views,  logically 
and  practically  carried  out,  do  not  weaken  the  marriage  relation  and  dissolve 
the  family. 

BiCKKRSTBTH  (Rcv.  £.  H.),  whose  *^  Yesterday,  Today,  and  Forerer*  we 
have  had  occasion  to  recommend,  has  written  a  little  book  entitled  **  Hades  and 
Heaven,"  *  in  which  he  aims  to  show  what  the  Scriptures  reveal  of  the  state  and 
employments  of  the  blessed  dead  and  the  risen  saints.  The. first  divinoo  treats 
of  the  state  of  the  '*  blessed  dead  "  before  the  resurrection ;  the  second,  of  the 
employments  of  the  risen  saints,  and  the  whole  is  a  very  good  presentatioD  of 
Bible  language  on  these  topics,  with  judicious  reflections.  The  book  is  a  gem  in 
typography. 

Sketches  of  real  life  have  a  permanent  interest  and  value  altogether  beyond 
that  which  is  merely  imaginary.  "  Children  of  many  Lands"  f  contains  them; 
and  they  are  written  in  a  style  to  attract  and  instruct  young  readers,  and  will 
command  the  attention  of  those  of  riper  years.  China,  British  America,  and  the 
Islands  of  the  Ocean  furnish  the  wonderful  characters  delineated  and  illustrated. 

Children  are  interested  in  whatever  is  striking  and  marvellous.  Such  will 
be  more  than  pleased  with  Miss  Ingelow's  ^'Mopsa.**^  She  must  be  well  ac- 
quainted in  *''•  Fairy "  land.  She  writes  like  one  quite  at  home  with  these 
imaginary  beings ;  and,  perhaps,  the  natural  impossibility  of  the  truthfulness  of 
her  narrative  will  prevent  the  wrong  impressions  not  unfrequently  made  by  very 
much  that  is  written  for  young  readers  under  the  semblance  of  truth,  but  having 
no  foundation  in  facts.     The  book  is  well  printed  and  illustrated. 

The  great  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,  §  which  will  be  the  most  thorough,  the 

*  Hades  and  Heaven  ;  or.  What  does  Scripture  reveal  of  the  State  and  Employments 
of  the  Blessed  Dead  and  of  the  Risen  Saints.  By  the  Rev.  £.  H.  Bickersteth.  New 
York :  Robert  Carter  &  Brothers.     4to.     pp.128.     $1.00. 

t  Children  of  innny  Lands.  By  Rev.  J.  D.  Strong .  Pablishcd  by  the  American 
Tract  Society,  164  Tremont  Street,  Boston,    pp.  108.    50  cents. 

X  Mopsa,  the  Fairy.  By  Jean  Inoelow.  With  Illustrations.  Boston  :  Roberts 
Brothers.     1869.     pp.  244.     $  1.25. 

S  American  edition  of  Dr.  William  Smith's  Dictionary  of  the  Bible.  Revised  and 
edited  by  Prof.  H.  B.  Hackett,  d.  d.,  with  the  co-operation  of  Ezra  Abbot,  li^  d.. 
Assistant  Librarian  of  Harvard  University.  New  York:  Hurd  and  Houghton.  75 
cents  a  number. 


1869.]  Literary  Beoiew.  579 

roost  full  and  satisfactory  in  oar  language,  when  completed,  is  making  good  pro- 
gress. Number  twenty,  just  issued,  ends  with  the  word  **  Olive."  In  this  and 
the  preTions  numbers  the  article  on  the  **New  Testament"  alone  occupies 
thirty-two  pages,  that  on  **  Nineveh  "  fourteen  and  a  half  pages,  and  the  same 
space  is  given  to  the  character  and  history  of  "  Noah,"  and  twenty-four  and  a 
half  pages  are  devoted  to  the  **  Old  Testament."  While  these  may  be  found 
more  ample  and  critical  than  the  general  reader  would  care  to  peruse,  they  are 
just  what  the  preacher  and  every  student  of  the  Bible  ought  to  be  only  too  glad 
to  have  placed  within  their  reach. 

Good  sermons  are  not  always  popular  reading,  yet  many  of  them  would  be 
Tery  useful  could  they  supplant,  in  the  public  attention,  the  mass  of  mere  trash 
that  now  is  so  much  sought  afVer.  **  The  Day  Dawn  and  the  Rain "  *  has  some 
able  discourses,  which,  while  ministers  might  read  them  with  profit,  are  better 
fitted  for  more  general  reading.  We  can  commend  the  book  to  deacons  and 
church  committees,  especially  where  they  have  occasionally  or  frequently  to  read 
a  sermon  in  place  of  a  preacher.  The  common  people  will  hear  them  gladly. 
There  is  a  freshness,  pertinency,  and  perspicuity  about  them  that  will  command 
attention.  They  are  Gospel  sermons.  No  one  will  have  occasion  to  say  in 
reading  them,  *'  They  have  taken  away  my  Lord,  and  I  know  not  where  they  have 
laid  him."    The  Sun  of  righteousness  shines  in  them  all 

There  is  much  that  wc  can  heartily  commend  in  the  little  work  "  In  Heaven 
we  Know  our  Own."  f  The  reverend  Father  has  made  commendable  research 
among  ancient  and  modern  writers  on  heavenly  recognitions,  and  gives  their  and 
his  own  views  in  a  very  succinct  and  readable  form.  The  work  is  Papal 
throughout,  of  course  ;  and  while  it  has  many  valuable  suggestions,  and  interest- 
ing facts,  it  contains  also  high  commendations  of  devotion  to  the  ^*  Mother  of 
God,"  of  the  "  expiatory "  name,  of  "  the  mass,"  of  prayers  "  for  the  dead " 
and  such  like.  The  mechanical  execution  is  all  that  could  be  desired.  It  may 
be  profitably  read  by  the  afflicted  with  proper  discrimination. 

The  men  of  Ulster  and  Wexford  in  "  Ninety-Eight  "  J  were  more  than 
ready  to  fight  for  **  creed  and  country,"  and  their  historian  weaves  the  inci- 
dents of  their  campaigns  into  an  interesting  and  stirring  tale,  which  many  a 
youth  will  delight  to  read,  and  which  is  well  calculated  to  fire  the  Irish  heart. 
Kate  0*Neil,  Cormac  Rogan,  Brigid  0*Hara,  Mike  Ghirty,  Pat  Dolan,  besides 
the  Millikens,  McCrackens,  MacKenzies,  and  many  others,  figure  largely  in  the 
course  of  the  story,  and  we  find  them  at  Ballinahinch,  Dungannon,  Aughagallon, 

*  The  Day  Dawn  and  the  Rain  and  other  Sermons.  By  the  Rev.  John  Kbb, 
Glasgow,  Scotland.    New  York  :  Robert  Carter  &  Brothers.    1869.    pp.  450.    $  2.00. 

t  In  Heaven  we  Know  our  Own ;  or,  Solace  for  tlie  Suffering.  Translated  from  the 
French,  with  the  permission  and  approval  of  the  author,  Rev.  Father  Blot,  s.  j.  By 
a  Lady.  New  York  :  The  Catholic  Publication  Society,  No.  126  Nassau  Street.  1869. 
pp.  186.    75  cents. 

I  The  Irish  Widow's  Son ;  or,  The  Pikemen  of  Ninety-Eight.  A  Story  of  the  Irish 
Rebellion,  embracing  an  Historical  Account  of  the  Battles  of  Antrim  and  Ballinahinch. 
By  CoK.  OTiEART.    Boston  :  Patrick  Donahoe.     1869.    pp.  224.    $  1.00. 


580  Literary  Review.  [Oet 

Tempiepatrick,  and  Fairnfleuch,  or  wherever  the  green  flag  waved  them  on- 
ward. The  pikemen  of  ♦'  Ninety-eight,"  to  say  nothing  of  the  women,  in  the 
north  of  Ireland,  were  truly  patriotic  and  brave,  and  eminently  deserved  a  sno- 
cess  they  were  unable  to  win. 

Good  descriptions  of  the  cities  and  sacred  places  in  the  Old  World  are  alwigv 
welcome.  Many  of  our  readers  will  recall  the  thrilling  interest  with  which  thej 
have  perused  and  reperused  books  of  travels  in  the  Holy  Land,  £gypt»  etc: 
Lady  Herbert's  <*  Cradle  Lands "  *  has  a  similar  attractiveness.  We  seem  ts 
travel  with  and  belong  to  the  party.  The  descriptions  have  an  air  of  reality 
quite  unusual,  but  very  pleasing.  The  book,  is  the  details  of  a  joomej  under- 
taken for  the  health  of  one  of  the  party  to  "•  Alexandria,  Cairo,  and  Upper 
Egypt ;  from  Cairo  to  Jerusalem  and  the  Holy  Sepulchre ;  Bethlehem ;  ELsbron; 
Carmel  and  Bey  rout;  Damascus  and  the  Lebanon ;  Asia  Minor  and  Epbesu.* 
The  scenes  at  Jerusalem  on  Good  Friday  and  Monday  in  Easter  week  are  mora 
fully  rendered,  and  are  very  interesting.  The  writer  does  not  enter  into  the 
controversies  regarding  the  authenticity  of  the  sites  pointed  out  as  sacred  plaoei. 
She  says  ^  she  went  there  as  a  Catholic  pilgrim,  and  gladly  accepted  the  Latin 
view  of  these  disputed  questions,  which  are,  after  all,  irrelevant  to  the  one  great 
&ct,  that  here  Our  Blessed  Lord  lived  and  died,  was  buried,  and  roae  again.** 
The  book  is  well  illustrated  with  engravings,  and  is  finely  printed. 

Wr  have  rarely  found  so  mnch  that  is  truly  valuable  and  important  in  iO 
small  a  compass  as  in  **  The  Gospel  Treasury."  f  The  full  title-page,  as  teen 
below,  will  give  an  idea  of  the  contents  and  topics  of  this  ^  Treasury. "  Hen 
are  two  volumes  in  one,  the  first  with  336  pages,  the  second  with  519,  besides  In- 
troduction and  a  full  and  complete  Index  —  Ixi.  pages  —  to  the  first  volume,  and 
zxviii.  pages  to  the  second ;  giving  a  total  of  944  pages,  small  octavo,  thin  paper, 
very  fine  —  for  us  quite  too  fine —  print,  with  matter  enough  for  a  huge  quarto, 
yet  portable  enough  for  the  Sabbath- school  teacher  to  take  in  hand  without  in- 
convenience. We  doubt  the  judgment  of  the  publishers  in  choosing  just  snch 
a  form  for  a  work  containing  so  much  that  all,  both  young  and  old,  may  read  and 
examine  with  so  much  profit.  None  but  young  and  sharp  eyes  can  read  thii 
very  fine  though  very  clear  print  for  any  length  of  time  without  pain.  Abating 
this  mechanical  defect,  the  book  is  worthv  of  all  commendation.  It  is  indeed  a 
valuable  aid  *'  to  the  study  of  the  life  of  Jesus  Christ"  The  arrangement  of 
the  Harmony  is  not  original  with  the  compiler,  as  he  states,  but  is  happily  chosen ; 
and  the  illustrations,  notes,  practical  reflections,  geographical  notices  and  ad- 
dresses are  pertinent  and  lucid,  while  fairiy  critical.  Every  Sabbatfi-school 
teacher  would  be  greatly  helped  in  the  study  of  the  Gospels  by  thb  valuable  book. 

*  Cradle  Lands.  Bv  Ladt  Herbert.  New  York:  The  Catholic  PnUicaticm 
Society.  126  Nassau  Street.     1869.     pp.332.     $2.00. 

t  Tlie  Gospel  Treasarr  and  Expository  Harmony  of  the  four  Evangelists,  in  the 
Works  of  the  Authorized  Version,  having  Scripture  Dlostrations ;  Expository  Noles 
from  the  most  approved  commentators ;  Practical  Reflections,  Geographical  Noticcfl ; 
Copious  Inde.\,  etc.  Compiled  by  Robert  Mixraisa,  author  of  "  The  System  of 
Graduated  Simoltaneoos  Instruction/'  etc.,  etc.  Two  volumes  in  one.  Kew  Torit  : 
M.  W.  Dodd.    1868.    $3.50. 


1869.]  Literary  Betnew.  581 

The  frequency  and  ease  with  which  diYorce  is  granted  are  justly  exciting 
both  surprise  and  alarm.  The  manifest  evil  effects  of  the  present  state  of  things, 
in  destroying  family  virtue  and  lowering  the  tone  of  public  morals,  certainly 
should  be  enough  to  secure  the  most  stringent  legislation  to  stay  this  downward 
tendency.  But  it  is  found  difficult  to  enact,  and  more  difficult  to  execute,  even 
good  laws  against  human  appetites  and  passions,  and  unless  our  Christian  com- 
munities can  be  aroused  to  some  such  sense  of  theii;  danger  as^  demand  an  ef- 
fbctaal  check  upon  this  growing  enormity,  the  reins  will  soon  be  thrown  loose 
upon  the  neck  of  lust,  and  every  one  will  take  the  liberty  to  do  what  is  right  in 
his  own  eyes.  President  Woolsey  has  led  the  way  in  his  recent  able  and  thorough 
work  upon  divorce  for  a  thorough  reform.*  He  has  admirably  acted  the  part  of 
the  scholar,  divine,  lawyer,  and  statesman.  We  fail  to  see  anything  wanting  to 
give  ministers  their  text-book  for  enlightening  the  people  upon  their  danger  and 
their  immediate  duty ;  to  statesmen,  their  manual  for  the  reproduction  of  the 
laws  which  the  safety  of  our  commonwealths  absolutely  demand.  He  tells  his 
readers  that  he  has  undertaken  this  work, ''  not  from  any  especial  interest  in  the 
•object,  but  from  a  sense  of  its  importance."  It  appeared,  the  most  of  it,  in 
the  New-Englander  in  1867  and  1868.  The  drift  cf  this  treatise  may  be  seen 
by  the  subjects  of  the  consecutive  chapters.  I.  Divorce  among  the  Hebrews, 
Greeks,  and  Romans.  H.  Doctrine  of  Divorce  in  the  New  Testament  IIL  Law 
of  Divorce  in  the  Roman  Emipre  and  in  the  Christian  Church.  IV.  Divorce 
and  Divorce  Law  in  Europe  since  the  Reformation.  Y.  Divorce  and  Divorce 
Laws  in  the  United  States.  Yl.  Attitude  of  the  Church  toward  Divorce  Laws ; 
Principles  of  Divorce  Legislation.  In  the  fifth  chapter  some  statistics  are  given 
which  show  the  fearful  increase  of  divorce  within  the  last  decade.  True,  these 
are  mostly  among  the  lower  classes,  but  not  confined  to  them,  and  if  they  were, 
their  tendencies  are  evil  and  only  evil  continually.  Let  every  well-wisher  to 
bis  race  at  once  possess  and  read  the  book.  We  rejoice  in  its  issue,  and  wish  it 
the  widest  circulation. 

"Waiting  at  thb  Cross "f  ^^^  fulfils  the  intention  of  the  editor,  —  to 
bring  together  some  of  the  best  thoughts  of  good  men  and  apply  them  to  the 
comfort,  instruction,  and  sanctification  of  believers.  In  size,  shape,  and  general 
appearance  it  is  a  tasteful  addition  to  that  popular  style  of  which,  if  we  mis- 
take not,  **  The  Changed  Cross  **  was  the  first  issued.  The  picture  photographed 
upon  the  title-page  is  a  gem,  and  singularly  appropriate  to  the  contents  of  the 
book.  The  selections  are  made  with  good  judgment,  and  systematically  arranged. 
The  book  is,  in  every  respect,  to  be  praised,  and  we  gladly  add  it  to  the  books 
which  we  love  to  have  near  at  hand  for  perusal. 

C&uden's  Concordance  X  bas  been  published  in  a  very  neat,  portable  style, 

*  Essay  on  Divorce  and  Divorce  Legislation,  with  especial  Reference  to  the  United 
States.  By  Theodore  D.  Woolset,  d.  d.,  ll.  d..  President  of  Yale  College.  New 
York  :  Charles  Scribner  &  Co.    1869.    pp.408.    $1.75. 

t  Waiting  at  the  Cross :  A  Book  of  Devotion.  Boston :  H.  A.  Toung  &  Co. 
Small  quarto,    pp.  224.    $  1.50. 

I  A  Concordance  to  the  Old  and  New  Testaments ;  or,  A  Dictionary  and  Alpha- 
betical Index  to  the  Bible.  By  Alexander  Cruden,  x.  a.  Edited  by  Be  v.  C.  8. 
Carbt.    Boston :  D.  Lothrop  &  Co.    12mo.    pp.  572.    %  2.00. 


682  Literary  Review.  [Oct 

on  tinted  paper,  good  type,  and  well  bound,  and  at  the  low  price  of  S  2.00.  No 
Bible  reader  should  be  without  a  copy  of  the  Concordance  in  some  style,  and 
fov  pastors  and  Sabbath-school  superintendents  and  teachers  it  is  indispensable. 
This  edition  is  especially  good  for  Sabbath-school  use,  as  it  can  be  easily  canisd 
with  the  Bible  and  question-book. 

The  American  Sunday  School  Union,  1122  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  and 
Bible  House,  New  York,  have  added  the  following  to  their  numerous  valoable 
issues,  viz.,  "  The  Voyage  of  the  White  Falcon,**  an  admirable  story  well  toM. 
Little  Nelly  answers  well  to  Eva  in  **  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin."  The  scenes  throi^ 
which  she  bore  herself  with  marvellous  grace  and  propriety  were  ludicrous,  grave, 
comical,  tragical.  An  *'  Alphabetical  Index  to  the  New  Testament  ** ;  in  flexible 
cover,  good  print,  exceedingly  convenient  and  useful  to  the  Sabbath-school 
teacher.  We  are  right  glad  to  see  it.  '*  A  Tear  in  Sunday  School,"  a  |deaang 
narrative  of  positive  usefulness.  "Cousin  Deborah's  Story,"  in  which  a  little 
Englbh  history  is  well  told  for  young  folks.  "  Mabel,"  a  tale  of  the  times  of 
James  I.,  in  which  the  English  persecutions  for  supposed  witchcraft  are  succinetly 
narrated,  and  from  its  perusal  the  children  may  learn  that  our  forefkthers  in  thb 
country  were  not  sinners  above  all  others  in  their  belief  in  witchcraft  delusions; 
but  we  rather  question  the  expediency  of  such  stories  for  the  promiscuous  reading 
of  the  young.  "  Lady  Lucy's  Secret"  is  another  historical  story  by  the  same 
author.  '^The  'J'hird  Book  of  One  Hundred  Pictures"  is  excellent  of  its  kind, 
and  the  kind  very  good,  cheap,  attractive,  and  instructive.  "Perverse  Pussy" 
is  a  pretty  little  book,  to  be  read  with  profit  by  little  children  who  love  to  hava 
their  own  way,  and  children  of  this  kind  are  of  all  ages  and  sizes.  Mr.  Eben 
Shute  (No.  40  Winter  Street)  is  the  New  England  Agent  for  the  publications 
of  the  American  Sunday  School  Union,  and  the  valuable  works  of  this  great  or* 
ganization  may  be  obtained  from  him  at  wholesale  or  retail.  The  general  chai^ 
acter  of  the  publications  of  the  "  Union  ^  is  such  as  to  secure  the  confidence  of 
the  public. 

Books  for  the  young  arc  abundant,  and  among  the  best  we  find  "  Molly*! 
Bible,"  *  a  handsome  volume  in  its  externals,  and  pleasing,  instructive,  and  sound 
in  its  story ;  also  Peter  Clinton,f  the  fifth  of  the  "  Lindendale  Series  "  which  has 
proved  very  popular,  and  its  author.  Rev.  Daniel  Wise,  D.  D.,  has  shown  a  won- 
derful faculty  of  making  his  books  entertaining  and  at  the  same  time  free  from 
objectionable  style  or  sentiment 

"  May  Bell  "  J  is  the  fifth  volume  of  "  The  Prize  Series,"  and,  like  its  pre- 
decessors, is  good.  It  inculcates  the  lesson  of  "  duty  before  pleasure,"  and  the 
author,  "  Herbert  Newbury,"  has  already  gained  a  wide  reputation  as  a  writer 
for  the  young.     This  series  is  highly  creditable  to  its  publishers,  and   may  be 

♦  Molly's  Biblo.  By  AL^rt  Dwisell  Cbellis.  Boston :  H.  A.  Young  &  Co. 
16mo.    pp.40.     $1.50. 

t  l*etor  Clinton.  By  Laurettck  Lakcbwood,  Esq.,  being  VoL  V.  of  the  Lmdes- 
dale  Scries.     Boston  :  H.  A.  Young  &  Co.     12mo.    pp.  240.    $1^5. 

X  May  Bell ;  or,  Duty  before  Pleasure.  By  Heebbst  Nbwbubt.  Boston :  D. 
Lothrop  k  Co.     ISmo.    pp.  452.    %  1.50. 


1869.]  Literary  Review.  68S 

bought  by  the  "set"  or  in  single  Tolames,  with  confidence  that  the  money  is 
well  expended.  The  competition  in  literature  of  this  kind  is  bringing  good  re- 
sults in  a  better  class  of  books  than  has  heretofore  been  prevalent. 

Sermons  on  Slavery  in  these  days  when  the  grass  is  growing  on  the  grave 
of  thitt  iniquitous  system  might  be  thought  dull  reading,  but  Rev.  Gilbert  Haven  is 
no  synonyme  for  dulness  either  in  the  pulpit  or  in  tlie  editor's  chair,  f*  National 
Sermons,"*  just  issued,  contains  his  principal  sermons,  speeches,  and  letters  on 
*'  Slavery  and  its  War/'  and  probably  gives  as  much  of  genuine  Christian  anti- 
slavery  radicalism  as  can  be  found  in  any  one  volume.  It  is  simply  a  historic 
series  of  Pulpit  Orations  upon  public  events,  their  duties  and  lessons,  reformatory 
and  religious,  national  and  universal.  They  cover  the  ground  from  the  passage  of 
the  Fugitive  Slave  Law  to  the  election  of  President  Grant,  and  are  classified :  1.  Be- 
fore the  War ;  2.  War ;  3.  Afler  the  War.  It  is  small  praise  to  say  that  they  are 
admirable  specimens  of  what  some  persons  love  to  call  ** political  preaching"; 
they  are  in  the  pungent,  pithy  style  which  Mr.  Haven  always  uses  with  pen  or 
tongue,  and  show  emphatically  (to  quote  his  own  words)  *Uhe  sympathy  and 
oneness  of  the  pulpit  with  the  events,  political  and  military,  of  the  mightiest  move- 
ments of  God  in  this  generation."  The  book  is  interesting,  is  valuable,  the  dryest 
facts  are  narrated  with  racy  vigor,  and  the  arguments  are  well  put,  strong  in 
logic,  condensed  in  statement.  He  who  would  have  at  hand  a  volume  to  repre- 
sent the  Christian  patriotism  of  the  New  England  clergy  will  find  this  to  meet  his 
wants,  and  we  hardly  know  whether  to  say  it  is  better  for  reading  or  reference,  it 
is  so  good  for  both.  As  a  specimen  of  the  art  of  book-making,  we  have  not  seen 
its  superior. 

The  title  of  a  new  book,  ^*  Lamps,  Pitchers,  and  Trumpets,"  f  would  not  readily 
convey  any  idea  of  the  real  nature  of  that  work.  The  following  sentence  happily 
presents  the  scope  of  the  volume.  *^  Preaching  to  the  intellect,  to  the  intelligence, 
if  as  a  lamp,  —  it  sheds  light  over  truths,  over  processes  of  argument,  over  means  of 
conviction  ;  preaching  to  the  conscience  is  as  a  trumpet,  —  it  calls  up  the  soul  from 
slumber,  it  makes  it  restless  and  unquiet;  preaching  to  the  experience  is  as  a 
pitcher,  —  it  bears  refreshment,  it  cools,  and  it  calms  the  fever  of  the  spirit,  and  it 
consoles  and  comforts  the  heart."  These  lectures  were  delivered  to  the  students 
of  Rev.  Mr.  Spurgeon's  Pastor's  College,  and  afibrd  proof  that  the  author  is  an 
industrious  and  live  man. 

The  book  is  not  a  scientific  course  of  lectures  on  Homiletics,  but  it  is  eminently 
suggestive  as  to  the  true  style  and  aim  of  preaching,  and  although  it  can  hardly 
be  called  a  philosophical  or  a  learned  work,  it  is,  even  to  the  common  mind,  read- 

*  National  Sermons.  Sermons,  Speeches,  and  Letters  on  Slavery  and  its  War, 
from  the  Passage  of  the  Fugitive  Slave  Bill  to  the  Election  of  President  Grant.  By 
Bev.  Gilbert  Haven.  Boston :  Lee  and  Shepard.  Crown  octavo.  675  pages.  %  2.50. 
With  Photograph,  $  3.00. 

t  Xiamps,  Pitchers,  and  Trumpets.  Lectures  on  the  Vocation  of  the  Preacher.  Illus- 
trated by  Anecdotes,  Biographical,  Historical,,  and  Elucidatory,  of  every  Order  of  Pulpit 
Eloquence,  from  the  groat  Preachers  of  all  Ages.  By  Edwin  Paxton  Hood,  Minister 
of  Queen  Square  Chapel,  Brighton,  England.  New  York:  M.  W.  I>odd,  No.  506 
Broadway.    1869.    8vo.    pp.  453,     %  2.00. 


684  Literary  Review.  [Oct 

able  and  racy,  while  to  theological  students  and  ministers  it  will  pro^e  sfcimnlatiag 
and  beneficial.    Its  valae  is  enhanced  hy  two  good  indexes. 

**  Hospital  Sketches/**  is  a  volume  made  up  of  contribations  to  the  periodi- 
cal press,  including  the  sketches  which  appeared  in  the  Commonwealth  in  186), 
and  a  few  short  stories  of  the  camp  and  of  the  family,  by  Miss  Alcott  They  an 
vivacious,  amusing,  sympathetic,  and  patriotic.  It  is  a  happy  &calty  which  enables 
one  to  look  on  the  bright  side  of  things ;  it  is  happier  still  when  with  cheeifiil- 
ness  there  is  united  a  fervent  piety. 

"Watchwords  for  the  Warfare  of  Life,"!  from  the  writings  of  Dr. 
Martin  Luther,  is  divided  into  five  parts  with  the  following  titles :  Words  for  the 
Battle-Field ;  Words  for  the  Day's  March ;  Words  for  the  Halting-Places;  Words 
for  the  Wounded;  Words  of  Victory.  These  extracts  are  brief,  pointed,  and 
particularly  useful  at  the  present  time,  when  the  disposition  is  so  general  to  vatkt 
life  an  indulgence  rather  than  a  conflict. 

A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.  have  issued  "  The  German  Echo :  A  Guide  to  Germaa 
Conversation,"  X  which  is  well  adapted  to  the  purposes  for  which  it  was  prepared. 
As  it  is  in  prose,  it  afibrds  the  learner  special  advantages  over  the  common  method 
of  attempting  to  learn  to  speak  German  by  committing  to  memory  German  poetry. 
The  language  of  poetry  b  not  that  of  common  life ;  but  these  conversations  give 
the  student  command  of  the  words  he  especially  needs  to  use. 

The  science  of  Astronomy  is  little  understood,  even  by  those  who  have  been 
schooled  in  its  mysteries,  and  worked  hard  to  comprehend  the  wondrous  heigfatSi 
movements,  distances,  bulk,  and  orbits  of  it<)  mighty  worlds.  That  ''  a  Connec- 
ticut Pastor  '*  of  scarcely  more  than  a  self-sustaining  parish  should  be  able,  in  six 
Lectures  to  his  plain  people,  to  shed  more  light  upon  this  profound  subject  —  make 
it  more  simple,  yet  more  grand,  more  perspicuous,  yet  more  amazing  and  impres- 
sive —  than  many  of  the  great  masters  who  have  written  before  him,  is  a  matter  of 
surprise,  and  yet  such  seems  to  be  the  generally  conceded  opinion  of  the  press. 
We  hear  but  one  testimony  concerning  Ecce  Coslum,  Its  topics  are  logically  and 
naturally  arranged  and  discussed  in  language  as  simple  as  the  subjects  will  allow, 
and  so  well  illustrated  that  any  intelligent  reader  can  understand  what  before 
has  been  only  a  mystery.     It  is  worthy  of  the  widest  circulation. 

We  are  glad  to  learn  that  this  writer  is  preparing  another  work,  entitled 
"  Pater  Mundi ;  or,  Modern  Science  testifying  to  the  Father  in  Heaven,"  which 
will  be  soon  issued  by  Nichols  and  Noyes  of  this  city. 

*  Hospital  Sketches,  and  Camp  and  Fireside  Stories.  By  Louisa  M.  Axcott.  With 
lUnstrations.     Boston :  Roberts  Brothers.     1869.     12mo.    pp.379. 

t  Watchwords  for  the  Warfare  of  Life.  From  Dr.  Martin  Lather.  Translated  and 
arranged  by  the  author  of  "  Chronicles  of  the  Schonberg-Cotta  Family."  New  York : 
M.  W.  Dodd,  506  Broadway.     1869.     12mo.    pp.  830. 

t  The  German  Echo.  A  Guide  to  German  Conversation ;  or.  Dialogues  on  Oidinaiy 
and  Familiar  Subjects.  With  an  Adequate  Vocabulary.  Edited  for  the  Use  of  Ameri- 
can Students  bj  James  H.  Wormah,  a.  m.  New  York  and  Chicago:  A.  S.  Barnes 
&  Co.     1869.     12mo.     pp.303.    $1.25. 

S  Ecce  Ccelum ;  or,  Parish  Astronomy.  In  Six  Lectures,  by  a  Connecticnt  Pastor. 
Seventh  edition.  Boston :  Nichols  and  Noyes,  117  Washington  Street  1870.  pp.  IW. 
91.25. 


1869.]  LiUrary  Review.  585 

Another  translation  of  the  Grospels  is  only  another  evidence  that  the  Bible 
was  never  so  much  a  living  force  as  it  is  to-day.  Its  enemies  never  feaj'ed  it  so 
much,  its  friends  never  loved  it  so  much,  and  therefore  we  see  the  attention  of 
scholars  turned  to  it  as  never  before.  We  have  been  reading  Mr.  Folsom's  trans- 
lation *  with  some  care.  Honest  intentions  are  apparent  in  every  page,  and  the 
author's  spirit  is  excellent,  and  thus  we  are  unconsciously  and  pleasantly  inclined 
to  look  with  favor  upon  the  work,  but  he  is  a  little  too  unsettled  in  hb  views,  too 
uncertain  of  his  grounds,  to  be  at  all  times  consistent  with  himself.  He  has  stud- 
ied conscientiously,  and  with  a  good  degree  of  thoroughness,  his  careful  arrange- 
ment of  citations  of  *'  various  readings "  is  unique  and  very  valuable,  and  his 
notes  are  always  interesting,  even  when  (as  occasionally)  not  satisfactory.  For 
instance,  the  note  on  **  The  Word"  (John  i.  1)  is  carefully  prepared,  but  his 
conclusion  that  "  Word ''  is  simply  used  '*  as  a  personification  of  the  creative 
power  of  God,**  is  to  us  strange ;  there  is  also  some  ingenious  management  of  the 
word  *'  hell  ^  (as  in  Mark  ix.  43  -  48) ;  the  Book  of  Jonah  he  regards  as  poetic 
(note  on  Matthew  xii.  40),  and  the  being  swallowed  by  a  whale,  a  getting  into 
trouble !  **  "  Every  man  who  flees  from  duty  gets  swallowed  by  a  whale ! "  the 
finding  tribute-money  in  the  mouth  of  the  fish  (Matthew  xvii.  27)  is  merely  selling 
the  fish  and  paying  the  tax  with  the  proceeds,  etc.,  etc.  But,  in  the  main,  the  notes 
are  excellent  The  translation  is  chiefly  in  modern,  present-day  style,  but  with 
*'  thee  **  and  "  thou  **  retained ;  and  we  find  many  of  Mr.  Folsom's  "  suggestions  " 
Tery  satisfactory,  and  he  conscientiously  strives  to  adhere  closely  to  the  original 
text,  and  usually  gives  good  reasons  for  changes  from  the  common  version.  As  a 
whole,  the  book  is  a  valuable  addition  to  our  New  Testament  literature,  and  will 
greatly  aid  the  student  in  Biblical  investigations.  We  think  the  translator's  con- 
stant endeavor  to  find  what  he  calls  "  a  common  Christianity,"  a  basis  of  truth 
upon  which  all  denominations  can  stand,  unconsciously  leads  him  into  some  un- 
tenable positions,  and  into  views  which  are  not  always  consistent ;  but  when  a 
writer  is  honest  in  his  endeavors,  careful  in  his  researches,  and  plain  in  his  state- 
ments, we  can  peruse  with  profit,  even  when  not  coinciding  with  each  and  every 
fionclusion.  The  volume  is  issued  in  very  neat  style,  and  we  place  it  beside  Al- 
fbrd,  Tischendorf,  Noyes,  Norton,  and  other  students  in  the  same  great  field  of 
religious  research. 

•*  The  Women  of  the  Bible  "f  is  simply  elegant.  In  text,  illustration,  type, 
paper,  and  binding,  it  is  to  be  praised,  and  for  a  beautiful  gift-book  for  all  serious- 
minded  persons,  it  meets  every  reasonable  demand.  The  leading  "  Women  of  the 
Bible  "  are  sketched  with  a  discriminating  pen,  and  the  engravings,  from  designs 
by  Chapman,  Billings,  Herrick,  Fenn,  etc.,  etc.,  are  in  the  best  style  of  art  We 
nncerely  hope  the  rapid  multiplication  of  books  about  the  Bible  will  not  draw 
attention  from  the  Bible ;  this  is  our  only  criticism. 

*  The  Four  Gospels:  Translated  from  the  Greek  text  of  Tischendorf,  with  the 
various  readings  of  Griesbach,  Lochmann,  Tischendorf,  Tregelles,  Meyer,  Alford,  and 
others ;  with  Critical  and  Explanatory  Notes.  By  Nathahibl  S.  Folsom.  Boston  : 
A.  Williams  &  Co.     12mo.    pp.  476.    $  2.50. 

t  The  Women  of  the  Bible.     New  York :  American  Tract  Society.    4to.    pp.  349 

f8.5a 


686  Literary  Review.  [QdL 

"  Jubilant  Voices  "  ♦  is  a  new  book  of  new  church  music,  and  for  seTcnl 
reasons  it  should  be  popular  with  choirs  and  congregations.  It  is  the  joint  work 
of  B.  F.  Baker  and  D.  F.  Hodges,  gentlemen  well  known  to  the  musical  profes- 
sion, and  they  have  added  to  their  own  tunes  the  productions  of  over  fiflj  coa- 
posers  in  different  sections  of  the  country,  selected  with  a  view  to  their  practictl 
acquaintance  with  the  wants  of  the  public.  While  none  of  the  tunes  are  above 
the  reach  of  average  country  choirs,  they  are  really  meritorious  compositions,  and 
such  as  will  satisfy  good  taste  and  candid  musical  criticism.  The  type  is  large  and 
clear,  the  selection  of  hy^ins  unusually  good,  the  introductory  portion  weD 
arranged  for  profitable  study  and  practice,  and  the  pieces  for  miscellaneoas  occa- 
sions of  a  social  character,  and  for  all  musical  emergencies,  varied,  uomeroiu,  and 
good.     The  book  has  been  tested  at  musical  institutes  with  success. 

The  "  North  British  Review  "  remarks  of  the  "  Diary  of  Henry  Crabb  BolMtf> 
son,''  f  ''It  is  a  work  to  which  no  review  can  do  full  justice."  This  is  true  to  an 
e^^tent  that  can  rarely  be  said  of  any  book.  The  two  fat  volumes  are  so  filled 
with  anecdotes  and  reminiscences  of  Rogers,  Southey,  Moore,  Leigh  Hunt,  Rob- 
ert Hall,  Hazlitt,  Goethe,  and  a  host  of  other  celebrities,  and  are  so  crowded  with 
quotable  sentences,  racy  thoughts,  and  historical  allusions,  that  we  long  since  de- 
spaired of  doing  more  than  to  recommend  our  friends  to  purchase  and  read  for 
themselves.  Born  and  brought  up  in  the  evangelical  faith,  Robinson  in  his  later 
years  switched  ofi'  from  what  we  consider  the  true  track  through  this  world  to  the 
next  into  liberal  Unitarianism,  and  hence  an  occasional  fling  at  our  beliefs  grates 
rather  harshly ;  but  with  this  exception,  we  read  the  book  with  unalloyed  satis- 
faction, and  on  every  page  wonder  at  the  fresh  information  and  genuine  enter- 
tainment we  are  gaining  from  the  perusal.  Swinging  in  a  hammock  under  a  tree 
on  the  sea-coast,  in  the  lazy  days  of  the  dying  summer,  we  found  the  "  Diary  "  the 
most  interesting  book  of  the  season.  By  way  of  serious  counterpart,  we  read 
from  the  new  and  cheap  and  portable  edition  of  "  Robertson's  Sermons,**  J  just 
published,  and  as  Robinson  has  much  to  say  of  the  Brighton  minister,  the  "  Diary" 
and  the  **  Sermons  **  fitted  each  into  the  other  most  admirably.  It  was  a  good 
thought  well  carried  into  execution,  —  the  putting  the  five  volumes  of  Robertson 
into  two,  and  placing  the  price  so  low  that  clergymen's  pockets  can  easily  endure 
the  strain.  Brooke*s  Life  of  Robertson,  §  just  published,  is  a  necessary  supplement 
to  the  Sermons. 

*  Jubilant  Voices.  A  Collection  of  new  Hymn  Tunes,  Chants,  Sentences,  Motets 
and  Anthems.  Composed  and  arranged  for  the  use  of  Christian  Churches  of  all  De- 
nominations ;  adapted  to  the  Wants  of  Choirs,  Musical  Associations,  Conventions,  Sing- 
ing Schools,  and  the  Home  Circle ;  together  with  a  complete  Theoretical,  Practical,  and 
Progressive  System  of  Elementary  Instruction.  By  B.  F.  Baker  and  D.  F.  Hodgbs. 
Boston  :  Lee  and  Shcpard.     $  1.50. 

t  Henry  Crabb  Robinson's  Diary,  Reminiscences,  and  Correspondence.  Boston: 
Fields,  Osgood,  &  Co.     2  vols.     12mo.     $4.00. 

%  Sermons  by  Rev.  F.  W.  Robertson.  Boston  :  Fields,  Osgood,  &  Co.  2  vols. 
12mo.    $3.00. 

h  Frederick  W.  Robertson's  Life  and  Letters.  Edited  by  Rev.  Stopford  A.  Brookb. 
Boston:  Fields,  Osgood,  &  Co.     12mo.     $1.50. 


1869.]  Editort'  Table.  687 


EDITORS'  TABLE. 

In  reviewing  the  year,  as  we  come  now  to  the  closing  number  of  our  volumey 
we  are  disposed  to  congratulate  ourselves  on  the  improvement  made  in  the 
Quarterly,  and  we  are  happy  to  have  received  the  congratulations  of  many  of 
our  readers.  The  enlargement  of  our  work  to  a  volume  of  six  hundred  pages 
has  enabled  us  to  give  a  greater  variety  than  ever  before  in  the  subjects  dis- 
oossed,  and  to  meet  in  a  fuller  measure  the  varied  wants  of  our  patrons.  The 
statistics  of  the  denomination  arc  becoming  more  and  more  important  every  yean 
Increasing  attention  is  being  given  to  the  subject  of  necrology  ;  and  its  historic 
importance  is  felt  by  the  officers  of  our  literary  institutions  and  by  our  publio 
journalists.  We  shall  spare  no  reasonable  pains  to  promote  the  interests  of  our 
denomination  in  these  two  departments.  Wo  trust  that  our  friends  will  co-operate 
with  us,  in  the  future  as  they  have  done  in  the  past,  in  preparing  for  our  columns 
valuable  treatises  on  themes  of  commanding  interest.  We  have  encouragement 
from  some  of  our  ablest  writers.  The  general  plan  of  the  Quarterly  for  the  year 
to  come  will  be  similar  to  that  on  which  it  has  been  conducted  the  past  year, 
while  we  still  hope  to  make  improvement.  Any  assistance  which  we  may  receive, 
either  in  preparing  elaborate  articles  or  in  securing  the  wider  circulation  of  the 
Quarterly,  will  not  only  be  grateful  to  us,  but  promotive  of  the  interests  of  the 
Puritan  faith,  and,  as  we  trust,  of  the  cause  of  our  blessed  Redeemer. 

It  is  most  confidently  believed  that  if  the  real  and  permanent  value  of  the  con- 
tents of  the  successive  volumes  of  the  Quarterly  could  be  realized  by  those  who 
take  them,  so  as  to  induce  a  little  effort  to  extend  their  circulation  among  intel- 
ligent Christian  men  and  women  immediately  adjacent,  and  among  Congregational 
ministers  not  very  remote,  good  service  would  be  rendered  to  the  cause  of  Christ  in 
making  more  effective  the  means  of  grace  now  in  the  hands  of  these  very  good 
Christians.  They  need  to  know  who  are  their  fellow-workers  and  what  has  been 
their  success,  and  who  have  fallen  in  the  conflict,  and  what  are  the  new  phases 
of  error  to  be  battled  with,  and  what  arc  the  helps  coming  from  the  press  and 
available ;  and  nowhere  else  but  in  the  Congrkgational  Quarterly  can  these 
and  many  other  most  important  things  be  so  well  known,  and  at  so  little  cost 
We  are  bold  to  solicit  co-operation  from  those  who  appreciate  the  services  we 
render,  from  the  fact  that  they  are  and  must  be  t>o  essentially  gratuitous,  as  well 
M  from  the  fact  that  every  additional  copy  sent  forth  is  a  public  good. 

The  price  of  the  Quarterly  is  $  2.00  a  year,  payable  in  advance.  We  will 
gladly  send  to  any  of  our  subscribers,  if  they  will  say  "  continue  until  ordered 
otherwise." 

A  FULL  set  of  the  Quarterly,  uniformly  bound  and  lettered,  can  be  had  at  the 
office  of  publication  —  the  first  series,  10  volumes  —  for  $15,  or  these  with  the 
first  volume  of  second  series,  in  all  1 1  volumes,  for  $  1 7.  The  same  unbound 
for  $13.  Bound  volumes  for  any  year  exchanged  for  the  unbound  numben 
of  that  year  for  forty  cents,  the  price  of  binding. 

NEW  SERIES.  —  VOL.  I.  NO.  4.  40 


588  Hditors'  Table.  [OeL 

Subscribers  will  confer  a  kindness  by  forwarding  the  subocriptioD,  two 
DOLLARS,  at  their  earliest  convenience.  And  let  those  who  can,  pnt  in  an  ad- 
ditional "  TWO  "  for  some  poor  Home  Missionary  who  cannot  afford  to  part  with 
even  this  small  amount 

We  have  republished  in  elegant  style  (thin  quarto,  tinted  paper)  a  few  copiei 
of  "  Some  Miscellany  Observations  respecting  Witchcrafls,"  printed  in  the  July 
number,  which  we  will  send  to  any  address,  postage  paid,  on  receipt  of  seykntt- 
riVE  CENTS.  It  is  a  very  rare  work,  and  the  limited  number  of  copies  fvinted 
(100)  is  rapidly  being  taken  by  the  lovers  of  our  colonial  literature. 

We  give,  in  the  present  number,  the  essays  which  were  read  before  the  Alaomi 
of  Andover  Seminary,  at  the  last  anniversary  of  that  institution.  Oar  readen 
will  bo  interested  in  having  the  views  of  the  authors  in  full ;  bat  we  do  not  wnh 
editorially  to  be  held  responsible  for  every  sentiment  expressed  by  them.  In  tlie 
discussion  called  out  by  the  reading  of  these  essay's  the  following  important  state- 
ments were  made :  — 

1.  That  no  congregation  ever  reads  prayers  in  such  unison  as  to  promote  a 
spirit  of  devotion. 

2.  That  a  chief  element  of  power  in  the  religious  services  of  our  Fathers  was 
the  prominence  given  to  the  distinction  between  saints  and  sinners  in  its  wsp^Gat 
tion  to  the  assembly,  and  that  in  the  use  of  a  liturgy  this  distinction  is  kept  oat 
of  sight. 

S.  That  where  our  churches  have  modified  their  services  to  meet  the  demands 
of  an  {esthetic  taste,  such  modifications  have  been  found  an  encambrance  in  timei 
of  special  revival. 

4.  That  those  churches  which  have  costly  houses  of  worship,  and  artistic  mu- 
sic, generally  give  far  less  than  other  churches,  in  proportion  to  their  ability,  to 
the  various  objects  of  benevolence. 

The  Puritans  have  an  eloquent  tribute  paid  to  them  by  £.  P.  Whipple  in  hb 
recent  volume,  "  Literature  of  the  Age  of  Elizabeth,"  published  by  Fields, 
Osgood,  &  Co.  He  says :  **  Puritans  —  there  is  a  charm  in  that  word  which  will 
never  be  lost  on  a  New  England  ear.  It  is  closely  associated  with  all  that  b 
great  in  New  England  history.  It  is  hallowed  by  a  thousand  memories  of  ob> 
stacles  overthrown,  of  dangers  nobly  braved,  of  sufierings  unshrinkingly  borne,  in 
the  service  of  freedom  and  religion.  It  kindles  at  once  the  pride  of  ancestry,  and 
inspires  the  deepest  feelings  of  national  veneration.  It  points  to  examples  of 
Talor  in  all  its  modes  of  manifestation,  in  the  hall  of  debate,  on  the  field  of  battle, 
before  the  tribunal  of  power,  at  the  martyr's  stake.  It  is  a  name  which  will  never 
die  out  of  New  England  hearts.  Wherever  virtue  resists  temptation,  wherever 
men  meet  death  for  religion's  sake,  wherever  the  gilded  baseness  of  the  worid 
stands  abashed  before  conscientious  principles,  there  will  be  the  spirit  of  the  Puri- 
tans. They  have  Icfl  deep  and  broad  marks  of  their  influence  on  human  society. 
Their  children,  in  all  times,  will  rise  up  and  call  them  blessed.  A  thousand  wit- 
nesses of  their  courage,  their  industry,  their  sagacity,  their  invincible  persever- 
ance in  well-doing,  their  love  of  free  institutions,  their  respect  for  justice,  their 
hatred  of  wrong,  are  all  around  us,  and  bear  grateful  evidence  to  their  memory." 


1869.] 


Congregational  Quarterly  Record. 


639 


CONGREGATIONAL  QUARTERLY  RECORD.— 1869. 


CHTTBCHES  FOBMED. 

1869. 

ALTOONA,  lo.,  10  membois. 

ARVONIA,  Kan.,  Aug. 

BATON  ROUGE,  La.,  June  25. 

CARIBOU,  He.,  Julv  18, 10  memben. 

CORNING,  Kan.,  12  members. 

DECATUR,  0.,  Aug.  7. 

ESSEX  JUNCTION,  Vt..  June  20. 

BYANSTON,  111.,  Sept.  8,  8»  members. 

OLENWOOD,  Mo.,  July  4, 19  members. 

GRANVILLE,  Minn,  July  4. 

HIAWATHA,  Kan.,  June  23, 12  members. 

JUDSON,  Minn.,  July  11, 11  members. 

LBATENWORTU,  Kan., 8d  Cb.  (colored),  formerly 

a  Cumberland  Pre8byterian,  June  29. 
LOCKPORT,  La.,  June  20, 60  members. 
MARSHALL,  Mich.,  Juno  20. 
MERTON.  Minn.,  July  11,  23  members. 
NEWARK  VALLEY,  N.  Y.,  formerly  Prvabyterian. 
NEW  HAVEN,  Conn.,  East  Ch.,  June  25. 
NORTH  TOPEKA,  Kan.,  July  28. 
OAK  HILL,  Wis. 

OWATONNA.  Minn.,  July  11,  24  members. 
PARKERSBURG,  lo.,  Bfay  9, 20  members. 
PLATT8M0UTH,  Neb.,  Aug.  16. 
8ENECA,  lo.,  J  Illy  15,  9  members. 
WELSH  CHURCH,  Kan. ,  40  miles  north  of  Topeka. 
WHEATLAND,  Cal.,  June  28,  9  members. 
WILLIAMSPORT,  Kan.,  July  20,  8  members. 
WINCHESTER,  Ind.,  June  20, 9  members. 
WORCESTER,  Mass.,  Plymouth  Ch.,  June  25. 


KIHI8TEU8  OBDAIITBD. 

1869. 

BELL,  SAMUEL,  over  the  Orthodox  Cong.  Ch.  in 
Qroton  Junction,  Mass.,  Sept.  1.  Sermon 
by  ReT.  Henry  M.  Dexter,  d.  d.,  of  Boston. 
Ordaining  Prayer  by  Rer.  Horace  Parker,  of 
Ashby. 

BROOKS  CHARLES  S.,  over  the  Evangelical  Ch. 
in  Tyngsboro',  Mass.,  Sept.  15.  Sermon  by 
Rev.  Horace  James,  of  Lowell.  Ordaining 
Prayer  by  Rev.  Henry  B.  Hooker,  n.  d.  ,  of 
Boston. 

BROWN,  WILLIAM  J.,  to  the  work  of  the  minis- 
try in  New  Orl^ms,  La.,  July  4.  Sermon  by 
Rev.  Joseph  W.  Healy,  of  New  Orleans. 

BULL,  EDWARD,  to  tho  work  of  the  ministry  in 
Westbrook,  Conn.,  Aug.  20.  Sermon  by 
Rev.  Davis  S.  Brainerd,  of  Lyme.  Ordain- 
ing Prayer  by  Rev.  Salmon  McCall,  of  Say- 
brook. 

BURT,  CHARLES  W.,  over  the  Ch.  in  Esst  Phar- 
lalia,  N.  Y.  Sermon  by  Rev.  George  Porter. 
Ordaining  Prayer  by  Rev.  Seneca  M.  Keeler, 
of  Smyrna 

BUSHBE,  WILLIAM  A.,  over  the  lit  Ch.  in  North 
Brookfleld,  Vt.,  Aug.  19.  Sermon  by  Rev. 
Seth  Sweetser,  d.  d.,  of  Worcester,  Moss. 

CLARK,  FRANK  G.,  to  the  work  of  the  ministry 
in  Francestown,  N.  IL,  Sept.  2.  Sermon  by 
Rev.  Cyrus  Wallace,  d.  d.,  of  Manchester. 

COOK,  SILAS  P.,  over  the  Ch.  in  Marlborough, 
N.  H.,  June  24.  Sermon  by  Rev.  Alfred 
Emerson,  of  Fitchbnrg,  Mass.  Ordaining 
Prayer  by  Rev.  Zedekiah  S.  Barstow,  d.  d., 
ofKaene. 

DBMABBST,  SIDNEY  B.,  to  the  work  ot  the  min- 


istry in  Hartford,  Wis.,  Sept.  7.    Sermon  by 
Rev.  William  De  L.  Love,  of  Milwaukee. 

DOREMUS,  Rev.  ANDREW,  over  the  Ch.  in  Ran- 
toul,  III.,  Sept.  7.  Sermon  by  Rev.  Joseph 
E.  Roy,  D.  n.,  of  Chicago. 

DOUGLAS,  FRANCIS  J.,  to  the  work  of  the  min- 
istry in  Albany,  III.,  June  24. 

GALE,  S.  F.,  over  the  Ist  Ch.  in  New  Marlboro- 
Mass.,  June  28.  Sermon  by  Rev.  Joseph 
Eldridgc,  d.d.,  of  Norfolk,  Conn.  Ordain- 
ing Prayer  by  Rev.  James  A.  Clark,  of  Mon- 
terey. 

GREENE,  DANIEL  C,  to  the  work  of  the  minlstiy 
(Missionary  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.)  in  West- 
boro',  Mass.,  July  28.  Sermon  by  Rev.  Eg- 
bert C.  Smvth,  D.  D.,  of  Andover  Seminary. 

GCYTON,  JACOB  F.,  to  the  work  of  the  ministry 
in  Canandaigua,  Mich.,  Aug.  24.  Sermon 
by  Rev.  Asa  Mahan,  of  Adrian.  Ordaining 
Prayer  by  Rev.  Wolcott  B.  Williams,  of 
Charlotte. 

HUNTRESS,  EDWARD  S.,  to  the  work  of  the  min- 
istry in  Wareham,  Mass.,  Sept.  3.  Sermon 
by  Rev.  Edward  S.  Rand,  of  South  Boston. 
Ordaining  Prayer  by  Rev.  Leander  Cobb,  of 
Marion. 

HUTCHINSON,  HENRY  H..  to  the  work  of  the 
niinutry  in  Sumner,  Me.,  Aug.  24.  Sermon 
by  Rev.  John  B.  Wheelwright,  of  South 
Paris.  Ordaining  Prayer  by  Rev.  Thomas  T. 
Merry,  of  Norway. 

LAMSON,  CHARLES  M.,  over  the  Porter  Evan- 
gelical Ch.  in  North  Bridgewater,  Mass., 
Aug.  5.  Sermon  by  Rev.  Wm.  S.  Tyler, 
D.D.,  of  Amherst  College.  Ordaining  Prayer 
by  Rev.  Warren  II.  Beaman,  of  North  Had- 
ley. 

MARDEN,  HENRY,  to  the  work  of  the  ministry 
in  Francestown,  N.  H.,  Sept.  2.  Sermon  by 
Rev.  Cyrus  W.  Wallace,  d.d,  of  Manchester. 

MARTYN,  W.  CARLOS,  over  the  PUgrim  Ch.  In 
St.  Louit),  Mo.,  June  24.  Sermon  by  Rev. 
Truman  M.  Post,  D.  D.,  of  St.  Louis.  Or- 
dnining  Prayer  by  Rev.  Edwin  B.  Turner,  of 
Hannibal. 

McNAL,  DONALD,  to  the  work  of  the  ministry  in 
Albanv,  111.,  June  24. 

OTTMAN,  II.  AUGUSTUS,  to  the  work  of  the 
ministry  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  June  20. 

PEACOCK,  W.  M.,  over  the  cW5rch  in  Vankleek 
Hill,  Ont.,  June  16.  Sermon  by  Rev.  Daniel 
Mac»llum,  of  Markham ;  June  17,  in  Indian 
LandH.    Sermon  by  Rev.  Dugald  McGregor. 

RANSLOW,  J.  C,  to  the  work  of  the  ministnr  in 
Swan  ton,  Vt.,  June  23.  Sermon  by  Rev. 
Daniel  Wild,  of  Fairfield. 

SANFORD,  ELIAS  B.,  over  the  Congl  Ch.  in  South 
Cornwall,  Conn.,  July  7.  Sermon  by  Rev^ 
Joseph  W.  Backus,  of  Thomaston.  Ordain- 
ing Prayer  by  Rev.  George  J.  Harrison,  of 
Milton. 

TAYLOR,  NELSON,  to  the  work  of  the  ministry 
in  JS^ow  Orleans,  La.,  July  4.  Sermon  by 
Rev.  Joseph  W.  Healy,  of  New  Orleans. 

THOMPSON,  C.  W.,  over  the  Ch.  in  Danville,  Vt , 
July  1.  Sermon  by  Rev.  William  H.  Lord, 
D.  D.,  of  Montpelier. 

WHEELER,  JOHN  E.,  over  the  1st  Ch.  in  Gard- 
ner, Mass.,  Aug.  25.  Sermon  by  Rev.  Joeiab 
G.  Davis,  D.  n.,  of  Amherst,  N.  H. 

WHITNEY. HENRY  0.,  over  tho  Ch.  in  WilU«ton, 
Vt.,  July  20.  Sermon  by  Rev.  H  0.  Whit- 
ney. Ordaining  Prayer  by  Rev.  Oliarlot  11 . 
Seaton,  of  Charlotte. 


690 


Congregational  Quarterly  Record. 


[Oct 


WINSLOW,  LYMAN  W.,  to  the  work  of  the  min- 
i«try  ia  Uydesville,  Cal.,  Aug.  11.  Sermon 
by  Rer.  J.  T.  Wills, of  Orass  Valley. 


mmSTEBS  UrSTALLED. 

1869. 

ALTORD,  Rev.  FREDERICK,  over  the  Ist  Ch.  in 
Nashua,  N  II.,  July  6.  Sennon  by  R«v. 
Joseph  0.  Bodwoll,  d.  d.,  of  Ilartford  Semi- 
nary ,  Conn .  Installing  Prayer  by  Rer.  Cyrus 
W.  Wallace,  d.  d.,  of  Manchester. 

BATES,  Rev.  ALVAN  J.,  over  the  Cong.  Ch.  in 
Saundersville  (Grafton),  Mas.s.,  Juno  22. 
Sermon  by  Rev.  Joseph  B.  Clark,  of  New- 
tonvllle.  Installing  Prayer  by  Rev.  Seth 
Swectscr,  d.  d..  of  Worcester. 

CRAWFORD,  Rev.  ^VILLTAM,  over  the  Adams  St. 
Ch.  in  Green  Bay,  Wis.,  July  28.  Sermon 
by  Rev.  Lyman  8.  Rowland,  of  Beloit  Col* 

CURTI^.Rer.  GEORGE,  over  the  Ch.  in  Hanrin- 
ton,  Conn.,  Juno  90. 

DUTCH,  Rev.  JOSEPH,  over  the  Zion  Cong.  Ch. 
in  New  Orleans,  La.,  Juno  20.  Sermon  by 
Rev.  Joseph  W.  Healy,  of  New  Orleans. 

OBAT,  Itev.  CALVIN,  oter  the  Ch..  in  Geneva, 
Kan.,  June  30. 

JONES,  Rev.  JESSE  H.,  over  the  1st  Cong.  Ch., 
Natick,  Mass.,  July  21.  Sennon  by  Rev. 
Charles  Jones,  of  Ijafayctte,  N.  Y.  Install- 
ing Prayer  by  Rev.  Edmund  Dowse,  of  Sher- 
bom. 

LEACII,  Rev.  JOSEPH  A.,  over  the  2d  Cong.  Ch. 
in  Keene,  N.  H.,  Sept.  15.  Sermon  by  Rev. 
George  S.  Bishop,  of  Ncwburg,  N.  Y. 

LEONARD,  Rev.  EDWIN,  over  the  Ch.  in  South 
Dartmouth,  Mass.,  July  14.  Sermon  by 
Rev.  John  P.  Cleveland,  d.  d.,  of  BlUerica. 
Installing  Prayer  by  Rev.  Henr}'  B.  Hooker, 
D.  D.,  of  Boston. 

LEWIS,  Rev.  GEOIiGE,  over  the  Ch.  in  Alfred, 
Me. 

MoGINLEY,  Rov.  WT[LLIAM  A.,  over  the  Ch.  in 
Oloversville,  N.  Y.,  Juno  H.  Somion  by 
Rev.  Jacob  M.  Manning,  d.  d.,  of  Boston, 
M.!.***.  Installing  Prayer  by  Kov.  William  S. 
Smart,  of  Albany. 

POWELL,  Ilcv.  ISAAC  P.,  over  thcCh.  in  Cnnaan, 
Conn.,  July  28.  Sermon  by  Itev.  E.  P. 
Powell,  of  Adrian,  Mich.  Onlaining  Prayer 
by  Rev.  Thomas  Crowthcr,  of  Southfield, 
Mass. 

SnORKY,  Rev.  II.  ALLEN,  over  the  1st  Cong.  Ch. 
in  Ciimdcn,  Me.,  Sept.  li.  Sermon  by  Rev. 
Smith  Baker,  Jr.,  of  Orono.  In.«italling 
Prayer  by  Rev.  Stephen  Thurston,  d.  D.,of 
SearHport. 

SPALDING,  Rev.  GEORGE  B.,  over  the  1st  Ch.  in 
Dover,  N.  II.,  Sept.  1.  Sennon  by  Ilev.  Ed- 
ward P.  Parker,  of  Hartford,  Conn.  Install- 
ing Prayer  by  Rev.  Alvan  Tobey,  d.  d.,  of 

Durham. 

STRONG,  Rev.  CHARLES,  over  the  Ch.  in  AngoU, 
N.  Y.,  July  7.  Sermon  by  Rev.  Thomas 
Wickes,  D.  D.,  of  Jamestown.  Installing 
Praver  by  Rev.  Ezra  Jones. 

TAYLOR,  Itev.  EDWARD,  d.  d.,  over  the  Cong. 
Ch.  in  Bingham  ton,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  18.  Sermon 
by  Rev.  Wm.  I.  Budington,  d  d.,  of  Brook- 
lyn. Installing  Prayer  by  Rev.  James  C. 
Beer  her,  of  Owego. 
TODD,  Rev.  JOHN  E.,  over  the  Chai)el  St.  Ch.  in 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  Sept.  16.  Sermon  by 
Rev.  John  Todd,  d.  d.,  of  Pittsfleld^  Mass. 
Installing  Prayer  by  Tiieodore  D.  Woolsey, 
D.  p.,  of  Yale  College. 
ITATERMAN,  Rev.  ALFRED  T.,  over  the  Ch.  in 


Kensington,  Conn.    SermoB  by  Ber.  Wa. 

Thompson,  d.  d.,  of  Uairtfonl  i^cminaiy. 
WEIR  Rev.  J.  E.,  over  the  8d  Ch.  in  Lttvoivorth, 

Kan. ,  June  29. 
WICKES,  Rev.  THOMAS,  d.  d.,  orer  the  Ch.  ii 

Jamestown,  N.  Y.,  Aui^.  Id.     Sennon  by 

Rev.  Israel  W.  Andrews,  p.  d.,  of  Muiette 

College,  0. 


lOKISTEBS  DISMISSED. 

1869. 

BAKER,  Rev.  S^HTH,  firom  the  Ch.  in  Orono.  Xe. 
BEACH,  Rev.  DAVID  £.,  fhnn  the  Ch.  in  Gxaa. 

ville,  Ohio.  m 

BYINGTON,  Rev.  EZRA  H.,  from    the'Ch.  ia 

Windsor,  Vt.,  Sept.  8. 
CARTER,  Rev.  CLARK,  from  the  Trinity  Coog. 

Ch.  in  Neponsei,  Mam.,  July  2. 
CHURCHILL,  Rev.  JOHN,  from  the  North  Ch.  In 

Woodbury,  Conn.,  June  25. 
FORD,  Rev.  JAMES  T.,  ftma  the  Ch.  in  Stove, 

Vt.,Ang.  17. 
FREEBIAN,  Rev.  JOSEPH,  from   the  Ut  Ch.  in 

Hanover,  Mass.,  July  26. 
FRINK,  Rev.  B.  MERRILL,  from  the  CentnJ  Ch. 

in  Portland,  Me.,  Aug.  18. 
GURNEY,  Rev.  JOHN  H.,  from  the  Ch.  fai  New 

Braintree,  Mass.,  July  7. 
HUBBELL,  Rev.  STEPHEN,  from  the  Cong.  Ch. 

iu  North  Stonington,  Conn.,  April  6. 
KIMBALL,  Rev.  WOODBURY  S.,  from  the  Ch.  ia 

Dexter,  Me..  July  8. 
MUNSON,  Rev.  MYRON  A.,  from  the  Ch.  in  Pitti- 

ford,  Vt.,  June  28. 
PARKER,  Rev.  LEONARD  S.,  fit»m  the  1st  Ch.  ia 

Derry,  N.  H.,  June  21. 
SHOREY,  Rev.  H.  ALLEN,  fh)m  the  Ch.  in  Isit 

Orrington,  Me.,  July  27. 
SOMES,  Rev.  AlfTHUR  A.,  from  the  Ch.  in  Wflrt 

Warren,  Mass. 
TOLMAN,  Rev.  GEORGE  B.,  frt>m  the  Ch.  in  Shel- 
don, Vt.,  June  29. 
WHITING,  Rev.  LYMAN,  d.  p.,  from  the  Ch.  hi 

Duhnque,  lo.,  Julv  29. 
WOOD  WORTH,  Kev.  HENRY  D.,  from  the  Umoo 

Ch.  iu  We.^tford,  Mass.,  June  13. 
WOOD  WORTH,  Rev.  HORACE  B.,  from  the  Ch.  in 

Ellington,  Conn. 


MINI3TEB8  MARRIED. 

1869. 

ATKINSON  —  GUERNSEY.      In  Dubuque,  lo., 

July  29,  Rev.  J.  L.  Atkinson,  of  Iowa  Falls, 

to  Mi.«<s  Carrie  E.  Guernsey,  of  Dubuque. 
BACON  —  STAPLE.S.    In  New  Haven,  Conn. ,  Rev. 

Elward  W.  B-iron  to  Miss  Mary  £.  Staple*. 

both  of  New  Haven. 
BARTLETT  —  BROWN.      In  Sherbum,  N.  Y., 

Rev.  Dwight  K.  Bartlett,  of  Rochester,  to 

Miss  Ijolla  L.  Brown. 
BELL  —  LOUD.    In  Bo.iton,  Mass.,  July  27,  Rev. 

Samuul   Bell,  of  Groton  Junction,  to  Miss 

Mar>'  E.  I^ud,  of  Boston. 
BOWERS       HART.      In  .Macon,  Mo.,  June  22. 

Rev.    Albert   Bowers,    to    iSMs  Melvina  S. 

Hart,  of  Hnrmar,  Ohio. 
CHURCHILL  —  DONALD.      In   Andover,  Mass., 

July  27,  liov.  Prof.  J.  Wesley  Churchill  to 

Miss  Mary  J.  Donald,  of  Andover. 
Dk  FOREST  —  ROBBINS.    In  Muscatine, To.,  Rev. 

Henry  S.  De  Forest,  of  Des  Moines,  to  Mill 

Anna  M.  Robbins,  of  Muscatine. 
HARDING  —  BALLANTINK.    In  Amherst, Ma«., 

Rev.  Charles  Harding,  of  Bombay,  India,  to 

Miss  EUzabeth  D.  Ballantine. 


1869.] 


Congregational  Quarterly  Record. 


^n 


HAZEN  —  THOMPSON.    In  Eaat  Windfor  Uill, 

Conn.,  ReT.  Aael  W.  Haien,  of  Middletown, 

to  Mlw  Harj  B.  Thompson. 
HOSMBR  ~  COLEMAN.     In  Nantucket,  Mam., 

ReT.  Samuel  D.  Hoemer,  to  Min  Susan  II. 

Ooleman,  both  of  Nantucket. 
MARSHALL  —  CROSBY.     In  Danburj,  Conn., 

Rey.  Henry  G.  Bianihall,  of  Aron,  to  Bliss 

Mariette  Crosby,  of  Danbury. 
MILLER ~ PARDEE.      In  New  Haren,  Conn., 

June  10,  Rer.  Wm.  Miller,  of  Killingworth, 

to  Hannah  E.  Pardee. 
aOBIS  —  ^nOOIN.    in  Vaasalboro',  Me. ,  July  6, 

Rer.  Bei^jamin  A.  Robie,  of  Waterville,  to 

Lucy  H.  Wiggin,  of  Vassalboro'. 
8TETENS  —  FITCH.     In  Attleboro'.  Mass. ,  July 

14,  Rer.  Henry  M.  Sterens,  of  Kansas  City, 

Mo.,  to  Mrs.  Sarah  A.  Fitch,  of  Lawrence, 

Kan. 
TOMLINSON  —  HAZELTON.    In  Chester,  N.  H. , 

Rev.  J.  Logan  Tomlinson,  to  Mrs.  H.  M. 

Haxelton. 
WHITNEY  —  WURTS.    In  Geneva,  HI.,  Aug.  8, 

Rey.  Henry  M.  Whitney  to  Miss  Frances 

Worts. 


FITZ,  Rey.  DANIEL,  d.  d.,  in  Ipswich,  Mass., 

Sept.  2,  aged  74. 
HUNT,  Rey.  DANIEL,  in  Pomfret,  Conn.,  July  2. 
JONES,  Rey.  THOMAS  N.,   hi  North  Reading, 

Mass.,  Aug.  29,  aged  48.  ^ 

LOUGHEAD,  Rey.  JAMES,  in  Morris,  IK,  June 

24,  aged  64. 
MORDOUOH,  Rey.  JOHN  M.,  in  Gorham,  Me., 

Sept.  6,  aged  68. 
RICHARDSON,  Rey.  WILLIAM,  in  Manchester, 

N.  H.,  Sept.  6,  aged  68. 
SALTER,  Rey.  JOHN   W.,  in  Mansfield,  Conn., 

July  6,  aged  71. 
SANDERSON,  Rey.  STEPHEN,  in  Sweden,  Me., 

June  80,  aged  82. 
SWAIN,  Rey.  LEONARD,  ©.  ©.,  in  Providence, 

R.  I.,  July  14,  aged  48. 
WOODBRIDGE,  Rey.  JOHN.  d.  d.,  Sept.  26,  in 

Waukegan,  Wis.,  aged  86. 


XnnSTEBS  DECEASED. 

1869. 

ALLBNDER,    Rey.    THOMAS,   in  New  London, 

Conn.,  Sept.  17,  of  Wc^tnampton,  Mass. 
BSNTLEY,   Rev.  CHARLES,  in   Berlin,   Conn., 

July  28,  aged  70. 
CHAPMAN,    Key.   EDWARD   D.,   in   Raymond, 

N.H.,  Sept  17,  aged  60. 
OURTIS,  Rey.  DAVID,  hi  East  Stoughton,  Mass., 

Sept.  12. 
DAY,  Rey.  PLINY  B.,  d.  d.,  hi  Hollis,  N.  H.,  July 

6,  aged  68. 
ELLIOTT,  Rey.  S.  H.,  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Sept. 

FELT,  Rev.  JOSEPH  6.,  LL.D.,  in  Salem,  Mass., 
Sept.  8,  aged  79. 


MIKI8TEB8'  WIVES  DECEASED. 

1869. 

BAILEY.  Mrs.  ROGENA  AMIRA,  wife  of  Rev. 

John  G.,  in  Hyde  Park,  Tt.,  .May  8,  aged  28. 
BARSTOW,  Mrs.  ELIZABETH  F.,  wife  of  Rev. 

Zodekiah  S.,  x>.  d.,  in  Keene,  N.  H.,  aged  77. 
CRUICKSIIANKS,  Mrs.  ANNA  M.,  wife  of  Rev. 

James,  in  Spencer,  Mam.,  Aug.  1,  aged  86. 
EMERSON,  Mrs.  ELIZABETH  B.,  wife  of  Rer. 

John  D.,  in  BIddeford,  Ble.,  aged  84. 
HOPLEY,  Mrs.  MARY  S.,  wife  of  Rev.  Samuel,  In 

Norwich,  Conn.,  July  14,  aged  40. 
LOBDELL,  Mrs.  Julia  A.,  wile  of  Rev.  Francis,  in 

Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
MERRILL,  Mn.  CLARISSA  E.,  wife  of  the  lat« 

Rev.  Stephen,  in  Conway,  N.  H.,  July  12, 

aged  69. 
N ALL.  Mrs.  ANN,  wife  of  Rev.  James,  in  Detroit, 

Mich.,  Aug.  18,  aged  72. 
RANSOM,  Mrs.,    wife  of  the  Rev.  Cyrenius,  of 

Wadham  Falls,  N.  Y.,  June  23. 


592  Ameriean  Congregational  Auodation.  [Oct 


AMERICAN  CONGREGATIONAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Th^'  House  "  or  "  Home  "  to  be  called  "  Congregational,"  has  not  yet  its  conner 
itone  laid  nor  its  exact  site  selected.  The  importance  of  having  such  a  building  in  Bos- 
ton, and  that  at  the  earliest  practicable  date,  is  felt  by  a  few ;  bnt  these  few,  alas,  have 
not  the  means  to  realize  the  object  they  so  much  wish  to  see  speedily  accomplished. 
The  problem  is  how  to  reach  those  who  have  the  means,  and  persuade  them  to  make  the 
long-needed  investment.  The  outlay  must  be  large  absolutely,  indeed,  but  not  large  rela- 
tively. Let  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  be  given  by  one  individual,  with  which  to  boild 
the  strictly  fire-proof  part  of  the  great  edifice,  for  the  Library  and  precioos  mementos 
of  the  Pilgrims,  giving  it  his  name,  and  placing  in  it  his  life-size  portrait,  —  what  a 
monument  it  would  be,  and  what  a  blessing  to  the  whole  world !  And  yet  there  is  a 
goodly  number  of  Congregaiionalists  who  would  scarcely  miss  that  amount  of  money, 
and  to  whom  such  an  opportunity  for  eminent,  permanent,  and  wide  usefulness  can  bat 
seldom  occur.  Such  a  gift  would  lead  to  other  and  smaller  gifts  which  would  at  once 
secure  the  long  desired  "  Home." 

There  are  more  than  twice  ten  good  Congregationalists  who  could  give  ten  thousand 
dollars  each ;  and  each  have  an  alcove  to  bear  his  own  name,  or  the  name  of  a  parent, 
or  child,  or  friend,  thus  giving  to  posterity  the  evidence  of  his  appreciation  of  the  great 
doctrines  and  simple  chureh  polity  of  the  founders  of  New  England,  and  his  desire  to 
perpetuate  the  institutions  which  have  made  New  England  the  moral  garden  of  the 
world.  It  is  firmly  believed  tliat  the  first  ten  thousand  thus  given  would  be  a  signal  of 
speedy  success. 

There  are  certainly  two  hundred  good  Congregationalists  who  could,  without  any  msr 
terial  embarrassment,  give  one  thousand  dollars  each,  thus  placing  his  name  at  the  head  of 
a  section  in  some  alcove  as  a  perpetual  witness  of  his  love  for  truth,  and  the  great  prin- 
ciples of  Christian  and  civil  liberty,  and  ten  such  gifts  would  open  the  way  to  speedy  and 
complete  success. 

All  will  admit  that  there  must  be  at  least  two  thousand  good  Congregationalists  out 
•  of  a  membership  of  three  hundi*cd  thousand,  who  could  easily  give  one  hundred  dollars 
each,  thus  securing  an  amount  that  would  place  this  institution  on  a  permanent  basis, 
and  give  a  Home  to  our  brotherhood  throughout  the  country  when  coming  to  this  Pil- 
grim land,  and  a  place  for  all  our  benevolent  societies  which  have  offices  here,  and 
create  a  centre  of  moral  and  religious  power  that  could  not  fail  to  be  felt  for  good  fiir 
and  wide,  and  that,  too,  for  all  coming  time. 

We  wait  to  hail  and  welcome  the  first  giver  of  cither  of  the  amounts  named  above,  or 
of  any  amount;  as  God  may  put  it  into  the  heart  of  his  steward.  The  smallest  sums 
are  helpful,  and  are  thankfully,  though  quite  too  seldom,  received. 

We  can  report  encouraging  progress  in  the  receipt  of  books  and  valuable  pamphlets. 
Of  the  latter,  three  hundr&l  and  ten  were  given  to  the  Library,  last  week,  by  Mrs.  L. 
H.  Palmer,  of  Suffield,  Conuecticut,  consisting  of  ordination,  funeral;  election  sermons, 
results  of  councils,  controversies,  &c.,  &c.,  bearing  date  from  1719  to  1815,  —  a  valuable 
accession  to  our  already  rich  stores  in  this  line  of  literature. 

Wc  invite,  most  cordially,  any  and  every  member  of  Congregational  churehes  to  come 

in  and  look  over  our  collection  of  books,  pamphlets,  and  manuscripts ;  to  bring  or  send 

to  us  anything  they  may  have  of  books  or  pamphlets,  not  wanted  where  they  are,  —  to 

send  or  leave  with  us  one  dollar,  if  they  will,  to  make  themselves  life-members 

of  this  Association  ;  or  what  is  better,  twenty-five  dollars  to  constitute  each  an 

Honorary  Life  Director.    Let  anything  sent  here  be  directed  to 

ISAAC  P.  LANGWORTHY, 
September  28, 1869.  40  WinUr  Street^  BosUm,  Mm. 


1869.] 


American  Congregational  Union. 


598 


AMERICAN  CONGREGATIONAL  UNION. 


The  growth  of  the  work  of  the  Union  is  illustrated  in  the  amount  which  has  been 
paid  out  by  the  Treasurer  since  the  present  financial  year  commenced.  The  Annual 
Report  in  May,  as  puhliihed  in  the  Quarterly  in  July,  gave  the  appropriations  np  to  the 
close  of  the  year.  The  following  sums  have  been  paid  since  that  time  to  the  chnrchea 
named. 

Congregational  Church,  Antiocb,  Contra  Costa  Co., 


California, 


Ut 
1st 
1st 
Ortho. 


1st 

l8t 
l8t 

Ist 
WeUh 


(( 


It 


II 


II 


11 


II 


<< 


41 


II 


II 


II 


II 


II 


<l 


II 


II 


l< 


II 


Colored  " 


Ist 


Evang. 


tt 


(t 


i< 


l€ 


11 


II 


II 


II 


II 


II 


II 


II 


tl 


tl 


tt 


it 


II 


II 


II 


II 


II 


II 


II 


II 


II 


II 


ft 


tt 


tt 


tt 


it 


tt 


Rio  Vista,  Solano  Co. 

Cheyenne,  Laramie  Co. 

Lincoln,  Lancaster  Co. 

Olathe,  Johnson  Co. 

Prairie  City,  Jasper  Co. 

Durant,  Cedar  Co. 

Shell  Rock  Falls,  Ccrro  Gordo  Co. 

Big  Rock,  Scott  Co. 

Atlantic,  Cass  Co. 

Mt.  Sterling,  Crawford  Co. 

Wyanet,  Bureau  Co. 

Odell,  Livingston  Co. 

Ludlow,  Champaign  Co. 

Greenville,  Bond  Co. 

Ilubbardston,  Ionia  Co. 
Clio,  Genesee  Co. 
Springfield,  Summit  Co. 

Thompson,  Geauga  Co. 

Gretna,  Jefferson  Parish, 
Smyrna,  Chenango  Co. 


II 


$400 
450 

Wyoming  Ter,  (loan),      500 


Nebraska, 

Kansat, 

Iowa, 


tt 


tt 


tt 


It 


Wisconsin, 
Illinois, 


•( 


II 


II 


400 
500 
500 
300 
400 
400 
400 
400 
500 
400 
500 


u  {  ji  loan  specially )  ,  -ww. 
]    contributed,     p»"*~ 


Michigan  (loan), 
tt 

Ohio, 


tt 


{  $  100  specially  ) 
(    contributed,    ) 


Louisiana, 
New  York, 


500 
200 
350 

450 

500, 

300 

500 


New  Lots,  East  Now  York,  Kings  Co.  " 

PackardvUle,  Mass.    {  ^%P cial,"  (    ^'^ 

Tyngsboro',  Middlesex  Co.  "  500 

\,S27AA 
536.21 


II 


II 


II 


(special) 
Colorado  (special), 


Boulder,  Boulder  Co. 

S  13,213.65 

This  is  about  $5,000  more  than  was  paid  out  during  the  same  months  of  the  preced- 
ing year.  The  Union  has  53  churches  now  on  its  hands  in  the  process  of  erection, — 
but  has  not  the  funds  necessary  to  complete  them, — and  new  cases  are  being  constant- 
ly urged  upon  its  attention.  God  in  his  providence  is  calling  upon  the  churches  for 
renewed  exertions,  and  for  greater  sacrifices.  New  villages  are  springing  up,  and  new 
churches  are  being  formed  with  greater  rapidity  than  ever  before.  Will  not  our  breth- 
ren in  the  older  States  regard  the  divine  call,  and  meet  the  issues  of  the  hour?  Ther 
is  no  time  to  be  lost.    It  was  while  men  slept  that  the  enemy  came  and  sowed  tares. 

Rev.  Ray  Paluer,  d.  d.,  Corresponding  Secretary, 

49  Bible  House,  New  York. 
Rev.  C.  CusiiiNO,  Corresponding  Secretary, 

16  Treroont  Temple,  Boston,  Massachusetts. 
Ni  A.  Calkins,  Treasurer,  146  Grand  Street,  New  York. 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


HfvtM. — Thli  Index  includes  all  the  names  of  penons  menttoned  in  tUs  rolmiMi,  «»OM>i 
of  ministera  pven  in  the  General  Statlntics,  which  are  indexed  alphabetkally  on  pages  IfiO 
names  of  President*,  &r  of  the  United  States,  pages  276-278,  and  the  names  of  studento  In  " 
Beminaries,  pages  2<9-284,  which  are  there  arranged  alphabetically  in  each  class. 

The  reader  is  reminded  that  a  particular  nune  frequently  occurs  more  than  once  on  the 
and  that  the  same  name  is  M>moUmes  rariously  spelled. 

For  general  topics  see  Table  of  Ccmtents,  pp.  iii.,  iv. 


Abbot,  Abbott,      75, 78,  79, 806,  !  Barton, 
312.  446,  458,  578  ;  Bascom, 


.M— ,      1,  2,  7, 10. 13,  67, 171,  I  Bass, 
178,  il9,  347,  aw,  821, 875, 377,  I  Ritchclder, 
448, 468, 476,  525, 526,  542    Bat«, 
Agassis,  581  i  Baxter, 

Agnew,  807    Bay  ley, 

A&en,  67, 428, 447  ;  Bayliss, 

Albro,  566  '  Beach, 

Alcott,  584    Beal,  Beals, 

AUsn,  170    Beaman, 

AUbrd,  214,384    Bean, 

Alton,  190,  305, 312, 876, 877. 378,    Beard, 
468,461,473,476    ~ 


205 

876,877,878 

846 

46,49 


Brown.       46. 171. 291,  814. 889, 
340,841,485,486,600.691 
Bryan,  446,Mi 

»,^    Bryant,  415,481 

67,  691  i  Buck, 
244,268,268    Buckingham,    IH,  446,  448, 
840  1  Buckle, 


Altonder, 

AlTord, 

Amery, 


Beardsley 
820,  892  I  Becker, 


in 

691 

171,242 

668,690 

171 

21,447 

48 

179 


m.17^ 


269  I  Belden, 
Anderson,  176,280,282,449,668    BeU, 
Andr^,  477  j  Bellamy, 

Andrew,  Andrews,     67, 172, 204,  ;  Beman, 

887,420,421,448,546^51^5^,591    Benedict, 
Andrus,  180,  8^6,  377,  ^8    Bentley, 

Angel,  420  .  Bernard, 

Angelos.  354  \  Berry, 

Angier,  820  ;  Besa, 

Anthony,  l?i,  320,  321  i  Bickersteth, 

Appleton,  72, 189. 43ft  •  Bidwcll, 

Arms,  46, 57    Billings, 

Armstrong,  674  <  Bingham, 

Arnold,      44,  46,  49,  51,  2(4,  3li5  ,  Bubee, 
Ashley,  476    Biscoe, 

Ashton,  452    Biiihop, 

Athanasius,  29    Bbigden, 

Atkinson,  321, 330,  591  ;  BLako, 

Atwood,  54  1  Blak(>«lce. 

Augustine,  28,29.a>    Blanchard, 

Austin,  171, 172 

ATeriU,  42    Bli«, 

Arery,  17l»    Blwlgett, 

Ayer,  458    Blot. 

Babb,  X^>    Boardman, 

Backus.  66,  l>»^ .  BihIwcU, 

Bacon,  5ft,  64, 170. 172, 22*>.  257.    Bogue, 

W5, 270, 280, 281,445. 448.4^'.    Bond, 

4'31.553, 591    Boujthon, 
Badger,  321,461    Booth, 

Bailey,      19),  340,  377,  37S,  4i>,    Borchers. 

565.592    Bossuet. 
171.  312,  58»^.  .'i91    Bouton, 
375, 877 ,  543.  544    Bowcn , 
170,  172    Bowew, 
591    Boyd. 


691  !  Beecher.  68,  74,  78, 814, 821,822, 
441  i  4^,436,445,544,668,691 


in,  446 

690,691 

276 

189 

461 


Bndington,  67,821,448,461,01 

Buel,  174 

BnU, 

BnUard, 

Bullen, 

Bullock, 

Bnnyan, 

Bulge, 

Burgees, 

Buigoyne, 

Bumham,    1,  ITS,  345, 827, 4HL 


60,  875,877,8f8 


M, 


44S 


in,191,444,SM 

446 

968,4a,4B 

617 


814 
178,80,446,  on 


17D 


Baker. 

BaUwin, 

Bale, 

Ballantlne, 

Bampton, 

Bancroft, 

Barbour, 

BardweU, 

Barlow, 

BamarU, 


Burr, 
Burt, 
Burton, 
602'  Bushee, 
404  I  Bushnell, 
840    Butcher, 
440    Butler, 
806,678    Butterfleld, 
476    Butts, 
586    Byfind, 
846, 446 '  Byington, 
179  I  Byles, 
in  '  Oabot, 
591    Cady, 
171, 1?2    Cwiar, 
in,180,821,564Calamy, 
170  '  Caldwell, 
170,  in,  290, 299.    t'alef, 

»6, 321.  822    Calboun,  ^.^ 

170. 827    Calkins,  177,319,826,461,472,894 

822,445    Call,  818 

579    CalTin,     8,80,176,399,439,440 

172. 9l«    Camp,  179,481 

170,179.282.591    CampbeU,  170.  301,  SS,  452 

489    Carvv,  561 

170,19i),aU,458    C^nithers.  171,908 

241    Carter,      269, 806. 310.  6«8, 677, 

242, 2S3  

33>    Cartlidge, 
268    Case, 
285.294,321,448    Ca». 

461  C^nlkfaM, 
83i>,691  Chalmers. 
321,445    Chamberlafai, 


176, 267,  SB 
446 
400 
68.65 


MIV.  VXJ,  Ol  f , 

678,679,691 
180 
170,481 
446 
471 


2,6.8,9,a58.2?»  BraJ>v, 

172.279.322  Braa.«freet, 

375,3ir8  Bragg. 

242  Braman. 

83h  Brandt 

822,421.460.461.473  Brattle, 

558,5^  Bray, 

322  Brvrkenridge, 

1?*>  Bre»d. 

17.  ai8.  3^.  311.  446  Bivw»ter, 

63.71.172.191.202.  Brijgmu. 

448.461.665.590.692  Br%p, 

•ftrttott,    170.172.250.255,266.  Brooke, 

867,SS8,82L\331,322.445.  Bnwks. 

446,681  Bross, 


574,676    BraJfoi^.     15, 171, 1^,  4i>l.  449    Chambers. 


38,48,821 


Barrows, 


69, 43).  432  .  Chandler,  190 

839, 341  '■  Chaner,  180 

458  ■  Chapin.  62, 189, 490,  M5. «». 

liM  648. 6B6 

176    Chapman,  822,^7.488,447, 

¥»  460,68S.6tt 

821    Cfaamock,  858, 80 

65    Chase,       ITS,  180. 280, 281, 8a, 

447  828,447 

961,450    Chancer,  8Sf 

380    Channcy,  188,  888, 89 

in    Chccklcy,  18 

586    Cberw,  4» 

t,600    CbelUs, 

inj- 


Index  of  Names. 


695 


Cbewbrongh, 

Childs, 

Choate, 

Chrysoatom, 

Church. 

Churchill, 

Olafgett, 


172,458 

434,446 

76,851 

213,828 

80,172 
280, 445, 591 
180 


CUpp,        aOO,  830,  822,  468,  547 

CUrk,  81, 170, 171, 172, 246, 821, 

876, 377, 446.  446, 449, 

458,  m,  691 

Clarke,       74,  810, 811,  814.  821. 

o40,  44o 

Clarkflon,  345, 849 
Claayeland,  876,  377, 378, 553, 591 

Clement,  210, 486 

Cllft,  821 

Cloyse,  242 

Coftl,  840 

Cobb,  172,  447,  590 

Oobum,  822 

Cochran,  171,  446,  440 

Codington,  180 

Coffin,  487 

CoavreU,  170, 822 

CoTbnm,  446 

Colbj,  840 

Coleman,  592 

Coleridgie,  353 

Colikz,  436 

Collier,  202 

Collins,  468,  488,  484 
Colman,      888, 335, 44<>,  447,  663 

Colton,  322,375,378 

Combes,  840 

Condit.  658 

Conklin,  820 
Cook,  Cooke,  53,  299, 321, 340, 690 

Cqpley,  821 

Cooper,  18 

Conlley,  446 

Corey,  170, 468 

Cornell,  856 

Cower,  285,286 

Corlejr,  840 

Corwin,  820 
Cotton,       176, 189,  323,  824,  462 

Couch,  840 

Cowlee,  50,  56,  72 

Cowley,  304, 673 

Cowper,  49 

Craig.  49 

Crawford,  501 

Crittenden,  312 

Crofoot,  476 

CromweU,  184,485 

Croeby,  653, 692 

CroM,  840 

Croswell,  446 

Crowcil,  76 

Crowther,  591 

Cmden,  581 

Cruickshankii,  592 
Comming,  Cumming9,190,108,439 

Carrier,  180 

Cnrtifl,  170,  375,  591, 692 
Cashing,    177,826,432,468,461, 

471,  £^ 


Cutler, 
Cutter, 
CuTier, 
BmU, 

I>alrymple, 

Oalton, 

My, 

Bans, 

DaoMson, 

Darling, 

Daacomt), 

DAwnport, 


170,  331,  666 

820,468 

621 

170 

67,170,446,460 

268 

6 

404 

821 

808 

446 

820 

69 

172,176,468 


Daries,  178 
Daris,  66,445,446,462,461,590 
Day,    178,281,320,446,446,502 

Dean,  821 

De  Forent,  821,  591 

Do  LoM  Lore,  820,  600 

De  Maistre,  670 

Demarest,          *  690 

Deming,  172 

De  Molay,  487 

Demont,  242, 804 

Denison,  172, 287 

Dennen,  821 

Dennct,  180 

DePonleroy,  676 

De  Ranuiai,  441 

DeRavlgnan,  576 

De  Segur,  •  670 

Deox-Ponts,  75 

De  Wolf,  837 
Dexter,                26,  445,  555,  690 

Dickerson,  171 

Dickinflon,  821, 483 

Dickson,  171 

Dike,  320 

Dimmock,  172 

Dodd,  580,  583,  684 

Doddridge,  74 

Dodge,  72,  309,  320 

Dole,  340 
Donahoe,   486,441,670,571,679 

Donald,  591 

Dor6,  74 

Doremoii,  690 

Dorr,  331, 337 
Douglas,     170, 320, 357,  376, 590 

Dowije,  320, 591 

Drake,  11,  170 

Draper,  307,  312,  440 

DrietMcn,  203 

Duche,  13, 14 

Duncklee,  322 

Dunn,  66 

Dunning,  322, 446 

Dupouloup,  570 

Duren,  178 

Dutch,  591 
Dwight,       51, 181,  282,  321,  376, 

37< ,  378 

Dwinell,  446 

Dyer,  304 

Dyke,  461 

Eastman,  69,321,446 

Eaton,  189, 468 

Ebbeke,  807 

Ebbs,  171 

Eddy,  653 

EdgoU,  66 


Eells, 

Egglcfiton , 

Eldredge, 

Eliot, 

Elisabeth, 

Ellingwood, 

Ellin  wood, 


33^,  34(J,  47i,  bli 
516 
446 
600 
10 
589 
189 
436 


Elliott,        204,  262,  274,  446, 592 
Ellis,  .    176,180,468 

Ellsworth,  421 

Ely,  287 

Emerson,  46,  51 ,  59, 248, 378, 468, 

690,592 
Emery,  179, 244 

Emmons,  199  ' 

English,  807  1 

Erskine,  266 

Bsty,  46  ; 

Eustis,  321 

Breleth,  248 


Brerest,  461 

Brerett,  14. 814 

Pairbaim,  810 

Fairbanks,  46,  60, 296,  480 
Fairchild,   282,420,672,678,574 

Farel,  #440 

Famsworth,  *       449 

Farrar.  61,64 

Farwell,  178 

Fay,  68, 171 

Feemster,  819 

Fellows,  821 

Felt,  447, 682 

F^nelon,  266, 441 

Fenn.  686 

Fonwick,  171 

Fefuenden.  189, 468 
Field,              46,51,52,449,680 

Fields,  78,  436,  437,  586 

Finney,  282, 673 

Fish,  616,617 
Fisher,  6,189,282,321,377,568 
Fisk,  Fij.ke,  50, 170, 171,288,808, 
304,821,322,341,468,460 
Fitch,  62,281,376,377,878,421^ 

Fits,  ^,  692 

Fletcher,  248, 246 

Flint,  876,468 

Fobes,  •        16 

Folsom,  241,  248,  686 

Force,  13 
Ford,     79,  314,  321,  436,  468, 691 
Foster,     46,46,58,170,172,179, 
294,  296,  820,  446 

Fowler,  68,  840,  625 

Fox,  446 

Foxcroft,  886 

Francis,  446 

Franklin,  260 

Freeman,  IH,  189,  820,801 

French,  85,  322,  458,  461 

Frink,  '691 

Frost,  449 

Frothingham,  7 

Frowein,  427 

Fuller,  179 

Furber,  180 

Fyfleld,  14 

aage,  8, 170,  446 

Uale,  447,  458,  680 

Oallaudet,  375, 878 

Gallup,  446 

Oalusha,  430, 483 

Garbett,  574, 676 

Gardner,  44«,  498 

Garland,  178 
Oarlt,  517,  518,  520,  525,  526,  627 

Gay  lord,  171 

Gerould,  821 

Gerrish,  286 

Gerry,  170, 172 

Giddings,  375,  377,  878 

Gilbert,  46,  49,  69,  821 

Giles,  846 

Gill.  74 

Gillett,  62, 68. 190 

GUlies,  344, 848,  848 

Gihnan,  846 

Gilson,  42 

Gladstone,  894, 486 

Gleason,  446 

Glidden,  822,446 

Goethe,  686 

Gold,  875,877,878 

Goldsmith,  468 

Goodell,  42,  47,  56, 67, 60 

Goodhue,  67,60.840 

Goodman,  59,80 

Goodrich,  69,  822, 421 
Goodwin,    268,821,889,445,446 

Gordon,  479, 480 

Gorges,  2<1 


Index  of  Namet. 


Oonld,  n.  W;  24'.  308.  aOS.  32!. 

ItllchuK 

,       65,66,68,68,170, 
376, 42" 

Kd«, 

'876:377 

378.461,608,67* 

sn 

Onfaud,  dnih 

Lvhmu, 

HI 

Onndiy, 

Hobbi.,' 

H6,4R 

171,  317,  422 

ei.  Ml- 

I*mbf      ' 

G«x7' 

63  376  378 

"trl^Q, 

M» 

681 

koIj:,; 

undo^; 

m 

Oma'hntm 

78, 174, 175, 178 

Hold™, 

846, 460,  HO,  W 

76, 29r>,  468, 690 

5:11 

'.               M 

ar«Di6.r, 

'301,3to;3M 

IlDbdK.,' 

171,172,iaj,^^!J.^, 

L»i«worthy, 

'"•s-.'a.s 

GjS*^b, 

686 

LanptHSr, 

170,in,4M 

emna,  d, 63 389 .321 ,531,337,340 

7,5S,S2.1n,176,324 

l^om. 

n 

Orire». 

440, 4:«,  477, 6fiO,  51.1 

u™«i. 

(7t,«t 

a31,333,3Ml    II«.p..r, 

■ii- 

Lsurle, 

72,  78,  304,  a* 

259,280,261  lUopHim, 

269,302,820,321,4211, 
460, 476, 47<>.663.5.''.n, 

iS^T"' 

170,ieo,M6,(« 

Op™i. 

M 

672,673,674,57; 

3Z1,W 

0«w, 

424    nopL^T, 

LmiIII, 

s;,iBo,».ttt 

449,691  iHuppln, 

2S0,4SS.4p 

Gufidl*^' 

L«,  ''3,fc.B0.3')4,30S.aiO.IU. 

IS"' 

180,  420,  U6  1  H^™bkl^ 

2«.a^ 

813 

•"■'^ASi 

Mil      1  OURh, 

447 

Ojl«,^' 

34.1  1  II,.«gl,» 

,  76. 808. 307, 668, 67S 

LeigbWQ, 

iao,w 

Gujot, 

382    HouH, 

Leonlnt, 

m,2B8,ni 

Ouimn. 

680    H<,™d. 

in.l72.l,vl 

LBC«bo, 

Ml 

UkIuh, 

75,»»,B78 

Ho«, 

ISO,  2)3.  44-; 

Lellk, 

1U11«,, 

423 

UMnwr, 

ITS,  180,  au,  Ml 

H^ 

335,409, 442,  448 

Uoyl, 

810,  377 

LlggBt^ 

44£,<4I 

au.)-, 

243 

Uublard 

180,320,821.  IW 

UlT, 

tu 

Htll,      49,  GZ 

ITu,  171, ISO.  204, 

Uubbcll, 

1-0, 446,  in 

Un»bi,      72,  308, 308.481,  IH, 

2*6,299,309  330,330,432,446. 

488, 688,  M 

658,688 

876,  877 

LipplQTOlt, 

4* 

Hillock, 

82,686 

Hum 

vr..m.fi'i 

Utwll, 

IT 

SSS,^ 

376.877,878 

Hantlngl. 

n,      178,349,4fi8,6TJ| 

8ta,>M 

Uuntr™ 

ITI 

Kurd,   ; 

ITS,  306, 807, 668, 07^ 

Llnn^'lT,   ' 

xe 

Ln 

W    l"ron. 

Lobdfll, 

Hinling, 

320,321,322,691  ,1  alcMat 

170, +Hi 

Lockwood, 

614 

amlj.*' 

61,449.450    HutcblDtx 

n,                    2,6,6i«J 

Lon«l«, 

in 

H«low. 

ILunia, 

170    au.L.-y, 
8T4   1  ya«, 

179,  331, 376.  MS 

Lord,  fro,  171 

1S',^,ia;S 

Huper, 

■7, 78,79,430,4121  Ids, 

LMhrop. 

^sai 

HwrinRtaD, 

430,4«a    liwlo-, 

Loud, 

Sft.,  ""■S-.a'iS;!®:- 

1?2 

grsft.. 

•41 

Uanlu, 

■aoo|i.w. 

r>t 

Horl, 

m 

an,  pi  j^..^-,. 

J««.Ml., 

682, 51"  1 

I"""'!, 

172,243,246,480 


Jtmll, 

178,848,375,378 

Sv^fKBrffii 

*S9,6Wr,6»2 

IjordHr., 

1  JuJhjd, 

170 

1  Ki^llogK, 

189,2D8,aT6,^3 

KqUtj, 

178,321 

578 

840 

1  Kilpsl'rlck 

88 

178,240,286,370,378, 

565,691 

gu.. 

322;  441 

469 

Ktng.Hbuii 

376,877,378,447,459 

171,2«0,5&3 

321, 420, 418, 4S1 

KiKiTNV, 

42  821 

303 

K^Sl.t?''' 

170,180,839 

u""' 

338 

aw,  340,841 

am 

Lunt, 

TS,  7S 

Lulber, 

8, 21, 28.684 

3'JD,a2l.44« 

;ir,i,u» 

2H5 

422,430,431 
WO 

M».uKv 

■m 

siidin^r 

4T7 

Miaat., 

420.461.546 

H.1UU., 

573.  WO 

Millby, 

3U 

Minn, 

4» 

MuQlDg, 

in,  280 

4*8,480,181 

MbdhI, 

tss 

Httvb,' 

MO 

Uud«D, 

Marlins, 

Huilh,^, 

17,88,170  246,420,460 

Index  of  Namei. 


597 


Ifanini, 

McArthor, 

MeCaU, 

McChesner, 

McClintock, 

McDnffee, 

McOhiley, 

MeOregor, 

McKean, 

HcKeen, 

McLean, 

McLoud, 

McNal, 

UmA, 

Means, 

Melancthon, 

Melledge, 

Mellen, 

Merrick, 


48 
487 

80 
170 
445 

77 

446 

691 

660 

294 

876, 877,  878 

170 

446 

690 

280 

80, 170,  820, 459 

440 

449,450 

180,245 

204 


NntUng, 

52,  69, 180 

Nve, 
Obbon, 

49 

840 

Ob<v. 

170 

Occum, 

842 

Ogle, 

260 

O'Leary, 

579 

Oliphant, 

286,289,459 

Onlway, 

840 

Orr, 

247,822 

Merrill,  67,  68, 179, 180,  246, 287, 

804,320,592 
Merriman,  170, 821,  420 

Merry,  690 

Merwin,  171 

Metcalf,  459 

Meyer,  585 

Miles,  m,  459 

Miller.  285, 581,  592 

Mills,  MiU,  62, 250, 290, 440,  443, 

545,  568, 577 
MUton,  51,806,354 

Mimpriss,  580 

Miner,  1?2 

Minot,  14 

Milehell,    840,875,877,878,459 
Miter,  449 

Mix,  172 

Monod,  30 

Montague,  179, 442 

Montcith.  180 

Mooar,  820, 449 

Moody,  248, 822 

Moore,       170,  IH ,  178,  321 ,  822, 
424,  425, 426, 886 
Moorhead,  841 

Moniough,  692 

Morgan,  282,  822,  446,  678 

Morley,  445 

Morrill,  244 

Morris,  181 

Morrison,  180,  420, 646, 649 

Morse,  47,  246, 421 

Moras,  840 

Morton,  446 

Moas,  204 

MUller,  571 

MUnger,  172, 287 

Munson,  691 

Mnrdoek,  447 

Murray,  171, 486 

MycaU,  846 

Nail,  692 

Napoleon,  857 

Nash,  299 

Neal,  443 

Neander,  17, 28, 227 

Nelson,  320 

Nettleton,  62 

NoTins,  810 

Newton,  49,267,489 

Nichols,        62,78,246,287,299, 
806, 876, 878, 684 
Nilei,  7 

Noble,  821, 446 

Noethen,  441, 671 

North,  6,  447,  662, 668 

Norton,  IH,  176, 820, 685 

Noit,  447 

Nowell,  840 

NoyM,  60,61,78,204,280,806, 
811,812,889,840,861.862, 
868,861,449,  469,684,686 


Osgood,  70,  78,  435,  487,  586, 589 

Otin,  5, 6,  8 

Ottman,  690 

Oriatt,  171 

Owen,  26,  32,  79,  263 

Oxnard,  447 

Packard,      66, 170, 184, 247, 248 

Page,  172,376,877,461 

PaiKe,  51 

Paine,  15, 172, 243,  488 

Palfrey,  175 

Palmer,     170, 177, 180, 248, 322, 

326,  446,  448,  459,  460,  461, 

471,  663,  598,  594 

Pardee,  220, 592 

Park,     45,  60, 170,  in,  280,  288, 

321,  445,  446,  460,  516,  517, 

518, 619,  520,  521,  522, 523, 

524,527 
Parker,      172,246,289,290,321, 
861, 362, 3t)d,  445,  446,  447, 
535,  536, 53f ,  5^,  m,  591 
Parmentvr,  447 

Parse  84^) 

Parsons,     171,  274, 321,  327,  445 
Patrick,  74 

Patten,  663 

Patton,  68,  321,  445,  416 

Paul,  287 

Payson,  876,660 

Peabody,  221,807,822 

Peacock,  690 

Pearson,  288 

Poase,  447 

Peck,  172 

Poet,  459 

Peirce,  889, 840 

Pclagius,  28 

Pendleton,  617 

Pepperell,  241 

Perkins,      67, 170,  298,  804,  404, 

424,469 
Perrin,  876, 878 

Perry,  172, 295 

Peters,  447 

PettengiU,  339 

Phelps,  68,  78, 280.  322,  661 

Phillemore,  670 

Phillipe,  Phillipe-le-Bel,  486,  437 
PhilUps,  219, 242, 310,  322 

Phinney,  180 

Phipps,  179,  321, 446 

Pierce,  46 

Pierpout,  250 

Pike,  839 

Pitman,  663 

Piuji  IX.,  18 

Piatt,  171 

Plumb,  171,  820,  445 

Plummer,  889 

Pomeroy,  170,  274,  822 

Pond,  179, 180, 190,199,279,  820, 

446 
Pool,  Poole,  74, 400 

Poor,  172, 876, 878 

Pope  446 

Porter,  68, 170, 180, 281,808, 875, 

554,690 
Post,  449,  461, 690 

Pott,  441 

Potter,  241 

PoweU,  691 

Powan,  821 


Presbury,  889 

Presidents  U.  8.  A.  see  pp.  276-8 

Preston,  297, 676, 676 

Priestly,  246 

Prim,  486 

Prince,  76,  77, 264, 446 

Proctor,  448, 469 

Puhdier,  172 

Punchard,  26 

Putnam,  170,  876, 877, 469 

Pynchon,  827 

Quint,  77,178,282,820,449 

Kaglan,  442 

Ramsai,  441 

Kand,  189,246.690 

Randolph,  8,  18,  78 

Rankin,  171 

Ranncy,  42, 58,  69 

Ranslow,  447, 690 

Ransom,  692 

Raphael,  854 

Raymond,  447 

Ree,  242 

iReed,  14,820,461 

Rclyea,  446 

Rcnan,  685,687,689 

Reynolds,  446 

Rhea,  69, 488 

Rich,  279,840 

Richards,  60,  62, 172, 180 

Richardson,  76,692 

RiggSf  821 

Rltter,  820 

Robbins,  250, 591 

Roberts.  IH,  442,  446,  578, 684 

Rol^ertson,  686 

Robie,  692 

Robinson,  48,  74. 178, 180, 220, 

268, 270,  307,  322,876,3n,  686. 

692 

Rockwood  447 
Rogers,     '206,340,848,446,686 

Rolfe,  10 

Roman,  440 

Root,  in,  821, 469 

Ropes,  280 

Rose,  170 

Ross  178 

Rossiter,  616 

Rowland,  691 

Roy,  66,  821, 680 

Roycc,  290 

Ruggles,  204 

Russell,  76, 170, 180, 204, 821 

Rutledgc,  12 

Sabin,  m 

Sage,  43,47,48,66,66 

Saint  Louis,  439,  440 

Salmon,  m 
Salter,       m ,  219,  446, 446, 606, 

667,683 

Samson,  840 

Sanders,  804, 446 

Hanford,  600 

Sargent,  804,  814,  446,  468 

Savage,  172,821,469 

Sawyer,  170,  in,  190, 840 

Scamman,  244 

Schaff,  28, 282 

Scots,  269 

Scott,  74,666 

Scotton,  268 

ScoTille,  66 
Scribner,  262,  302,  444, 668,  6n. 

677,fiBl 

Seabory,  46, 820 

Searl,  846, 848 

Seaton,  690 

Seaver.  *                     446 

Seccombe,  179, 820 

Sedgwick,  469 

Seelye,  170, 171, 446 

Segor,  489,487 


598 


Index  of  Name$. 


Berretus,  440 

Sessions,  42 

Serer,  447 

Brrermnce,  172, 821 

8«Tigae,  442 

Bewail,  170, 176, 190 

Shafler,  170 

Sharp,  4£8 

Shaw,  170, 469,  625 

Shay,  4, 488 

Shedd,  4^9 

Sheldon,  BIS,  488,  5?2 

Bhepard,  62.76,78,80,170.189, 
196, 26^,  3)4,  att,  310, 311, 
312,  313, 322, 324,  376, 377, 
43d,  443, 444, 448,  462.  476, 
683,686 
349 


Sherbom, 

Sherlock, 

Sherman, 

Shipman, 

Shoroy, 

Short, 

ShurtUfi; 

Shute, 

Sikes. 

SUliinan, 

Skinner, 

Sleeper, 

Sloan, 

Snuirt, 


346 

69,446 

446 

691 

243 

62,821 

682 

201 

6 

185, 187. 197,  658 

840 

.    170 

171,  691 


Smith,   Smyth.  75.  IH,  172,  179, 
241.280.  29S.3IJ6,  3)7,  820. 
821.  aw.  375,  376,  377.  420, 
446,  401,  475.  4h9.  649.  660, 
653.  578.  690 
Somorby,  810 

Somes,  691 

Sonic,  447 

Southey,  823, 586 

Southgate,  171 

Southmayd,  204 

South  worth,  337 

Spalding,  171,  44G.  691 

Spark,  488 

Spear,  296. 297 

Sprague.  70,204,309,310,459,481 
Sprccher,  546 

Spurgoon,  583 

Squier,  375,  378 

StaatK,  446 

Stackpole,  244 

Stonlcy,  28 

Stanton,  172 

Staples,  591 

Stark,  4K6 

StearnM,  171,  321,  420,  553 

Btedimtn,  56t) 

Steele,  375 

Sterry,  2ii0 

SteTi-nu,    46,  53,  55,  58, 170, 180 

Stewart  266, 3<)3 

SUcknev,  310 

SUieti,  *  2(V4 

Stocking,  304 

Stor.kwuU.  459 

Stoddard,  2^7,  269,  272,  304,  33<> 
Stone,  3-il,  445,  446,  45^,  460,  461 
Storn*,  50,  4»j0,  461 

Stougbton,  400 

Stow*.,  74, 172, 180,  a^,  553 

Stnitton,  170, 322 

StrauMi,  537 

Streeter,  171 

Strong,  48,  03, 170,  301,  327,  449 
.  450,  476, 578,  591 
Stuart,  %       193, 262, 375 

Sturgia  171, 172 

Stortevant,       320,  420,  448,  461, 

545  556 
Sugar,        617, 618,  619,  622,'  626 


SulUyan, 

Sumner, 

Swain, 

Swallow, 

Sweet, 

Sweetser, 

Swett, 

Swift, 


6,488 

60 

682 

•821 

450 

446.448,680,681 

840 

172.876.878 


Talcott,  78, 2T9.  376,  876,  421, 447 
Tallman.  468 

Tappan,  Toppan.  189,  340.  846 
Tavlor.  46.  52, 69. 171. 172. 178. 
180, 199,  280,  903.  321, 499.  446. 

680,691 
Tenent.  Tennont,  274.  383 

Tcnney,  171,  247.  469 

Terry.  179 

Thacher,       12, 13, 171, 172. 180. 

246.  293.  423 
Thayer,      201,  209.  280.  288.  307. 

459 

Tholuck,  854 

Thomas.  448 

Thompson,  72. 171.-261.  282,  286, 

292,  800,  801,  820.  828.  448. 

448.  459,  680,  m 
Throop,  68 

Thurston,  189, 801, 820,  691 

Thwing,  469 

Tilton,  246, 322 

Tingley,  446 

TiKhendorf,  811,  812, 685 

Titcomb,  840 

Titu«,  446 

Tohey,  448,  449, 691 

Todd,  300,821,840,446,654,591 
Tolman,  299, 681 

Tomlinson,  692 

Torrey,  172,261,446 

Towie,  446 

Town,  284 

Townshend,  49, 66 

Tracy,  246,266,822;^ 

Tiask,  822, 459 

Trow,  259 

Trowbridge,  66 

Tr.lbner,  807, 808 

Trumbull,  5 

Tucker,  67, 338,  33a 

Tunnel,  445 

Tuppcr,  171 

Turner,  172, 179,  245, 246.  257, 
445,  446, 449,  459,  56< ,  590 
Tuttle,  420,551,555 

Twiller,  319 

Twining.  320 

Twitcholl,  170 

Tyler,  63,  IH,  189,  321, 428,  424, 

630,  554,  5»J0,  590 
Underwood ,  63, 17 1 ,  321 ,  446 
Uphtim,  400 

Usher,  328, 401 

VaUl,  171,  300,  322 

Van  Rensselaer,  205 

Vauglian,  452 

Veitch,  259 

With,  441, 571 

Veney,  171 

Vermilye,  170, 282 

Vire-Pre»idents,  see  pp.  275  -278 
Vinei,  241 

Virgin,  171,322 

V.>gel,  3U7 

Von  Benst,  23 

Vow,  171, 180 

Wadleigh,  242 

IVadliu,  244 

Wmllon,  241 

Wadd worth,  10,  440 

Waitc,  66 

Wales,  180 

Walker,         62,68,172,178,446 


Wall,  74 

Wallace,  821,680,681 

Walley,  40 

Walton,  3» 

Walworth,  8& 

Ward,         in,  248, 298, 445. 4» 
WanlweU,  68,458 

Warren,     7,  9, 172, 178, 448, 4» 


Washburn, 

Washington, 

Waterman, 

Watkins,     * 

Watts, 

Webb, 

Wcbbw, 

Webster, 

Weir, 

Weld, 

Wellman, 

Welb, 


400 
357,478 

m 

68 

82,218,244,2a 

170,449 

aw 

244,246,246,260 

681 

48 

46,  68, 172, 8» 

1,2,6,9, 10,  8U,  389 


841 

263, 274, 3B 

473 

687 

4G8 

58,322,580 


Wentworth, 
Wesley, 
West, 

Weyescheider, 
Wheatland, 

Wheeler,  uo,  «•-*,  u«v 

Wheelock,  274,  827, 342,  343, 344 
^VheelwTight,  180,241,680 

Whipple,  68B 

White,  67,  800,  311, 876, 490, 4^, 

432  447  481 
Whitefleld,        244. 263/26&,*S78. 
274, 832,  836, 344,  84^  w 


Whitehill, 
Whiting, 
Whltmore, 
Whitney, 
Whiton, 
Whittier, 
Whittlesey, 
Wickes, 
Wickham, 
Wieshaupt, 
Wiggen,  Wiggin, 
Wilcox,  ^nilcox, 
Wild, 
Wilder, 
WilkeM, 

WiUard,      172,  243,  244,  251. 400 
Wlllet,  176 

Willey,  458 

Williams,    178, 241,  301,  820.  an 
322,  330,  447,  459,  666,  685, 580 


447 

458,681 

TV 

445,  690,  Sn 

m.  172,446 

864 

179,204 

«),681 

187, 3» 

48S 

76,76,581 

8» 

680 

459 

449, «» 


Willis 

Williston, 

Wills. 

Wllmot, 

Wilson, 

Winer, 

Wines, 

Wingate, 

^Vinslow, 

Winthrop, 

Wise, 

Wisner, 

Witbam, 

Wolcott 


201 

356,448 

581 

424 

176, 179, 363 

208,  2L«,  210, 307 

172 

244,245 

15,  446, 581 

16,261.^ 

682 

50 

245 

172,  448, 461 


Wood,  \Voods,  63.  54,63. 171.286 

3^10,  32^,  375,  438,  448,  460 

Woodbridge,      375,  377,  476, 693 

Woo<l  worth.  581 


noolsey,  1 

81,  281,  42D,  444,  581. 
681 

Works, 

388 

Worman, 

684 

Wright, 

171,  376, 878 

Wurts, 

681 

W>-att, 

940 

Wyman, 

821 

Tale, 

204,876,877 

York, 

519, 628, 6» 

Toung, 

170,242,681,681 

Congregaiiondl  Quarterly  Advertiser. 


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THB 


AMERICAN   TRACT   SOCIETY 


TO  THB 


CHRISTIAN   PUBLIC. 


Thb  Plan  of  Agreeoieoft  between  the  two  American  Tract  Societies  haWng^  been 
abruptly  abrogated  by  the  Boston  Society,  the  Ezecollye  Committee  of  the  New  Toik 
Society  referred  the  matter  to  the  fite  members  of  the  original  Committee  of  Collle^ 
ence  on  the  part  of  that  Society,  "to  prepara  and  issue  tnch  a  ststeoMit  of  tba  wfadls 
subject  as  they  shall  judge  tfie  best  hMre&t  of  this  Society  lo^nires." 

That  Plan  of  Agreement  is  as  follows :  — 

1.  **  That  the  Society  at  Boston  withdraw  all  Its  agents  tnm  the  field  ;  dhoootimie  all 
personal  or  other  appeals  for  ftinds,  either  to  churches  or  ecclesiastical  bodies,  in  Hew  Ed|^ 
land  or  elsewhere;  and  that  its  existenoe  be  oontinned  distlnotiTely  as  a  PttbUshing  Carfon- 
tion.  But  that  it  may  carry  out  Ailly  the  designs  of  its  Ibnnders  and  past  benslbeCMn,  It  li 
to  retain  the  right  to  receiTC  the  Toluntaiy  offering  of  ohnrohes  and  indiTidnab,  and  to  dis- 
tribute its  publications  by  grants,  as  Providence  may  open  the  way. 

2.  **  That  the  Society  at  New  Yorlc  occupy  the  field  thus  relinquished;  discontions  ito 
Depository  in  Boston;  and  transfer  the  sale  and  agency  of  its  book  and  traet  pnbiioatioas 
there  to  the  Society  at  Boston ;  and  the  Society  at  Boston  transfer  the  sale  and  agency  of  ill 
boolc  and  tract  publications  in  New  Torlc  to  the  Society  there. 

8.  **  That  both  Societies  exercise  each  toward  the  other  the  highest  courtesy  of  the  Book 
Trade  in  the  matter  of  republication ;  and  tliat  neither  be  compelled  to  keep  or  sell  maj  took 
or  tract  which  its  own  Committee  of  Publication  does  not  approve. 

4.  "  Tliat  the  action  herein  proposed  be  consummated  not  later  than  May,  1868. 

6.  **  That  if  any  future  matter  of  diflbrenoe  arise  between  the  two  Societies,  it  be  reftrrsd 
to  a  Committee  of  two  from  each  Society,  to  be  appointed  by  its  ExeentiTe  Otnunittes^  said 
Committee  of  four  to  have  power  to  appoint  a  fifth  member." 

The  Boston  Society  have  rescinded  this  agreement,  in  consequence  of  a  statement 
laid  before  them  by  their  Executive  Committee,  that  the  New  York  Society  had  been 
guilty  of  bad  faith  in  not  making  the  promised  "  transfer  of  sale  and  agency."  This 
Statement  has  been  published,  and  does  us  and  the  public  grievous  wrong,  both  by  what 
it  suppresses  and  what  it  charges.  It  suppresses  the  historical  fact,  Aindamental  to  aH 
right  conceptions  of  the  carrying  out  of  Uie  Plan,  that  the  two  Committees  had  unani- 
mously agreed  upon  a  certain  method  of  eflTecting  this  "  transfer  of  sale  and  agency  " ;  and 
then,  Arguing  from  these  words  in  the  agreement  as  if  no  meaning  had  been  affixed  to 
them  by  concurrent  and  unanimous  action,  the  authors  of  that  Statement  make  the  most 
serious  charges  against  the  good  &ith  and  honor  of  the  Society  at  New  York.    The 


Congregational  Quarterly  Advertiser.  9 

reTelatioQ  of  tihis  fact  tlone  empties  their  Statement  of  all  force,  and  we  might  content 
oarseiyes  with  this  simple  Tindication.  Bot  we  prefer  to  answer  tiie  charges  made 
against  ns  as  if  the  fiust  suppressed  did  not  exist,  and  then  present  the  fiicts  in  the  case 
as  they  actnall  j  oocorred. 

COMMITTBS  OV  ABBrnt^TIOV. 


"  Bnt  first,  we  call  attention  to  the  fifth  article  in  this  Plan  of  Agreement,  which  was  in- 
serted to  proTide  **  an  easy  and  efl^Bctoal  solntion  of  any  diflScnIty  whidi  might  arise," 
and  thus  gnard  against  tlM  necessity  of  tt  poblic  discussion.  Botii  Societies  were  under 
the  most  sacred  obligation  to  seek  redress  for  any  supposed  gricTance  by  a  resort  to  this 
Committee  of  Arbitration.  The  interests  of  the  common  cause  in  which  we  were  engaged, 
the  claims  of  Christian  courtesy,  and  the  express  prorisions  for  a  suitable  Court  of  Ar- 
bitration, should  have  restrained  the  Boston  Committee  from  forcing  the  matter  upon 
public  attention.  Lefuning  that  they  were  dissatisfied  with  the  working  of  the  Flan,  we 
suggested  to  them  at  any  early  day  the  raising  of  that  Committee,  saying  we  "  would 
cooperate  with  them  in  the  matter,"  not  doubting  thai  such  Committee  would  have  fairly 
adjudicated  between  us.  To  this  suggestion  they  did  not  assent,  but  in  direct  disregard 
of  the  fifth  article  of  Agreement,  and  without  advising  us  of  thjeir  intentions,  they  pro- 
ceeded to  annul  the  contract  and  now  attempt,  by  criminating  ns,  to  justify  themselTes 
before  the  public. 

BPSGiFio  ooMPLAnrra^ 
I  Their  allegaUoiis  aie : —• 

First.  That  the  clause  in  the  agreement "  transfer  the  sale  and  agency  of  its  book  and 
tract  publications  "  to  the  Society  in  Boston,  mean$ a  transfer  to  the  Boston  Society  "of 
the  5tistfiefs  preyiously  conducted  by  the  New  York  Society  in  that  city,"  —  in  mercan- 
tile phrase,  **  the  good  will  **  of  that  business. 

Second.  That  the  stipulated  compensation  for  the  sacrifices  to  which,  for  the  sake  of 
harmony,  they  consented,  had  not  been  rendered. 

TTurd.  That  it  was  the  "  understanding  of  the  Committee  who  framed  that  Agree- 
ment," that  the  lease  of  the  Store  Na  40  Comhill  shoald  be  transferred  to  the  Boston 
Society. 

F<mrtk,  That  "we  aiked  that  (he  lease  of  the  Store  Ko.  40  should  be  tranifemd  to 
ns  (them)  ....  to  secure  for  ourselves  the  prestige  of  their  business  in  this  city,"  and 
that  the  New  York  Secretary  made  an  "  express  engagement  to  cheerfully  co-operate 
with  us  in  any  arrangement  which  would  suit  ns,"  as  to  the  lease  of  this  store. 

Fiftk,  That  the  expiration  of  that  lease  was  concealed  from  them  until  ovr  late  I>e- 
positary  had  taken  the  lease  in  his  own  name. 

Sixih.  That  our  Society  ** sufiered  him  to  retain  that  lease,"  and  gave  him  aid  "to 
resume  the  same  bnsiaess  which  he  had  carried  on  as  our  agent,"  and  wrongfully  aided 
him  by  advertisements. 

Are  these  Statements  of  the  Boston  Executive  Committee,  upon  which  Uie  action  of 
that  Society  in  abrogating  the  Plan  was  based,  sustained  by  the  facts  f 

We  propose  to  answer  this  question  as  to  each  allegation,  and  in  the  order  in  which  it 
was  presented  to  the  Boston  Society. 

MXAHUre  OF  0LAU8B. 

First,  They  allege  that  the  clause  in  the  Agreement  "  transfer  the  sale  and  agency  of 
its  book  and  tract  publications  "  to  the  Society  in  Boston  means  a  transfer  to  the  Boston 
Society  "  of  the  business  previously  conducted  by  the  New  York  Society  in  that  city,"  — • 
in  mercantile  phrase,  "  the  good  will "  of  that  business. 


10  ConffregcUional  Quarterly  Advertiser. 

What  does  that  clause  of  the  agreement  between  the  two  Societies  mean  1 
.  It  means  that  the  New  York  Society  shoald  transfer  to  the  Boston  Society  the  agcncj 
fbr  making  sales  of  its  book  and  tract  publications  in  that  dtj »  that  la»  transfer  ths 
Bale  and  agency  from  its  late  Depositary  to  the  Boston  Society.  Sncb  coastraction  is  in 
harmony  with  the  third  article  of  the  agreement,  which  provides  that  neither  Society 
shall  "be  compelled  to  keep  or  sell  any  book  or  tract  which  its  own  Committee  of 
Publication  does  not  approve." 

It  does  not  mean  that  the  New  York  Society  should  sell  its  books  and  tracts  to  the 
Boston  Society,  nor  transfer  them  to  that  Society  ai  a  purchaaer,  nor  that  it  should  trans- 
fer "  its  business  previously  conducted  there"  to  the  Boston  Society,  ezcqDf  om  its  agaU; 
nor  was  it  "  a  contract  for  value  received/'  as  the  Boston  Committee  argue,  "  to  deUvcr 
the  good  will**  of  that  business  to  their  Society.  We  are  not  aware  that  in  mercantile 
transactions  a  principal  ever  delivers  the  "goodwill"  of  his  business  to  his  agent,'' 
manifestly  such  an  idea  is  not  involved  in  the  language  of  the  agreement. 

We  do  not  agree  with  the  Boston  Committee  that  the  transfer  of  snch  good  wiU  to 
their  Society  was  the  "sole  equivalent  for  relinquishing  the  right  of  personal  i^>pea]s  to 
the  churches,"  as  is  averred  in  their  Statement.  The  object  of  their  agreemeni  to  "dis- 
continue all  appeals  to  churches,"  etc.^  as  provided  in  the  first  article^  was  to  retiere 
churches  and  ecclesiasdcal  bodies  in  New  England  and  elsewhere  from  all  conflict  of 
agencies  of  the  Societies  in  applying  for  fund^ ;  its  essential  equivalent  was  the  dtBOon- 
tinuance  of  our  depository  in  Boston.  They  discontinue  their  collecting  agents,  we 
discontinue  our  depository ;  and  then  we  mutually  transfer  the  agency  to  ench  other  of 
selling  our  book  and  tract  publications,  that  is,  each  becomes  the  agent  of  the  other  in 
its  own  city. 

This  is  all  that  the  phrase  in  itself  means.  Hence  theur  statement  that  it  means  trsns- 
fer  of  "the  business"  —  the  good  will  of  the  business  —  is  an  error.  If  the  obvious 
meaning  of  the  words  is  considered,  the  Boston  Society  have  no  daim  to  the  "good 
will "  of  our  business  in  Boston. 


OOMPBirSATlOir  FOB  SACBtFICBS. 

Second.  They  affirm  that  the  stipulated  compensation  fbr  the  soen/Soes  to  whieh,  for 
the  sake  of  harmony,  they  consented,  had  not  been  rendered. 

There  is  a  special  injustice  to  ns  in  the  charge  that  we  failed  to  render  them  the 
"stipulated  compensation "  for  the  g^reat  **  sacrifices"  they  had  made. 

They  had  already  determined  that  it  was  best,  in  a  merely  pecuniary  view,  to 
withdraw  their  collecting  agents,  whether  our  Depository  were  discontintted  or 
not.  That  this  was  so,  there  is  undoubted  proof.  In  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Boston 
Society,  page  27,  at  the  meeting  which  adopted  the  Plan,  the  President  of  their  Society, 
W.  A.  Booth,  Esq.,  says  :  "  The  question  was  with  us  [their  Executive  Committee], 
whether  we  should  submit  that  action  [the  withdrawal  of  collecting  agents]  independent 

of  any  arrangement  with  the  New  York  Society I  believe  that  if  we  had  not  taken 

that  course  [made  an  arrangement  with  the  New  York  Society],  we  should  have  come 
before  you  at  this  meeting,  and  proposed  exactly  the  same  thing  we  now  propose,  —  tD 
withdraw  all  agencies,  and  rely  upon  voluntary  contributions I  believe  every  gen- 
tleman of  the  Executive  Committee,  and,  so  far  as  1  know,  all  the  officers,  were  of  the 
opinion  that  that  would  be  the  best  plan  for  the  Society  to  adopt,  before  we  reached  this 
arrangement  with  the  New  York  Committee."  And  yet  now  they  claim  a  great 
"  sacritice  "  in  doing  just  what  they  had  determined  to  do  as  "  the  best  plan  for  that 
Society ! " 


Congregational  Quarterly  Advertiser.  11 

LBA8B    OF  8TORS. 

Third.  The  Boston  Executiye  Committee  claim  that  it  was  the  "  nnderetanding  of 
the  Committee  who  framed  the  agreement,"  that  the  lease  of  the  Store  Ko.  40  CornhiU 
abonld  be  transferred  to  the  Boston  Socie^. 

We  suto  as  fact  within  our  knowledge,  that  there  was  no  understanding  of  the  Com- 
mittee to  tliat  efiect. 

XSROBS    OV  VACT. 

Fwirth.  The  Boston  Execntire  Committee  saj,  "  We  asked  that  the  lease  of  the 
•tore  No.  40  should  be  transferred  to  us"  (diem),  .  ..."  to  secure  for  ourselves  the 
prestige  of  their  business  in  this  citj,"  and  that  the  New  York  Secretary,  in  rtfiy  to  suck 
request,  made  an  "  express  engagement  to  cheerfully  co-operate  with  us  in  any  arrange- 
ment which  would  suit  us,"  in  reference  to  transferring  tliat  lease.  They  here  aflSrm 
three  things ;  namely,  that  they  asked  a  transfer  of  the  lease  to  themselves  ;  that  they 
asked  it  to  secure  the  prestige  of  our  business;  and  that  our  Secretary  in  reply  expressly 
engaged  to  co-operate  in  securing  such  transfer,  neither  of  which  Statements  is  true  in 
point  of  fact  ^ 

The  letter  in  which  they  profess  to  make  such  request  is  as  follows :  -— 

Dbc.  so.   "  We  haVSB  long  been  desirous  of  hiring  the  small  building  next  our  own 

(24  CornhiU),  now  occupied  by  Messrs  Graves  &  Toung Mr.  Young  of  that 

firm  called  to-day  upon  me  to  say,  ....  that,  provided  they  could  secure  No.  40  Corn- 
hill,  they  would  be  willing  to  release  No.  24 I  state  the  matter  to  you,  and 

inquire  if  No.  40  is  in  your  control ;  and  if  so,  if  we  may  give  Graves  ff  Young  en- 
oouragement  accordingly." 

They  did  not  ask  for  a  transfer  of  the  lease  to  themselves  for  any  purpose :  they 
wanted  No.  24,  —  not  No.  40  CornhiU ;  and  the  answer  of  our  Secretary  to  that  letter 
had  no  reference  to  a  transfer  to  them  of  No.  40,  or  of  the  business  which  had  been  pre- 
viously conducted  in  that  store. 

Our  Secretary  answered :  — 

Dec.  31.  "  No.  40  is  under  our  control  for  the  present ;  and  if  the  proposed  plan  is 
perfected,  we  will  cheerfully  co-operate  with  you  in  any  arrangement  of  the  matter  which 
will  suit  your  friend  Mr.  Young  and  you.  But  we  cannoi  speak  d^fimtdy  till  the  business 
Is  more  advanced  than  it  is  at  present." 

At  no  time  has  our  Society  or  its  Secretary  made  an  engagement — either  express  or 
implied  — to  co-operate  with  the  Boston  Executive  Committee  in  any  arrangement  for 
the  transfer  of  that  lease  which  might  suit  them :  .our  Secretary,  in  the  letter  referred  to, 
not  only  made  no  such  engagement,  but  expressly  refused  to  speak  definitely  even  as  to 
giving  control  of  the  building  to  Graves  &  Young,  until  the  proposed  plan  of  arrange- 
ment should  be  perfected,  which  plan  was  not  adopted  by  the  Boston  Society  until  the 
12th  of  February,  and  by  the  New  York  Society  until  the  13th  of  May  last,  and  not 

perfected  "  until  the  details  were  all  arranged. 


« 


GOROBALMBRT  DISPBOYBD. 

Fiflh,  The  Boston  Executive  Committee  allege  that  the  expiration  of  that  lease 
"  was  concealed  from"  them,  until  our  late  Depositary  had  taken  a  renewal  of  it  in  his 
own  name. 

To  this  allegation  we  are  compelled  to  give  our  unqualified  denial. 

Mr.  Kemp  obtained  in  his  own  name  from  the  agent  of  No.  40  CornhiU,  some  time  in 
IPebruary,  the  refusal  of  a  lease  of  those  premises ;  but  such  fact  was  not  known  to  any 


12  Congregational  Quarterly  Advertiser. 


officer  of  thu  Society  antil  the  S6th  daj  of  March.  On  the  28th  of  the  same  month  that 
fiict  was  oommanicated  to  the  Boston  Sodet j faj  our  Beeretaxy  in  ^mn  words :  **  Jiyim 
will  ftimlsh  aatisftetorf  aecommodations  for  ns  in  96  ComhiR/'  "  we  will  tereopOB, 
with  the  consent  of  Mr.  Kemp,  le^  ha»  the  r^mal  ef  ii,  [not  from  na,]  ftnm  over  No.  41 
to  you."  This  we  eemmanicated  to  the  Boston  Soctety  as  soon  wiMt  a  Mmgh  dag  u  it 
was  communicated  to  us.  What  we  knew  upon  that  subject  was  proapcly  lumiwii- 
cated  to  the  Boston  SoeaeQr. 

It  was  not  the  duty  of  oar  Society  to  take  a  renewal  of  that  lease,  to  be  ftransfened  to 
ihe  Boston  Society,  nor  to  notify  them  of  its  expiration,  as  was  signed  in  the 
of  their  Executive  CSommtttee,  for  the  simple  leason  diat  onr  SodeSy  had  not 
any  engagement  le  do  so.    Neither  had  the  Boston  Society  any  right  toar  Inl 
^  lease  or  psemises. 

We  are  assnred  thai  oar  Secretary  nenrer  ma4e  an  "engagemeal  to co-opeiale  wiA 
«s  (them)  in  any  arrmgesBent  which  wonld  snit  ns,"  (them,)  as  was  aMeged  hy  ihst 
Committee;  that  tlie  laagmige  imputed  to  him  in  their  stateiaent  was  a  misqaolaliMi 
of  these  words:  '*We  wiU  cheerfully  eo-^ierale  with  yon  in  ai^  amaf^ement  ^ik 
mOttv  which  will  snit  jfoaryimrf  Mr.  Ytmng  and  you,"  contained  in  his  letter  of  the  tlM 
of  December,  qaoled  above.  We  submit  tliat  Hwre  has  beea  a  direct  perpeiaioQ  of  tfiis 
language  of  onr  Secntary  from  the  auater  in  reference  to  which  it  was  aaed  fay  bis^ 
and  that  great  injustice  has  been  done  in  the  attempt  to  elabltsh  an  nsilbiindcd  chsigt 
against  this  Soeieigr  by 


HOT  WXOXOVULLT  AIDKI). 

Sixth,  It  is  in  no  sense  true  that  our  Society  suffered  Mr.  Kemp  **  to  retmn  diet 
lease,"  or  gave  him  aid  "  to  resume  the  same  business  which  he  had  carried  on  as  our 
agent,"  or  wrongfully  aided  him  by  advertisements. 

Mr.  Kemp  resigned  his  connection  with  us  April  8,  and  formed  a  partnership  with 
another  gendeman  to  carry  on  the  book  business ;  and,  hanng  die  lease  of  No.  40,  they 
opened  a  bookstore  there.  The  new  ftrm  ordered  books  as  others  did,  and  we  sold  to 
them  in  exact  accordance  with  the  agreement  between  the  two  ExecntiTC  Committees, 
mentioned  below,  both  as  to  discount  and  as  to  dme.  This  we  had  a  perfect  right  to  da 
Had  we  refused  to  do  it,  they  could  bare  procured  our  books  through  third  parties. 

We  advertiwd  die  new  ftrm  as  we  do  other  booksellers.  In  two  or  three  instances 
where  the  name  of  the  firm  was  inadvertendy  used  in  catalogues,  correcdon  was  made 
the  moment  it  was  pointed  oat  As  it  is  not  pretended  that  the  New  York  Society,  or  ite 
officers,  had  any  connectk>n  with  the  use  made  by  him  of  "cards  and  drcolars,"  "  news- 
paper advertisements,"  "  old  signs  and  former  clerks,"  or  diat  it  could  hare  been  pre- 
Tented  by  the  interference  of  this  Society,  we  fail  to  see  any  object  of  referring  diereto 
In  the  statement  of  the  Boston  Execnttre  Committee,  except  to  heighten  the  rhetoric  of 
their  narraUve. 

Wo  have  now,  briefly  as  the  nature  of  the  case  would  admit,  met  the  allegations  of 
the  Boston  ExecuUre  Committee,  both  as  to  their  constmcdon  of  the  clause,  **  to  trans- 
fer the  sale  and  agency  of  iu  book  and  tract  publicadons,"  etc,  and  the  specific  chaiges 
against  this  Society  which  consdtuted  the  basis  of  the  action  of  the  Boston  Sodety  in 
rescinding  its  agreement 

Our  answer  thus  far  has  been  made,  assuming  for  the  argument  that  no  important 
feet  had  been  withheld  from  the  consideration  of  the  Boston  Society,  which  oonld  prop- 
erly influence  its  action  in  so  important  a  matter  as  the  rupturing  of  the  compact  which 
the  two  Societies  had  made. 


Congregational  Quarterly  Advertiser.  18 

▲ORBKMBRT  OF  COMMITTXB8. 

Bat  the  amaring  ftict  in  thia  oonnectioD  ii  this,  —  that  the  Bofton  ExecntiTe  Com> 
mittee  conoealed  from  their  Sodetj  the  entire  action  of  the  two  oommittees  in  reference 
to  the  sale  and  egency  of  each  other's  hook  and  tract  publications,  and  omitted  to  state 
that  thej  met  and  ananimonsl j  agreed  upon  a  tpecifie  mode  of  effecting  tht  cbjed  of  thai 
doMM,  and  acted  upon  that  mode  from  Ute  hmtr  tko  Plan  went  into  effect. 

That  the  Christian  public,  to  whom  the  appeal  is  made,  majr  reach  a  righteous  de- 
cision, we  spedfj  the  action  of  tha  Iho  Committen  on  whom  the  execution  of  the  Plan> 
deuolved. 

For  the  purpose  of  arranging,  details  for  working  ont  the  Plan  proposed,  Messn. 
Barnes,  Kingsbury,  Stevenson,  Rockwood,  and  Bradford  of  the  New  York.  Society* 
met  Messrs.  Palmer,  Smith,  Hill,  Childs,  and  Broughton  of  the  Boston  Society, 
February  25,  at  S8  Comhill,  and  conferred  upon  the  whole  subject.  The  first,  and  a 
prominent  topic  of  consideration  by  that  Committee,  was  the  sale  of  the  hook  and  tract 
publications  of  the  two  Societies,  in  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Boston. 

A  suggestion  was  made  that  each  Society  should  hare  the  exdueive  right  in  its  own 
dty  of  purchasing  the  books  and  tracts  of  the  other  Society.  This  was  rejected.  After 
fuU  consideration,  on  the  suggestion  of  a  member  from  Boston,  it  was  unanimously 
agreed,  as,^  in  the  judgment  of  the  joint  Committee,  the  best  means  of  securing  the  end 
intended,  that  each  Society  should  allow  the  other  **  a  epedai  and  exceptional  diacount  not 
allowed  to  others"  while  each  might  sell  to  the  frade  in  Boston,  New  York,  and  eveiy- 
where,  at  a  specified  but  less  discount. 

Having  determined  this,  the  Committees  went  farther,  and  agreed  that "  the  special 
and  exceptional  discount*'  should  be  from  40  to  45  per  cent.  The  points  left  unsettled 
were,  the  exact  amount  of  the  special  discount  and  of  the  discount  to  the  trade.  Theso 
points  were  the  subject  of  correspondence,  and  were  definitely  arranged  April  2d. 

▲OHBBMXNT  ACTBD  OK. 

In  accordance  with  thia  agreement,  the  Boston  Committee,  April  20th,  ordered  above 
$  2,000  worth  of  our  publications,  which  were  shipped  to  them  on.  the  agreed  terms  of  a 
"special  discount"  The  New  York  Committee  also  ordered  4)ooks  from  the  Boston 
Society  on  said  terms,  which  were  so  invoiced  and  sent,  and  both  Societies  sold  to  the 
trade  at  the  agreed  trade  discount.  May  6th,  Messrs.  Booth,  Palmer,  Smith,  and 
Means,  of  the  Boston  Committee,  visited  New  York,  and  met  Messrs.  Barnes,  Colgate, 
Bastman,  and  Stevenson,  of  the  New  York  Committee,  in  final  conference,  at  150  Nassau 
Street  The  points  which  had  been  agreed  to  February  25,  in  conference  at  Boston,  and 
by  subsequent  correspondence,  and  acted  on  by  both  Committees,  were  taken  up  in 
detail,  approved  and  unanimously  voted  as  follows :  — 

(1.)  **  That  each  Society  shall  give  to  the  other  a  special  and  exceptional  discount  of 
4^  per  oent>  iir  ▲coordavcb  with  thb  ▲gbbbmbmt  to  tbarsfbb  thb  salb  and 

AOBKCT  TO  BACH  OTHBR  IK  ITS  RBSPBOTIYE  CITY. 

(2.)  "  That  the  highett  dieeouni  to  the  trade  ehatt  be  a3i  per  oenL" 

Four  other  items  were  adopted,  but  were  in  no  way  connected  with  the  present 
matter. 

Such  was  the  agreement  of  the  two  Executive  Committees  to  effect  the  object  eought  bg 
the  douse,  "transfer  the  sale  and  agency,"  and  such  their  action  in  accordance  with 
that  agreement 

Both  Societies  continued  to  act  on  this  basis  till  the  abrogation.  The  Boston  Com- 
mittee cannot  be  allowed  at  the  end  of  five  months  of  uniform  action  to  go  back  and 
question  the  manner  in  which  the  second  article  has  been  fulfilled  by  both. 


14  Canffregatianal  Quarterly  Adverser. 

It  18  worthy  of  special  note  here  that  the  matters  complained  of  in  the  statement  of  ^le 
Boston  Execntive  Committee  had  occurred  before  this  final  vote  of  the  two  Committees 
May  6,  which  would  seem  to  be  a  bar  to  their  charges  against  the  New  York  Com- 
mittee. 

OTHBR  OMI88IOH8. 

The  Boston  Committee  also  omit  to  state  that  the  New  Yoris  Sodetj,  according  to 
the  agreement,  discontinned  their  Depository  in  Boston,  thos  retiring  from  the  field  ss 
a  competing  establishment ;  and  that  the  "  transfer  of  sale  and  agency  "  was  a  waOmai 
compact,  requiring  of  them  in  New  York  precisely  what  was  required  of  us  in  Boston. 

This  Depository  was  an  essential  element  of  the  Society's  work  in  New  England.  It 
was  known  as  its  place  of  business,  where  its  publications  were  kept  to  supply  indi- 
Tiduals,  Sabbath  schools,  and  the  trade.  It  was  the  home  of  its  Depositary,  who,  by 
industry  and  skill  and  long  experience,  had  secured  the  good  will  of  the  churches  of 
different  denominations,  and  established  a  business  of  about  $40,000  per  annum,— a 
business  which  the  Society  could  only  surrender  at  the  sacrifice  of  thousands  of  dolhus. 
But  the  cottfroct  demanded  that  the  Depository  should  be  discontinued,  and  it  was  dis- 
continned April  14th,  and  the  books,  having  been  first  offered  to  the  Boston  Society, 
were  reshipped  to  New  York.    The  contract  wasfuUif  carried  otU  in  good  faith  by  us. 

With  these  omissions  of  essential  facts,  did  the  Boston  Committee  present  the  cus 
fiurly  to  their  Society  1  f 

OCR  TAITHFULNB88  PROVED. 

We  have  already  shown  that,  by  a  strict  construction  of  "  the  terms  of  agreement,"  we 
were  not  bound  to  transfer  to  the  Boston  Society  what  is  called  the  "good  will "  of  oar 
business. 

But  with  this  statement  of  what  the  Executive  Committees  agreed  to  do,  and  did  do 
under  the  Plan,  we  are  prepared  to  show  the  faithfulness  of  the  New  York  Committee 
in  the  whole  matter ;  and  to  show  that  in  discontinuing  our  depository  in  Boston,  and 
giving  them  a  special  and  exceptional  discount  over  all  other  purchasers,  tre  intettdtdta 
aecvre  to  them  the  benefits  of  the  book  trade  we  had  built  up  in  Boston.  This  we  desired,  aitd 
Jot  this  faithfully  labored.  So  far  as  they  failed  to  secure  that  business,  they,  not  we,  are 
responsible. 

Three  facts  prove  this. 

FIRST  PROOF. 

When  the  Special  Committees  first  met,  February  2.5th,  to  arrange  details,  and  had 
agreed  that  the  two  Societies  should  give  a  special  and  exceptional  discount  to  each 
other,  as  the  means  of  transferring  the  business,  Mr.  Kemp  had  charge  of  the  New  York 
depository  in  Boston,  not  yet  discontinued.  He  had  been  connected  with  one  Society  or 
the  other,  at  different  periods,  for  twenty-one  years,  was  "  posted  "  as  to  the  publications 
and  trade  of  both,  and  had  built  up  a  prosperous  business  for  the  New  York  Society  at 
No.  40  Cornhill.  As  that  depository  was  to  be  discontinued,  and  the  Boston  Society 
was  to  sell  our  publications  at  28  Cornhill,  the  New  York  Committee  8u«rgested  the  em- 
ployment of  Mr.  Kemp  in  the  united  establishment,  as  the  natural  and  sure  wag  to  convey 
the  business  of  the  New  York  Socitty  to  the  Boston  Society,  This,  they  urged,  would  pro- 
mote the  interests  of  both  Societies. 

When  the  Boston  Committee  objected  that  they  could  not  afford  to  employ  him,  the 
New  York  Committee  offered  to  pay  half  his  salary;  but  they  still  dechned  to  give  him  a 
place  in  the  united  establishment.  This  the  New  York  Committee  regarded  then,  and 
do  now  regard,  as  the  fatal  mistake  of  the  Boston  Committee  as  to  the  business  of  the 


Congregational  Quarterly  AdverUur.  15 

store  No.  40.  Ejecting  th^  num  who  had  the  control  of  th«  trade,  thej  ooold  not  expect 
to  secare  it,  except  so  far  as  thej  conid  command  it  by  the  special  discoant  agreed  apon ; 
and  they  thus  pnt  it  ont  of  the  power  of  the  New  York  Committee  to  secure  it  fully  to 
them. 

Their  failure  to  secure  the  business,  we  submit,  wa$  omng  to  thdr  own  act,  and  againsi 
the  eameat  remonMtrances  of  the  New  York  Cantmittee, 


BBCOHD  PROOF. 

Again  :  the  New  York  Committee  desired  also  to  place  the  building  No.  40  at  theii' 
disposal,  to  aid  them  in  securing  the  business  in  our  publications,  and  were  prevented 
from  doing  so  only  by  their  own  non-ctdion  in  the  matter,  as  will  now  be  shown. 

Let  it  be  noted  that,  in  the  Plan  of  Agreement,  the  New  York  Society's  benevolent 
work,  —  the  collection  of  donations  in  New  England,  the  granting  of  books  and  tracts, 
the  management  of  colportage,  and  the  supervision  of  the  periodicals,  —  was  not  included, 
and  was  still  to  be  conducted  by  the  New  York  Society.  For  this  purpose,  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Society  must  have  suitable  office  room  in  Boston.  This  they  had  in 
No.  40;  but  if  they  should  relinquish  that  building,  they  must  secure  rooms  elsewhere; 
and  they  desired  to  do  this  in  28  Comhill  with  the  Boston  Society,  especially  as  it  was 
important  to  present  the  visible  unity  of  both  Societies,  carrying  on  their  work  under  the 
same  roof.  Hence,  when  the  Boston  Committee  expressed  a  desire  to  get  the  control  of 
No.  40,  we  answered,  Mareh  13,  **  We  shall  want  rooms  for  conducting  our  charitable 
work ;  what  facilities  can  you  furnish  us  in  28  ?  " 

March  17th,  we  wrote  again :  "  We  cannot  relinquish  No.  40  to  any  one  till  we  know 
what  accommodations  we  can  have  with  yon  or  elsewhere  for  our  charitable  work.  If 
your  Committee,  in  response  to  our  letter  of  the  ISth,  assure  us  of  satisfactory  accom- 
modations at  No.  28,  we  shall  then  be  prepared  to  make  anrangements  for  relinquishing 
No.  40.    If  not,  we  must  remain  there,  or  find  suitable  rooms  elsewhere." 

Once  more  we  wrote,  Mareh  28th  :  "  If  you  will  furnish  us  satisfactory  accommoda- 
tions in  your  building  for  our  District  Secretaries  and  for  our  charitable  and  periodical 
work  under  the  care  of  Mr.  Kemp,  we  will  thereupon,  with  the  consent  of  Mr.  Kemp, 
who  has  the  refusal  of  it,  turn  over  No.  40  to  you.  We  earnestly  hope  this  will  meet 
your  approval." 

Thus  it  appean  that  for  weeks  No.  40  was  offered  to  the  Boston  Committee,  upon  a 
condition  which  they  could  have  met  at  any  moment,  by  specifying  suitable  rooms  for 
the  representatives  of  the  New  York  Society  in  their  bnilding  28  CornbilL  Why  they 
did  not  specify  rooms  for  us  remains  unexplained  to  this  day. 

The  condition,  "  with  Mr.  Kemp's  consent,"  contained  in  our  last  letter,  became  ne- 
cessary from  the  fact  that  the  New  York  Committee  had  just  learned  that  Mr.  Kemp 
had  obtained  from  the  agent  the  refusal  of  No.  40,  when  we  should  cease  to  occupy  it. 
But  that  action  of  Mr.  Kemp  did  not  prevent  us  from  having  the  control  of  the  building 
while  Mr.  Kemp  was  in  our  service,  as  ho  was  up  to  this  time;  and  up  to  this  time  they 
could  have  had  it.  Their  failure  to  secure  that  building  was  not  the  fault  of  the  New  York 
Commiltee, 


THIBD  PROOF. 


The  third  evidence  of  our  desire  to  secure  to  them  the  advantages  of  our  trede  in 
Boston  is  seen  in  the  fact  that  we  caused  to  be  inserted  in  the  Boston  daily  and  weekly 
papers,  as  soon  as  the  Plan  was  fairly  in  working  order,  the  following  advertisement :  — 


16  Cangregaiiwnal  Quarterly  Advertiierm 


<<  American  Tmel  Socictjr,  ISO  Ifastaii  Street, 
IVeir  ¥ork,  and  98  C^ornhiH^  Boston* 

**  The  American  Tract  Soeietj,  New  Torkj  has  disoontinited  its  Depository  at  No.  40  Cooh 
hil,  Boetoo,  and  traosftfred  the  Special  Agency  of  its  Book  and  Tract  pnblioatijoiis  to  the 

AMERICAN  TRACT   SOCIETY, 
28  CORNHILL,  BOSTON, 

"N.  BROUGHTON,  Jr.,  Dbpobitakt, 

wfaece  tfa^  can  be  had  al  the  aame  tenna  aa  in  New  Yoik. 


**  N.  B.    N.  F.  Kemp  iwigoed  bis  poeition  with  the  Amerfcan  Traet  Society,  New  Toik, 

April  8,  I8tt8,  which  was  accepted  to  talse  eflRMst  April  14th,  and  has  had  do  eooneetion  with 

itdnoe. 

**  BxT.  L.  B.  BOOKWOODi  Sbcbkakt. 
•<  H.  E.  SIHMONS,  TBKAsraBB.** 

If  our  offer  to  pay  half  of  Mr.  Rerap'a  salary,  thai  they  might  ha;fe  the  besMit  of  Ui 
control  of  onr  book  bvsiness,  —  if  our  repealed  offer  of  No.  40  to  them,  tboagfa  boond  by 
no  eompaci  to  make  liie  offer,  —  if  our  gratnitons  and  repealed  adfertisemenlB  of  dn 
Boston  Society  in  Boston  papers  and  ia  the  American  Messenger,  does  not  piOTe  ov 
konest  and  firank  desire  and  determinaiioB  to  transfer  oar  trade  to  diem,  so  fiur  as  in  ovr 
power,  we  know  OfOl  how  it  oonld  be  shown. 

We  hare  now  met  the  material  allegatbns  of  the  Boston  Commltlee,  and  shown  thrir 
fidlacfoosness  from  dieir  own  premises ;  we  haTC  shown  the  plan  adopted  by  the  two  Bx- 
ecntive  Committees  to  secure  the  end  aimed  at  by  the  phxise,  **  traBafer  the  sale  aad 
agency,"  and  that  both  Societies  actodon  this  plan  until  the  compact  was  ammlJnd; 
and  wt  have  demonstraied  the  fkithfblncsB  of  our  Committee  hi  the  whole  mailer. 

FAILUBE  BXPLAIITBD. 

This  being  true,  it  is  a  natural  inquiry,  Why  has  the  Agreement  Jbr  harmony /aSed  f 

Is  not  the  frank  confession  of  the  Boston  Society,  "  that  the  basis  proved  repugnaat 
to  the  mass  of  their  members,"  and  the  course  pursued  by  their  Committee,  a  sufficient 
answer  to  this  question  ?  That  Committee  had  no  part  in  the  formation  of  the  Agree- 
ment. It  was  framed,  so  far  as  the  Boston  Society  was  concerned,  by  a  Committee  of 
five,  appointed  by  the  Society  outside  of  the  Executive  Committee.  Had  the  Conference 
Committees  who  framed  the  Plan  retained  the  control  of  the  matter,  we  cannot  doubt  it 
would  have  been  successfully  carried  through.  But  it  is  well  understood  that  the  Ex- 
ecutive officers  at  Boston  were  dissatisfied  with  the  Plan  fh)m  the  outset.  Many  of  the 
speakers  at  the  meeting,  October  1st,  in  urging  the  abrogation  of  the  Agreement,  ex- 
hibited the  same  feeling,  in  some  cases  intensified  with  bitterness,  against  the  Plan  and 
against  the  New  Yor^L  Society. 

More  than  this,  the  Boston  Executive  Committee  did  not  carry  out  even  the  letter  of 
the  Agreement.  They  and  we  were  bound  not  to  give  more  than  Sd|  per  cent  discount 
to  the  trade.    In  repeated  instances  they  allowed  a  larger  discount.    We  never  did. 

Though  bound  by  the  agreement,  under  the  clause,  "  transfer  of  sale  and  agency,"  to 
transfer  the  agency  Tor  selling  their  books  in  New  York  to  us,  they  made  no  efibrt  to  ac- 
complish it,  their  former  agents  in  New  York  to  this  day  selling  their  publications  under 
the  sign,  "  Aoenct  of  the  AjcxsioAir  Tbaot  Society,  Boston,  instituted  a 
1814." 


(hngreffoUonai  Quarterly  AdvertUer.  17 

■ 

They  hare  nerer,  so  far  as  we  know,  advertised  oar  Society  as  hanng  their  pablica- 
tioBi  for  sile/or  as  Til  any  sense  their  agents. 

Though  prthSfiud  hg  4«  iigremmi  ftom  ftdditsssifeg  penonal  or  i>ther  appeals  |o 
chorches  or  Sabbath  schools,  "  bjf  circular  or  otherwiae/*  tiiey  haye  sent  over  the  land 
circolars  containing  appeals  addressed  as  follows :  — 


"Ber. 


or  Elder  of  Presbyterian  Church  ** ; 
and,  when  addressed  to  a  Gongregatiopal  chnrob,  thus  t  — 

or  Peaeon of  Coogregational  Chnreh "; 

which  we  submit  is  virtually  addreanng  drculan  to  cbubchbs.  And,  finally,  in  TtoUtion 
of  the  fifth  Article  of  Agreement,  they  went  forward  to  the  abrogation  of  the  AgrecQient 
without  giving  notice  of  their  purpose,  avowedly  regardless  of  "  form  and  technicality." 

Will  not  all  diis  explain  the  failure  ? 

The  New  York  Committee  regret  the  failure  of  the  Plan,  not  because  it  was  in  their 
judgment  the  bett,  for  they  were  £ix>m  the  first  in  favor  of  oroahio  uniok,  and  this  they 
believe  the  churches  wished ;  but  because  it  was  a  fair  and  honest  effort  on  our  part  to 
relieve  the  churches  of  a  double  agency  to  do  the  Tract  work.  They  earnestly  desired 
its  success,  for  the  sake  of  peace  for  the  glory  of  Christ's  cause;  and  their  sincere  regret 
now  is,  the  necessity  laid  upon  them  thus  in  self-defence  to  state  publicly  the  facts. 

But,  notwithstanding  the  extraordinary  statement  of  the  Boston  Executive  Committee, 
and  the  no  less  extraordinary  abrogation  of  the  Plan  by  the  Boston  Society,  we  feel  it 
our  duty,  as  it  is  our  pleasure,  particularly  to  refer  to  the  courtesy  and  Christian  inter- 
course which  in  our  interviews  so  honorably  characterized  tl^e  members  of  the  Confer- 
ence Committee  from  Boston,  each  of  whom  seemed  to  vie  with  us  in  suggesting  and 
yielding  whatever  would  promote  the  best  interests  of  the  great  work  in  which  we  were 
mutually  engaged,  apparently  unconcerned  as  to  which  Society  would  be  most  bene- 
fited. 

We  wish  now  to  rise  above  and  look  beyond  this  temporary  disagreement  of  good 
men  laboring  ibr  the  same  end,  and  gladly  anticipate  the  day  when  true  friends  of  this 
form  of  Christian  effort  will  unite  in  heart  and  hand  and  means  to  fill  the  land  and  the 
world  with  the  essential  truths  of  the  Gospel 

CommendlDg  this  paper  to  the  candid  consideration  of  all  fair  minds,  and  girding 
ourselves  anew  to  our  appropriate  work,  we  invoke  the  continued  co-operation  and  en- 
larged sympathy  of  the  friends  of  the  American  Tract  Society. 

O.  E.  WOOD, 
,  Chairman  of  Conference  Committee, 

on  the  part  of  the  N.  Y,  Sodeljf. 

TBACT^-fiOnSB,  150  Kassau  Snqtvr,  STbw  Tobx. 


2 


Con^egational  QuarUrly  AdverCiter. 


P  H  O  TO  C  R  A  P  H  S^ 

J.  W.  BLACK. 

163   and  173  Washington  Street,   Bostai^^ 


PHOTOGEAPHS   IN  EVERY   STYLE, 

POECELAIN  PICTURES, 

ELEGANT  COPIES, 

CRAYON   HEADS, 

IKDIA-INK   ! 

OF  UNEQUALLED  DEUCACY  AND  BEAUTT. 


-    J 
-1 


Tha  rapntoHoD  of  this  MtabllibrDent  ti  Hoond  to  none  la  the  ooantrr ;  t 
ItrgB,  nutneroiu,  well  Biruiged,  and  fnrnlibed  In  emrr  p«rticDl>r  in  the  most  ooinplaU 
muiner,  and  with  ■  itrict  regant  to  tbs  wanti  of  ■  dUorlmlaating  public  i  the  arlisu  in  Ihs 
TtrioiU  departnunt*  are  the  beat  that  moaiy  can  pnKDre,  and  the  peraooal  eupervMqigi'Bf. 
Ur.  Black,  and   bis  conalaat  aim   to  prodace  the  hot  pouibla  retail*,    are  a 
guaranty  Itut  hii  patrons  will  be  plented. 

FORCi:i.AIN    FIOTUBES 

ig«re  Jinl  rsadt  al  Oitit  roonu,  and  In  Ibli  tpeulalty  ■nperiorit)'  ii  claimed  over  any  ■■4 
mil  oUier  irtiiti  in  tbe  country.  Wborever  Ken,  thege  C'liu  of  Ail  are  ■dmlred  Kr  thife 
grace  of  pottare,  exquliite  finish,  and  delicacy  and  bennty  of  itjle. 

Oroups,    Landscapes,' and  Buildinga. 
COPYING  FROM  PORTRAITS  AND  PIGTURE8. 


r  iHQuntY  p 

Elegant  Pictures  always  on  Free  Exhibition. 

J.    "W.    BLA-CIC,    I^HOTOORAPHER, 
163  and  173    'WASHIHOTON    STRHBT,     .     .    BOSTOV. 


4-^y.^^  -^ 


XI.  H«.  t  ~  Wbole  Wo  41. 


^^.rxr 


Wew  SeriBfc  —  VoL  1.  Rol  L 


C'Ongrfgiitionai  (jjuarterls. 


JAJSmr^ItY.  1869. 


CBlTOB*   AND   fnOrRIETORSt 
ALOmCO  a  QUUfT,  CnEISTOrOEB  CUSHCTO, 

u^c  V.  uuiowoQTirr,  tsuitrvL  DtmNiuu- 


BOSTON: 
CONOUKOATJONAL    llOOMS, 

la    WTHTBR    «T  nrr  T 

1  «  Ij  ■■ 

TerMU)  IWH  UiUlan  »  liii:  111  J 


FALUABLE     BOOKS 

FOR  THOnGHTTDL   RLADKRS, 


SBBMOira. 


EYHNS  OF  TEE  AOES. 


I 


.>r<rt>w(;ii<MiiBM 


BELBATHINGS   OP   THE    BETTER  LIFE. 


THE  GATES  AJAR. 


Trvtumts  fivm  MUIMA  mM  Wwili*. 
Ufa.  anvv^  WMdM. 


SnrHim  Cmgirgillnit  IfutiitfoB  in»  ibi  Varrlnn  Eate^ttUtniim 


TABLE   OF   CONTBNTS. 


WiujiM  Tntanoat  Dwiiinr     B;r  fnt.  EfWi  C  fiuj'tk.  Andonv  I 
Ej«uui  OmutAxiA*  or  a.  Uuititn  a*  rtur   Oin 

.  CoD;>nr.    by  I'M*.  ThandoM  U,  V(u|«tf,  Us*  Uanm,  t« 
P»B   oc  Qtv**        ,-...-.- 
Tiic  PcklnUBAi  DiMONii*.    Bj  lie*  Ocwttf'  1  Sdlinif.  Oatll 
TnB  SKnncK  wr  Soitv.     Of  Her  AJom  IL  Cru..  Waiefil'r.  1 
Tnk  CnoMM  ahr  na  Mnr  MnoiRw.    Dj  tlur-  Juaa  D 

limn,  UwM 

Tiift  ['ai-ai.  AHviTsii  to  tBD  (iKUt  <l«wrMv.    8j,  RiT.  " 

(•o-,  Cliftbra^Mu* 

The  M t-i«4rui:M;iri  QuritatL  A»ikutib« 

Tuc  -Sconu  CuDmiui.  Binnuumn, Uude.    OrBk*   < 

i-U'Tm*,  Mb  ....... 

Tiir  Oimro^fTiA*  n»  iVmirll*,     Dj  BfV.  Jaw  Gurn  ■ 

rauiui»T   £ciWAB9a  m  «.  R«MW1U»>    Oj  TrM  Gmi|iviF.  UayuHii,  i 

I'lmiDtMriA.!.  nuition.    Bj  Ktj.  ChrMUijdm  Cwbui^  IkftMw,  Mnw 
CVnuKM«Ti(MAi.  TnkDL(Mni.-*t.  SHUniAiun  1«  IHI'DO.    Hy  1 

U.  QalBi,  II.  n.,  NvK  8«IAml,  Mau.      ,        .        ,        .        . 
CitmitiMATKinAi-  Vxtnu'Kt 


S<t,. 


Snji 


"  "r  ' 


-.n,,,  . 


UII.MI. 
LimunT  Ui.v)e« 

KUIIOM*'  TAtU.!! 

CaxiKKOATiovAi  QttutnmLr  Baaoni) 

dunbrs  Formeil,  030.  —  Mhiluen  QnUlottI,  txi  —  MlalHR*I«na 

ant.  •I-a-bin  U>in»wil,31l,  —  NltiiNm*   tdanteJ.  auiL  ^ 

D*rQUDj,  IXS.  —  Hirnikii'  Wito  Ij 
Aa>inuAB  C<'Xonw)AriDX»i.  At«i>ciJt«taK  . 
Aiiancxw  DnnfluiADii**!.  limria 


||  P™!.,  Ciinl-riJ^r;  S| 


L  Ho.  5.  -  Wlwle  Ho.  1 


Hew  Seriei,  -  Vo]  t  Ho.  3. 


Songrcgiitional  (|)unrtfrl|. 


Jt'r,-\',    1860. 


iOITOns    AND    l>IIOrillITORI] 


(lONGBEOiTIONAl,    ROOMS, 

(0   WIKTBB   BTHKKT. 
1  SOU. 


■     -*  •»  J     ■    - 

COMPLETE  AND  ACCURATE 

CHURCH    RECORDS. 

CLEilt,  CONCISE,  AND  COfflPBEHENSIVE, 

In  the  preparation  of  the 

AMERICAN    CHURCH    RECI8TER, 

ByRSV.  DAHISL  P.  NOTES,  Secretary  of  Home  Evangeliiation  in  Mauaohiuetti, 

The  d««ifn  has  been  to  provide  a  eimple  and  practical  plan,  easily  understood  and  carried  out,  whleb, 
at  a  great  saving  of  time  and  latx>r,  compared  with  the  ordinary  methods,  will  furnish  a  Record,  his* 
torieal,  statistical,  and  individualf  (ar  more  sailsfactory,  complete,  and  valuable  than  any  ever  befbn 
devised.  Its  practical  u»e  for  more  than  a  year  by  several  hundred  pastors  and  church  clerks  baa 
proved  it  to  be 

THE  GREAT  DESIDERATUM. 

It  pcDvides  for  the  records  of  Pastors,  Deacons,  Church  Commiirees,  Sunday-School  Superintend- 
ents, persons  having  charge  of  various  departments  of  Christian  labor,  Communicants,  Bapttsma, 
Marriages,  Deaths,  Attendance  on  Public  Worship,  Councils,  Conferences,  and  Contributions. 

In  connection  with  the  Amebican  Cuurcu  Register,  or  put  up  In  separate  form,  as  may  be 
desired,  is  the 

REaiSTER  OF  FAMILIES  AND  INDIVLDUALS, 

designed  to  include  a  list  of  all  the  pereons  properly  under  the  care  of  the  church  and  pastor,  arranged 
fur  households  of  different  size,  with  additional  pages  fur  transient  residents. 
The  prices  of  the  regular  sizes  are  as  follows,  viz. :  — 

Register  op  Families  and  IifDiviDUALi. 


AMBBioAir  Church  Register. 

No.    1.  For  300  Communicants  .       .    $3.00 

No.    6.      «>    600           «<  .  4.00 

No.  11.      •*  1,000           «*  .        .       5.00 

Nald.      **2/)00           *«  .  7.50 


In  SeparMe  Form. 

No.  S6.  For  100  Families                     .  §9.50 

No.  31.  «*    800       *♦         ...  iw 

No.36.  *•    300       »«            ...  &00 

No.  41.  "    500       "        ...  7.0i 

•  Tbs  above  are  all  prepared  with  beat  quality  nf  paper,  and  l»ound  in  half  Russia,  cloth  sides. 
For  other  styles  of  binding  see  our  Complete  Descriptive  Circular,  sent  to  any  address  on 
application. 

gCr  Any  special  siM  or  style  made  to  order,  and  paper  properly  ruled  for  ordinary  business  records 
added  when  desired. 

The   Seventh   Edition    of    Ecce    Ccelnm. 

Bjr  RBV.  B.  F.  BURR,  D.  D.    $  1.99. 

The  Second  Edition  of  Prof.  Shepard's  Sermons.  $  2.25 

The  Second  Edition  of  Br.  Bexter^s  Congregationalism.  3.00 

The  Twelfth  Edition  of  Hudson's  Shakespeare-    11  vols.  ic.so 

The  Fourth  Edition  of  Little  Things  in  Nature.  1. 00 

The  Third  Edition  of  Samuels'  Birds  of  New  England.  4.00 


IN  PRESS.    BT  THE  AUTHOR  OP  ECCE  CCELUM. 

PATER    MUNDI; 

Or,  Modem  Selenc«   TestifyliiB  to  the  Father  in  HeaTen. 

The  simple  announcement  of  a  new  volume  l^  the  author  of  a  wctrk  which  has  been  declared  lo  be 
the  **  most  remarkable  which  has  proceeded  from  the  American  press,"  canm»t  fail  to  awaken  unnsual 
interest.  All  who  have  been  permitted  to  itee  or  hear  the  MSS.  speak  of  the  work  in  termj*  of  warm- 
est admiration.    Rev.  W.  A.  Stearns,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  President  of  A uiherstt  College,  thus  writes : 

*-  I  have  read  it  with  the  deepest  interest.  It  is  so  clear,  so  logical,  so  rich  in  illustration,  so  unex- 
ceptioHable  and  beautiful  in  style,  and  so  conclusive  in  the  argument  attempted,  that  I  have  profuuodl^ 
admired  it.  May  the  Great  Being  whose  eziiitence  these  lectures  §o  nobly  defend  from  the  attacks 
of  the  foolish,  though  calling  themselves  scientists  and  philoeophers,  spare  the  life  of  the  author  and 
enable  him  to  complete  the  full  counw  of  thinking  on  which  he  has  so  triumphantly  entered  and 
advanced." 

Pint  Series  (ready  In  November).    1  vol.    ISroo.    9 1 JSO. 


mCHOLS  AND  NOYES,  Publishers  and  Booksellexs, 

IIT  WaaUnftOB  Street,  Botton,  Mi 


d 


8  Omgreffatumal  Quarterly  Advertiser. 

THE 

AMERICAN  SUNDAY  SCHOOL  UNION 

HAS  OFBHBD  A 
AT 

NTo.   40    ^WINTER    ST.,   BOSTON", 

where  can  be  fonnd  not  only  a 

Full  List  of  its  own  Fublicatioii8» 

wiiidh  DOW  number  many  hnndreds,  but  alto  a 

CHOICE  ASSORTMENT   OF  MISCELLANEOUS   BOOKS 

For  Pastors^ 

For  SaperlntendentSy 

For  Teacliersy 

For  ScbolarB. 

Especial  attention  is  called  to  the  large  stock  of 

LIBRARY  BOOKS  WITH   MOROCCO  BACKS, 

costing  less  and  wearing  twice  as  long  as  the  ordinary  cloth  binding. 

HELPS  FOR  TEACHERS, 

Published  by  The  London  Sunday  School  Union,  will  be  kept  constantly  on  hand,  as 

well  as  a  choice  lot  of 

EnBliBh  Bibles, 

Bible  Picture  Books,  and 

Scriptnro  Carda 

ALSO 
BliACKBOABDS    OF    VABIOIJS    PBICE8, 

AND 

LARGE  COLORED  PRINTS  FOR  INFANT  CLASSES, 

Illustrating  Scripture  Scenes. 

Exercises  for  the  Sunday  School  Concert  and  Choice  Hymns  for  AmiiTer. 
•Murles  and  Sunday  School  Meetings  will  be  found  in  considerable  variety. 

Complete  lists  of  the  Society*s  publications  will  be  ftimished  on  application  to 

EBEN.  SHUTE,  Agent  for  New  England, 

40  Winter  Street,  Boston. 


(hngregaiional  Quarterly  Advertiser. 


POPULAR    RELIGIOUS     BOOKS 

Br  BET.   A.  C.   THOiVIPSOIV,  D.  D., 

PUBLISHED  BT 


50  Washington  Street,  Boston. 


A  Book  for  aU  who  desire  to  know  aJbout  the  Heavenly  Home^ 

THE   BETTRR   LAND; 

Or,  The  Believer's  Jotimef  and  Fature  Home. 

By  Rev.  A.  G.  Thompsom,  D.  D.    IStno.    Cloth,  f  1.23. 

CONTENTS.  —  The  Pilgrimage.  —  Cliiftteiv  of  Eschol.  —  WayinRrk«  of  the  Land  —  The  Pateage.*— 
Recognirlonii  of  Prienilfl.  —  The  Heavenly  Banquet.  —  Children  in  Heaveii.—- Society  of  Aofiel% 

—  Society  of  the  Saviour.  —  No  Fearx  in  Heaven.  —  Holine««  of  Heaven.  —  Activity  iu  fleavm. 

—  Resurrection  Body.  —  Perpetuity  of  BUm  in  Heaven. 

EO*  A  charmiuir  book,  and  all  who  wish  to  have  sound  Scriptural  ^i$»*  on  the  aubject  of  He&VMi 
ahould  read  this  volume.    Sent  by  mail,  postage  paid,  on  receipt  of  the  price,  9  li25.  • 


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No  one  can  read  these  Hymns  without  being  drawn  nearer  to  the  Heavenly  Home.  It  is  a  ehoiet 
selection  of  Hymns,  not  accensible  to  the  majority  of  readers ;  not  merely  serious  verse,  but  poetqr, 
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CONGREGATIONAL   SINGING. 

''SONaS   FOR  THE  SANCTUART";  or,  Hymns  and  Tunes 

for  Chrlfttimn  Worship.    Compiled  bj  Rev.  C.  S.  Bobuisox,  Putor  of  the  First  Prw- 
byteriao  Church,  BrooklyD. 

Pabllflhed  by  A.  S.  BARNES  A  €X>.«  111  A  113  WUIIam  Street,  New  York  | 
and  W001.W0RTH  A  AINSWORTH,  Boston. 


la  a  word,  —  witboat  any  other  interest  in  this  Hymn  and  Tune  Book  than  that  which  has 
eome  from  my  careful  examinatioo  and  continued  use  of  it,  without  any  desire  to  ezafgerate 
its  merits,  and  certainly  without  the  slightest  disposition  to  controrert  the  Tiews  ofthoie 
who  may  for  any  reason  prefer  others  to  this,  —  i  am  glad  and  grateful  that  we  possess  it. 
It  has  cdme  to  be  a  joy  to  me  at  home,  in  my  study  and  in  the  church;  and  I  am  confident 
that  it  will  prove  a  ▼afuaUle  instrument  of  Christian  instruction,  a  Taluable  means  of  spiritual 
culture,  in  my  own  congregation,  or  in  any  other  which  may  adopt  it;  that  It  will  win  the 
idTection  and  admiration  of  those  who  use  it,  while  its  influence  upon  them,  in  the  household 
At  in  the  sanctuary,  will  be  most  happy  and  »alutarv.  Very  truly  yours, 

B.  S.  STORRS,  Jr.,  Pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  PUgrinu,  BrxtoUgn, 

Messrs.  A.  S.  BAmncs  &  Co. :  —  GBim :  Dr.  Robinson's  **  Songs  of  the  Sanctuary  **  Is  the 
be»t  book  for  general  church  uf^e  I  know.  Its  selection  both  of  hvmns  and  tunes  is  made 
(With  sound  judgment  and  correct  taste,  and  the  arrangement  exhibits  a  clear  method.  Its 
indexes,  appendixes,  and  style  add  to  its  intrinsic  value.  I  wish  the  General  Assembly 
would  recommend  it  to  the  churches.  Yours  tmlv, 

HOWARD  CROSBY,  Pastor  oftheith  Av.  Presbyterian  CkmrdL 

New  Tori,  Jan.  81, 1867. 

OVER   FORTY   THOUSAND   CX)PI£S 

Of  this  collection  have  been  sold  already.  It  is  used  in  more  than  a  hundred  of  the  largest 
churches  in  our  cities,  East  and  West,  among  which  arepthe  following:  — 

Second    PretbyteriaB   CJmirJi,   Tray,  Ber.  Mr. 
Grecory. 


Mereor  Strast  N.8.  Presbyterian,  New  York  City, 

Dr.  Booth. 
Ponrth  Areaue  Presbyterian,   New   York,  Dr. 

Crosby. 
Thirteenth  Street  Presbyterian,  New  York,  Dr. 

Biirchsrd. 
Church  of  Covenant,  Presbyterian,  New  York,  Dr. 

PrentiM. 
First  Presbyterian  Church,  Brooklyn,  Dr.  Robin> 

son. 
Lafayette  Areoue  Presbyterian  Church,  Brooklyn, 

Dr.  Cuyler. 
South  Presbyterian  Church,  Brooklyn,  Dr.  Spear. 
First  Presbyterian  Church,  £.  D.,  Brooklyn,  Rev. 

Mr.  Carlile. 
Westminster  Presbyterian  Church,  Utica,  E.  Y. 
Second  Presbyterian  Church,  Albany,  Rer.  Dr. 

Sprsftiie. 
State  Street  Presbyterian  Church,  Albany,  Rev. 

Mr.  Twombly. 


Roes  Street  Presbyterian  Church,  Brooklyn,  Rev. 

Mr.  Poniemy. 
Brick  Presbyterian  Church,  New  York,  Rev.  Dr. 

Spring. 
First  Preiibfterisn  Church,  Lockpdrt. 
First  Presbvrerian  Churrh,  Rochester. 
Church  of  Pilgrims,  Brooklyn,  Rev.  Dr.  Stom. 
South  Congregational  Church,  Brooklyn,  Rev.  Mr. 

Taylor. 
New  England  Church,  New  York,  Rev.  Mr.  Ab- 
bott. 
First  Congregational  Church,  Baltinoore,  Rev.  E. 

Johnson. 
Union  Presbyterian  Theological  Seminaiy,  New 

York. 
Willtains  College,  Williamstowo. 
Bcldit  College,  Beloit,  Wis. 

Nearly  all  the  Congregatioasl  and  Presbyte> 
rian  Churches  in  Chicago. 

It  has  a  rapidly  increasing  sale,  and  the  following  are  a  few  of  the  churches  where  it  has 
been  recently  introduced  in  New  England  :  — 

Park  Congregational  Church,  Hartlbrd. 
North  Congregational  Church,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 
First  Congregational  Church,  Norfolk,  Ct. 
Fint  Congregational  Church,  liowell,  Mass. 
.First  Congregational  Church,  Wreiithain,  Mass. 
First  Congregational  Church,  Natick,  Mass. 
Memorial  Churrh,  Springfield,  Mtim. 
North  Congregational  Church,  Portsmouth.  N.  H. 
Rev.  Wooster  Parker's  Church,  Belfast,  Maine. 
Rev.  Bir.  Sumner's  Church,  M(m«on,  Mass. 
fiev.  Mr.  Phipp*s  Church,  Wellesley,  Mass. 


Congregational  Chnreh,  Oreenfield,  Mi.. 
Rev.  Mr.  Palmer's  Church,  Salem,  ilnse. 
Richmond  Street  Congregational  Church,  Provi- 
dence, R.  I. 
Rev.  Mr.  Lyon's  Chnrrh,  Central  Falls,  R.  1. 
Rev.  Mr.  Van  Norden's  Church,  Beverly,  Mass. 
Rev.  Mr.  Seeley'it  Chureli,  Easthampton,  Mass. 
First  Congregational  Church,  Norwich,  Ct.     • 
Rev.  Mr.  Twichell's  Church,  Hartlbrd,  Ct. 
First  Congregational  Church,  Bridgeport,  Ct. 

TERMS    FOR    INTRODUCTION. 

Churches  supplied  for  flrst  introduction,  and  single  copies  for  examination  with  reference  to  iatre- 
daetion,  at  91.00  per  copy,  with  Psalter  at  99i  Hymns  without  the  Tunes  at  $1  per  copy  :  Psalter 
eeparate  at  60c.  per  copy. 


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(NEW    ENGLAND    BRANCH.) 

104  WASHnraTON  street,  boston. 

BEV.  Im  B.  BOCKWOOD,  Secretary.  H.  B.  SIMMONS,  TreMom. 


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PARKMAN'S    HISTORICAL    WORKS. 


The  Discovery  of  the  Great  West 

tUi  By  Francis  Parkwan.  Anthor  of  "  Hittory  of  the  Conspiracy  of  Pontiae,  **  '*  Pioneera  of 
Fnnc*  in  the  New  World,"  **JetuiU  io  North  America  *' &c.,  fcc  (Publiabod  in  October. 
1869)    B.iallSro.    Cloth.    f9.50.  ' 

This  volanM  embodiei  the  exploits  and  airenUures  of  the  first  European  explorers  of  the  Valley  of 
the  Mississippi;  the  eflbrtsof  the  French  to  secure  the  whole  Interior  of  the  Continent ;  the  attempt 
of  La  Salle  to  find  a  westward  passafe  to  India,  his  eoloBy  on  the  Illinois,  his  scheme  of  invading 
Mexico,  his  contest  with  the  Jesuits,  and  his  assassination  by  his  own  followers.  The  narrative  is 
founded  entirely  on  contemporary  documents,  including  many  unpublished  letters  and  Journals  of  the 
cbief  explorers,  which,  for  the  first  time,  place  in  a  clear  light  one  of  the  roost  interesting  and  striking 
portions  of  Aroeriean  History. 


Pioneers  of  France  in  the  New  World. 

(I.  Hugnenots  in  Florida.    IT.  Samuel  de  Champlain.)    By  FRANCIS  Parkman.    Small  8vo, 
Cloth.    S2.50.    Fifth  edition. 

This  volume  is  the  first  of  an  historical  series  of  narratives  of  the  rise  and  growth  of  North  America, 
and  the  conflict  of  nations,  races,  and  principles  for  its  mastery. 

*'In  viffor  and  pointedness  of  description,  Mr.  Parkman  may  be  counted  superior  to  Irving."  —  JVM 
Fork  Tribune, 

"  It  is  a  narrative  which  has  all  the  animation,  variety,  and  Interest  of  a  romance,  and  to  moct 
readers  it  will  be  as  fresh  and  novel  as  a  pure  creation  of  the  imagi.iative  faculty.  The  leading,  the 
indispensable  merit  of  thoronghnesH  of  research  and  faithful  investigation  of  all  sources  of  informa- 
tion, —  that  excellence  without  which  at  this  day  no  felicity  of  Myle  can  secure  for  an  historical  work 
any  pemMUient  pUce  to  public  regard,  —  this  volume  possesses  in  the  largest  measure."  —  JVeio  York 
World. 


The  Jesuits  in  North  America  in  the  Seventeenth  Century. 

By  Francis  Parkman.    Small  8vo.    Cloth.    $3.00.    Fourth  edition. 

**  Mr.  Parkman  has  that  prime  merit  of  an  historian,  the  conscientious  study  and  comparison  of 
original  documents.  He  has  that  hearty  enthusiasm  which  gives  warmth  and  lira  alike  to  sui^eetaiKl 
reader,  making  his  books  wholesome  reading  for  both  old  and  young.*'  —  JVortA  American  Review. 

<*  With  what  romantic  interest  Mr.  Parkman  can  invest  the  themes  of  early  American  history  many 
of  onr  readers  know  ;  for  his  *  Conspiracy  of  Pnntiac*  affords  ample  ilinstration.  He  baa  no  waste 
words,  for  every  word  tells.  His  imagination  acts  with  talismanic  power  upon  the  actual  scenes  and 
actors  which  he  has  ko  laboriouiiijr  Mthered  and  grouped  from  the  past,  only  that  they  may  reappearon 
his  eloquent  pages  all  real  and  living  as  they  were  then.  We  know  nothing  In  literature  more  vivid 
than  his  pictures  of  men  and  events.** — JVVie  York  Chrietian  Inquirer. 


History  of  the  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac. 

By  Francis  Parkklan.    8vo.    Cloth.    93.00.    Foonh  edition. 

'*  Francis  Parkman  is  a  young  author  of  singular  promise.  His  History  of  Pontiae  is  an  admirable 
production.  Combining  thoroiighnem  of  research  with  a  pictnre«qne  beauty  of  expression,  it  presents 
a  fascinating  narrative  of  one  of  the  most  pregnant  episodes  in  American  history.'*  —  IFsstaitiwUr 
Jisetes. 

*(  Mr.  Parkman's  *  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac  *  takes  rank,  among  competent  Judges,  as  the  most  satia* 
factory  historical  monograph  that  oar  literatare  has  produced.**—  7%s  JVWsa,  JVta  York, 


PUBLISHED  BY 

LITTLE,    BROIXTN,    &    OO., 

110  Washington  Streeti  Boston. 


10  Congregatumal  QutateHff  Aebtertiaer. 


THE    STANDARD    BIBLi:    DICTIONARY. 


A   COMPREHENSIVE 

DICTIONARY   OF    THE    BIBLE. 

Halnly  Abridged  from  Dr.  Wm.  Smltli's  IMctioiiary 

of  the  Bible, 

BUT    COMPRISING    IMPORTANT    ADDITIONS    AND    INPROVEMESTS    FROM    TBS    WORKS   OF 

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Its  leading  featarM  and  points  or  superiority  may  be  summed  up  as  follows :  — 

I.  It  contains  a  History  and  Description  of  Biblical  Customs,  Events.  Plaeee,  Penmw,  Aiiini^ 
Plants,  Minerals,  and  other  things  concerning  which  informatiua  Is  needed  for  aa  ialelligwt 
and  thoroncii  study  of  the  Holy  Scriptures. 
II.  It  is  a  complete  Guide  in  regard  lo  ilie  PiDnnnclatloQ  and  SlgnifcatkNi  of  BcriBtiml  Naacs, 
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III.  It  Is  a  complete  Pronouncing  and  Defining  Dictionary,  all  words  being  divided  into  Ibelr  qrlla- 

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y.  It  has  about  two  hundred  more  Maps  and  Illustrations  than  any  other  Abiidgmeat,  tad  aaas 
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NEW    BIBLICAL    WORK. 


THE    LAND    AND    ITS    STORY; 

Or,  The  Sacred  Historical  Oeography  of  Palestine. 

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Elegantly  Illastrated  with   Map  Sketches,  Charts,  and  Engravings. 

The  Publishers  invite  the  attention  of  Ministers,  Teacherji,  and  all  Bible  Scholars  and  Readen,  to 
the  above  work,  confident  thai  they  will  warmly  welntme  it.  Embodying  without  parade  the  val- 
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Complete  in  one  volume,  octavo,  of  381  pages.  Price,  in  cloth  binding,  83.50;  in  half  moioceo, 
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ISNGIilSH  GRAMMAR  AND  COMPI^^ 
8ITIOM.     By  G.  1*.  QUACKfiNBOS,  LL.  a ' 

Primary  Grammar  >    Wt 

E.iiaLisii  Grammar  .... 

First    Lessons  lit  CoMPOsiTioif  9M,] 

COURSE  or  COMP.  AND  KllBTORIC  l.Sfi 

aUACKENB08*8    GRAMMARS   hsro   IMl  Wtt 

miiMt  flaiteriiig  yiiccori.    They  give  general 
faction.  Ttie  First  Book  (ur  Primary)  rwi 
lli«  iiitcre«i  of  the  child,  leachinK  liiiii  to  think  i 


CORNEI.Ii*S    GEOGRAPHIES.  i 

I 

The  Beit.  The  Cheapest.  The  Host  Popular.  I 
First  Steps  in  geoorapiiy  .    80.43 

New  Primary  Geourapiiy    .       .  11.90  ■ 

New  intermediate  Geography  .  1.50 
New  grammar  School  Geoorapht  1.75 
New  Practical  geography  (impreM). 

Thli  MfiM,  M>well  known  to  American  leach-  . 
en,  haM  been  recently  roviiied.  The  .Map  due*-  , 
tioiiii  have  been  brouBlit  in  all  caveii  directly  0|i|mi- 

site  the  Map  to  which  they  refer,  and  have  been  '  to  iinder«tand,  and  piviug  a  direct  practical  R| 
curtailed  aiiliicienily  to  admit  in  the  Intermediaie     cation  to  every  abstract  principle.  , 

Rwell-c«mdeiisedSnmmar>'ofPhy..icalGeii|:rapliy,        auACKENOOs's  English  Grammar  l»  tm$ 
'—  and  in  the  Grammar-SrhiHil  very  full  detaiU  of     (,r  jn.  „„„t  aiiccexsful  iirtidiiciion*.    Every  leaclMff 
the  Physical  Geography  t.f  our  own  country,  an     known  how  much  in  gained  hy  a  judicioiie 
well  ari  a  simple  and  praciicaide  i^yiilem  oi  Mm|»-  .       . 

Drawing.  The  engraving*  have  been  executed  by 
our  bc»t  artiatrf  ;  they,  an  well  aii  the  typography, 
will  »|ieak  for  themM>lve9«.  The  magniflrent  MapM 
are  the  reault  of  much  experiment  and  labor,  ta 
which  the  fuhlishert  paint  wUA  pride  as  the  most 
beuMtiifid  specimens  in  this  line  of  art  ever  offered  ts 
ths  American  public 

The  works  are  pnmounced  to  surpasa  all  other* — 

Ist.   In  phikMophic  arrangeinenl. 

In  the  gradual  pn»gre«i«ion  of  their  steps. 


Sd. 

3d. 

4th. 


luent  of  Uipic«,  an  inductive  advance  fniin 
i*  known  to  what  in  unknown.  TJiia  is  ittr 
U'lackenboe**  great  forte,  — an  exhibiteil  in  sll  kis 
KhiNil- books,  and  particularly  iu  ihi«  OraniBMb 
For  iniilance,  he  ap)iroaclie«  definiiinni  by  mesar 
of  preliminary  illuviraiioiis,  which  make  Ibwr  ab> 
•tract  language  intelligible  while  it  is  in  pnmm 
of  learning.  So,  iiiiitead  of  reaerviiig  the  RulM 
of  Syntax,  he  intrudiices  them  a«  they  are  UMdCdt 
in  connection  wiiii  eiyinok>gical  paniiig. 

In  ure^tint  one  ihinK  at  a  time  Quacrenb08»r  Composition  and  his  COM- 

In  tlieUapution  of  each  part  to 'its  intend-  .  f^J]^^^'*  i^"?.?".^''*?**^  »re  known  to  mif 


ed  grade  of  scholar«hip. 

In  the  admirable  mode  they  preKribe  for 
memorising  the  conient*  of  a  Map. 

In  the  explanations  and  directions  for  de- 
scribing the  natural  diviKiomi  of  the  earUi. 

In  their  Judicious  selection  of  facts. 

In  the  appntpriaie  and  intfiructive  character 
of  their  illutftraiinns. 

In  consistency  between  maps  and  text. 

In  the  introduction  into  the  niap«  of  such 
place*  only  as  are  mentioned  in  the  book. 

In  the  clear  repretieniatiou  of  every  fact,  and 
the  analytical  preri!<iun  with  whirh  each 
branch  of  the  tfuhjer.i  is  kept  dii<liuct. 

In  l>eing  at  once  praciioal,  nysiemaiic,  and 

complete,  philo«ophiraI  in  arrangement,  and 

progrciiHive  in  development  of  the  xubject. 

QIJ ACKENBOS'S    ARITII METICS. 

Prixakv  Aritmmiitic  ....    S0.3Q 
Mental  arithmetic       .       .  0.45 

ele.mentary  arithmetic  .      0.50 

Practical  arithmrtic  .  l.uo 

Key  to  Practical  (for  learhcrn*  u»e). 
llioiiGR  Arithmetic  (*ii/»rr<>). 

Although  but  a  ."horl  iiuie  liefore  the  American 
public,  tliexe  Arithmetic:*  have  met  with  most 
gratifying  succesi.    'i'hoy  are  in  excliisive  use  in 

number  of  the  public  Hchtxih  of  ilie  country. 


5Ul. 

6tfa. 

7th. 
8lh. 

9tli. 
10th. 

11th. 


12lh. 


teacher,  and.  at  this  laie  day,  need  no  further  mi- 
vertiseiiient.  They  have  no  successful  coiupMilar 
ill  the  Aiuericsn  market. 


SEREB8. 

.  81.SS 
1.95 
US 
1.50 
199 
1.7S 


HARKNES8*S  LATIN 

Introductory  Latin  Book     . 
Elements  op  Latin  Grammar 
Latin  Grammar    .... 
Latin  Reader    .... 
Intkodiiction  to  Latin  Prosb 
First  Greek  Book   . 

Thi»  series  has  received  the  unqiialiAed  cnm- 
meiulatiun  of  many  of  the  nnwt  eminent  clamical 
prufoKMirA  and  teachers  in  tmr  eountnr,  and  is  al- 
ready ill  ufle  iu  every  Stale' of  the  unifio,  and, 
iiiilceil,  in  nearly  all  our  leading  classical  insliiu- 
liiim*  of  ever>'  grade,  boCh  of  school  and  college. 
Each  volume,  ns  it  has  issued  from  the  presn^ 
has  been  received  with  a  degree  of  enthusiasm 
unriiirpassed  in  our  experience  with  texi-lHwks. 
The  piibliratioii  of  the  series  mailui, it  is  believed, 
an  era  in  ihe  rlaM>ical  eduratiim  of  our  cuuntry. 
They  nro  rapidly  did'plaeiiig  all  (RJiers  in  the  liest 
cclKMil.t  and  colleges  in  this  country,  and  teachers 
and  ;;ch<K>l-otiicerii  are  earnestly  urged  to  examine 
them  criiicnlly  before  aduptiiig  a  series  for  tlieir 
iuMtitiitioMii.  We  feel  convinced  they  funiifh  a 
better  cour>e  of  elementary  classical  ii&tructiua 


■ 


a  . 

among  whirh  we  may  mention  Hrwiklyn,  Jersey  1  th  m  can  elHewhere  be  found  in  our  language. 

City,  Syracuse,  and  Albany.    'J'liey  have  also  been 

officially  adopted  by  the  coinnuin  HchiMih  of  New 

York,    The   following  |vjintH  (»f  e.trcllence  are 

claimed  for  this  iinivertially  popular  Merictf :  — 

Ist.  Full  dixciiBftioni  of  many  important  sub- 
Jeclii  omitted  by  otiier  authorN. 

2d.  That  tiicy  are  up  to  the  timci*,  exhibiting 
the  cfmimercial  usages  of  the  day. 

3d.  They  are  superior  to  all  other  arithme- 
tics in  the  exactness  and  clearnes!*  of  their  defini- 
tions, nileii,  explanations,  and  analynin. 

4tb.   In  the  attention  given  lo  the  business  mat-, 
ten  of  life,  —  Kuch  as  BiMtkkoeping,  Insurance, 
Taxei,  Securities,  etc,  etc.    Those  are  omitted 
by  some  authors,  and  only  glanced  at  by  others. 


{^  Specimen  copies  of  any  of  the  above  works 
will  be  mailed  poft-paid.to  teachers  and  school- 
officers  on  receipt  of  one-half  ilie  retail  price. 

Toacherii,  Superintendents,  and  sclmol-ofnceri 
are  rei<|>ocirully  invited  to  address  us  on  niatien 
Ciinnocied  with  the  intniduction  and  use  of  our 
publications.  Immediate  attention  will  lie  giv6a 
to  any  letters  or  orders  with  which  we  are  favored, 
and  the  most  satisfacUirv  terms  will  be  made  for 
introdiictitui.  A  DescRlPTlVB  CATALOGtDB 
embracing  all  our  reliable  aud  popular  lexi- hooka 
will  l>e  mailed,  |MMiage  prepaid,  on  applieatiflo  id 
us.  PerMUH  ordering  are  requested  bi  be  panicR* 
lar  to  give  their  |KMt-otiice  address  in  full. 


D.    APPLETOIV    Sc 


York. 


WILLIAM  HSNSHAW,  Agent  for  New  England, 

At  JL,KE  *  SIIISFARD'S  Bookrtore,  149  Waahlnston  Street,  Bo«teB. 


ALUABLE    NEW    BOOKS. 


:TI£irS     C03I1»LKTK     l»OKMS.  ' 

mafk  EtlitU»H,  rnuii  now  clcrtrul)  |H'  plaie>f 
'ui  M'iilj  \VliifiioT*M  Vut^e  Works  auii  the 
Hgfiirti  TeniiyiMm.  3  volx.  JGrnn.  Clotb, 
I }'  Hair  call,  t*)UU ;  Aiitiqup  iiior.,  9  ]'2.U0. 

icimn  r«ciiciiiz04  Whiiticr  SL.-f  oiiu  nf  the 
and  niui<t  iiiispiring  of  American  t(ingeri< 
ccw,  — a  man  who^e  nature  lenii.-i  tu  his 
micli  a  moral  charm  that  the  diiriiMion  uf 
IcB  tend<i  to  serve  the  caii«>e  uf  eK^ential 
(J  beauty  no  leA>«  than  the  canoe  of  truth 
fiteiiusnean."  —  Boston  TriiHjtcripL 

OF    WALTKK    SAVA(ȣ    liAN- 

l,     Liy    John    Forstek.     1   vol.    .>vo.  ; 
,93.di);  llalfcair,  !«(*..0<). 
8  iti  one  of  the  most  thoroU|;hly  enjoyable  : 
fthe  •iciuun.    To  the  scholar,  Lanilor  muM  ' 
be  one  of  the  moot  intere<>tin({  names  in  i 
literature,     flis  mairniflrent  mastery  of  I 
,  alike  in  ^irotie  and  [Kietr}' ;  liiM  raiiaciouit  • 
lii(  fertile  tanry  ;  hi>i  cenernnii  <iyni|Kithio!«,  ' 
runninir  into  iih.<)urdii}  ;  liin  keen,  though  j 
inch,  analysi-  ot  human  nature,  —  all  th^se  ; 
iiiiaj  nor'ou!!hi  his  waywardness,  raprico, 
er,  and  obotiuar'y  as  a  man  to  rhock  our  ' 
ise  fitr  his  InCty  genius.    Ilio  intense  dra-  . 
jwer.  iuK  iirerixKin  and  oxcivdiui;  beauty  of 
i»rt,  lii<  oxhaustle<>s  wealth  of  v«ual)ulary. 
t  erudition  —  all  these  ronie  bark  to  miiia 
ine  tlie-e   Ifavon,  where,  llowe^•er,  as  is 
'lave  biogrnphy  rather  than  critici;>m,  and 
of  {lernonal  liie,  exiierienco",  and  opini(»ns 
hau  Cltarilln^  from  his  piiemn.    As  a  piece 
'aphic  work   this   bcKik  i^  admirable,  and 
lo<ly  and  ^ood  sense  of  the  author  add  iiut 
to  its  preat  rharm."  —  Galary. 

OBERTSOFS   SERMONa^ 

OXS  OF  F.  \V.  KOBKKTSON,  Of 
'litnii.      New   I'opiilar  Kdition.    *2  vols. 
Cloth,  .<»:J.0»;  Half  calf  jgT.Ou. 

liternr}'  and  Christian  community  have 
that  Mr.  Robertson's  sermons  |M>ssess  the 
of  sii]!<!e«>tivenesH  in  an  eminent  degree. 
.e  sermons  which  Ktimulate  thought,  and 
ilvvayo  in  the  right  direction.    9ome  have 
lied  the  orthodoxy  of  the  author,  but  there  ' 
in  thex*  writinK>  to  give  ground  for  Mich  a  . 
•1.     IIi>  iiirtiieiM*e  U(Minthe  fieopleof  Itrigh-  \ 
•ecially  the  lower  classes,  was  iiiimeti!»e. 
were  won  to  (;iiristianity  by  hi-i  preach- 
.  tliteen  hundred  workin*! -men  walked  in 
riMsiiin  to  his  grave.    Tlio  word<  which 
'Ml  a  tribute  will  not  siKUi  pa^s  into  obliv- 
-  ,NV<f  Yurk  Objfrvrr. 

have  never  read  sennuns    so  fn"<h  and 
in  their  tone ;  at  once  fo  rich  in  tiiought, 
in  feeling,  and  cbxiioMit  in  utterance.*' —  ! 
t/i  lyatckmun  ami  R-  flictor. 


iKTSI>NVS  I.IFK  AMI  LKTTKRS. 

d  by  Stopfok  i>  a.  HkookE.  .New  Pop- 
Cdition.  1  vol.  12ino.  Cloth,  $  1.5!) ; 
calf,  5*3.00. 

admirable  biography  of  one  of  the  nobleot 
«e:«t  of  modern  preacher^.  It  ^hould  be  in 
*liri'>tiaii  household,  as  well  as  the  remark- 
rmons  which  have  won  the  heartic.«t  praise 
!iri»tians  of  every  name. 

tUK  KLIOT'S  NOVKL.S.  Jtutior's 
thohl  Edition.    5  vols.     .S  1  u*>  each. 

ifonii  with  the  charming  hiiiisebold  ediliona 
de  and  Thackeray,  which  have  already 
led  the  hearts  of  the  reading  world.  *  Adam 
is  not  only  the  best  of  fieorge  Kliot's  Iniokii, 
?  o(  the  very  best  novels  of  recent  times, 
la  '  and  *  The  .Mill  on  the  Flosi* '  put  the 
if  our  authoress  far  up  among  the  writers 


of  {lermanent  and  valuable  lirtii.n,  and  it  is  in 
rc«|Muise  to  a  healthy  lasting  demand  that  the  pub- 
lishers have  decided  to  put  her  Usiks  beside  their 
admirable  editions  of  Ueade  and  'J'hackeray  tliat 
have  met  with  such  uni%'er'>al  c<imiiiendation. 
The  series  will  tie  one  of  the  editions  that  will  be 
known  throughout  the  laud."—  Clercland  Lfmitr. 

••  THE  MOST  FAPCIXATIXG  VOLUMES  OF 
THE  YEAR." 

HENKV    CKAKK     ]<OIUXSON<!4     I>I. 

AK  V.   S  %-ols.   Cloth, «« 4.(Kj ;  Half  calf, !!!:  7.6i. 

'*The  volumes  which  treat  of  him  are,  like 
himself  when  he  was  among  us,  irresistible,  —  to 
be  attended  to  whether  vou  will  or  no ;  and  worth 
the  attention,  l>ec.ause  Wiinful  of  anecdote,  inci- 
dent, leaniing,  quaint  talk,  profound  thmight, 
sublime  philosophy,  childlike  fun,  Isdd  s|tecula- 
lion,  and  religious  feeling,  lovely  in  its  cimceptiun 
and  iiractice.*' —  Th^  Mhemtum  {London). 

'•  A  .M.\8TEIIPIECE  OF  CKITICUSM." 

LITKRATITRK     OF     TIIK     AGK     OF 
KLIXAKKTJI.    ByE  IWVillPl'LE.    8 1.7r>. 

**7Mie  author  ha^  thoroughly  studied  the  period 
of  which  he  writes,  and  brings  tn  this  conaonsa- 
tiou  of  a  closely  inquisitive  survey  keenness  of 
insight,  vivid  description  and  characterization, 
brilliancy  of  wit  and  clear-cut  sharpnes.-*  of  state- 
ment, thus  crowding  his  pnges  with  a  succession 
of  sentences  (lashing  with  meaning.  Taken  as  a 
whole,  the  vtduiiie  coinprise»  a  .searching  and#cun- 
pleto  review  of  a  time  in  Uie  history  of  lettem 
memorable  for  its  great  names  aiiinng  |HieUi,dram- 
nti*ts,  philosophers,  and  state«nieii :  and  i>ince  to 
trained  critical  {siwers  of  a  high  order  are  added 
an  apt  style,  |sdnte<l  and  brisk  in  its  rich  and  varied 
diction,  the  scholarly  di>qiiisitions  have  nothing 
of  dryness  or  pn>sy  elaborateness  alMtiit  them. 
They  clKirm  by  their  nervous  vivacity  ;  they  in- 
struct by  their  acute  sugi!e<«tiveness  and  well- 
ccmsidered  jiidgnients." —  Bo^iton  Transcript, 

OIK  NKW  WAY  ROINIJ  tlM»  WOKM>. 

B>   (;.  C.  trorri.N.     Htifht',    Tkuusand.     With 
.•several    Ma|)s  and   KH) '  IiIu.^traiion<<.    S^.i'i). 

**  Mr.  Colfin  and  wife  went  *  round  the  world  ' 
together,  travelling  always  ea-tward  until  they 
returned  to  the  iNiint  of  departure,  and  what  they 
saw  i»  pIe<1^aIlliy  narrated  in  the  volume,  with  a 
great  numbi^r  ol  nkctchcs  to  give  additional  dis- 
iiiirtne.*>»  to  the  imjiression-  conveyed  by  the  nar- 
rative. *  Our  iVew  Way  Round  the  W^»rld  '  is  a 
very  agreeable  way  in  .Mr.  t.'otlin's  pleasant  pages, 
ni.d  we  cordially  recommend  it  to  all  stay  at  home 
travolb-r^.  while  to  actual  travellers  its  hints  and 
iiiformaiuin  will  l>c  of  much  value." —  CUrrland 
Ihrald. 

.SKK^IOXS.     By  Stopfokd  A.   Brooke. 
Itiniit.    ^*J.UO. 

**  These  sermons  displav  the  most  vivid  sympa- 
thy with  the  intellectual  life  of  our  time,  with 
scientific  inipiiry  and  artistic  aspiration.  1'ho 
preacher  neither  deliver^  wearisome  platitudes 
iii>r  obtrudes  novel  theories  when  there  seems  to 
be  no  need  of  them.  But  he  applies,  very  forcibly, 
to  the  circumstances  of  the  day  the  direct  teaching 
of  the  .New  Testament  and  the  symlHdism  of  the 
Old.  He  slioot.«  lii«  arrow  at  the  head  of  coniinrr- 
cial  dishonesty,  at  conventimiality,  at  the  follies 
of  fashion,  at  the  love  of  outward  show,  at  self- 
isolation,  at  neglect  of  the  pinir.  He  is  moved 
by  an  enthusiasm  of  humanity  that  has  little  in 
common  with  the  vinileiice  of  parties  and  the 
dogmatism  of  the  sects.  His  teaching  deals  with 
the  general  life  of  men  ;  alike  with  the  great  cri- 
sis of  feeling,  and  *the  trivial  round,  the  common 
talk.-  "  —  London  Spectator. 


.*  For  sale  by  all  HookntlUrg,    Sent^  poxt-paid^  on  receipt  of  price^  by  the  Pubtiaheraf 

FIELDS,  OSGOOD,  &  CO.,  124  Tremont  Street,  Boston. 


LEE   ANP   SHEPARD,  PUUL18HI 

149    WaBfatngton    Street,    Bostoa 

iJ  R.  I  Fir  Ik  i"*«rA 

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lEE  ft  SHEPABJ,  Fabliilien,  I4S  Wuh^fftm  Stnut,  £